专题03 阅读理解（说明文&议论文）（四川专用）-【好题汇编】2025年高考英语二模试题分类汇编

专题03 阅读理解（说明文&议论文）（解析版） （一） （2025·四川成都·二模） （1） Writer Shan Xiaohua was mediating with her pen in hand in a room. Ma Jun was leaning back with a relaxed expression on his face, exploring the world of literature with his cellphone. In a shop, blind writer Zhao Ling was listening to classic works with customers while working... These scenes take place in Xiji county, a mountainous area in southern Ningxia. It has won the name Hometown of Literature. Historically speaking, the region has deep roots in it. The Xihaigu area was once a passage along the Silk Road, with active exchanges and diverse folk arts such as folk singing hua’er, storytelling and Qinqiang Opera, as well as events like blessing events during the Spring Festival. For thousands of years, diverse cultures have integrated with each other, creating a unique humanistic atmosphere here, which influenced and guided people born and raised here to turn their thoughts about the land, nation, homeland and themselves into words on the page. Reality has always been a source of inspiration. Considered as “one of the most unfit places for human settlement” by the UN in the 1970s, Xihaigu once had nothing but the poor land, droughts and a delicate ecological environment. People living here had no choice but to suffer the hardships of life. It was literature that gave them strength. Clean and tidy roads, public squares with well-equioped facilities, academies full of books, factories with orderly production… Great changes have taken place in Xihaigu. In the past, poverty stopped people from writing as they struggled to feed themselves first. Now, writing reflects their ambitions. More people can create literary works. Here, the flowers of literature bloom everywhere; here, literature is the land that grows the best crops. 4. Why are the scenes described in the first paragraph? A. To show writing is easy to master. B. To describe the locals’ love for writing. C. To introduce some writers in Xiji county. D. To compare the situation in different times. 5. Which best describes the typical feature of Xihaigu area according to paragraph 2? A Culturally rich. B. Socially unstable. C. Historically important. D. Geographically diverse. 6. What did literature mean for people in Xiji county in the past? A. The recording of hardships. B. Spiritual support. C. The expression of thankfulness. D. Connection with the outside. 7. What does this text mainly talk about? A. The pursuits of people in Xiji county. B. The cultural significance of Xiji county. C. The power of literature for people in Xiji county. D. People’s understanding of literature in Xiji county. 【答案】4. B 5. A 6. B 7. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了宁夏南部山区西吉县被称为“文学之乡”，讲述了其文学底蕴，过去文学给予人们力量，如今人们用写作展现抱负。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Writer Shan Xiaohua was mediating with her pen in hand in a room. Ma Jun was leaning back with a relaxed expression on his face, exploring the world of literature with his cellphone. In a shop, blind writer Zhao Ling was listening to classic works with customers while working... (作家单小花手持笔在房间里沉思。马军一脸轻松地向后靠着，用手机探索文学世界。在一家商店里，盲人作家赵玲一边工作一边和顾客一起听经典作品……)”和“These scenes take place in Xiji county, a mountainous area in southern Ningxia. It has won the name Hometown of Literature.(这些场景发生在宁夏南部的山区西吉县。它赢得了“文学之乡”的称号)”可知，描述这些场景是为体现西吉县不同身份的人都沉浸在与文学相关的活动中，即描述当地人对文学作品的热爱。故选B项。 【5题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The Xihaigu area was once a passage along the Silk Road, with active exchanges and diverse folk arts such as folk singing hua’er, storytelling and Qinqiang Opera, as well as events like blessing events during the Spring Festival. For thousands of years, diverse cultures have integrated with each other, creating a unique humanistic atmosphere here (西海固地区曾是丝绸之路的一段通道，交流活跃，有花儿民歌、说书、秦腔等多样的民间艺术，还有春节祈福等活动。几千年来，多元文化相互融合，在这里营造了独特的人文氛围)”可知，西海固地区的典型特征是文化丰富。故选A项。 【6题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Considered as ‘one of the most unfit places for human settlement’ by the UN in the 1970s, Xihaigu once had nothing but the poor land, droughts and a delicate ecological environment. People living here had no choice but to suffer the hardships of life. It was literature that gave them strength. (20世纪70年代，联合国将西海固地区列为‘最不适合人类居住的地方之一’，这里曾经只有贫瘠的土地、干旱和脆弱的生态环境。生活在这里的人们别无选择，只能忍受生活的艰辛。是文学给了他们力量)”可知，过去文学对西吉县的人来说是精神支持。故选B项。 【7题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第三段中“It was literature that gave them strength. (是文学给了他们力量)”和第四段中“Now, writing reflects their ambitions. More people can create literary works. Here, the flowers of literature bloom everywhere; here, literature is the land that grows the best crops. (现在，写作反映了他们的抱负。更多的人可以创作文学作品。在这里，文学之花遍地开放；在这里，文学是孕育最好成果的土壤)”可知，文章主要强调了文学过去给予了西吉县人们力量、现在助力西吉县人们实现抱负，即介绍了文学赋予西吉县人们的力量。故选C项。 （2） A honey bee’s life depends on it successfully harvesting from flowers to make honey. Deciding which flower is most likely to offer nectar (花蜜) is incredibly difficult. In new research published recently, our team reports how bees make these complex decisions. We challenged bees with a field of artificial flowers, each of which offered a tiny drop of sugar syrup. Different-colored “flowers” varied in their likelihood of offering sugar. We put tiny, harmless paint marks on the back of each bee, and filmed every visit a bee made to the flower array. We then used computer vision and machine learning to automatically draw and study the route on which bees flew through. From this information, we found bees very quickly learned to identify the most rewarding flowers. They quickly assessed whether to accept or reject a flower, but surprisingly they made correct decisions within 0.6 seconds while incorrect decisions took them 1.2 seconds on average. The results and what we expected are poles apart. Usually in animals, an accurate decision takes longer than an inaccurate decision. This is called the speed-accuracy trade off, which happens because determining whether a decision is right or wrong usually depends on how much evidence we have to make that decision. More evidence means a more accurate decision, but gathering evidence takes time. So accurate decisions are usually slow and inaccurate decisions are faster. But bees only accepted a flower if, at a glance, they were sure it was rewarding. If they had any uncertainty, they rejected it. They might have missed some rewarding flowers, but they successfully focused their efforts only on the flowers with the best chance and best evidence of providing them with sugar. The only other animals known to beat the speed-accuracy tradeoff are humans and primates. It’s indeed amazing that bees seemed to be breaking this boundary. 8. How did researchers get the result of the experiment? A. By observing bees in the wild. B. By analyzing bees’ flight paths. C. By testing bees in different colors. D. By comparing bees’ food preference. 9. What did the research find about bees? A. They could tell artificial flowers immediately. B. They performed better in certain colored flowers. C. They made right choices faster than the wrong ones. D. They made more correct decisions than other species. 10. What does the underlined phrase “poles apart” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Contrary. B. Reasonable. C. Essential. D. Confusing. 11. Why do bees beat the speed-accuracy tradeoff? A. They ignore uncertainties. B. They gather evidence very fast. C. They stay on the right track while flying. D. They adopt a special decision-making mechanism. 【答案】8. B 9. C 10. A 11. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究团队通过用人工花对蜜蜂进行实验，研究蜜蜂如何做出采蜜决策，发现蜜蜂打破了速度-准确性权衡这一现象。 【8题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“We then used computer vision and machine learning to automatically draw and study the route on which bees flew through. From this information, we found bees very quickly learned to identify the most rewarding flowers. (然后，我们使用计算机视觉和机器学习自动绘制并研究蜜蜂飞行的路线。从这些信息中，我们发现蜜蜂很快就学会了识别最有价值的花朵。)”可知，研究人员是通过分析蜜蜂的飞行路径来获取实验结果的。故选B项。 【9题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“They quickly assessed whether to accept or reject a flower, but surprisingly they made correct decisions within 0.6 seconds while incorrect decisions took them 1.2 seconds on average. (它们迅速评估是否接受或拒绝一朵花，但令人惊讶的是，它们在0.6秒内做出正确的决定，而错误的决定平均需要1.2秒。)”可知，研究发现蜜蜂做出正确选择的速度比做出错误选择的速度要快。故选C项。 【10题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“From this information, we found bees very quickly learned to identify the most rewarding flowers. They quickly assessed whether to accept or reject a flower, but surprisingly they made correct decisions within 0.6 seconds while incorrect decisions took them 1.2 seconds on average. (从这些信息中，我们发现蜜蜂很快就学会了识别最有价值的花朵。它们迅速评估是否接受或拒绝一朵花，但令人惊讶的是，它们在0.6秒内做出正确的决定，而不正确的决定平均需要1.2秒。)”和第三段中“Usually in animals, an accurate decision takes longer than an inaccurate decision. This is called the speed-accuracy trade off, which happens because determining whether a decision is right or wrong usually depends on how much evidence we have to make that decision. More evidence means a more accurate decision, but gathering evidence takes time. So accurate decisions are usually slow and inaccurate decisions are faster. (通常在动物中，准确的决策比不准确的决策花费的时间更长。这被称为速度-准确性权衡，之所以会这样，是因为判断一个决策是否正确通常取决于我们做出该决策所拥有的证据量。更多的证据意味着更准确的决策，但收集证据需要时间。所以准确的决策通常较慢，而不准确的决策则较快。)”可知，通常在动物中，准确的决策比不准确的决策花费的时间更长，但蜜蜂的情况相反，它们做出正确的决定的时间更短。所以“The results and what we expected are poles apart.”表示结果和我们预期的完全相反，“poles apart”意思是“相反的”，与“Contrary”意思相近。故选A项。 【11题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“But bees only accepted a flower if, at a glance, they were sure it was rewarding. If they had any uncertainty, they rejected it. They might have missed some rewarding flowers, but they successfully focused their efforts only on the flowers with the best chance and best evidence of providing them with sugar. (但蜜蜂只有在一眼就确定一朵花有价值时才会接受它。如果它们有任何不确定，就会拒绝它。它们可能错过了一些有价值花朵，但它们成功地将精力只集中在最有可能、最有证据能为它们提供糖分的花朵上。)”可知，蜜蜂采用了一种特殊的决策机制，即只接受一眼确定有价值的花，有不确定就拒绝，这使得它们打破了速度-准确性权衡。故选D项。 （3） A quiet revolution is happening in autonomous systems freeing us from the burdens of labor and giving us more control over our lives. A robotaxis can give you a smooth ride to wherever you need to go while a humanoid robot can handle chores at home. Undoubtedly, instead of spending time driving, or folding laundry, we can engage in intellectual, artistic, and social pursuits that were previously unimaginable. We can learn new languages, develop new skills, or connect more deeply with loved ones. We are close to a future where the freedom to create and explore is no longer limited by the demands of daily life. However, undeniable convenience as these autonomous systems offer, there’s something special about the tasks they aim to replace. Learning to drive, or even folding laundry is not just chores but the very fabric of our human experience. The first time you got behind the wheel of a car gave you a moment of growth and independence. Folding laundry can be a quiet, reflective moment—a reminder that life is made up of simple rhythms. Here lies the contradiction: Autonomy isn’t just about freedom from work but control. As we hand over more control to machines, we are losing some of our own. Take Tesla’s Full Self-Driving (FSD) system, for example. Despite the incredible convenience and safety it offers, we need to reflect on what we might be leaving behind as we move closer to this reality. For many, driving is more than just a means of getting from one destination to another—it’s an experience about freedom and control. The sensory connection to the road, and even the joy of mastering the art of driving are elements that technology might replace, but not necessarily reproduce. True human autonomy is not just about handing over daily tasks to machines. It’s about the choice to engage in those tasks when we want to. The simple act of driving a car, or cleaning a home is more than just a function; it’s an expression of our humanity. Perhaps that’s the real challenge in front of us as autonomous systems become more integrated into our lives; how to use these machines to enhance our freedom without losing the very expression of our humanity. 12. What do autonomous systems probably enable us to get? A. Greater abilities to handle chores. B. Higher intellectual ambitions. C. More opportunities to develop creativity. D. A free future of living without limits. 13. What does paragraph 3 mainly focus on? A. The value of routine experiences. B. The freedom through technology. C. The reflections on personal growth. D. The room for improving autonomous systems. 14. Why does the author mention “Tesla’s FSD system”? A. To demonstrate the joy of driving. B. To argue against the freedom from work. C. To give an example of technological convenience. D. To stress the loss of control and human experience. 15. What message does the author mainly convey? A. Technology serves as a helping hand. B. Freedom isn’t what technology offers us. C. The future of autonomous systems is in our hands. D. There are conflicts between innovation and autonomy. 【答案】12. C 13. A 14. D 15. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文。文章介绍了自主系统（如自动驾驶汽车和人形机器人）在带来生活便利的同时，也引发了关于人类自主性、控制权以及人性表达的思考。 【12题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Undoubtedly, instead of spending time driving, or folding laundry, we can engage in intellectual, artistic, and social pursuits that were previously unimaginable. We can learn new languages, develop new skills, or connect more deeply with loved ones. We are close to a future where the freedom to create and explore is no longer limited by the demands of daily life.(毫无疑问，与其花时间开车或叠衣服，我们可以从事以前无法想象的智力、艺术和社交活动。我们可以学习新的语言，发展新的技能，或者与所爱的人建立更深入的联系。我们正在接近这样一个未来：创造和探索的自由不再受到日常生活需求的限制)”可知，自主系统能让我们得到有更多的机会来发展创造力。故选C项。 【13题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段“However, undeniable convenience as these autonomous systems offer, there’s something special about the tasks they aim to replace. Learning to drive, or even folding laundry is not just chores but the very fabric of our human experience. The first time you got behind the wheel of a car gave you a moment of growth and independence. Folding laundry can be a quiet, reflective moment—a reminder that life is made up of simple rhythms.(然而，尽管这些自主系统提供了不可否认的便利，但它们旨在取代的任务有一些特别之处。学开车，甚至叠衣服都不仅仅是家务，而是我们人类经历的基本组成部分。你第一次开车给了你一个成长和独立的时刻。叠衣服可以是一个安静、沉思的时刻——提醒你生活是由简单的节奏组成的)”可知，本段的重点是日常经验的价值。故选A项。 【14题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Take Tesla’s Full Self-Driving (FSD) system, for example. Despite the incredible convenience and safety it offers, we need to reflect on what we might be leaving behind as we move closer to this reality. For many, driving is more than just a means of getting from one destination to another—it’s an experience about freedom and control. The sensory connection to the road, and even the joy of mastering the art of driving are elements that technology might replace, but not necessarily reproduce.(以特斯拉的全自动驾驶（FSD）系统为例。尽管它提供了令人难以置信的便利和安全，但我们需要反思一下，随着我们越来越接近这一现实，我们可能会留下什么。对许多人来说，驾驶不仅仅是一种从一个目的地到达另一个目的地的方式——它是一种关于自由和控制的体验。与道路的感官联系，甚至是掌握驾驶艺术的乐趣，都是技术可能取代的元素，但不一定能复制)”可知，作者提到“Tesla’s FSD system”是为了强调控制权的丧失和人性经验的缺失。故选D项。 