15.Of Regiment of Health论养生-双语名著无障碍阅读丛书——《培根随笔集The Essays of Bacon》

The Essays of Bacon manufactures (that require rather the finger than the arm),have in their nature a contrariety to a military disposition.And generally,all warlike people are a little idle and love danger better than travail Neither must they be too much broken of it,if they shall be preserved in vigor.Therefore it was great advantage in the ancient states of Sparta,Athens,Rome,and others,that they had the use of slaves, which commonly did rid those manufactures.But that is abolished 3, in greater part,by the Christian law.That which cometh nearest to it is to leave those arts chiefly to strangers (which for that purpose are the more easily to be received),and to contain the principal bulk of the vulgar natives within those three kinds,-tillers of the ground;free servants;and handicraftsmen of strong and manly arts,as smiths, masons4,carpenters,etc.;not reckoning professed soldiers. But above all,for empire and greatness,it importeth most,that a nation do profess arms as their principal honor,study,and occupation. For the things which we formerly have spoken of are but habilitations towards arms;and what is habilitation without intention and act? Romulus,after his death (as they report or feign),sent a present to the Romans,that above all they should intend arms;and then they should prove the greatest empire of the world.The fabric of the state of Sparta was wholly (though not wisely)framed and composed to that scope and end.The Persians and Macedonians had it for a flash.The Gauls",Germans,Goths,Saxons2,Normans,and others,had it for a time.The Turks have it at this day,though in great declination.Of Christian Europe,they that have it are,in effect,only the Spaniards. But it is so plain that every man profiteth in that he most intendeth,that it needeth not be stood upon.It is enough to point at it;that no nation ·106· 培板随笔集 指之巧而不需用臂力之强者)在本性中就与好战的 心理不合，这是无疑的。一般言之，所有好战的民 ①travail /traeveil/n.分娩 族都有点游荡，爱危险甚于爱劳作。如果我们要他 的痛苦 们仍旧保持那种武勇的精神，那我们就不可过于禁 制或改移他们的好尚。因此，古代的斯巴达、雅 2 vigor'vig3/.话力 典、罗马以及其他国家都蓄养奴隶，让他们担任那 abolish /'bolif//.废止 些劳作，这是他们那些国家的一个大便宜。但是蓄 奴之制已由基督教的教律而大部废除了。最和蓄奴 制相近的办法就是把那些技艺大部留给异族人去做 (异族人为了这个缘故也易在所在国里容身)而把 本国人中一般民众的大多数限于三种工作或职 业—耕者、自由的仆役、从事强力健壮的工作的 ④nason/"meisn/m.泥瓦匠 5 carpenter /'ka:pinta/n. 工匠，如铁匠、泥匠、木匠等等：正式的军人还不 木匠 0 profess /pra'fes/,声称 算在内。 但是，最要者，若欲国家强大，威权伸张，则 7 occupation /okju'peifan/ ,职业 一国之人务须把军事认为举国唯一的荣誉、学问和 8 habilitation:矿山投资 职业。因为我以上所说的那些事不过是军事的准备 而已；但是若没有目的和行动，则准备又有何用？ 罗缪刺斯死后（这是人家传说或寓言的）给罗马人 intend =pay attention to 送来了一个忠告，教他们最要留心武事；若果他们 注意 这样做，他们将成为世界上最大的帝国。斯巴达的 国家结构是全然（虽然不甚巧妙地）以武事为目的 》scope /skaup/i.范围 准则而建造组织成的。波斯人和马其顿人在一段很 mGal/gol/n.高卢（欧洲 西部一地区)，高卢人 短的时期内也有过这样举国皆兵的情形。高尔人、 2 Saxon'saeksn/m.撒克逊 人 日耳曼人、戈斯人、萨克逊人、诺曼人和其他民族 在某一时代都有过这样的情形。土耳其人在如今还 是这样的情形，虽然已经大为衰颓了。