10.Of Travel论游历-双语名著无障碍阅读丛书——《培根随笔集The Essays of Bacon》

10. OfTravel Travel, in the younger sort, is a part of education: in the elder, a part of experience. He that travelleth into a country before he hath some entrance into the language, goeth to school, and not to travel. That young men travel under some tutor, or grave servant, I allow^{①} well: so that he be such a one that hath the language, and hath been in the country before; whereby②he may be able to tell them what things are worthy to be seen in the country where they go; what acquaintances③ they are to seek: what exercises or discipline the place yieldeth. For else young men shall go hooded{④, and lok abroad litte. It is a strange thing, that in sea voyages, where there is nothing to be seen but sky and sea, men should make diaries; but in land-travel, wherein so much is to be observed, for the most part they omit it; as if chance were fitter to be registered than observation. Let diaries therefore be brought in use. The things to be seen and observed are: the courts of princes, especially when they give audience to ambassadors; the courts of justice, while they sit and hear causes; and so of consistories .062. 10.论游历 游历在年轻人是教育的一部分:在年长的人是 经验的一部分。还未学会一点某国的语言而即往某 国游历者可说是去上学,而不是去游历。少年人应 ① allow=approve 赞成 当随着导师或带着可靠的从者去游历,愚亦赞成 只要那导师或从者是一个懂得所去国的语言,并且 曾经到过那里的就是了;因为如此他就可以告诉那 ② whereby /(h)wea'bai/ ad 借此 司去的少年在所去的那个国家里何者当看,何人当 ③ acquaintance /s'kweintans/ n. 熟人 识,并有何种的阅历训练可得也。如不然者,少年 人去到外国将如鹰集之戴着头巾,不会怎样往外面 ④ hooded /hudid/ a. 戴头巾 的,有头罩的 看也。在航海的时候,除了天和海以外,别无什么 可看的,然而人们却常写日记;在陆地上旅行的时 候,可观察者甚多,而人们却常省略写日记之举; 好像偶见的事物比专心去观察的事物反倒较为值得 记载似的,这是很奇怪的。所以日记是应当记的。 在游历中应当观览考察的事物是:君主的朝廷,尤 其是当他们接见外国使臣的时候;法庭,当他们开 consistory /kan'sistari/ n [宗]宗教法院 庭问案的时候:还有宗教法院;教堂及僧院,和其 ·o63· The Essays of Bacon ecclesiastic①; the churches and monasteries②, with the monuments which are therein extant; the walls and fortifications③ of cities and towns, and so the havens④ and harbors; antiquities and ruins; libraries; colleges, disputations , and lectures, where any are; shipping and navies; houses and gardens of state and pleasure, near great cities; armories; arsenals^{⑧; magazines; exchanges; burses; warehouses^{}; exercises of horsemanship, fencing, training of soldiers, and the like'; comedies, such whereunto^{} the better sort of persons do resort; treasuries of jewels and robes; cabinets and rarities; and, to conclude, whatsoever is memorable in the places where they go. After all which the tutors or servants ought to make diligent^{} inquiry. As for triumphs, masks, feasts, weddings, funerals, capital executions^{}, and such shows, men need not be put in mind of them; yet are they not to be neglected. If you will have a young man to put his travel into a little room, and in short time to gather much, this you must do. First, as was said, he must have some entrance into the language before he goeth. Then he must have such a servant or tutor as knoweth the country, as was likewise said. Let him carry with him also some card{} or book describing the country where he travelleth; which will be a good key to his inquiry. Let him keep also a diary. Let him not stay long in one city or town; more or less as the place deserveth^{}, but not long; nay, when he stayeth in one city or town, let him change his lodging from one end and part of the town to another; which is a great adamant of acquaintance. Let him sequester * himself from the company of his countrymen, and diet in such places where there is good company of the nation where he travelleth. Let him, upon his removes from one place to another, procure recommendation to some .o64. 