【15题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“True human autonomy is not just about handing over daily tasks to machines. It’s about the choice to engage in those tasks when we want to. The simple act of driving a car, or cleaning a home is more than just a function; it’s an expression of our humanity. Perhaps that’s the real challenge in front of us as autonomous systems become more integrated into our lives; how to use these machines to enhance our freedom without losing the very expression of our humanity.(真正的人类自主并不仅仅是把日常任务交给机器。当我们想做这些事情的时候，我们可以选择去做。开车或打扫房间这样简单的行为不仅仅是一种功能；这是我们人性的表现。也许这才是我们面临的真正挑战，因为自动系统越来越融入我们的生活；如何使用这些机器来增强我们的自由，同时又不失去我们人性的表达)”可知，作者主要传达了创新和自主之间存在冲突。故选D项。 （二） （2025·四川绵阳·二模） （1） Back in the 1800s, some French artists packed their paint brushes and set off on long trips to capture the natural landscape and in the process, revolutionized art. Painting outdoors on location has recently inspired a newer trend: urban sketching, a kind of drawing with the text to describe the artist’s surroundings while traveling. Sketching on the go at different places around the globe opens your eyes to everything from the obvious to the invisible. A sketch captures a memory of people and places in a way that a photograph never can. Opposite to blitz travel, which focuses on the rapid, intensive exploration of multiple destinations in a very short period, urban sketching helps us slow down and step out of the rush by creating something by hand. As we draw, we notice the beauty in the ordinary: the way sunlight warms a scene, the comings and goings of locals in a market and the colors reflected in the water fountain. I went on my first urban sketching trip in 2023 to five coastal villages in Italy. I remember feeling frightened as I set up my sketchbook that first morning. My instructor, fellow sketchers and unfamiliar passers-by stopped by my side now and then. However, with each brushstroke, I soon became more and more engaged by the village’s arched passageways, old streets, and lemon trees. I found that when you stand still and spend hours absorbing and describing the small details around you, you begin to appreciate a place’s small differences. As a result, at the end of the five-day trip, I returned home with a deeper comprehension of Italian cuisine, customs and architecture. “As an art instructor, it’s wonderful to see how each participant brings a fresh perspective to what's in front of them,” says Alicia Aradilla, who has completed more than 700 watercolors from 20 countries and now leads urban sketching workshops and trips. “Every sketchbook ends up being different; I find it incredibly appealing.” 4．What do we know about urban sketching? A．It captures the natural landscape. B．It involves drawing and writing. C．It is launched by French artists. D．It is a fresh approach to indoor art. 5．What is a problem for people going on blitz travel? A．Views are explored in a hurry. B．Some of the scenes are invisible. C．Destinations are hard to reach. D．Photos are banned in some places. 6．How did the author feel at the end of his first urban sketch trip to Italy? A．He was scared of fellow sketchers. B．His cultural understanding deepened. C．He became crazy about Italian food. D．His drawings needed to be polished. 7．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Urban sketchers can be creative and original. B．Sketch books are more appealing than photos. C．Urban sketching trips are in over 20 countries. D．Watercolors are the main style of urban sketching. 【答案】4．B 5．A 6．B 7．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了城市素描这种艺术形式，其与传统素描和速写旅行之间存在差异以及作者的一次城市素描经历。 4．细节理解题。由第一段中“Painting outdoors on location has recently inspired a newer trend: urban sketching, a kind of drawing with the text to describe the artist’s surroundings while traveling. (户外实地绘画最近激发了一种新的趋势：城市素描，一种在旅行中用文字描述艺术家周围环境的绘画)”可知，城市素描是融合了绘画与写作的一种艺术形式。故选B项。 5．细节理解题。由第二段中“Opposite to blitz travel, which focuses on the rapid, intensive exploration of multiple destinations in a very short period, urban sketching helps us slow down and step out of the rush by creating something by hand. (与专注于在短时间内快速、深入地探索多个目的地的速写旅行相反，城市素描通过手工创作一些东西，帮助我们放慢脚步，走出匆忙)”可知，速写旅行的人在旅行过程中会走马观花，匆忙地探索各种景观，无法深入了解或体验目的地。故选A项。 6．细节理解题。由倒数第二段中“As a result, at the end of the five-day trip, I returned home with a deeper comprehension of Italian cuisine, customs and architecture. (在为期五天的旅行结束时，我带着对意大利美食、风俗和建筑的更深入理解回到了家)”可知，作者在五天的城市素描旅行结束时，对意大利文化有了更深的理解。故选B项。 7．推理判断题。由最后一段中““As an art instructor, it’s wonderful to see how each participant brings a fresh perspective to what's in front of them,” says Alicia Aradilla, (Alicia Aradilla说：“作为一名艺术导师，很高兴看到每个参与者都能为他们面前的事物带来新的视角。”)”和“Every sketchbook ends up being different; I find it incredibly appealing. (每本速写本最终都不一样；我觉得它非常有吸引力)”可知，每位素描者都能以全新的视角进行创作，每本速写本最终都不一样，这说明城市素描者可以有创造性和原创性。故选A项。 （2） The soundtrack of modern life is overwhelming, from the roar of traffic to smartphones streaming videos around the clock. This has sent many people searching for a soundscape increasingly difficult to find: quiet. “I don’t think we’re wired for the amount of noise we experience,” says Norway-based psychologist Olga Lehmann, whose work centers on silence. Overexposure to noise pollution — particularly sounds above 85 decibels (分贝), roughly the level of a loud restaurant — can lead to hearing loss, high blood pressure, and stress. The World Health Organization named noise pollution a leading environmental cause of health issues, topped only by air pollution. A few trends have shown the growing demand for quiet, particularly among younger generations, like silent walking, a phenomenon that went viral on TikTok last year as creators promoted the value of walking without distractions — no podcasts, music, or phone calls. The activity’s widespread popularity highlights how starved digital natives are for a break from the noise. It could be as simple as sitting in a local park, museum, or library without technology for 10 minutes, or joining a silent yoga class. Silent Book Club, which brings readers together to read for an hour without chatter, has recently gained popularity thanks to social media subcommunities like BookTok and Bookstagram. Despite the name, Silent Book Club events aren’t entirely devoid of sound. Their meeting spaces, often local cafés, have their own noise — but a handful of no-talking coffee shops are on the rise. The latest, the new Shojo quiet café in Osaka, is run largely by deaf or hard-of-hearing individuals. Customers use sign language, handwriting, and pointing to order. Greenery can play a role, too. Planting rows of trees on streets reduces noise by up to 12 decibels And living walls, like the 30, 000-plant exterior (外墙) on an office building in Dusseldorf, Germany — the largest green exterior in Europe — take in noise while minimizing urban heat. 8．What is the second paragraph mainly about? A．Types of air pollution. B．Causes of health issues. C．Pollution topped by sound. D．Harm resulting from noise. 9．What do we know about digital natives? A．They are distracted online. B．They are eager for quiet. C．They initiated silent walking. D．They quit technology for good. 10．What do the underlined words “devoid of” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Opposed to. B．Filled with. C．Free of. D．Upset about. 11．What does the author indicate by mentioning the office building? A．Living walls cool the city. B．Germany excels in construction. C．Greenery helps absorb noise. D．The largest exterior is in Europe. 【答案】8．D 9．B 10．C 11．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了现代生活中的噪音污染对人们健康的危害，以及人们为寻求宁静生活采取的一些措施。 8．主旨大意题。由第二段““I don’t think we’re wired for the amount of noise we experience,” says Norway-based psychologist Olga Lehmann, whose work centers on silence. Overexposure to noise pollution — particularly sounds above 85 decibels (分贝), roughly the level of a loud restaurant — can lead to hearing loss, high blood pressure, and stress. The World Health Organization named noise pollution a leading environmental cause of health issues, topped only by air pollution. (挪威心理学家Olga Lehmann的工作以沉默为中心，她说：“我认为我们不会因为所经历的噪音量而感到兴奋。”过度接触噪音污染，尤其是85分贝以上的声音，大致相当于一家吵闹的餐厅的音量——可能会导致听力损失、高血压和压力。世界卫生组织将噪音污染列为健康问题的主要环境原因，仅次于空气污染)”可知，第二段主要讲了噪音的危害。故选D项。 9．细节理解题。由第三段中“A few trends have shown the growing demand for quiet, particularly among younger generations, like silent walking, a phenomenon that went viral on TikTok last year as creators promoted the value of walking without distractions — no podcasts, music, or phone calls. The activity’s widespread popularity highlights how starved digital natives are for a break from the noise. (一些趋势表明，人们对安静的需求日益增长，尤其是在年轻一代中，比如无声行走，这一现象去年在TikTok上疯传，因为创作者们宣传了无干扰行走的价值——没有播客、音乐或电话。这项活动的广泛流行突显了数字原住民是多么渴望从噪音中解脱出来)”可知，数字原住民渴望安静。故选B项。 10．词句猜测题。由第四段中“Despite the name, Silent Book Club events aren’t entirely devoid of sound. Their meeting spaces, often local cafés, have their own noise — but a handful of no-talking coffee shops are on the rise. (尽管名字叫“无声书俱乐部”，但活动并非完全devoid of声音。他们的会议空间，通常是当地的咖啡馆，有自己的噪音——但少数不说话的咖啡馆正在兴起)”可知，“无声书俱乐部”的会议通常是当地的咖啡馆举行，有自己的噪音，并非完全没有声音，划线词意为“免于（Free of）”。故选C项。 11．推理判断题。由最后一段“Greenery can play a role, too. Planting rows of trees on streets reduces noise by up to 12 decibels And living walls, like the 30, 000-plant exterior (外墙) on an office building in Dusseldorf, Germany — the largest green exterior in Europe — take in noise while minimizing urban heat. (绿化也可以发挥作用。在街道上种植成排的树木可以降低高达12分贝的噪音。德国杜塞尔多夫一栋办公楼的30000株植物外墙——欧洲最大的绿色外墙——在吸收噪音的同时最大限度地减少了城市的热量)”可知，作者提到办公楼是为了表明绿化有助于吸收噪音。故选C项。 （3） The extreme environment of space, with reduced gravity, harsh radiation and the lack of regular sunrises and sunsets, can have dramatic effects on astronaut health, from muscle loss to an increased risk of heart disease. However, the cognitive effects of long-term space travel are less well documented. New research has looked at the cognitive performance of 25 astronauts during their time on the International Space Station (ISS). The team put the astronauts through the same set of 10 tests both on Earth and on the ISS. These were repeated once before, twice during, and twice after the mission, within 10 and 30 days of landing. The researchers found that the astronauts took longer to complete tests measuring processing speed, working memory and attention on the ISS than on Earth, but they were just as accurate. While there was no overall cognitive harm or lasting effect on the astronauts’ abilities, some of the measures, like processing speed, took longer to return to normal after they came back to Earth. Having clear data on the cognitive effects of space travel will be crucial for future human spaceflight, says Elisa Ferrè at the University of London. “A mission to Mars is not only longer in terms of time, but also in terms of autonomy (自主性),” says Ferre. “People there will have a completely different interaction with ground control because of distance and delays in communication, so they will need to be fully autonomous in making decisions. You definitely don’t want to have astronauts on Mars with slow reaction time.” “It’s not necessarily a great cause for an alarm, but it’s useful to be aware so that you know your limits when you’re in these extreme environments. It’s not just how you perform in those tests, but also the awareness of your ability. For instance, we know that if you lack sleep, your performance will often decline, but you won’t realize your performance has declined.” says Jo Bower at the University of East Anglia. 12．How many times were the astronauts tested in the research? A．Five. B．Seven. C．Ten. D．Thirty. 13．What did the new research find about astronauts? A．They reacted slower on the ISS. B．Their accuracy declined on Earth. C．Their abilities never returned to normal. D．They suffered long-term cognitive harm. 14．What is Elisa Ferrè’s attitude towards the research? A．Unclear. B．Negative. C．Doubtful. D．Approving. 15．How does Jo Bower make his view clear? A．By comparing data. B．By giving an example. C．By analyzing causes. D．By defining key concepts. 【答案】12．A 13．A 14．D 15．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了长期的太空旅行对宇航员在认知能力方面的影响。 12．细节理解题。由第二段“New research has looked at the cognitive performance of 25 astronauts during their time on the International Space Station (ISS). The team put the astronauts through the same set of 10 tests both on Earth and on the ISS. These were repeated once before, twice during, and twice after the mission, within 10 and 30 days of landing. (新的研究考察了25名宇航员在国际空间站（ISS）期间的认知表现。该团队在地球和国际空间站上对宇航员进行了10次相同的测试。在着陆前重复一次，在着陆期间重复两次，在着陆后10天和30天内重复两次)”可知，测试在任务前进行了一次，任务中进行了两次，任务后又进行两次，共测试了五次。故选A项。 13．细节理解题。由第三段中“The researchers found that the astronauts took longer to complete tests measuring processing speed, working memory and attention on the ISS than on Earth, but they were just as accurate. (研究人员发现，宇航员在国际空间站上完成测量处理速度、工作记忆和注意力的测试比在地球上花费的时间更长，但它们同样准确)”和“some of the measures, like processing speed, took longer to return to normal after they came back to Earth (一些措施，如处理速度，在他们回到地球后需要更长的时间才能恢复正常)”可知，这项新研究发现了宇航员在国际空间站上反应更慢，但准确性保持不变。故选A项。 14．推理判断题。由第四段中“Having clear data on the cognitive effects of space travel will be crucial for future human spaceflight, says Elisa Ferrè at the University of London. (伦敦大学的Elisa Ferrè表示，拥有关于太空旅行对认知影响的明确数据对于未来的载人航天飞行至关重要)”可知，Elisa Ferrè指出了对于未来人类航天任务中了解认知效应数据的重要性，表明她是认可这项研究的。故选D项。 15．推理判断题。由最后一段中Jo Bower说的话“It’s not necessarily a great cause for an alarm, but it’s useful to be aware so that you know your limits when you’re in these extreme environments. It’s not just how you perform in those tests, but also the awareness of your ability. For instance, we know that if you lack sleep, your performance will often decline, but you won’t realize your performance has declined. (这不一定是警报的好原因，但要意识到自己在这些极端环境中的极限是有用的。这不仅是你在这些测试中的表现，也是你对自己能力的认识。例如，我们知道，如果你睡眠不足，你的表现往往会下降，但你不会意识到你的表现已经下降)”可知，Jo Bower通过提到缺乏睡眠的例子来说明认知能力在极端环境下的变化。故选B项。 （三） （2025·四川南充·二模） （1） “I have left to pursue my dream of kitting (编织) sweaters for penguins in Antarctica and no longer work for the School of Economics. I will be out of office on a permanent basis until my penguin friends are happy.” A Chinese student studying in the UK said her tutor, who quit education to knit sweaters for penguins in Antarctica, has been generating buzz online. The charitable act of knitting sweaters for penguins is, in fact, a real initiative. A major oil spill occurred near Phillip Island in Australia in the late 1990s. Following the incident, while the oil-affected penguins were rescued, there was a noticeable decline in both the number and health of penguin chicks in the following two breeding seasons. When little penguins become oiled, they will try to clean the poisonous oil from their feathers, and swallowing it can kill them. It also damages their delicate feathers, which exposes their skin to extreme temperatures and they are left cold, heavy and unable to swim or hunt for food. Therefore, the Penguin Foundation and Phillip Island Nature Parks have appealed the knitting enthusiasts worldwide to knit sweaters for the penguins. These sweaters are given to penguins in need of cleaning to provide temporary warmth and prevent them from swallowing the oil. Some also argue that these sweaters could potentially add extra pressure to the penguins’ bodies and might even cause them to overheat. The Penguin Foundation explained that knitted jumpers are temporarily placed on the penguins, acting as a barrier to prevent them from reaching their oily feathers with their beaks, before rescue staff are able to wash their bodies clean. The sweaters intended for penguins must be made from wool and follow specific knitting guidelines. As a result, numerous sweaters that fall short of the standards are repurposed for toy penguins. Funds are raised for the wildlife on Phillip Island through the sale of toy penguins sporing these sweaters. 