在欧洲的基 督教国家中，有这种情形的国家实际只有西班牙一 ·107· The Essays of Bacon which doth not to directly profess arms may look to have greatness fall into their mouths.And on the other side,it is a most certain oracle of time,that those states that continue long in that profession (as the Romans and Turks principally have done)do wonders.And those that have professed arms but for an age,have notwithstanding commonly attained that greatness in that age which maintained them long after, when their profession and exercise of arms hath grown to decay. Incident to this point is,for a state to have those laws or customs which may reach forth unto them just occasions(as may be pretended) of war.For there is that justice imprinted in the nature of men,that they enter not upon wars (whereof so many calamities do ensue)but upon some,at the least specious grounds and quarrels.The Turk hath at hand,for cause of war,the propagation of his law or sect;a quarrel that he may always command.The Romans,though they esteemed the extending the limits of their empire to be great honor to their generals when it was done,yet they never rested upon that alone to begin a war.First therefore,let nations that pretend to greatness have this;that they be sensible of wrongs,either upon borderers, merchants,or politic ministers;and that they sit not too long upon a provocation.Secondly,let them be prest and ready to give aids and succors to their confederates;as it ever was with the Romans; insomuch,as if the confederate had leagues defensive with divers other states,and,upon invasion offered,did implore their aids severally,yet the Romans would ever be the foremost,and leave it to none other to have the honor.As for the wars which were anciently made on the behalf of a kind of party,or tacit conformity of estate,I do not see how they may be well justified as when the Romans made a war for ·108· 培板随笔集 国。但是无论何人，其所最得力者就是平日所最致 ①oracle /orakl/m.神谕 力者，这个道理太明显了，不必多说，我们只要略 2 profession /pra'fefan/n. 职业 加指，点就行了：就是，不干脆尚武的国家是不必希 望会突然变为强大的。在相反的一方面，那些长期 notwithstanding /notwi' 尚武的国家（如罗马人和土耳其人之所为）将成大 staendin/ad鱼然 业立奇功，这是历史的最可靠的教训。那些仅仅在 某一时期曾经尚武的国家却也曾多半变为强大，而 这种强大的情形，到了后来他们对武事的崇尚与运 用已经衰颓的时候，仍然支持着他们走过一段很长 的时期。 ④imprint/im'print/.刻上 记号 同这一点相连的还有一点，就是，一个国家顶 好有一些法律或风俗，这种法律和风俗要使他们有 ⑤specious'spi:fbs/a似是 而非的 作战的正当理由（或至少有所借口）才好。因为人 propagation 性之中自有一种天赋的公道，除非有一点争战的根 /prapa'gei∫an/n,增殖 据或理由（至少是勉强可以算做理由的话头），他 esteem/is'tim/.尊敬 们是不肯加入那凶险甚多的战事的。土耳其的君主 为了作战，常以传播他的宗教为理由：这是一种很 方便的，随时可以利用的理由。罗马人虽然在开疆 sensible of sensitive to 拓土的事业已经成功之后，把这种事认为是统兵将 对…和敏感 帅的大荣耀，然而他们从未把开拓疆土一事认为是 起衅的好理由。因此，凡是志在强大的国家，第一 9 provocation /prova'keifan/n激怒 应当有这点性质，就是，对于别国的侮辱伤害，要 prest =prepared.ready 敏感，无论这种侮辱伤害是加于边邻，或施于本国 准备好 的商人或使节的：并且对别人的撩拨，不可纵容过 久。第二，他们应当常常准备着对他们的同盟加以 tacit'taesit/a,心照不宣 援助，如罗马人从来之所为一样；罗马人的办法是 的 2 conformity /kan'fo:miti/ 这样的，假令有一国与罗马之外的许多国家也曾缔 m适合，一致 结盟约互为保障，到了有敌国来犯的时候，并曾向 B justify/d3 Astifai/.证明 正当 这各国分头乞援，罗马人总是首先赴援，不让别的 ·109· The Essays of Bacon the liberty of Grecia;or when the Lacedacmonians and Athenians made wars to set up or pull down democracies and oligarchies;or when wars were made by foreigners,under the pretence of justice or protection,to deliver the subjects of others from tyranny and oppression;and the like.Let it suffice,that no estate expect to be great,that is not awake upon any just occasion of arming. No body can be healthful without exercise,neither natural body nor politic;and certainly to a kingdom or estate,a