专题01 五大基本句型和句子成分(考点串讲)-2024-2025学年高一英语下学期期末考点大讲(人教版2019)

专题1 五大基本句型和句子成分 高一下英语期末考点大串讲 目 录 CONTENT 教材知识串讲 五大基本句型核心考点 句子成分核心考点 2 3 3 1 5 典例分析 3 4 cut down PART 01 一、教材知识串讲 句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语在主题句中的应用 例句分析：The music sounds beautiful.（主系表结构） 必修二 Unit 5 重点语法为句子成分，通过例句分析帮助学生理解主语、谓语、宾语在句子中的作用。 主系表结构是英语中常见的句型之一，The music sounds beautiful. 这个例句清晰地展示了主语（The music）、系动词（sounds）和表语（beautiful）的搭配关系。 必修二 Unit 5 复合句与简单句对比（区分主从句与基本句型） 重点句型：S + V + O + OC（宾语补足语） 必修三 Unit 1 通过对比复合句与简单句，帮助学生理解主从句的区别，同时重点讲解了宾语补足语这一句型。 宾语补足语在句子中起到补充说明宾语的作用，例如 We call him Tom. 中的 “him” 是宾语，“Tom” 是宾语补足语，对宾语进行补充说明。 必修三 Unit 1 01 02 必修二、三相关语法重点 cut down PART 02 二、五大基本句型核心考点 五大基本句型 *在阅读句子的时候，第一个任务就是要找到谓语! *做谓语的动词有时态、语态和数的变化；还有及物动词与不及物动词的区别。 五大基本句型 SV 主语＋谓语 SVP 主语＋系动词＋表语 SVO 主语＋谓语＋宾语 SVOC 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语 SVOiOd SVOiOd 主语＋谓语+间接宾语＋直接宾语 主语 + 谓语：此句式中的谓语动词为不及物动词（短语）, 如live, travel, work, lie, arrive, stay, agree, rise, fail, succeed, happen, deal with，take place, 等。其后没有宾语。因为此句型中的动词表达的意思已经很明确，所以不需要跟宾语。有时为了表示动作发生的频率、程度、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等，可以带状语修饰动词。 01 主语 + 谓语 例句： 1) Under the leadership of the Party we lead a happy life. 2) I dreamed a terrible dream last night. 3) Our soldiers fought a wonderful fight against the floods last August. 4) He died a glorious death. 02 SVP主语＋系动词＋表语 系动词可分为6类： 1）状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词 He is a teacher.　他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。） SVP主语＋系动词＋表语：此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思这类动词叫做连系动词。 系动词分类 1）状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词 He is a teacher.　他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。） 2）持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay 。 3）表像系动词：用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear,look 。 He seems (to be) very sad.　 他看起来很伤心。 4）感官系动词：主要有look, feel, smell, sound, taste 　He looks tired.　 他看起来很累。 6）终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意 The rumor proved false.　这谣言证实有假。 5）变化系动词：表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come。 He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 03 SVO主语＋谓语＋宾语 系动词可分为6类： 1）状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词 He is a teacher.　他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。） 此句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 03 SVO主语＋谓语＋宾语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ He managed to escape suffering from the disease. （动名词） 5) I don‘t know what I should do next. （从句） She plans to travel in the coming May Day. （不定式） 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。如：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve, grow, beat, operate, smell, play, hang, ring, speak等。如： Everybody, our game begins. Let’s begin our game. 04 SVOC 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 此句型中的“宾语 ＋ 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 04 SVOC 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 此句型中的“宾语 ＋ 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 1) You should keep the room clean and tidy. ______ 2) We made him our monitor. _____ 3) His father told him not to play in the street. ______ 4) My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball. ______ 5) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans. ______ 6) We went to her house but found her out. ______ 7) I found him in trouble. ______ 04 SVOC 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语 (形容词) (名词) 不定式 (现在分词) (过去分词) (副词) (介词短语) 04 SVOC 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ ● 常见跟动词不定式作宾补的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。 ● 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如： 1) The boss made him do the work all day. 2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night. 05 SVOiOd SVOiOd 主语＋谓语+间接宾语＋直接宾语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 此句型中，直接宾语是动作直接承受者，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。 05 SVOiOd SVOiOd 主语＋谓语+间接宾语＋直接宾语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 常见能跟双宾语的动词： (一) 双宾语易位时需借助介词 to 的常用动词 give（给）：表示将某物转移给某人。 如：bring，hand，lend ，mail， offer，owe，pass，post，read ，return ， send,sell ,serve,show,take ,teach ,tell ,throw,write (二) 双宾语易位时需借助介词 for 的常用动词 book， buy ， choose ， cook， draw，fetch ，find ，fix ，get，make, order，pick , prepare, save , sing , spare , steal cut down PART 03 三、句子成分核心考点 05 句子成分 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分 它包括主，谓，宾，宾补，表（直宾，间宾），定，状 主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。 表语，宾语和宾补是谓语里的组成部分。 定语和状语是句子的次要部分。 句子的主干成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语 句子的次要成分：定语、状语、补语、插入语、同位语 01 主语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 01 主语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ We work in a big factory. （代词作主语） The classroom is very big. （名词作主语） Three are enough. （数词作主语） To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctor’s job.（不定式作主语） Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work. （动名词用作主语 ） What we need is food. （从句作主语） 01 主语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 在“There be …”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如： There are some bottles of milk in the box. ▲ 在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如： It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months to build the house. 02 谓语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。 谓语说明主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语构成。 例句: She writes a letter every day. They have finished their homework. 03 宾语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 宾语是动作的承受者，是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时会有双宾语。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语，通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或宾语从句表示。 03 宾语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 及物动词是后面可以直接跟宾语的动词: see / hear / drank / eat / … I saw him last week. We heard the bad news yesterday. They eat bread every day. He drank a glass of milk just now. 03 宾语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 不及物动词是后面不可以直接跟宾语的动词: laugh / smile / look / listen / … She smiled happily. They laughed loudly. 如果要加宾语,就要靠一个介词来帮助: She look at the blackboard carefully. He listened to his teacher in class. They laughed at us after the match. 