4. Which word can best describe the tutor? A. Ambitious. B. Well-educated. C. Creative. D. Caring. 5. How does the sweater help the penguins? A. It helps them adapt to overheated temperatures. B. It makes them swifter when catching fish. C. It keeps them from poisonous oil and cold. D. It provides them with permanent protection. 6. What does Paragraph 5 mainly focus on? A. Concerns about the sweaters. B. Great values of the sweaters. C. Barriers to carry out the initiative. D. Reasons for penguins’ overheating. 7. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Sweaters not up to standard are wasted. B. It’s difficult to meet the kitting standards. C Other wildlife also benefits from the sweaters. D. Penguins love doing sports wearing sweaters. 【答案】4. D 5. C 6. A 7. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章借一位导师辞职为南极洲企鹅织毛衣一事介绍了为企鹅织毛衣的慈善倡议，解释了该倡议发生的背景、企鹅面临的困境、毛衣的用处等。 【4题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“I have left to pursue my dream of kitting (编织) sweaters for penguins in Antarctica and no longer work for the School of Economics. I will be out of office on a permanent basis until my penguin friends are happy. (为了实现在南极洲为企鹅织毛衣的梦想，我离开了这里，不再在经济学院工作。我会永远离开办公室直到我的企鹅朋友们满意为止)”可知，这位导师辞职去为南极洲的企鹅织毛衣，这是一种慈善行为，体现了他对动物的关爱和责任感，因此他是有爱心的。故选D项。 【5题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“These sweaters are given to penguins in need of cleaning to provide temporary warmth and prevent them from swallowing the oil. (这些毛衣是给需要清洗的企鹅提供暂时的温暖，并防止它们吞下石油)”可知，毛衣可以防止它们接触有毒的石油，并帮助它们抵御寒冷。故选C项。 【6题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第五段“Some also argue that these sweaters could potentially add extra pressure to the penguins’ bodies, and might even cause them to overheat. The Penguin Foundation explained that knitted jumpers are temporarily placed on the penguins, acting as a barrier to prevent them from reaching their oily feathers with their beaks, before rescue staff are able to wash their bodies clean. (一些人还认为，这些毛衣可能会给企鹅的身体增加额外的压力，甚至可能导致它们过热。企鹅基金会解释说，在救援人员把企鹅的身体洗干净之前，他们会把针织套头衫暂时套在企鹅身上，作为屏障，防止它们用喙接触到油腻的羽毛)”可知，本段主要聚焦于对毛衣的担忧，以及基金会对此的解释。故选A项。 【7题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“As a result, numerous sweaters that fall short of the standards are repurposed for toy penguins. Funds are raised for the wildlife on Phillip Island through the sale of toy penguins sporing these sweaters. (因此，许多不符合标准的毛衣被重新用于制作玩具企鹅。通过销售这些穿着毛衣的玩具企鹅，菲利普岛的野生动物得以筹集了资金)”可知，不符合标准的毛衣被开发出新用途，用于为野生动物筹集资金。由此推断，其他野生动物也从中受益。故选C项。 （2） As cities around the world attempt to solve jam and seek to lower emissions, one New Zealand-based startup is looking for solutions. This year, Whoosh will begin construction on an innovative network of ride-hailing (打车服务) in a 370-acre area of tourism hot spot Queenstown-the first of its kind. Whoosh resembles a ski lift, but operates differently. While a ski lift transports its cabin (轿厢) by moving the entire cableway, each Whoosh cabin uses an electric motor to drive itself along a fixed network of cables and rails at an average speed of about 26 m. p. h. “Powering the cabins themselves means the guideway can be really simple, low-cost infrastructure,” Whoosh CEO Chris Allington says. The cabins have a mechanism that allows them to switch from cables to suspended rails at speed, meaning that, unlike a ski lift, Whoosh can change paths anytime from pickup to drop-off without stopping. Whoosh cabins consume less energy than other vehicles, because by using a dedicated guideway, they prevent energy-wasting actions such as braking in traffic. In addition, it has roughly a fifth of carbon emission compared with ground-level rail networks. As part of the pilot plan by 2027, Whoosh could help reduce travel time and are twice as efficient as the most economical electric cars. Users will be able to hail rides on demand, either by using a user-friendly app which provides real-time vehicle location and estimated arrival time, or through the ticket-vending machines available at key locations. Of course, the plan remains untested, but the company already has its sights set on the five North Texas cities in the U.S. “Turns out, none of the high-tech innovations are rally designed to solve the problem that most of the world is facing,” Allington says. “Subways cater to high-density centers, while cars suit low-density urban areas. Whoosh, which targets trips of 1 to 5 miles, offers a solution for those in the middle ground. We find that people want to live in medium-density areas, but they just aren’t well supported by either automobiles or mass transport,” he says. 8. How is Whoosh different from a ski lift? A. Its motor is simpler. B. It has flexible routes. C. 1ts running speed is faster. D. It moves the whole cableway. 9. Which of the following can make Whoosh cabins more energy-efficient? A. A dedicated guideway. B. A unique braking system C. Zero carbon emission. D. Ground-level rail networks. 10. What is Whoosh expected to do by 2027? A. Improve the safety of travel. B. Double the efficiency of electric cars. C. Provide handy ride-hailing services. D. Replace traditional subway. 11. What can we know from the last paragraph according to Allington? A. Subways are suitable for low-density urban areas. B. Transport in medium-density areas needs improvement. C. Mass transport has already been sufficient. D. Innovations can’t address the world’s problems. 【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一家新西兰初创公司Whoosh推出的新型打车服务系统，该系统通过创新的电动缆车技术在旅游热点皇后镇的一个370英亩区域内构建了一个打车网络。 【8题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The cabins have a mechanism that allows them to switch from cables to suspended rails at speed, meaning that, unlike a ski lift, Whoosh can change paths anytime from pickup to drop-off without stopping. (这些轿厢配备了一种机制，使其能够在高速行驶时从缆绳切换到悬挂轨道上，这意味着与滑雪缆车不同，Whoosh在从接客点到下客点的过程中可以随时改变路线，而无需停下。)”可知，Whoosh的轿厢有一种机制，允许它们在运行时从缆绳切换到悬挂轨道，这意味着与滑雪缆车不同，Whoosh可以在接送过程中随时改变路径而无需停车，即 Whoosh的路线更灵活。故选B。 【9题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Whoosh cabins consume less energy than other vehicles, because by using a dedicated guideway, they prevent energy-wasting actions such as braking in traffic. (Whoosh 轿厢比其他交通工具消耗的能源更少，因为它们使用专用导轨，避免了诸如在交通拥堵中刹车这类浪费能源的行为。)”可知，Whoosh轿厢比其他车辆消耗的能源更少，原因是通过使用专用导轨，它们避免了在交通中刹车等浪费能源的行为，所以专用导轨使 Whoosh轿厢更节能。故选A。 【10题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“As part of the pilot plan by 2027, Whoosh could help reduce travel time and are twice as efficient as the most economical electric cars. Users will be able to hail rides on demand, either by using a user-friendly app which provides real-time vehicle location and estimated arrival time, or through the ticket-vending machines available at key locations. (作为到 2027年试点计划的一部分，Whoosh有望缩短出行时间，其效率是最节能的电动汽车的两倍。用户将能够按需叫车，既可以通过一款操作方便的应用程序，该程序能提供车辆的实时位置和预计到达时间，也可以通过设置在关键地点的自动售票机来叫车。)”可知，作为 2027年试点计划的一部分，Whoosh能够帮助减少出行时间，效率是最经济的电动汽车的两倍，并且用户可以通过方便的应用程序（提供车辆实时位置和预计到达时间）或关键地点的自动售票机按需叫车，这说明到2027年Whoosh预计能提供便捷的打车服务。故选C。 【11题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段““Subways cater to high-density centers, while cars suit low-density urban areas. Whoosh, which targets trips of 1 to 5 miles, offers a solution for those in the middle ground. We find that people want to live in medium-density areas, but they just aren’t well supported by either automobiles or mass transport,” he says. (他说：“地铁适合人口高密度的中心区域，而汽车适合人口低密度的城市地区。Whoosh的目标是解决1 到5英里行程的出行问题，为处于两者之间的情况提供了一个解决方案。我们发现，人们想住在中等密度的地区，但在这些地区，汽车出行和公共交通都无法很好地满足他们的需求。”)”可知，地铁适合高密度中心区域，汽车适合低密度城市地区，Whoosh针对1到5英里行程的出行问题，为中等密度地区的出行提供解决方案，因为人们想住在中等密度地区，但在这些地区汽车和公共交通都无法很好地满足他们的需求，这意味着中等密度地区的交通需要改善。故选B。 （3） Could eating less help you live longer? Calorie restriction and intermittent fasting (间歇性断食) both increase longevity in animals, aging experts say. If you put a lab mouse on a diet, cutting the animal’s caloric intake by 30 to 40 percent, it will live, on average, about 30 percent longer. Scientists first discovered this phenomenon in the 1930s, and over the past 90 years it has been copied in species ranging from worms to monkeys. The subsequent studies also found that many of the calorie-restricted animals were less likely to develop cancer and other diseases related to aging. But despite all the research on animals, there remain a lot of unknowns. Experts are still debating how it works, and what it might mean for humans. Here is a hypothesis having an evolutionary bent. In the wild, animals experience periods of feast and starvation, as did our human ancestors. Therefore, their (and probably our) biology evolved to survive and thrive not only during seasons of food abundance, but also seasons of shortages. There are also some theories to support the finding. One theory is that, on a cellular level, calorie restriction makes animals more resilient to physical stressors. For example, calorie-restricted mice have greater resistance to poison and recover faster from injury. Another explanation involves the fact that, in both humans and animals, eating fewer calories slows down metabolism (新陈代谢). It’s possible that “the less you have to get your body to metabolize, the longer it can live,” said Dr. Kim Huffman, an associate professor of medicine at Duke University School of Medicine who has studied calorie restriction in people. “You know, just slow the wheels down and the tires will last longer.” Calorie restriction also forces the body to rely on fuel sources other than glucose (葡萄糖), which aging experts think is beneficial for metabolic health and, ultimately, longevity. 12. What can be learned about calorie restriction from Paragraph 1? A. It makes animals live twice as long as normal. B. It has been proven to increase human longevity. C. It was first experimented in monkeys in the 1930s. D. It reduces the risk of some age-related diseases in animals. 13. What does the hypothesis assume? A. Ancient humans rarely experienced food shortages. B Organisms evolved to survive both food abundance and shortage. C. Early animals relied only on fasting for longevity. D. The evolutionary mechanism of animals differs from humans. 14. Which best explains the underlined word “resilient” in Paragraph 3? A. Adaptable. B. Controllable. C. Reliable. D. Desirable. 15. Why did Dr. Kim Huffman mention the wheels? A. To show the advantage of slower metabolism. B. To illustrate the process of energy storage. C. To explain people’s dependence on glucose. D. To emphasize the importance of starvation. 【答案】12. D 13. B 14. A 15. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了热量限制和间歇性断食对动物（以及可能对人类）寿命的影响，介绍了相关的研究发现、理论支持以及这些发现对理解生物进化和人类健康的意义。 【12题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Scientists first discovered this phenomenon in the 1930s, and over the past 90 years it has been copied in species ranging from worms to monkeys. The subsequent studies also found that many of the calorie-restricted animals were less likely to develop cancer and other diseases related to aging.(科学家在20世纪30年代首次发现了这一现象，在过去的 90 年里，从蠕虫到猴子等各种物种身上都重现了这一现象。随后的研究还发现，许多限制卡路里摄入的动物患癌症和其他与衰老相关疾病的可能性更低。)”可知，限制卡路里摄入的动物患癌症和其他与衰老相关疾病的可能性更低。故选D。 【13题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Here is a hypothesis having an evolutionary bent. In the wild, animals experience periods of feast and starvation, as did our human ancestors. Therefore, their (and probably our) biology evolved to survive and thrive not only during seasons of food abundance, but also seasons of shortages.(这里有一种具有进化倾向的假设。在野外，动物会经历食物充足和匮乏的时期，我们人类的祖先也是如此。因此，它们（很可能我们也是）的生理机能在进化过程中不仅能在食物充足的季节生存和繁衍，也能在食物短缺的季节生存下来。)”可知，该假设认为，在野外，动物和人类祖先一样会经历食物充足和匮乏的时期，它们（很可能人类也是）的生理机能在进化过程中不仅能在食物充足的季节生存和繁衍，也能在食物短缺的季节生存下来，即生物体进化到能在食物充足和短缺的情况下都能生存。故选B。 【14题详解】 词义猜测题。根据划线单词所在句“One theory is that, on a cellular level, calorie restriction makes animals more resilient to physical stressors. For example, calorie-restricted mice have greater resistance to poison and recover faster from injury.(一种理论认为，在细胞层面上，限制卡路里摄入能让动物对身体压力源更……。例如，限制卡路里摄入的小鼠对毒药有更强的抵抗力，并且从受伤中恢复得更快。)”可知，限制卡路里摄入的小鼠对毒药有更强的抵抗力，并且从受伤中恢复得更快，也就是说动物在细胞层面对于外界的压力源有更好的适应和抵抗能力，所以“resilient”在这里应该是“有适应力的、能快速恢复的”意思。选项A“Adaptable”意为“有适应能力的”，与此相符。故选A。 【15题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Another explanation involves the fact that, in both humans and animals, eating fewer calories slows down metabolism (新陈代谢). It’s possible that “the less you have to get your body to metabolize, the longer it can live,” said Dr. Kim Huffman, an associate professor of medicine at Duke University School of Medicine who has studied calorie restriction in people. “You know, just slow the wheels down and the tires will last longer.”(另一种解释涉及这样一个事实，即无论是人类还是动物，摄入更少的卡路里会减缓新陈代谢。杜克大学医学院的医学副教授Kim Huffman博士曾研究过人类的卡路里限制问题，她说：“有可能你让身体代谢的东西越少，它就能存活得越久。就好比，只要让车轮转得慢一些，轮胎就能用得更久。”)”可知，Kim Huffman博士提到车轮是为了类比说明新陈代谢变慢的好处，就像让车轮转得慢一些，轮胎就能用得更久一样，在人体上就是让身体代谢的东西越少，身体就能存活得越久，即展示较慢新陈代谢的优势。故选A。 （四） （2025·四川达州·二模） Although daydreaming is often seen as an enjoyable escape from the dull, tough or repetitive aspects of everyday life, the act of “pleasurable thinking” is more challenging and less satisfying than many people might think, according to a growing body of research. Years ago, Nicholas Buttrick and his team conducted a study. The researchers asked, “Which is more enjoyable: trying to think enjoyable thoughts or doing daily individual activities?” They found that of the 2,557 participants from 12 sites in 11 countries, most people, across cultures, enjoyed engaging in individual activities more than thinking freely and entertaining themselves with their thoughts as best they could. “Participants randomly assigned to do something reported significantly greater gratification than that of participants randomly assigned to think for pleasure, and the results were consistent in every country,” Buttrick concluded. Recently, a follow-up study led by Erin Westgate, a psychology professor at the University of Florida, investigated why so many people do not choose to think for pleasure, and when directed to do so, struggle to concentrate successfully. The researchers started by providing participants with specific examples of meaningful topics and then instructed them to think “meaningful” thoughts. Surprisingly, they discovered that asking people to think meaningful thoughts actually made daydreaming much less enjoyable than freely thinking about unguided thoughts. “I was so confused,” Westgate said. But after analyzing which meaningful topics participants reported thinking about when asked to think about something meaningful, she realized that “they were heavy stuff”. Westgate wants to help people recapture that daydream state, which may boost wellness. Although improving daydream states can be difficult, she recommends priming (指引) the brain to think about topics that are both enjoyable and meaningful. “It’s something that sets us apart. Thinking for pleasure allows us to imagine new realities,” Westgate said. “But that kind of thinking requires practice. As you build your ability to daydream, you’ll have a source of enjoyable thoughts during stressful times. The next time you’re walking, instead of pulling out your phone, try it.” 12. What is the common understanding of “pleasurable thinking” among people? A. It is a form of relaxation. B. It is a usual daily practice. C. It is a sign of wasting time. D. It is a hard but rewarding activity. 