just and honorable war is the true exercise.A civil war,indeed,is like the heat of a fever; but a foreign war is like the heat of exercise,and serveth to keep the body in health;for in a slothful peace,both courages will effeminate and manners corrupt.But howsoever it be for happiness,without all question,for greatness it maketh,to be still for the most part in arms; and the strength of a veteran 5 army (though it be a chargeable business)always on foot is that which commonly giveth the law,or at least the reputation,amongst all neighbor states;as may well be seen in Spain,which hath had,in one part or other,a veteran army almost continually,now by the space of six score years. To be master of the sea is an abridgment of a monarchy.Cicero writing to Atticus of Pompey his preparation against Caesar,saith, Consilium Pompeii plane Themistocleum est;putat enim,qui mari potitur,eum rerum potiri [Pompey is going upon the policy of Themistoclesi thinking that he who command the sea commands all]. And,without doubt,Pompey had tired out Caesar,if upon vain confidence he had not left that way.We see the great effects of battles of sea.The battle of Actium decided the empire of the world.The battle of Lepanto arrested the greatness of the Turk.There be many examples ·110· 培板随笔集 任何国家有这种荣誉。至于古人为了拥护一党一派 D oligarchy /'sliga:ki/n. 或实质相同的政体而起的战争，我不懂那是有什么 头政治 正当理由的：例如罗马人为了希腊的自由而战，斯 巴达人和雅典人为了建立或倾覆民主政治和寡头政 治而战，又如某一国的人，假借公道或人道的名 ②suf压ces3fais/.足够 义，来解除他国中的专制与压迫，诸如此类者皆是 也。总之，凡是不准备有了正当理由就立即动兵的 国家，不必希冀强大也。 不论是个人的身体还是国家，如不运动则其体 不强：而对于一个王国或共和国，一个有理由有光 ③slothful'slau0ful/a总 荣的战争乃是一种真实的运动，这是无疑的。内战 惰的 4 effeminate fi'feminit/a. 真有如患病发热：但是对外作战则有如运动发热， 女人气的 是可以保持身体健康的：因为在一种偷惰的和平 中，民气将变为柔靡而民德将变为腐败也。但是 veteran'vetaran/a老兵 的 不管为了幸福是怎么样，为了国家的强大起见，国 民大部分常常从事武备是很有利的：一个常在行动 中的，久经战阵的军队的力量（虽然这种力量是代 价很高的)，正是使我在所有邻国中能有发号施令 abridgment/a'brid3mont/ 之权（或者至少能有这种名誉）的工具也；西班牙 删刷节 an abridgment of a 就是一个很明显的例子，西班牙在欧洲各处差不多 monarchy:a monarchy in 长期驻有精兵，已经约有一百二十年之久了。 miniature一个小型的君 主国 一个国家若能成为海上的主人就等于已成了一 个帝国。西塞罗致书阿蒂苦斯论庞贝对恺撒的军事 准备时说道：“庞贝所遵循的是一种真正的塞密斯 8 The battle of Actium亚 陶立克斯式的策略：他以为那掌握海权的人，就是 克汀海战，发生于公元前 31年希腊西部海域 掌握一切的人。”无疑地，如果庞贝不因一时自大 The battle of Lepanto勒 邦多海战，发生于1571 轻敌而舍舟从陆，他一定会使恺撒疲于奔命的。海 年。地点亦在希腊海域 战的重大影响是我们看得见的。埃克兴之战决定了 ·111· The Essays of Bacon where sea-fights have been final to the war;but this is when princes or states have set up their rest upon the battles.But thus much is certain, that he that commands the sea is at great liberty,and may take as much and as little of the war as he will.Whereas those that be strongest by land are many times nevertheless in great straits.Surely,at this day, with us of Europe,the vantage of strength at sea (which is one of the principal dowries of this kingdom of Great Britain)is great;both because most of the kingdoms of Europe are not merely inland,but girt 3 with the sea most part of their compass;and because the wealth of both Indies seems in great part but an accessory to the command of the seas. The wars of latter ages seem to be made in the dark,in respect of the glory and honor which reflected upon men from the wars in ancient time.There be now,for