04 表语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 表语是用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 1. 说明主语“怎麽样”，或“是什麽” 。 2. 位于在be动词, 系动词后面。 04 表语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ You look younger than before.（形容词作表语） My father is a teacher. （名词作表语） Everyone is here.（副词作表语） They are at the theatre.（介词短语作表语） My job is to teach them English.（不定式作表语） Her job is training the nurses.（动名词作表语） That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday.（从句作表语） 05 定语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式、分词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。 用来修饰名词或代词。定语起类似于形容词的修饰作用 05 定语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ The speech is exciting._______ Three times seven is twenty one?_______ His job is to teach English._______ His hobby is playing football._______ The machine must be out of order._______ Time is up. The class is over._______ The truth is that he has never been abroad._______ （形容词化的现在分词） （数词） （不定式） （动名词） （介词短语） （副词） （表语从句） 06 状语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 1. 修饰动词，形容词或副词, 状语类似于副词 。 2. 一般表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度等意义， 可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。 3. 一般放句末，有的也可放在句首，句中。 06 状语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ ▲副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。 The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语） The boy needs a pen now./Now, the boy needs a pen./The boy, now, needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语） 06 状语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 介词短语作状语： In the classroom, the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语） Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语) 分词（短语）作状语： He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态） Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语） 06 状语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 名词作状语：Come this way! 从句作状语： 时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句。如： It was raining when we arrived. She found her calculator where she lost it. 06 状语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ ▲状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等 (1).时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中。 (2).地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。 There are plenty of fish in the sea. (3).原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。 Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job. (4). 结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。 (5). 目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。 06 状语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ (6). 条件状语，多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。 We’ll be lucky to get there before dark. If he were to come, what should we say to him? (7). 让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。 For all his money, he didn’t seem happy. 他尽管有钱，但似乎并不幸福。 He helped me although he didn’t know me. (8).程度状语，常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。 The lecture is very interesting. To what extent would you trust them? 你对他们信任程度如何？ (9).伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。位于句末和句首。 My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten. He stood there ,pipe(烟斗) in mouth. 07 补语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语＋宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语. 07 补语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ ▲“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。 ▲“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如： Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday? ▲“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如： ▲“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如： He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain. 07 补语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ ▲“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如： ▲“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种： A 要求带to的不定式 B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to ▲“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。 I heard Mary singing in the classroom. ▲“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。 ▲ 形式宾语＋形容词 We found it impossible to get there before Saturday. ▲宾语+what 从句 08 同位语 She plans to travel in the coming May Day. ______ 同位语用于对前面的名词或代词进行解释或补充说明，通常由名词、名词短语或同位语从句表示。 例句: Mr. Smith, our teacher, is very kind. The fact that he succeeded surprised us. cut down PART 04 四、典例分析 位语 1. 句子成分练习：指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分 Whether we’ll go depend on the weather . People’s standards of living are going up steadily . That was how they were defeated. The nursery takes good care of our children . I’ll return the book to you tomorrow . We are sure that we shall succeed . The woman with a baby in her arms is his other . There are many film that I’d like to see. Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ? I have a lot of work to do . 位语 句型练习：指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型： ①I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside. ②In the modern city, there are some problems, such as air pollution, crowdness and noise. ③In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life. ④There, the air is fresh and the water is clean. ⑤I can hear birds singing in the green trees. ⑥I can also go boating, fishing, and swimming in the lake. ⑦He wished me good luck. ⑧So I want to go to the countryside for a change. 1. ( S + V ) _______________ 2. ( S + V +O ) _________________ 3. ( S + V + P ) ____________________ 4. ( S + V + IO + DO ) _______________ 5. ( S + V + O + C ) __________________ 位语 三、语法填空 1. Bill Javis took _______our village’s news-agency at a time of life at a time of life when most of _____only wanted to relax. 2. Every day he opened his shop at 6:00 a. m. _____(catch )the early trade. 3. He had been a long-serving sailor, and all his life had done_________ by the clock. 4. Then it suddenly went off ______ a noise like a fire engine. 5. You always knew where to find him in the afternoon, _______ I have said. 6.You always knew where_____( find )him in the afternoon, 7. He had no luck, I could see, but he was making no effort _____ (move). 8. It was hard luck on anybody _____wanted a paper or magazine in the afternoon, Over us to catch everything with as to find to move who 谢谢大家！ $$