13. What is the closest meaning to the underlined word “gratification” in paragraph 2? A. Success. B. Boredom. C. Hesitation. D. Enjoyment. 14. Which of the following made Westgate puzzled? A. The research methods. B. The joy levels of the participants. C. The participants’ choice of meaningful topics. D. The lack of a clear definition of “meaningful thoughts”. 15. What advice does Westgate give to people? A. Focusing on new realities. B. Engaging in physical exercise. C. Keeping daydreaming during tough times. D. Daydreaming on both pleasant and significant subjects. 【答案】12. A 13. D 14. B 15. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文。本文主要讲述了愉快的思考的含义，以及如何愉快的思考。 【12题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Although daydreaming is often seen as an enjoyable escape from the dull, tough or repetitive aspects of everyday life, the act of “pleasurable thinking” is more challenging and less satisfying than many people might think, according to a growing body of research.(尽管白日做梦通常被认为是逃避日常生活枯燥、艰难或重复的一种愉快的方式，但越来越多的研究表明，“愉快思考”的行为比许多人想象的更具挑战性，也不那么令人满意)”可知，人们对“愉快思考”的共同理解是这是一种放松的方式。故选A项。 【13题详解】 词句猜测题。根据前文“They found that of the 2,557 participants from 12 sites in 11 countries, most people, across cultures, enjoyed engaging in individual activities more than thinking freely and entertaining themselves with their thoughts as best they could.(他们发现，在来自11个国家12个地点的2557名参与者中，不同文化背景的大多数人更喜欢参与个人活动，而不是自由思考和尽可能地用自己的想法娱乐自己)”可知，被随机分配做某件事的参与者比被随机分配思考快乐的参与者报告的满足感要大得多，推知gratification应是“满足感”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。 【14题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“Surprisingly, they discovered that asking people to think meaningful thoughts actually made daydreaming much less enjoyable than freely thinking about unguided thoughts. “I was so confused,” Westgate said.(令人惊讶的是，他们发现，要求人们思考有意义的内容实际上会让白日梦的乐趣大打折扣，远不如自由放飞思绪来得愉快。“我当时非常困惑，”韦斯特盖特说)”可知，思考有意义的内容远不如自由放飞思绪来得愉快，所以是参与者的快乐程度，让韦斯特盖特感到困惑。故选B项。 【15题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Westgate wants to help people recapture that daydream state, which may boost wellness. Although improving daydream states can be difficult, she recommends priming (指引) the brain to think about topics that are both enjoyable and meaningful.(韦斯特盖特希望帮助人们重拾白日梦的状态，这可能会促进健康。尽管改善白日梦状态可能很困难，但她建议让大脑开始思考既有趣又有意义的话题)”可知，韦斯特盖特建议对愉快和重要的话题做白日梦。故选D项。 （五） （2025·四川宜宾、自贡、乐山·二模） （1） Currently, people around the world are working on ways of removing carbon from the air and storing it, which is often called Direct Air Capture (DAC). DAC technology is still being developed. But normally during the process, air is pulled across a material that can remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from it. One common material is limestone (石灰石). Later, the material is heated to carefully release CO2 so it can be stored safely underground. But the current methods of doing this are expensive and don’t capture much CO2. However, COF-999, a novel yellow powder, created by scientists at UC Berkeley, is a different story. Under a microscope, it looks like it’s made of tiny balls. Each tiny ball has an incredible number of holes in it. These holes allow air to pass through the balls. Attached to these balls are lots of “amines (胺)”. An amine is a special chemical mixture related to ammonia. The amines are great at grabbing CO2 molecules (分子) from the air and holding onto them. To test COF-999, the scientists filled a small tube with the powder. They then piped air from outside their lab through the tube for 20 days. With CO2 in the air outside, however, the air from the tube had no carbon dioxide at all! The discovery was exciting for the scientists. “I see the solution to the climate problem right there, in our hands,” said one of the scientists, Dr. Omar Yaghi. COF-999 captures CO2 10 times faster than other DAC materials. The researchers say that half a pound of the powder can pull as much CO2 from the air as a tree can. But unlike trees, COF-999 can capture CO2 even when it’s dark outside. To get COF-999 to release the carbon, it just needs heating to around 60℃, much cooler than most other DAC materials, meaning it will take less energy to collect the CO2. The materials needed to make COF-999 don’t cost much. Most importantly, the scientists have already tested re-using the material up to 300 times. They believe it could probably be re-used thousands of times. 8. What is the disadvantage of the common DAC method? A. Its safety turns out unclear. B. It’s costly and less effective. C. Its materials are hard to obtain. D. It’s complicated to carry out. 9. How does COF-999 work to process CO2? A. By converting it into ammonia. B. By absorbing CO2 with amines. C. By releasing it back into the air. D. By resolving CO2 through holes. 10. What can be inferred from the COF-999’s test? A. DAC technology will be replaced soon. B. More energy is consumed during the procedure. C. CO2 is captured merely in the presence of sunlight. D. A promising environmental prospect is on the way. 11. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Amines: Great Materials for Capturing CO2 B. The Importance of Removing CO2 C. COF-999: Game-Changer in CO2 Processing D. The Development of DAC Technology 【答案】8. B 9. B 10. D 11. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了新型材料COF-999在直接空气捕集(DAC)技术中高效捕获二氧化碳的能力及其潜在的环境应用前景。 【8题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“But the current methods of doing this are expensive and don’t capture much CO2.(但目前的方法成本高昂，而且不能捕获太多的二氧化碳)”可知，常见的DAC方法的缺点是成本高且效率低。故选B。 【9题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Attached to these balls are lots of “amines (胺)”. An amine is a special chemical mixture related to ammonia. The amines are great at grabbing CO2 molecules (分子) from the air and holding onto them.(这些球上附着着大量的“胺”。胺是一种与氨有关的特殊化学混合物。胺非常擅长从空气中捕捉二氧化碳分子并抓住它们)”可知，COF-999通过胺吸收二氧化碳来吸收二氧化碳。故选B。 【10题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“The discovery was exciting for the scientists. “I see the solution to the climate problem right there, in our hands,” said one of the scientists, Dr. Omar Yaghi.(这一发现让科学家们兴奋不已。“我看到气候问题的解决方案就在我们手中，”一位科学家，Omar Yaghi博士说)”以及最后一段“COF-999 captures CO2 10 times faster than other DAC materials. The researchers say that half a pound of the powder can pull as much CO2 from the air as a tree can. But unlike trees, COF-999 can capture CO2 even when it’s dark outside. To get COF-999 to release the carbon, it just needs heating to around 60℃, much cooler than most other DAC materials, meaning it will take less energy to collect the CO2. The materials needed to make COF-999 don’t cost much. Most importantly, the scientists have already tested re-using the material up to 300 times. They believe it could probably be re-used thousands of times.(COF-999捕获二氧化碳的速度是其他DAC材料的10倍。研究人员说，半磅这种粉末可以从空气中吸收和一棵树一样多的二氧化碳。但与树木不同的是，即使在外面很黑的时候，COF-999也能捕获二氧化碳。为了让COF-999释放碳，只需要将其加热到60℃左右，比其他大多数DAC材料要冷得多，这意味着收集二氧化碳所需的能量更少。制造COF-999所需的材料成本并不高。最重要的是，科学家们已经测试了这种材料多达300次的重复使用。他们认为，它可能可以被重复使用数千次)”可知，COF-999在处理二氧化碳方面有很大的优势，这预示着一个有希望的环境前景即将到来。故选D。 【11题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段中“However, COF-999, a novel yellow powder, created by scientists at UC Berkeley, is a different story.(然而，加州大学伯克利分校的科学家们创造了一种新型黄色粉末COF-999，这是一个不同的故事)”结合文章主要介绍了一种新型黄色粉末COF-999，它可以快速有效地从空气中捕获二氧化碳，并且具有可重复使用性，有望成为处理二氧化碳的变革性技术。故C选项“COF-999：二氧化碳处理领域的变革者”能很好地概括文章主旨，是文章的最佳标题。故选C。 （2） Recently, the growing eyebrow blindness has caused many TikTok users to complain on the platform: Are makeup enthusiasts able to tell if they’ re blindly chasing makeup trends or actually wearing what really looks good on their faces. While “eyebrow blindness” and other forms of “beauty blindness” aren’t officially regarded as mental health issues, the tendency of people to follow trends, even making them look foolish or taking risks, is undeniably a real thing. So what does psychology say about trend-following? Following trends isn’t an indication of a weak character or a mental health problem, says psychologist Pamela Rutledge, it’s completely normal. The root of that lies in humans’ fundamental need of social connections. Multiple psychological theories indicate that human social connections are as crucial as basic necessities like food and shelter, as humans have evolved to depend on one another for survival. But why do trends hold such a strong pull? “Our brains are programmed to notice the unusual,” Rutledge explains. Consequently, we pay attention to those who stand out and attract attention, making trends even more enticing for those brave enough to embrace them. No one is immune to following fashions, noticing trends, or demonstrating their real belonging to social groups. However, there is one specific group that is even easier to following trends, even risky ones: Tweens, teens and young adults. As children begin to move towards adult independence, they seek ways to express their individuality. This can sometimes lead to desperate efforts to prove their affiliation (从属关系) with socially credible groups and can fuel desire to stand out by riding the wave of trends. So, next time you do makeup, get dressed, order food in public, or buy a car, bear in mind that your decision might not be as personalized as you think. “It’s essentially an inborn response, which can be explained by our need to fit in with or stand out from the crowd,” says Pamela. 12. Why is “eyebrow blindness” mentioned? A. It contrasts with “beauty blindness”. B. It illustrates a kind of makeup. C. It brings out the text’s core argument. D. It highlights the importance of beauty. 13. What does the underlined word “enticing” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Vital. B. Appealing. C. Demanding. D. Risky. 14. Why are youngsters more likely to follow trends? A. They pursue uniqueness and social recognition. B. They are easily affected by social pressure. C. They tend to show their social status. D. They are always seeking adventures. 15. What does Pamela emphasize in the end? A. Trend-following is a natural behavior. B. Individuality stands out above trends. C. Tweens and teens are trend-setters. D. Social groups decide our behavior. 【答案】12. C 13. B 14. A 15. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章由“眉盲”现象引出对追潮流这一行为的探讨，分析了追潮流的原因，指出年轻人更易追潮流，并强调追潮流是一种自然反应。 【12题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Recently, the growing eyebrow blindness has caused many TikTok users to complain on the platform: Are makeup enthusiasts able to tell if they’re blindly chasing makeup trends or actually wearing what really looks good on their faces. While ‘eyebrow blindness’ and other forms of ‘beauty blindness’ aren’t officially regarded as mental health issues, the tendency of people to follow trends, even making them look foolish or taking risks, is undeniably a real thing.(最近，越来越多的‘眉盲’现象让许多TikTok用户在平台上抱怨：美妆爱好者能否分辨出自己是在盲目追逐美妆潮流，还是真的化了适合自己的妆容。虽然‘眉盲’和其他形式的‘美盲’并未被官方认定为心理健康问题，但人们追潮流的倾向，即使这会让他们看起来很愚蠢或冒风险，也无疑是真实存在的)”可知，提到“眉盲”是为了引出关于人们追潮流这一核心论点。故选C项。 【13题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词所在部分“‘Our brains are programmed to notice the unusual,’ Rutledge explains. Consequently, we pay attention to those who stand out and attract attention, making trends even more enticing for those brave enough to embrace them.(‘我们的大脑天生就会注意不寻常的事物，’Rutledge解释道。因此，我们关注那些脱颖而出、引人注目的人，让那些勇敢拥抱潮流的人更enticing)”中“we pay attention to those who stand out and attract attention”可知，人们会关注那些不寻常的事物和脱颖而出、引人注目的人，所以拥抱潮流的人会成为关注的对象，他们会更有吸引力。故划线词enticing的意思是“有吸引力的”，与“Appealing”同义。故选B项。 【14题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“As children begin to move towards adult independence, they seek ways to express their individuality. This can sometimes lead to desperate efforts to prove their affiliation (从属关系) with socially credible groups and can fuel desire to stand out by riding the wave of trends.(随着孩子们开始走向成人独立，他们会寻求表达个性的方式。这有时会导致他们拼命努力以证明自己隶属于社会上有信誉的群体，并激发他们通过追赶潮流来脱颖而出的欲望)”可知，年轻人更容易追潮流是因为他们追求独特性和社会认可。故选A项。 【15题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“‘It’s essentially an inborn response, which can be explained by our need to fit in with or stand out from the crowd,’ says Pamela.(‘这本质上是一种天生的反应，可以用我们融入群体或从人群中脱颖而出的需求来解释，’Pamela说)”可知，Pamela最后强调追潮流是一种自然行为。故选A项。 （六） （2025·四川广安·二模） Marine biologists have uncovered an amazing discovery about coral polyps (珊瑚虫). During spawning (产卵) events triggered by the moon, these little-known creatures use very complex chemical signaling systems. By using high-resolution underwater spectrometers (光谱仪), researchers saw something truly remarkable. At certain moon phases, many different coral species release their gametes at the same time. Along with that, they give out a complex mix of organic compounds. This coordinated (协调一致的) chemical communication has two important jobs. First, it helps corals reproduce at the same time across large reef areas, sometimes over distances of kilometers. This is crucial for the survival of the coral population. Second, it works as a kind of protection. The organic compounds released by the corals can temporarily stop the sense of smell of fish that eat coral larvae (幼虫). As a result, the survival rate of coral larvae goes up by 37% compared to when spawning is not coordinated. What’s even more surprising is that the spawning process has ways to fix itself. When artificial light pollution makes it hard for corals to “see” the moon, they don’t just stop spawning. Instead, they turn on backup biochemical pathways. This helps them keep the right timing for spawning within a short 22-minute time frame. This shows that corals have changed over time to deal with different environmental problems. These new findings change the way we think about marine ecosystems. Corals, which we used to think were just simple and passive, are actually very complex. They can make group decisions, similar to social insects. Their chemical “language” not only helps us understand marine life better but also has a lot of potential. It could give us new ideas for protecting the environment and might even influence how we develop decentralized network technologies. 12. The underlined word “gametes” in Paragraph 1 most probably refers to . A. reproductive cells B. defensive chemicals C. light sensors D. coral larvae 13. Why does coral larvae survival rate rise? A. Gametes are released in deeper waters. B. Organic compounds block predators’ smell. C. Moonlight aids gamete spread visibility. D. Fish predators are less active in certain moon phases. 14. What can be inferred about coral’s chemical communication? A. It functions only in pollution-free environments. B. Its complexity goes beyond social insect behaviors. C. It requires direct physical contact between polyps. D. Its rules might give inspiration to new network technologies. 15. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Corals’ chemicals signal in lunar-triggered spawning. B. Discoveries show corals’ complexity and potential for protection and technology. C. Corals adapt to environmental challenges like light pollution. D. Coordinated spawning boosts coral larvae survival. 【答案】12. A 13. B 14. D 15. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是珊瑚虫在月相触发的繁殖过程中使用的复杂化学信号系统及其对生态系统和未来技术的潜在影响。 【12题详解】 词句猜测题。根据首段中的“During spawning (产卵) events triggered by the moon, these little-known creatures use very complex chemical signaling systems. (在月相触发的产卵事件中，这些鲜为人知的生物使用了非常复杂的化学信号系统。)”可知，在月相触发的产卵事件中，珊瑚虫会使用非常复杂的化学信号系统，这与珊瑚繁殖相关，结合划线单词所在的句子“At certain moon phases, many different coral species release their … at the same time. (在某些月相期间，许多不同种类的珊瑚会同时释放它们的……。)”