martial encouragement,some degrees and orders of chivalry5;which nevertheless are conferred promiscuously upon soldiers and no soldiers;and some remembrance perhaps upon the scutcheon;and some hospitals for maimed soldiers;and such like things.But in ancient times,the trophies erected upon the place of the victory;the funeral laudatives and monuments for those that died in the wars;the crowns and garlands personal;the style of emperor, which the great kings of the world after borrowed;the triumphs of the generals upon their return;the great donatives and largesses upon the disbanding of the armies;were things able to inflame all men's courages.But above all,that of the triumph,amongst the Romans,was not pageants or gaudery,but one of the wisest and noblest institutions that ever was.For it contained three things:honor to the general;riches to the treasury out of the spoils;and donatives to the army.But that ·112· 培板随笔集 罗马帝国之谁属。勒盘陶之战制止了土耳其人的强 横。海战为全部战争之最后决战者其例甚多。这种 情形固然是君主或国家们把一切都凭海战来决定的 结果，然而这点是确定的，就是握有海上霸权的一 方是很自由的，在战争上它是可多可少，一随己意 ①vantage'va:ntid3:/n.优 的。在相反的一方面，那些陆军最强的国家却往往 势 2 dowry /'dauari/n.嫁妆； 感受极大的困难。无疑地，在今日，我们欧洲的诸 天赋 国中，海上的势力（这种势力是大不列颠的主要天 0girt/q3t/.(gird的过去 式和过去分词)围绕，包 赋优点之一)是一种很大的长处；一则因为欧洲各 围 ④compass /kAmp3s/n指 国大多数不是纯粹内陆的，而是国境的大部分临着 南针 海的：再则因为东西印度的财富的大部分似乎是唯 有握着海上霸权的人才能得着的。 与古代战争所给予人的光辉荣耀相比，近代战 chivalry"fivalri/n.骑士 争简直是在黑暗中打的。为鼓励士气起见，现在也 精神 有些爵位勋章等等，然而这些东西是杂乱地颁发， 6 confer/kan'fa/n.赠予 7promiscuously:ad.杂乱 无分军人或非军人的；此外也许还有些盾上的铭 地 8 scutcheon /skAtfon/= 语、伤兵病院，诸如此类的东西。但是在古时，那 escutcheon n.饰有纹章的 些在战胜地点树立的纪念品、追悼的颂辞，以及纪 盾 )maim/meim/,.使残废 念阵亡将士的碑坊、奖给个人的花冠、大元帅的名 )garland'ga:land/h.花环 义（就是后来的各国君主所借用的）、凯旋将帅的 胜利游行、兵队复员时的重大犒赏，等等，都是能 鼓起人们勇气的事物。但是，最重要者，莫过于罗 ①disband /dis'baend/r.解 马人的凯旋式，这种凯旋式并不仅是仪式或夸耀， 散 而是一种极其聪明伟大的制度。因为它里面包含着 三重意义：在将帅方面是尊荣；在国库方面是由战 2 gaudery/'go:dari/华 丽的服饰 利品而增进了财富；在军队方面是赏赐。不过那种 尊荣也许是不适于君主国的：除非把它归之于君主 本人或他的子嗣们，如后来的罗马皇帝们之所为一 ·113· The Essays of Bacon honor perhaps were not fit for monarchies;except it be in the person of the monarch himself,or his sons;as it came to pass in the times of the Roman emperors,who did impropriate the actual triumphs to themselves and their sons,for such wars as they did achieve in person; and left only,for wars achieved by subjects,some triumphal garments and ensigns2 to the general. To conclude:no man can by care taking (as the Scripture saith) add a cubit to his stature,in this little model of a man's body;but in the great frame Of kingdoms and commonwealths,it is in the power of princes or estates to add amplitude and greatness to their kingdoms: for by introducing such ordinances,constitutions,and customs,as we have now touched,they may sow greatness to their posterity and succession.But these things are commonly not observed,but left to take their chance. ·114· 培板随笔集 样，他们把自己或子嗣曾经亲自参加的战役的凯旋 式由自已或子嗣包办了，而在臣子得来的胜仗中， 则仅对统兵将帅予以庆功的衣服和勋章 总之，如《圣经》所说，谁也不能因为用了 D garment'ga:mont/元.衣 心思的缘故而对这个小结构一人体一加高一 服 ensign /'ensain.'ensn/n. 寸：但是在大结构如王国或共和国中，君主或执 军旗 政者则可以壮大或增强他们的国家：因为如果他 们肯把我们上面论及的法令、宪章、习俗试行国 内，则他们是可以给后世或继位者种下强大之因 amplitude /aemplitju:d/ .广阔 的。然而这些事平常多不受人注意，一任其自己 4 ordinance /o:dinons/n. 随时运而晦明焉。 法令 115·