培随笔集 ① ecclesiastic /i.klitzi'aestik 中遗留的纪念品;城市的墙垣与堡垒;商埠与港 =ecclesiastical 牧师的,教 会的 湾;古物与遗迹;图书馆;学院,辩论会,演讲 ② monastery /monastri/ 修 道院,僧侣 (如果有的话);航业与海军;大城附近的壮丽建筑 ③ fortificatiop 与花园;武库;兵工厂:国家仓库;交易所;堆 /.fo:tifi'keifan/防御 工 事:堡垒:要塞 栈;马术训练;剑术;军操,以及此类的事物;上 ④haven/heivn/ n. 港口,避 难所 流人士所去的戏院;珠玉衣服之珍藏;木器与珍 antiquity /aen'tikwiti/ n 玩;并且,最后,任何当地值得记忆的事物。关于 古迹 disputation /dispju (:)! 这一切那做导师或仆人的人们是应当仔细访问的; teifan/n.争论 ② armory /a:mari/ n. 军械 至于那些盛典、宫剧、宴会、婚礼、出嫔、杀人以 ④ ⑧arsenal /aisonl/ n. 兵工 及类此的景象,是无须乎令人记忆的;然而也不可 P 把它们忽略了。如果你要一个年轻人把他的游历限 warehouse /weohaus/ n 仓库 于一个小的地域,并且要他在短时间内得到许多知 whereunto = whereto 向 哪里 识的话,他就一定非如此做不可。第一,如上所 diligent /dilidgant/ a. 勤 述,在他去的以前他一定要稍会所去国的语言。又 奋的 execution /eksi'kju:fan 如上述,他也得有一个熟习那个国家的情形的仆从 n.实行 或导师。他也得随身带上些描述他所要去的国家的 地图或书籍;这些书籍对于他的访问观察将为一种 良好的引导。他也应当记日记。他在一个城或镇中 ③card-map地图 不可住得过久;他居留期间之长短应当合乎那地方 的价值,但是不可过长。不但如此,当他住在一个 城市中的时候,他应当把住所由城市的一端或一部 分迁移到另一端或一部分:这样就大可以吸引许多 deserve /di'za:v/ v. 应该 得到 相识了。他应当和他的本国人分开,不要常常来 adamant /edamant/= 往,并且在那些可以遇见所在国上流人士的地方吃 loadstone天然磁石,吸引 人的东西 饭。在他从一处迁往别处的时候,他应当设法得到 sequester /si'kwestal v.使 .....绝 介绍,可以往见所去的地方的名人,为的是这人可 以在他所想见到或了解的事物上帮他的忙。如此他 就可以缩短游历的期间而同时获得不少的益处了 至于在游历中应当寻求的友谊,最有益处的就是和 ·065· The Essays of Bacon person of quality residing in the place whither^①} he removeth; that he may use his favor in those things he desireth to see or know. Thus he may abridge② his travel with much profit. As for the acquaintance which is to be sought in travel; that which is most of all profitable is acquaintance with the secretaries and employed men of ambassadors for so in travelling in one country he shall suck the experience of many. Let him also see and visit eminent persons in all kinds, which are of great name abroad; that he may be able to tell how the life agreeth with the fame. For quarrels, they are with care and discretion③ to be avoided. They are commonly for mistresses, healths, place, and words. And let a man beware④ how he keepeth company with choleric and quarrelsome persons; for they will engage him into their own quarrels. When a traveller returneth home, let him not leave the countries where he hath travelled altogether behind him: but maintain a correspondence by letters with those of his acquaintance which are of most worth. And let his travel appear rather in his discourse than his apparel or gesture; and in his discourse* let him be rather advised in his answers, than forward to tell stories; and let it appear that he doth not change his country manners for those of foreign parts; but only prick in some flowers of that he hath learned abroad into the customs of his own country. .066. 培随笔集 ①whither /(h)wiòa/ [古] 各国使节的书记或私人秘书的交际,如此,一个人 where 虽在一国中游历却可以吸收关于许多国家的知识 也。这个游历的人也应当去见国外的各界名流巨 ② abridge /'brid/. 削减 子;为的是也许他可以看出来这些人的真正为人与 他们的声名有多少相符之处。至于争吵,那是务须 谨慎避免的。争吵大多是为情人、饮祝、座次以及 言语而发生的。一个人应当注意如何与善怒喜争之 人交往;因为这些人是会把他卷入他们自已的争斗 中的。一个旅行者回到本国之后,不可把曾经游历 ③ discretion /dis'krefon/ n 谨慎,慎重 的国家完全置之脑后,而应当与他所结交的最有价 ④beware /bi'wea/ v. 小心 值的异国朋友继续通信。再者,他的游历顶好是在 choleric /kolorik/ a 易怒 的 他的谈话中出现而不要在他的服装和举止中出现; 而在他的谈话中他也顶好是审填答问而不要争先叙 述他的游历;他应当让人家看他并不是以外国的习 惯来替代本国的习惯,而仅仅是把他从国外学来的 某种最好的事物移植入本国的风习中而已。 discourse /disko:s.'disko:s n. 