可知，在某些月相期间，很多珊瑚会释放出他们的“生殖细胞”符合语境，所以，划线单词指的是“生殖细胞”。故选A项。 【13题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The organic compounds released by the corals can temporarily stop the sense of smell of fish that eat coral larvae (幼虫) . As a result, the survival rate of coral larvae goes up by 37% compared to when spawning is not coordinated. (珊瑚释放的有机化合物可以暂时阻止食珊瑚幼虫的鱼类的嗅觉。因此，与未协调产卵时相比，珊瑚幼虫的存活率提高了37%。)”可知，珊瑚释放的有机化合物使幼虫存活率提高。故选B项。 【14题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Their chemical “language” not only helps us understand marine life better but also has a lot of potential. It could give us new ideas for protecting the environment and might even influence how we develop decentralized network technologies. (它们的化学“语言”不仅帮助我们更好地理解海洋生物，还具有巨大的潜力。它可能为环境保护提供新思路，甚至可能影响我们开发去中心化网络技术的方式。)”可知，珊瑚的化学可能为环境保护提供新思路，并影响去中心化网络技术的发展，由此可知，珊瑚的化学通信规则可能为新型网络技术提供灵感。故选D项。 【15题详解】 主旨大意题。根据首段中的“Marine biologists have uncovered an amazing discovery about coral polyps (珊瑚虫) . During spawning (产卵) events triggered by the moon, these little-known creatures use very complex chemical signaling systems. (海洋生物学家发现了关于珊瑚虫的一项惊人发现。在月相触发的产卵事件中，这些鲜为人知的生物使用了非常复杂的化学信号系统。)”可知，研究发现，珊瑚虫在月相触发的繁殖过程中使用的复杂化学信号系统，结合下文分析的这种协调的化学通信的两个重要作用以及珊瑚如何应对环境挑战，例如光污染，通过激活备用生化途径保持正确的产卵时间以及尾段中的“These new findings change the way we think about marine ecosystems. (这些新发现改变了我们对海洋生态系统的看法。)”和“It could give us new ideas for protecting the environment and might even influence how we develop decentralized network technologies. (它可能为环境保护提供新思路，甚至可能影响我们开发去中心化网络技术的方式。)”可知，本文主要介绍了这些发现展示了珊瑚的复杂性以及其在保护环境和技术创新方面的潜力。故选B项。 （七） （2025·四川雅安·二模） Located in Yixian county, Anhui province, Xidi and Hongcun have a long history of more than 900years. The original residential styles and features of the Ming and Qing dynasties were preserved perfectly here, so they are reputed as “living ancient residential museums”. Xidi Village, built during the Northern Song dynasty, is one of the most representative scenic spots of ancient Hui architecture. It was originally a community of the families with the surname Hu, and now has 124 old residential houses and three ancestral temples of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Wooden architectures in Xidi are unique and elegant: Prettified walls prevent rain infiltration; black tiles record the history of the town. The village is surrounded by mountains on all sides, and two streams run through the village. The plane (平面) of the village agrees with the mountain shape and follows the terrain (地形)，presenting a boat-like shape, which caters to the intention of the Hu family to engage in business trips and set sail on long voyages. Hongcun Village, 15 km from Xidi and built in the Southern Song dynasty, shares some features with Xidi but stands out for its water system. Ancient villagers were creative, shaping the village like a buffalo and building a bionic-based (仿生的) artificial water system. The water system is designed like a buffalo’s body. Small channels carry water to each household, then it flows into a pond for filtering, circles in the village, enters a lake for further filtering, and finally goes into a river. This design precipitates (使沉淀) and filters wastewater, and the purified water can be recycled for irrigation and washing. During its long-term development, Hongcun has formed its cultural inheritance — a set of water usage and protection rules and customs that are commonly observed by the villagers. This ensures the long-term and stable operation of the wastewater treatment system. The ancient villages of Xidi and Hongcun remain deeply meaningful to locals who value their cultural roots. Today, the two villages welcome visitors from around the world to admire their beauty. Walking through stone paths beside lotus ponds, people don’t just see UNESCO World Heritage sites — they appreciate the great wonder created by people and nature working together. 28. What can we learn about Xidi Village from Paragraph 2? A. It is famous for wooden temples. B. It was built like a boat for business trips. C. It is surrounded by streams and mountains. D. It was designed based on the natural conditions. 29. What does Paragraph 3 mainly focus on about the water system? A. Its protection. B. Its location. C. Its working principle. D. Its historical importance. 30. What does the underlined word “This” refer to? A. The long-term development. B. Cultural inheritance. C. Water usage and protection. D. The villagers’ observation. 31 What is the writing purpose of the passage? A. To describe the beauty of Hui architecture. B. To explain how people live in harmony with nature. C. To attract tourists to visit cultural heritage sites. D. To praise the creativity of people in Xidi and Hongcun. 【答案】28. D 29. C 30. B 31. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了安徽黟县的西递和宏村两个古村落的历史、建筑特色以及宏村独特的水系设计。 【28题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“The plane of the village agrees with the mountain shape and follows the terrain, presenting a boat-like shape(村庄的平面布局与山形一致，顺应地形，呈现船形)”可知，西递村的设计是基于自然条件而建。故选D。 【29题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第三段中“The water system is designed like a buffalo’s body. Small channels carry water to each household, then it flows into a pond for filtering, circles in the village, enters a lake for further filtering, and finally goes into a river. This design precipitates (使沉淀) and filters wastewater, and the purified water can be recycled for irrigation and washing.(该水系统的设计仿若水牛之躯。细小沟渠将水引至每家每户，继而流入沉淀池进行初次过滤，环绕村落循环后进入湖泊深度净化，最终汇入河流。此设计通过沉淀和过滤处理废水，净化后的水可循环用于灌溉与洗涤。)”可知，本段主要描述水系的工作原理。故选C。 【30题详解】 词句猜测题。根据文章第四段“During its long-term development, Hongcun has formed its cultural inheritance — a set of water usage and protection rules and customs that are commonly observed by the villagers. This ensures the long-term and stable operation of the wastewater treatment system.(在长期发展过程中，宏村形成了其文化传承——一套被村民普遍遵守的水资源使用与保护规则及习俗。这确保了污水处理系统的长期稳定运行。)”可推知，“This”指代的是前文提到的“Cultural inheritance.(文化传承)”，即宏村形成的文化传承确保了污水处理系统的长期稳定运行。故选B。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据文章最后一段“Today, the two villages welcome visitors from around the world to admire their beauty. Walking through stone paths beside lotus ponds, people don’t just see UNESCO World Heritage sites — they appreciate the great wonder created by people and nature working together.(今天，这两个村庄欢迎来自世界各地的游客欣赏他们的美丽。人们穿过莲花池塘旁边的石路，人们不仅看到联合国教科文组织的世界遗产——他们欣赏人们和自然共同努力创造的奇妙奇迹。)”可知，本文主要介绍了安徽黟县的西递和宏村两个古村落的历史、建筑特色以及宏村独特的水系设计，它们的设计体现了人与自然和谐相处，由此可推知，文章旨在解释人们如何与自然和谐共处。故选B。 （2） Researchers at UC San Francisco have developed a brain-computer interface (BCI) that allows a paralyzed (瘫痪的) man to control a robotic arm using his thoughts. The device, which translates brain signals into computer commands, enabled the participant to grasp, move, and drop objects simply by imagining the actions. Remarkably, the BCI functioned for a record seven months without requiring adjustments, a significant improvement over previous systems that lasted only a day or two. The breakthrough relies on an AI model that adapts to subtle changes in brain activity as a person repeatedly imagines performing a movement. This adaptability allows the system to better its performance over time. “This blending of learning between humans and AI is the next stage for brain-computer interfaces,” said Dr. Karunesh Ganguly, a neurologist at UCSF. “It’s what we need to achieve sophisticated, lifelike function.” The study, funded by the National Institutes of Health and published in Cell, focused on understanding how brain activity patterns shift over time. Ganguly and his team discovered that while the brain’s representations of movements remain consistent, their locations change slightly from day to day. By programming the AI to account for these shifts, the BCI maintained its functionality for months. The participant, who was paralyzed by a stroke, had tiny sensors implanted on his brain to detect activity when he imagined moving. Over two weeks, the team trained the AI by having him imagine simple movements, such as moving his fingers or hands. Initially, the robotic arm’s movements were imprecise, but after practicing with a virtual arm that provided feedback, the participant improved his control. Once he transitioned to the real robotic arm, he quickly mastered tasks like picking up blocks, opening cupboards, and holding a cup to a water machine. Even months later, he could control the arm after a brief “tune-up” to adjust for changes in his brain activity. Ganguly is now improving the AI to make the robotic arm faster and smoother, with plans to test the BCI in home settings. For individuals with paralysis, this technology could be life-changing, enabling them to perform everyday tasks independently. “I’m very confident that we’ve learned how to build the system now, and that we can make this work,” Ganguly said. 32. How does the paralyzed man control a robotic arm through the BCI? A. By using his thoughts. B. By adjusting the device. C. By translating brain signals. D. By improving the present system. 33. Which of the following is a feature of the AI model? A. It requires no training to work effectively. B. It can shift over time to maintain its function. C. It needs repeated imaginations to perform a movement. D. It can adjust to subtle changes in brain activity to improve movements. 34. What helped improve the participant’s controlling over the robotic arm? A. The virtual arm offering feedback. B. The connection to the real robotic arm. C. The tiny sensors implanted in his brain. D. The simple movements imagined by him. 35. What does Dr. Ganguly think of the future of the BCI technology? A. Changeable. B. Uncertain. C. Promising. D. Limited. 【答案】32. A 33. D 34. A 35. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述加州大学旧金山分校的研究人员已经开发出一种脑机接口（BCI），可以让瘫痪的人用他的思想来控制机械臂。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Researchers at UC San Francisco have developed a brain-computer interface (BCI) that allows a paralyzed (瘫痪的) man to control a robotic arm using his thoughts.(加州大学旧金山分校的研究人员已经开发出一种脑机接口（BCI），可以让瘫痪的人用他的思想来控制机械臂)”可知，BCI可以让瘫痪的人用他的思想来控制机械臂，故选A。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The breakthrough relies on an AI model that adapts to subtle changes in brain activity as a person repeatedly imagines performing a movement. This adaptability allows the system to better its performance over time.(这一突破依赖于一种人工智能模型，当一个人反复想象做一个动作时该模型可以适应大脑活动的细微变化。这种适应性使系统能够随着时间的推移而改善其性能)”可知，AI模型可以适应大脑活动的细微变化，以改善动作，故选D。 【34题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Initially, the robotic arm’s movements were imprecise, but after practicing with a virtual arm that provided feedback, the participant improved his control.(最初，机械臂的动作不精确，但在用提供反馈的虚拟手臂练习后，参与者的控制能力得到了提高)”可知，虚拟手臂提供反馈帮助提高了参与者对机械臂的控制，故选A。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“‘I’m very confident that we’ve learned how to build the system now, and that we can make this work,’ Ganguly said.(‘我非常有信心，我们现在已经学会了如何建立这个系统，我们可以让它发挥作用，’Ganguly说)”可知，Ganguly认为BCI技术的未来很有希望，故选C。 （八） （2025·四川攀枝花·二模） Energy crops can be used for heat, electricity and even biofuels like bioethanol. They will become more important as the world turns away from fossil fuels, such as oil and coal. In a new study, researchers from the University of Surrey have shown that where you choose to plant energy crops makes a big difference to biodiversity. A detailed analysis has shown that, compared to planting them elsewhere, planting energy crops on existing agricultural land in places like China and Central Europe could diminish harm to biodiversity. Planting in these locations could then allow agricultural land in other places to be restored to natural habitats, maximizing the benefits to biodiversity. The study is published in the Journal of Applied Ecology. Sophi e Tudge, who carried out the research at Surrey’s Center for Environment and Sustainability, said, “Our study suggests that, as far as biodiversity is concerned, it is always best to restore farmland to nature rather than re-plant it with energy crops.” “Yet, we are realists. In the future, more fuel will come from crops, and it is far better to plant them on existing farms than to destroy remaining natural habitats. We have shown that where you plant those crops makes a huge difference to how many species continue to grow healthily,” she added. When farmland is restored to nature, it creates new habitats for many species. Using that land to plant energy crops instead can be a missed opportunity to improve biodiversity. Given that energy crops need to be planted somewhere, researchers calculated which locations would have the smallest net impact on biodiversity. They studied which habitats contained the richest mix of species. They then compared that information with maps of land use and information about where energy crops could produce the biggest yields (产量). The researchers found that the harm to biodiversity could be minimized in places like Central Europe and the east coasts of the U. S. and China. However, food security, farmers’ willingness, and surrounding energy infrastructure (基础设施) are also important. “After all, we depend on them to grow crops,” she said. 12．What does the underlined word “diminish” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Make something smaller. B．Increase greatly. C．Remain unchanged. D．Get rid of completely. 13．What can we learn from Sophie Tudge’s words in paragraph 4? A．Highest yields are the only priority. B．Energy crops do harm to biodiversity. C．Restoring farmland to nature is the best choice. D．Planting on current farms protects natural habitats. 14．What should be done in energy crop planting areas according to the last paragraph? A．Considering many factors besides biodiversity. B．Caring about biodiversity over other factors. C．Focusing primarily on energy crop yields. D．Planting energy crops in all available farmland. 15．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Farmland should be restored to nature. B．Energy crops will replace fossil fuels. C．Biodiversity calls for concern. D．Where Energy Crops grow Affects Biodiversity. 【答案】12．A 13．D 14．A 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了能源作物种植地点对生物多样性的影响。 12．词句猜测题。由文章第二段中“A detailed analysis has shown that, compared to planting them elsewhere, planting energy crops on existing agricultural land in places like China and Central Europe could diminish harm to biodiversity. Planting in these locations could then allow agricultural land in other places to be restored to natural habitats, maximizing the benefits to biodiversity. (一项详细分析显示，与在其他地方种植相比，在中国和中欧等地的现有农业土地上种植能源作物可以diminish对生物多样性的损害。在这些地点种植，可以使其他地方的农业土地恢复为自然栖息地，从而最大限度地促进生物多样性)”可知，在现有农业土地上种植能源作物可以“减少”对生物多样性的危害，从而使其他地方恢复自然栖息地，最大化生物多样性益处。因此，diminish在此处意为“使某物变小或减少”，与Make something smaller“使得某物更小”意思相符。故选A。 13．推理判断题。由文章第四段中““Yet, we are realists. In the future, more fuel will come from crops, and it is far better to plant them on existing farms than to destroy remaining natural habitats. We have shown that where you plant those crops makes a huge difference to how many species continue to grow healthily,” she added. (“然而，我们也很现实。未来，更多燃料将来自作物，而且在现有农田上种植作物远比破坏剩余的自然栖息地要好得多。我们已经证明，种植作物的地点对多少物种能够继续健康生长有着巨大影响，”她补充道)”可知，在当前农场上种植能源作物可以保护自然栖息地，避免破坏它们。故选D。 14．细节理解题。由文章最后一段中“However, food security, farmers’ willingness, and surrounding energy infrastructure (基础设施) are also important. “After all, we depend on them to grow crops,” she said. (然而，食品安全、农民的意愿和周围的能源基础设施也很重要。