5.Of Envy论嫉妒-双语名著无障碍阅读丛书——《培根随笔集The Essays of Bacon》

5.Of Envy THERE be none of the affections which have been noted to fascinate or bewitch,but love and envy.They both have vehement wishes;they frame themselves readily into imaginations and suggestions;and they come easily into the eye,especially upon the presence of the objects;which are the points that conduce to fascination,if any such thing there be.We see likewise the Scripture calleth envy an evil eye;and the astrologers call the evil influences of the stars evil aspects;so that still there seemeth to be acknowledged,in the act of envy,an ejaculation5 or irradiation of the eye.Nay some have been so curious as to note that the times when the stroke or percussion of an envious eye doth most hurt are when the party envied is beheld in glory or triumph;for that sets an edge upon envy:and besides,at such times the spirits of the person envied do come forth most into the outward parts,and so meet the blow. But leaving these curiosities (though not unworthy to be thought on in fit place),we will handle,what persons are apt to envy others;what ·022· 5.论嫉妒 人的各种情欲之中，没有一种可以看出是迷 ①bewitch /bi'witj/.蛊感 人或魔人的一除了恋爱与嫉妒。这两者都有很 2 vehement vi:imant/a. 激烈的 强烈的愿望，它们很容易造出意象和观念；并且 很容易进入眼中，尤其是当对象在场的时候，这 些都是导致蛊惑之处一假设有益惑这种事的话。 3 conduce /kan'dju:s/v. 致，有益于 类此，我们看见《圣经》中把嫉妒叫作“凶眼”； ④Scripture(径经 5 ejaculation 而占星家把星宿的恶影响叫作“恶容”；所以好像 i.d3ekju'leifan/n.突然 总有人承认嫉妒的行为中是有一种眼力的投射或 说出 irradiation fireidi'eifan/ 放光似的。不但如此，还有些人好奇之甚，竟说 n.发光，放射 percussion /ipa'kAfan/n. 嫉妒的眼目其打击伤人最烈的时候是那受嫉的人 敲击 正在显耀荣华，受人注视的时候：因为这种情形 使嫉妒之心更为锐利也。再者，在这种时候，那 受嫉之人的精神多出现于外表，因而他就受到那 种打击了。 我们现在先不理这些奥妙之点（虽然在适当之 处它们并非不值得思索)，且谈何种人最易嫉人： ·023· The Essays of Bacon persons are most subject to be envied themselves;and what is the difference between public and private envy. A man that hath no virtue in himself,ever envieth virtue in others. For men's minds will either feed upon their own good or upon others' evil;and who wanteth the one will prey upon the other;and whoso is out of hope to attain to another's virtue,will seek to come at even hand by depressing another's fortune. A man that is busy and inquisitive is commonly envious.For to know much of other men's matters cannot be because all that ado may concern his own estate;therefore it must needs be that he taketh a kind of play-pleasure in looking upon the fortunes of others.Neither can he that mindeth but his own business find much matter for envy.For envy is a gadding passion,and walketh the streets,and doth not keep home:Non est curiosus,quin idem sit malevolus [There is no curious man but has some malevolence to quicken his curiosity]. Men of noble birth are noted to be envious towards new men when they rise.For the distance is altered,and it is like a deceit of the eye, that when others come on they think themselves go back. Deformed persons,and eunuchs,and old men,and bastards, are envious.For he that cannot possibly mend his own case will do what he can to impair another's;except these defects light upon a very brave and heroical nature,which thinketh to make his natural wants part of his honor;in that it should be said,that an eunuch,or a lame man,did such great matters;affecting the honor of a miracle;as it was in Narses the eunuch,and Agesilans and Tamberlanes,that were lame men. The same is the case of men that rise after calamities and ·024· 培板随笔集 何种人最易受嫉：以及公妒与私妒有何区别。 无德之人常嫉他人之有德。因为人的心思若不 以自己的好处为食，就要以他人的坏处为食；并且 缺乏这二者之一的人一定是要猎取其二的。又任何 whoso /hu:sou/ichoerer 人若是没有达到他人的美德的希望，他一定要设法 不管是谁，无论是谁 压抑这另一人的幸福以求与之得平。 多事好问之人每善嫉。因为所以要知道如许关 2inquisitive /in'kwizitiv/a. 于他人之事的原因决不会是因为这许多劳碌是有关 好追根究底的 于自己的利害的；因此，其缘由一定是他在观察别 人祸福的时候能得到一种观剧式的乐趣。一个专 己业的人也找不到许多嫉妒的缘由来。因为嫉妒是 一种游荡的情欲，在大街上徘徊而不肯居家，所谓 3g7dged.闲逛 “未有好管闲事而不心怀恶意者也”。 贵族中人对新进之人当其腾达之时常露嫉妒之 ④malevolence 情。因为两者之间的距离改变了；好像一种视觉上 /m3 levalans/u恶意 的错觉一样，别人往前来而自己以为自身是后退 5 deceit/di'sit/n.欺骗 了。 残疾之人、宦官、老人和私生子均善妒。因为 6 deform/di:'fbm/粒.使 无法补救自己情形的人一定要竭力损坏别人的情 变形 eunuch"ju:nk/太监， 形，除非这些缺陷落在一种甚为勇敢和伟大的天性 宦宫 我bastard'baestad/n,私生 上，那种天性是要以他的天生的缺陷为其荣耀之一 子 部的：他们要人家说一个宦官或一个跛子竟做了这 impair /im'pe/.损害 样的大事：这种事情的荣耀直有如一件奇迹的荣耀 了；例如宦官拿尔西斯和跛人阿盖西劳斯及帖木儿 是也。 同此，经过大祸与不幸而再起的人也富于嫉妒 calamity /ka'laemiti/n. 