谈话 ·o67· 11. OfImnovations AS the births of living creatures at first are ill-shapen{①, so are all innovations{②, which are the births of time. Yet notwithstanding③,as those that first bring honor into their family are commonly more worthy than most that succeed{④, so the first precedent (if it be good) is seldom attainedby imitation. For ill, to man's nature as it stands perverted^, hath a natural motion, strongest in continuance; but good, as a forced motion, strongest at first. Surely every medicine is an innovation; and he that will not apply new remedies must expect new evils: for time is the greatest innovator; and if time of course^{} alter things to the worse, and wisdom and counsel shall not alter them to the better, what shall be the end? It is true, that what is settled by custom, though it be not good, yet at least it is fit; and those things which have long gone together are as it were confederate⑧ within themselves: whereas new things piece not so well; but though they help by their utility^{}, yet they trouble by their inconformity{}. Besides, they are like strangers; more admired and less favored. All this, is true, if time stood still: which .068. 11.论革新 ①illshapen难看的,畸型 一切刚出生的动物都不好看,一切革新也是如 的,形状怪异的:shapen. 常用于复合词中,意为有 此,革新者时间之幼儿也。虽如此,有如初创家业 形状的 者总比后嗣为强,最初的先例(如果是好的)也是 ② innovation /inou'veifan n.创新 不常易以模仿及之的。因为在尚未归正的人心上, ③ notwithstanding /notwi0 staendin/ ad. 虽然 “恶”是有一种自然的动力的,这种动力在继续中 ④succeed此处的意思是 最强;而“善”所有的却是一种勉强的动力,那动 “继......之后:接替” attain /a'tein/v. 达到 力在起始时最强。每一种药无疑地都是一种新创之 perverted /pa:vatid/ a 不 正当的,邪恶的 事;不愿用新药的人就得预备着害新病;盖时间乃 ② of course =by its course 是最大的革新家也。并且,假如时间会自然地使事 物颓败,而智谋与言论又不能使其改良,其结局将 不堪设想了。习俗之所立,虽不优良,不失为适合 时世,这是真的;又长期并行的举动好像是互有关 联的,而新的事物则与旧者不甚契合;它们虽有 用,可是因为与旧的事物不融洽,所以会引起纠 ③ confederate /kan'fedarit a.同盟的 纷。再者,新的事物好像异邦人,很受人艳羡,可 utility /ju:'tiliti/ n.效用 是不大得人欢心。这些话当然都对,假如时间是停 inconformity linkanfomiti/n.不-强 留不动的;可是时间是动转不停的,所以,固执旧 ·o6g· The Essays of Bacon contrariwise^{①} moveth so round, that a froward{②} retention of custom is as turbulent③ a thing as an innovation; and they that reverence too much old times are but a scorn④ to the new. It were good therefore that men in their innovations would follow the example of time itself: which indeed innovateth greatly, but quietly, by degrees scarce to be perceived. For otherwise, whatsoever is new is unlooked for; and ever it mends some, and pairs^{} other: and he that is holpen^{} takes it for a fortune, and thanks the time; and he that is hurt, for a wrong, and imputeth{②} it to the author. It is good also not to try experiments in states, except the necessity be urgent, or the utility evident; and well to beware that it be the reformation{ that draweth on the change, and not the desire of change that pretendeth the reformation. And lastly, that the novelty, though it be not rejected^{, yet be held for a suspect; and, as the Scripture saith, that we make a stand upon the ancient way, and then look about us, and discover what is the straight and right way, and so to walk in it .070. 培随笔集 ① contrariwise 习,其足以致乱与革新之举无异;而过于尊崇古昔 /kontrariwaiz/ ad.反之 ② froward= stubborn 固执 者将为今世所傻笑也。因此,人们在更革之中最好 的 ③ turbulent /ta:bjulant/ a 能学时间的榜样。时间确常大事更革,但是它是以 狂暴的 安详出之的,并且其来也渐,几乎是不为人所觉察 ④ scorn /sko:n/ n. 轻蔑 的。如不然者,凡是新的事物都将被认为出乎意料 的事物;有所改进就必有所损坏。得益的人将以之 pair -impair 损害 holpen [古]help的过去 为幸运,归功于时间;受损的人则将以此为怨仇. 分词 而归罪于行革新之事的人了。还有,除非是极为必 imputeth - imputes 归罪 要而日显然有益的时候,最好不要在国家中试行新 于,归咎于 政;并且应当注意,须是改革的必要引起变更而不 是喜新厌故的心理矫饰出改革的必要来。并且,最 ⑧ reformation /.refa'meifon/ n. 改革 后,应当注意者,革新的举动虽不一定要拒绝,却 应当把它认为是一种嫌疑犯,不可率尔置信;并 reject /ri'dgekt/ v. 拒绝 且,如《圣经》上所说,我们应当立足于古道然后 瞻顾四周,见有正直的大道,然后行于其上。 ·071·