“毕竟，我们依靠它们来种植作物，”她说)”可知，除了生物多样性之外，还需要考虑许多其他因素。故选A。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“In a new study, researchers from the University of Surrey have shown that where you choose to plant energy crops makes a big difference to biodiversity. (在一项新研究中，萨里大学的研究人员发现，种植能源作物的地点对生物多样性有着重大影响)”可知，文章主要讲述了一项新的研究表明能源作物种植地点的选择对生物多样性有很大的影响。因此，文章的主旨大意是能源作物的种植地点影响生物多样性。故选D。 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文&议论文）（原卷版） （一） （2025·四川成都·二模） （1） Writer Shan Xiaohua was mediating with her pen in hand in a room. Ma Jun was leaning back with a relaxed expression on his face, exploring the world of literature with his cellphone. In a shop, blind writer Zhao Ling was listening to classic works with customers while working... These scenes take place in Xiji county, a mountainous area in southern Ningxia. It has won the name Hometown of Literature. Historically speaking, the region has deep roots in it. The Xihaigu area was once a passage along the Silk Road, with active exchanges and diverse folk arts such as folk singing hua’er, storytelling and Qinqiang Opera, as well as events like blessing events during the Spring Festival. For thousands of years, diverse cultures have integrated with each other, creating a unique humanistic atmosphere here, which influenced and guided people born and raised here to turn their thoughts about the land, nation, homeland and themselves into words on the page. Reality has always been a source of inspiration. Considered as “one of the most unfit places for human settlement” by the UN in the 1970s, Xihaigu once had nothing but the poor land, droughts and a delicate ecological environment. People living here had no choice but to suffer the hardships of life. It was literature that gave them strength. Clean and tidy roads, public squares with well-equioped facilities, academies full of books, factories with orderly production… Great changes have taken place in Xihaigu. In the past, poverty stopped people from writing as they struggled to feed themselves first. Now, writing reflects their ambitions. More people can create literary works. Here, the flowers of literature bloom everywhere; here, literature is the land that grows the best crops. 4. Why are the scenes described in the first paragraph? A. To show writing is easy to master. B. To describe the locals’ love for writing. C. To introduce some writers in Xiji county. D. To compare the situation in different times. 5. Which best describes the typical feature of Xihaigu area according to paragraph 2? A Culturally rich. B. Socially unstable. C. Historically important. D. Geographically diverse. 6. What did literature mean for people in Xiji county in the past? A. The recording of hardships. B. Spiritual support. C. The expression of thankfulness. D. Connection with the outside. 7. What does this text mainly talk about? A. The pursuits of people in Xiji county. B. The cultural significance of Xiji county. C. The power of literature for people in Xiji county. D. People’s understanding of literature in Xiji county. （2） A honey bee’s life depends on it successfully harvesting from flowers to make honey. Deciding which flower is most likely to offer nectar (花蜜) is incredibly difficult. In new research published recently, our team reports how bees make these complex decisions. We challenged bees with a field of artificial flowers, each of which offered a tiny drop of sugar syrup. Different-colored “flowers” varied in their likelihood of offering sugar. We put tiny, harmless paint marks on the back of each bee, and filmed every visit a bee made to the flower array. We then used computer vision and machine learning to automatically draw and study the route on which bees flew through. From this information, we found bees very quickly learned to identify the most rewarding flowers. They quickly assessed whether to accept or reject a flower, but surprisingly they made correct decisions within 0.6 seconds while incorrect decisions took them 1.2 seconds on average. The results and what we expected are poles apart. Usually in animals, an accurate decision takes longer than an inaccurate decision. This is called the speed-accuracy trade off, which happens because determining whether a decision is right or wrong usually depends on how much evidence we have to make that decision. More evidence means a more accurate decision, but gathering evidence takes time. So accurate decisions are usually slow and inaccurate decisions are faster. But bees only accepted a flower if, at a glance, they were sure it was rewarding. If they had any uncertainty, they rejected it. They might have missed some rewarding flowers, but they successfully focused their efforts only on the flowers with the best chance and best evidence of providing them with sugar. The only other animals known to beat the speed-accuracy tradeoff are humans and primates. It’s indeed amazing that bees seemed to be breaking this boundary. 8. How did researchers get the result of the experiment? A. By observing bees in the wild. B. By analyzing bees’ flight paths. C. By testing bees in different colors. D. By comparing bees’ food preference. 9. What did the research find about bees? A. They could tell artificial flowers immediately. B. They performed better in certain colored flowers. C. They made right choices faster than the wrong ones. D. They made more correct decisions than other species. 10. What does the underlined phrase “poles apart” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Contrary. B. Reasonable. C. Essential. D. Confusing. 11. Why do bees beat the speed-accuracy tradeoff? A. They ignore uncertainties. B. They gather evidence very fast. C. They stay on the right track while flying. D. They adopt a special decision-making mechanism. （3） A quiet revolution is happening in autonomous systems freeing us from the burdens of labor and giving us more control over our lives. A robotaxis can give you a smooth ride to wherever you need to go while a humanoid robot can handle chores at home. Undoubtedly, instead of spending time driving, or folding laundry, we can engage in intellectual, artistic, and social pursuits that were previously unimaginable. We can learn new languages, develop new skills, or connect more deeply with loved ones. We are close to a future where the freedom to create and explore is no longer limited by the demands of daily life. However, undeniable convenience as these autonomous systems offer, there’s something special about the tasks they aim to replace. Learning to drive, or even folding laundry is not just chores but the very fabric of our human experience. The first time you got behind the wheel of a car gave you a moment of growth and independence. Folding laundry can be a quiet, reflective moment—a reminder that life is made up of simple rhythms. Here lies the contradiction: Autonomy isn’t just about freedom from work but control. As we hand over more control to machines, we are losing some of our own. Take Tesla’s Full Self-Driving (FSD) system, for example. Despite the incredible convenience and safety it offers, we need to reflect on what we might be leaving behind as we move closer to this reality. For many, driving is more than just a means of getting from one destination to another—it’s an experience about freedom and control. The sensory connection to the road, and even the joy of mastering the art of driving are elements that technology might replace, but not necessarily reproduce. True human autonomy is not just about handing over daily tasks to machines. It’s about the choice to engage in those tasks when we want to. The simple act of driving a car, or cleaning a home is more than just a function; it’s an expression of our humanity. Perhaps that’s the real challenge in front of us as autonomous systems become more integrated into our lives; how to use these machines to enhance our freedom without losing the very expression of our humanity. 12. What do autonomous systems probably enable us to get? A. Greater abilities to handle chores. B. Higher intellectual ambitions. C. More opportunities to develop creativity. D. A free future of living without limits. 13. What does paragraph 3 mainly focus on? A. The value of routine experiences. B. The freedom through technology. C. The reflections on personal growth. D. The room for improving autonomous systems. 14. Why does the author mention “Tesla’s FSD system”? A. To demonstrate the joy of driving. B. To argue against the freedom from work. C. To give an example of technological convenience. D. To stress the loss of control and human experience. 15. What message does the author mainly convey? A. Technology serves as a helping hand. B. Freedom isn’t what technology offers us. C. The future of autonomous systems is in our hands. D. There are conflicts between innovation and autonomy. （二） （2025·四川绵阳·二模） （1） Back in the 1800s, some French artists packed their paint brushes and set off on long trips to capture the natural landscape and in the process, revolutionized art. Painting outdoors on location has recently inspired a newer trend: urban sketching, a kind of drawing with the text to describe the artist’s surroundings while traveling. Sketching on the go at different places around the globe opens your eyes to everything from the obvious to the invisible. A sketch captures a memory of people and places in a way that a photograph never can. Opposite to blitz travel, which focuses on the rapid, intensive exploration of multiple destinations in a very short period, urban sketching helps us slow down and step out of the rush by creating something by hand. As we draw, we notice the beauty in the ordinary: the way sunlight warms a scene, the comings and goings of locals in a market and the colors reflected in the water fountain. I went on my first urban sketching trip in 2023 to five coastal villages in Italy. I remember feeling frightened as I set up my sketchbook that first morning. My instructor, fellow sketchers and unfamiliar passers-by stopped by my side now and then. However, with each brushstroke, I soon became more and more engaged by the village’s arched passageways, old streets, and lemon trees. I found that when you stand still and spend hours absorbing and describing the small details around you, you begin to appreciate a place’s small differences. As a result, at the end of the five-day trip, I returned home with a deeper comprehension of Italian cuisine, customs and architecture. “As an art instructor, it’s wonderful to see how each participant brings a fresh perspective to what's in front of them,” says Alicia Aradilla, who has completed more than 700 watercolors from 20 countries and now leads urban sketching workshops and trips. “Every sketchbook ends up being different; I find it incredibly appealing.” 4．What do we know about urban sketching? A．It captures the natural landscape. B．It involves drawing and writing. C．It is launched by French artists. D．It is a fresh approach to indoor art. 5．What is a problem for people going on blitz travel? A．Views are explored in a hurry. B．Some of the scenes are invisible. C．Destinations are hard to reach. D．Photos are banned in some places. 6．How did the author feel at the end of his first urban sketch trip to Italy? A．He was scared of fellow sketchers. B．His cultural understanding deepened. C．He became crazy about Italian food. D．His drawings needed to be polished. 7．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Urban sketchers can be creative and original. B．Sketch books are more appealing than photos. C．Urban sketching trips are in over 20 countries. D．Watercolors are the main style of urban sketching. （2） The soundtrack of modern life is overwhelming, from the roar of traffic to smartphones streaming videos around the clock. This has sent many people searching for a soundscape increasingly difficult to find: quiet. “I don’t think we’re wired for the amount of noise we experience,” says Norway-based psychologist Olga Lehmann, whose work centers on silence. Overexposure to noise pollution — particularly sounds above 85 decibels (分贝), roughly the level of a loud restaurant — can lead to hearing loss, high blood pressure, and stress. The World Health Organization named noise pollution a leading environmental cause of health issues, topped only by air pollution. A few trends have shown the growing demand for quiet, particularly among younger generations, like silent walking, a phenomenon that went viral on TikTok last year as creators promoted the value of walking without distractions — no podcasts, music, or phone calls. The activity’s widespread popularity highlights how starved digital natives are for a break from the noise. It could be as simple as sitting in a local park, museum, or library without technology for 10 minutes, or joining a silent yoga class. Silent Book Club, which brings readers together to read for an hour without chatter, has recently gained popularity thanks to social media subcommunities like BookTok and Bookstagram. Despite the name, Silent Book Club events aren’t entirely devoid of sound. Their meeting spaces, often local cafés, have their own noise — but a handful of no-talking coffee shops are on the rise. The latest, the new Shojo quiet café in Osaka, is run largely by deaf or hard-of-hearing individuals. Customers use sign language, handwriting, and pointing to order. Greenery can play a role, too. Planting rows of trees on streets reduces noise by up to 12 decibels And living walls, like the 30, 000-plant exterior (外墙) on an office building in Dusseldorf, Germany — the largest green exterior in Europe — take in noise while minimizing urban heat. 8．What is the second paragraph mainly about? A．Types of air pollution. B．Causes of health issues. C．Pollution topped by sound. D．Harm resulting from noise. 9．What do we know about digital natives? A．They are distracted online. B．They are eager for quiet. C．They initiated silent walking. D．They quit technology for good. 10．What do the underlined words “devoid of” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Opposed to. B．Filled with. C．Free of. D．Upset about. 11．What does the author indicate by mentioning the office building? A．Living walls cool the city. B．Germany excels in construction. C．Greenery helps absorb noise. D．The largest exterior is in Europe. （3） The extreme environment of space, with reduced gravity, harsh radiation and the lack of regular sunrises and sunsets, can have dramatic effects on astronaut health, from muscle loss to an increased risk of heart disease. However, the cognitive effects of long-term space travel are less well documented. New research has looked at the cognitive performance of 25 astronauts during their time on the International Space Station (ISS). The team put the astronauts through the same set of 10 tests both on Earth and on the ISS. These were repeated once before, twice during, and twice after the mission, within 10 and 30 days of landing. The researchers found that the astronauts took longer to complete tests measuring processing speed, working memory and attention on the ISS than on Earth, but they were just as accurate. While there was no overall cognitive harm or lasting effect on the astronauts’ abilities, some of the measures, like processing speed, took longer to return to normal after they came back to Earth. Having clear data on the cognitive effects of space travel will be crucial for future human spaceflight, says Elisa Ferrè at the University of London. “A mission to Mars is not only longer in terms of time, but also in terms of autonomy (自主性),” says Ferre. “People there will have a completely different interaction with ground control because of distance and delays in communication, so they will need to be fully autonomous in making decisions. You definitely don’t want to have astronauts on Mars with slow reaction time.” “It’s not necessarily a great cause for an alarm, but it’s useful to be aware so that you know your limits when you’re in these extreme environments. It’s not just how you perform in those tests, but also the awareness of your ability. For instance, we know that if you lack sleep, your performance will often decline, but you won’t realize your performance has declined.” says Jo Bower at the University of East Anglia. 12．How many times were the astronauts tested in the research? A．Five. B．Seven. C．Ten. D．Thirty. 13．What did the new research find about astronauts? A．They reacted slower on the ISS. B．Their accuracy declined on Earth. C．Their abilities never returned to normal. D．They suffered long-term cognitive harm. 14．What is Elisa Ferrè’s attitude towards the research? A．Unclear. B．Negative. C．Doubtful. D．Approving. 15．How does Jo Bower make his view clear? A．By comparing data. B．By giving an example. C．By analyzing causes. D．By defining key concepts. （三） （2025·四川南充·二模） （1） “I have left to pursue my dream of kitting (编织) sweaters for penguins in Antarctica and no longer work for the School of Economics. I will be out of office on a permanent basis until my penguin friends are happy.” A Chinese student studying in the UK said her tutor, who quit education to knit sweaters for penguins in Antarctica, has been generating buzz online. The charitable act of knitting sweaters for penguins is, in fact, a real initiative. A major oil spill occurred near Phillip Island in Australia in the late 1990s. Following the incident, while the oil-affected penguins were rescued, there was a noticeable decline in both the number and health of penguin chicks in the following two breeding seasons. When little penguins become oiled, they will try to clean the poisonous oil from their feathers, and swallowing it can kill them. It also damages their delicate feathers, which exposes their skin to extreme temperatures and they are left cold, heavy and unable to swim or hunt for food. Therefore, the Penguin Foundation and Phillip Island Nature Parks have appealed the knitting enthusiasts worldwide to knit sweaters for the penguins. These sweaters are given to penguins in need of cleaning to provide temporary warmth and prevent them from swallowing the oil. Some also argue that these sweaters could potentially add extra pressure to the penguins’ bodies and might even cause them to overheat. The Penguin Foundation explained that knitted jumpers are temporarily placed on the penguins, acting as a barrier to prevent them from reaching their oily feathers with their beaks, before rescue staff are able to wash their bodies clean. The sweaters intended for penguins must be made from wool and follow specific knitting guidelines. As a result, numerous sweaters that fall short of the standards are repurposed for toy penguins. Funds are raised for the wildlife on Phillip Island through the sale of toy penguins sporing these sweaters. 4. Which word can best describe the tutor? A. Ambitious. B. Well-educated. C. Creative. D. Caring. 5. How does the sweater help the penguins? A. It helps them adapt to overheated temperatures. B. It makes them swifter when catching fish. C. It keeps them from poisonous oil and cold. D. It provides them with permanent protection. 6. What does Paragraph 5 mainly focus on? A. Concerns about the sweaters. B. Great values of the sweaters. C. Barriers to carry out the initiative. D. Reasons for penguins’ overheating. 7. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Sweaters not up to standard are wasted. B. It’s difficult to meet the kitting standards. C Other wildlife also benefits from the sweaters. D. Penguins love doing sports wearing sweaters. （2） As cities around the world attempt to solve jam and seek to lower emissions, one New Zealand-based startup is looking for solutions. This year, Whoosh will begin construction on an innovative network of ride-hailing (打车服务) in a 370-acre area of tourism hot spot Queenstown-the first of its kind. Whoosh resembles a ski lift, but operates differently. While a ski lift transports its cabin (轿厢) by moving the entire cableway, each Whoosh cabin uses an electric motor to drive itself along a fixed network of cables and rails at an average speed of about 26 m. p. h. “Powering the cabins themselves means the guideway can be really simple, low-cost infrastructure,” Whoosh CEO Chris Allington says. The cabins have a mechanism that allows them to switch from cables to suspended rails at speed, meaning that, unlike a ski lift, Whoosh can change paths anytime from pickup to drop-off without stopping. Whoosh cabins consume less energy than other vehicles, because by using a dedicated guideway, they prevent energy-wasting actions such as braking in traffic. In addition, it has roughly a fifth of carbon emission compared with ground-level rail networks. As part of the pilot plan by 2027, Whoosh could help reduce travel time and are twice as efficient as the most economical electric cars. Users will be able to hail rides on demand, either by using a user-friendly app which provides real-time vehicle location and estimated arrival time, or through the ticket-vending machines available at key locations. Of course, the plan remains untested, but the company already has its sights set on the five North Texas cities in the U.S. “Turns out, none of the high-tech innovations are rally designed to solve the problem that most of the world is facing,” Allington says. “Subways cater to high-density centers, while cars suit low-density urban areas. Whoosh, which targets trips of 1 to 5 miles, offers a solution for those in the middle ground. We find that people want to live in medium-density areas, but they just aren’t well supported by either automobiles or mass transport,” he says. 8. How is Whoosh different from a ski lift? A. Its motor is simpler. B. It has flexible routes. C. 1ts running speed is faster. D. It moves the whole cableway. 9. Which of the following can make Whoosh cabins more energy-efficient? A. A dedicated guideway. B. A unique braking system C. Zero carbon emission. D. Ground-level rail networks. 10. What is Whoosh expected to do by 2027? A. Improve the safety of travel. B. Double the efficiency of electric cars. C. Provide handy ride-hailing services. D. Replace traditional subway. 11. What can we know from the last paragraph according to Allington? A. Subways are suitable for low-density urban areas. B. Transport in medium-density areas needs improvement. C. Mass transport has already been sufficient. D. Innovations can’t address the world’s problems. （3） Could eating less help you live longer? Calorie restriction and intermittent fasting (间歇性断食) both increase longevity in animals, aging experts say. If you put a lab mouse on a diet, cutting the animal’s caloric intake by 30 to 40 percent, it will live, on average, about 30 percent longer. Scientists first discovered this phenomenon in the 1930s, and over the past 90 years it has been copied in species ranging from worms to monkeys. The subsequent studies also found that many of the calorie-restricted animals were less likely to develop cancer and other diseases related to aging. But despite all the research on animals, there remain a lot of unknowns. Experts are still debating how it works, and what it might mean for humans. Here is a hypothesis having an evolutionary bent. In the wild, animals experience periods of feast and starvation, as did our human ancestors. Therefore, their (and probably our) biology evolved to survive and thrive not only during seasons of food abundance, but also seasons of shortages. There are also some theories to support the finding. One theory is that, on a cellular level, calorie restriction makes animals more resilient to physical stressors. For example, calorie-restricted mice have greater resistance to poison and recover faster from injury. Another explanation involves the fact that, in both humans and animals, eating fewer calories slows down metabolism (新陈代谢). It’s possible that “the less you have to get your body to metabolize, the longer it can live,” said Dr. Kim Huffman, an associate professor of medicine at Duke University School of Medicine who has studied calorie restriction in people. “You know, just slow the wheels down and the tires will last longer.” Calorie restriction also forces the body to rely on fuel sources other than glucose (葡萄糖), which aging experts think is beneficial for metabolic health and, ultimately, longevity. 12. What can be learned about calorie restriction from Paragraph 1? A. It makes animals live twice as long as normal. B. It has been proven to increase human longevity. C. It was first experimented in monkeys in the 1930s. D. It reduces the risk of some age-related diseases in animals. 13. What does the hypothesis assume? A. Ancient humans rarely experienced food shortages. B Organisms evolved to survive both food abundance and shortage. C. Early animals relied only on fasting for longevity. D. The evolutionary mechanism of animals differs from humans. 14. Which best explains the underlined word “resilient” in Paragraph 3? A. Adaptable. B. Controllable. C. Reliable. D. Desirable. 15. Why did Dr. Kim Huffman mention the wheels? A. To show the advantage of slower metabolism. B. To illustrate the process of energy storage. C. To explain people’s dependence on glucose. D. To emphasize the importance of starvation. （四） （2025·四川达州·二模） Although daydreaming is often seen as an enjoyable escape from the dull, tough or repetitive aspects of everyday life, the act of “pleasurable thinking” is more challenging and less satisfying than many people might think, according to a growing body of research. Years ago, Nicholas Buttrick and his team conducted a study. The researchers asked, “Which is more enjoyable: trying to think enjoyable thoughts or doing daily individual activities?” They found that of the 2,557 participants from 12 sites in 11 countries, most people, across cultures, enjoyed engaging in individual activities more than thinking freely and entertaining themselves with their thoughts as best they could. “Participants randomly assigned to do something reported significantly greater gratification than that of participants randomly assigned to think for pleasure, and the results were consistent in every country,” Buttrick concluded. Recently, a follow-up study led by Erin Westgate, a psychology professor at the University of Florida, investigated why so many people do not choose to think for pleasure, and when directed to do so, struggle to concentrate successfully. The researchers started by providing participants with specific examples of meaningful topics and then instructed them to think “meaningful” thoughts. Surprisingly, they discovered that asking people to think meaningful thoughts actually made daydreaming much less enjoyable than freely thinking about unguided thoughts. “I was so confused,” Westgate said. But after analyzing which meaningful topics participants reported thinking about when asked to think about something meaningful, she realized that “they were heavy stuff”. Westgate wants to help people recapture that daydream state, which may boost wellness. Although improving daydream states can be difficult, she recommends priming (指引) the brain to think about topics that are both enjoyable and meaningful. “It’s something that sets us apart. Thinking for pleasure allows us to imagine new realities,” Westgate said. “But that kind of thinking requires practice. As you build your ability to daydream, you’ll have a source of enjoyable thoughts during stressful times. The next time you’re walking, instead of pulling out your phone, try it.” 12. What is the common understanding of “pleasurable thinking” among people? A. It is a form of relaxation. B. It is a usual daily practice. C. It is a sign of wasting time. D. It is a hard but rewarding activity. 13. What is the closest meaning to the underlined word “gratification” in paragraph 2? A. Success. B. Boredom. C. Hesitation. D. Enjoyment. 14. Which of the following made Westgate puzzled? A. The research methods. B. The joy levels of the participants. C. The participants’ choice of meaningful topics. D. The lack of a clear definition of “meaningful thoughts”. 15. What advice does Westgate give to people? A. Focusing on new realities. B. Engaging in physical exercise. C. Keeping daydreaming during tough times. D. Daydreaming on both pleasant and significant subjects. （五） （2025·四川宜宾、自贡、乐山·二模） （1） Currently, people around the world are working on ways of removing carbon from the air and storing it, which is often called Direct Air Capture (DAC). DAC technology is still being developed. But normally during the process, air is pulled across a material that can remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from it. One common material is limestone (石灰石). Later, the material is heated to carefully release CO2 so it can be stored safely underground. But the current methods of doing this are expensive and don’t capture much CO2. However, COF-999, a novel yellow powder, created by scientists at UC Berkeley, is a different story. Under a microscope, it looks like it’s made of tiny balls. Each tiny ball has an incredible number of holes in it. These holes allow air to pass through the balls. Attached to these balls are lots of “amines (胺)”. An amine is a special chemical mixture related to ammonia. The amines are great at grabbing CO2 molecules (分子) from the air and holding onto them. To test COF-999, the scientists filled a small tube with the powder. They then piped air from outside their lab through the tube for 20 days. With CO2 in the air outside, however, the air from the tube had no carbon dioxide at all! The discovery was exciting for the scientists. “I see the solution to the climate problem right there, in our hands,” said one of the scientists, Dr. Omar Yaghi. COF-999 captures CO2 10 times faster than other DAC materials. The researchers say that half a pound of the powder can pull as much CO2 from the air as a tree can. But unlike trees, COF-999 can capture CO2 even when it’s dark outside. To get COF-999 to release the carbon, it just needs heating to around 60℃, much cooler than most other DAC materials, meaning it will take less energy to collect the CO2. The materials needed to make COF-999 don’t cost much. Most importantly, the scientists have already tested re-using the material up to 300 times. They believe it could probably be re-used thousands of times. 8. What is the disadvantage of the common DAC method? A. Its safety turns out unclear. B. It’s costly and less effective. C. Its materials are hard to obtain. D. It’s complicated to carry out. 9. How does COF-999 work to process CO2? A. By converting it into ammonia. B. By absorbing CO2 with amines. C. By releasing it back into the air. D. By resolving CO2 through holes. 10. What can be inferred from the COF-999’s test? A. DAC technology will be replaced soon. B. More energy is consumed during the procedure. C. CO2 is captured merely in the presence of sunlight. D. A promising environmental prospect is on the way. 11. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Amines: Great Materials for Capturing CO2 B. The Importance of Removing CO2 C. COF-999: Game-Changer in CO2 Processing D. The Development of DAC Technology （2） Recently, the growing eyebrow blindness has caused many TikTok users to complain on the platform: Are makeup enthusiasts able to tell if they’ re blindly chasing makeup trends or actually wearing what really looks good on their faces. While “eyebrow blindness” and other forms of “beauty blindness” aren’t officially regarded as mental health issues, the tendency of people to follow trends, even making them look foolish or taking risks, is undeniably a real thing. So what does psychology say about trend-following? Following trends isn’t an indication of a weak character or a mental health problem, says psychologist Pamela Rutledge, it’s completely normal. The root of that lies in humans’ fundamental need of social connections. Multiple psychological theories indicate that human social connections are as crucial as basic necessities like food and shelter, as humans have evolved to depend on one another for survival. But why do trends hold such a strong pull? “Our brains are programmed to notice the unusual,” Rutledge explains. Consequently, we pay attention to those who stand out and attract attention, making trends even more enticing for those brave enough to embrace them. No one is immune to following fashions, noticing trends, or demonstrating their real belonging to social groups. However, there is one specific group that is even easier to following trends, even risky ones: Tweens, teens and young adults. As children begin to move towards adult independence, they seek ways to express their individuality. This can sometimes lead to desperate efforts to prove their affiliation (从属关系) with socially credible groups and can fuel desire to stand out by riding the wave of trends. So, next time you do makeup, get dressed, order food in public, or buy a car, bear in mind that your decision might not be as personalized as you think. “It’s essentially an inborn response, which can be explained by our need to fit in with or stand out from the crowd,” says Pamela. 12. Why is “eyebrow blindness” mentioned? A. It contrasts with “beauty blindness”. B. It illustrates a kind of makeup. C. It brings out the text’s core argument. D. It highlights the importance of beauty. 13. What does the underlined word “enticing” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Vital. B. Appealing. C. Demanding. D. Risky. 14. Why are youngsters more likely to follow trends? A. They pursue uniqueness and social recognition. B. They are easily affected by social pressure. C. They tend to show their social status. D. They are always seeking adventures. 15. What does Pamela emphasize in the end? A. Trend-following is a natural behavior. B. Individuality stands out above trends. C. Tweens and teens are trend-setters. D. Social groups decide our behavior. （六） （2025·四川广安·二模） Marine biologists have uncovered an amazing discovery about coral polyps (珊瑚虫). During spawning (产卵) events triggered by the moon, these little-known creatures use very complex chemical signaling systems. By using high-resolution underwater spectrometers (光谱仪), researchers saw something truly remarkable. At certain moon phases, many different coral species release their gametes at the same time. Along with that, they give out a complex mix of organic compounds. This coordinated (协调一致的) chemical communication has two important jobs. First, it helps corals reproduce at the same time across large reef areas, sometimes over distances of kilometers. This is crucial for the survival of the coral population. Second, it works as a kind of protection. The organic compounds released by the corals can temporarily stop the sense of smell of fish that eat coral larvae (幼虫). As a result, the survival rate of coral larvae goes up by 37% compared to when spawning is not coordinated. What’s even more surprising is that the spawning process has ways to fix itself. When artificial light pollution makes it hard for corals to “see” the moon, they don’t just stop spawning. Instead, they turn on backup biochemical pathways. This helps them keep the right timing for spawning within a short 22-minute time frame. This shows that corals have changed over time to deal with different environmental problems. These new findings change the way we think about marine ecosystems. Corals, which we used to think were just simple and passive, are actually very complex. They can make group decisions, similar to social insects. Their chemical “language” not only helps us understand marine life better but also has a lot of potential. It could give us new ideas for protecting the environment and might even influence how we develop decentralized network technologies. 12. The underlined word “gametes” in Paragraph 1 most probably refers to . A. reproductive cells B. defensive chemicals C. light sensors D. coral larvae 13. Why does coral larvae survival rate rise? A. Gametes are released in deeper waters. B. Organic compounds block predators’ smell. C. Moonlight aids gamete spread visibility. D. Fish predators are less active in certain moon phases. 14. What can be inferred about coral’s chemical communication? A. It functions only in pollution-free environments. B. Its complexity goes beyond social insect behaviors. C. It requires direct physical contact between polyps. D. Its rules might give inspiration to new network technologies. 15. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Corals’ chemicals signal in lunar-triggered spawning. B. Discoveries show corals’ complexity and potential for protection and technology. C. Corals adapt to environmental challenges like light pollution. D. Coordinated spawning boosts coral larvae survival. （七） （2025·四川雅安·二模） Located in Yixian county, Anhui province, Xidi and Hongcun have a long history of more than 900years. The original residential styles and features of the Ming and Qing dynasties were preserved perfectly here, so they are reputed as “living ancient residential museums”. Xidi Village, built during the Northern Song dynasty, is one of the most representative scenic spots of ancient Hui architecture. It was originally a community of the families with the surname Hu, and now has 124 old residential houses and three ancestral temples of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Wooden architectures in Xidi are unique and elegant: Prettified walls prevent rain infiltration; black tiles record the history of the town. The village is surrounded by mountains on all sides, and two streams run through the village. The plane (平面) of the village agrees with the mountain shape and follows the terrain (地形)，presenting a boat-like shape, which caters to the intention of the Hu family to engage in business trips and set sail on long voyages. Hongcun Village, 15 km from Xidi and built in the Southern Song dynasty, shares some features with Xidi but stands out for its water system. Ancient villagers were creative, shaping the village like a buffalo and building a bionic-based (仿生的) artificial water system. The water system is designed like a buffalo’s body. Small channels carry water to each household, then it flows into a pond for filtering, circles in the village, enters a lake for further filtering, and finally goes into a river. This design precipitates (使沉淀) and filters wastewater, and the purified water can be recycled for irrigation and washing. During its long-term development, Hongcun has formed its cultural inheritance — a set of water usage and protection rules and customs that are commonly observed by the villagers. This ensures the long-term and stable operation of the wastewater treatment system. The ancient villages of Xidi and Hongcun remain deeply meaningful to locals who value their cultural roots. Today, the two villages welcome visitors from around the world to admire their beauty. Walking through stone paths beside lotus ponds, people don’t just see UNESCO World Heritage sites — they appreciate the great wonder created by people and nature working together. 28. What can we learn about Xidi Village from Paragraph 2? A. It is famous for wooden temples. B. It was built like a boat for business trips. C. It is surrounded by streams and mountains. D. It was designed based on the natural conditions. 29. What does Paragraph 3 mainly focus on about the water system? A. Its protection. B. Its location. C. Its working principle. D. Its historical importance. 30. What does the underlined word “This” refer to? A. The long-term development. B. Cultural inheritance. C. Water usage and protection. D. The villagers’ observation. 31 What is the writing purpose of the passage? A. To describe the beauty of Hui architecture. B. To explain how people live in harmony with nature. C. To attract tourists to visit cultural heritage sites. D. To praise the creativity of people in Xidi and Hongcun. （2） Researchers at UC San Francisco have developed a brain-computer interface (BCI) that allows a paralyzed (瘫痪的) man to control a robotic arm using his thoughts. The device, which translates brain signals into computer commands, enabled the participant to grasp, move, and drop objects simply by imagining the actions. Remarkably, the BCI functioned for a record seven months without requiring adjustments, a significant improvement over previous systems that lasted only a day or two. The breakthrough relies on an AI model that adapts to subtle changes in brain activity as a person repeatedly imagines performing a movement. This adaptability allows the system to better its performance over time. “This blending of learning between humans and AI is the next stage for brain-computer interfaces,” said Dr. Karunesh Ganguly, a neurologist at UCSF. “It’s what we need to achieve sophisticated, lifelike function.” The study, funded by the National Institutes of Health and published in Cell, focused on understanding how brain activity patterns shift over time. Ganguly and his team discovered that while the brain’s representations of movements remain consistent, their locations change slightly from day to day. By programming the AI to account for these shifts, the BCI maintained its functionality for months. The participant, who was paralyzed by a stroke, had tiny sensors implanted on his brain to detect activity when he imagined moving. Over two weeks, the team trained the AI by having him imagine simple movements, such as moving his fingers or hands. Initially, the robotic arm’s movements were imprecise, but after practicing with a virtual arm that provided feedback, the participant improved his control. Once he transitioned to the real robotic arm, he quickly mastered tasks like picking up blocks, opening cupboards, and holding a cup to a water machine. Even months later, he could control the arm after a brief “tune-up” to adjust for changes in his brain activity. Ganguly is now improving the AI to make the robotic arm faster and smoother, with plans to test the BCI in home settings. For individuals with paralysis, this technology could be life-changing, enabling them to perform everyday tasks independently. “I’m very confident that we’ve learned how to build the system now, and that we can make this work,” Ganguly said. 32. How does the paralyzed man control a robotic arm through the BCI? A. By using his thoughts. B. By adjusting the device. C. By translating brain signals. D. By improving the present system. 33. Which of the following is a feature of the AI model? A. It requires no training to work effectively. B. It can shift over time to maintain its function. C. It needs repeated imaginations to perform a movement. D. It can adjust to subtle changes in brain activity to improve movements. 34. What helped improve the participant’s controlling over the robotic arm? A. The virtual arm offering feedback. B. The connection to the real robotic arm. C. The tiny sensors implanted in his brain. D. The simple movements imagined by him. 35. What does Dr. Ganguly think of the future of the BCI technology? A. Changeable. B. Uncertain. C. Promising. D. Limited. （八） （2025·四川攀枝花·二模） Energy crops can be used for heat, electricity and even biofuels like bioethanol. They will become more important as the world turns away from fossil fuels, such as oil and coal. In a new study, researchers from the University of Surrey have shown that where you choose to plant energy crops makes a big difference to biodiversity. A detailed analysis has shown that, compared to planting them elsewhere, planting energy crops on existing agricultural land in places like China and Central Europe could diminish harm to biodiversity. Planting in these locations could then allow agricultural land in other places to be restored to natural habitats, maximizing the benefits to biodiversity. The study is published in the Journal of Applied Ecology. Sophi e Tudge, who carried out the research at Surrey’s Center for Environment and Sustainability, said, “Our study suggests that, as far as biodiversity is concerned, it is always best to restore farmland to nature rather than re-plant it with energy crops.” “Yet, we are realists. In the future, more fuel will come from crops, and it is far better to plant them on existing farms than to destroy remaining natural habitats. We have shown that where you plant those crops makes a huge difference to how many species continue to grow healthily,” she added. When farmland is restored to nature, it creates new habitats for many species. Using that land to plant energy crops instead can be a missed opportunity to improve biodiversity. Given that energy crops need to be planted somewhere, researchers calculated which locations would have the smallest net impact on biodiversity. They studied which habitats contained the richest mix of species. They then compared that information with maps of land use and information about where energy crops could produce the biggest yields (产量). The researchers found that the harm to biodiversity could be minimized in places like Central Europe and the east coasts of the U. S. and China. However, food security, farmers’ willingness, and surrounding energy infrastructure (基础设施) are also important. “After all, we depend on them to grow crops,” she said. 12．What does the underlined word “diminish” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Make something smaller. B．Increase greatly. C．Remain unchanged. D．Get rid of completely. 13．What can we learn from Sophie Tudge’s words in paragraph 4? A．Highest yields are the only priority. B．Energy crops do harm to biodiversity. C．Restoring farmland to nature is the best choice. D．Planting on current farms protects natural habitats. 14．What should be done in energy crop planting areas according to the last paragraph? A．Considering many factors besides biodiversity. B．Caring about biodiversity over other factors. C．Focusing primarily on energy crop yields. D．Planting energy crops in all available farmland. 15．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Farmland should be restored to nature. B．Energy crops will replace fossil fuels. C．Biodiversity calls for concern. D．Where Energy Crops grow Affects Biodiversity. 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$