心，因为这些人与那些不合时宜的人一样，以为别 难 ·025· The Essays of Bacon misfortunes.For they are as men fallen out with the times;and think other men's harms a redemption of their own sufferings. They that desire to excel in too many matters,out of levity and vain glory,are ever envious.For they cannot want work;it being impossible but many in some one of those things should surpass them. Which was the character of Adrian the Emperor;that mortally envied poets and painters and artificers,in works wherein he had a vein to excel. Lastly,near kinsfolks,and fellows in office,and those that have been bred together,are more apt to envy their equals when they are raised.For it doth upbraid unto them their own fortunes,and pointeth at them,and cometh oftener into their remembrance,and incurreth likewise more into the note of others;and envy ever redoubleth from specch and fame.Cain's5 envy was the more vile and malignant towards his brother Abel,because when his sacrifice was better accepted there was no body to look on.Thus much for those that are apt to envy. Concerning those that are more or less subject to envy:First, persons of eminent virtue,when they are advanced,are less envied. For their fortune seemeth but due unto them;and no man envieth the payment of a debt,but rewards and liberality rather.Again,envy is ever joined with the comparing of a man's self;and where there is no comparison,no envy;and therefore kings are not envied but by kings. Nevertheless it is to be noted that unworthy persons are most envied at their first coming in,and afterwards overcome it better;whereas contrariwise,persons of worth and merit are most envied when their fortune continueth long.For by that time,though their virtue be the ·026· 培板随笔集 人受到的损害等于自己的痛苦之赔偿也。 D redemption /ri'dempfon/ 因为浮躁与虚荣而想在过多事业中出人头地的 补教，弥补 2 levity"leviti/n.轻浮 人总是嫉妒心盛的。因为在那些事业中的某项上， 断不能没有多人可以胜过他们的：既如此他们就不 缺乏嫉妒的缘由了。这就是埃追安皇帝的特性；他 非常妒恨诗人、画家和巧匠；在这些人的事业中皇 帝本人是有点过人之才的。 最后，近亲、同事和同养之人，最容易在平 辈腾达的时候嫉妒他们。因为这些腾达的人可说 是以他们的幸福显出了同辈的不良：指责了他们。 5 upbraid /Ap'breid/ 并且这些腾达的人们入同辈的记忆之中较繁，同 责，责骂 ④incurreth-uns into 样地，惹他们的注意也较强；而嫉妒之心是由言 Cain /kein/该隐，在旧 谈及名声而倍增的。该隐对他兄弟亚伯的嫉妒是 约全书中，是亚当和夏 很卑劣，很凶恶的，因为当亚伯的供品被上帝看 娃的长子，他出于忌妒 而谋杀了他的弟弟Abel 中的时候当场并没有人旁观。以上就是关于最易 (亚伯)并作为迷犯而被 判罪 嫉之人的话。 6 vile /vail/a.恶劣的 现在且一谈那些多少受人嫉妒的人。第一，德 malignant /ma'lignant/a. 有恶意的 行高的人们，其德愈增则受人嫉妒之机会愈减。因 为他们的幸福看来是他们应得的：没有人嫉妒债务 之得偿，所嫉者多是报酬过当之赏赐也。又嫉妒总 是与人我的比较俱来的：没有比较的地方就没有嫉 妒；因此帝王除了受帝王的嫉妒外不受他人的嫉 妒。然而应当注意的是微末之人在初升贵显的时候 最受嫉妒，到后来较能克服之：反之，有功有业的 人在福祉绵延之时最受嫉妒。因为到了那个时节虽 然他们的德行仍旧，但其光辉却不如昔了；因为有 新的人物起来把那些德行投入暗处了。 ·027· The Essays of Bacon same,yet in hath not the same lustre;for fresh men grow up that darken it. Persons of noble blood are less envied in their rising.For it seemeth but fight done to their birth.Besides,there seemeth not much added to their fortune;and envy is as the sunbeams2,that beat hotter upon a bank or steep rising ground,than upon a flat.And for the same reason those that are advanced by degrees are less envied than those that are advanced suddenly and per saltum [at a bound ] Those that have joined with their honor great travels,cares,or perils,are less subject to envy.For men think that they earn their honors hardly,and pity them sometimes;and pity even healeth envy. Wherefore you shall observe that the more deep and sober sort of politic persons5,in their greatness,are ever bemoaning themselves, what a life they lead;chantinga quanta patirnur [how great things do we suffer!]Not that they feel it so,but only to abate the edge of envy. But this is to be understood of business that is laid upon men,and not such as they call unto themselves.For nothing increaseth envy more than an unnecessary and ambitious engrossing of business.And nothing doth extinguish envy more than for a great person to preserve all other inferior officers in their full fights and pre-eminences of their places.For by that means there be so many screens between him and envy. Above all,those are most subject to envy,which carry the greatness of their fortunes in an insolent and proud manner;being never well but while they are showing how great they are,either by outward pomp,or by triumphing over all opposition or competition; whereas wise men will rather do sacrifice to envy,in suffering ·028· 培板随笔集 lustre /'lAsta (r)/n. 贵胄在升显的时候不甚受嫉。因为那好像是他 彩，光泽 们本着家世而应得的权利。并且他们贵显了也不见 得是在他们的幸福上添加了多少：而嫉妒心有如日 光，它射在危岸或峻坡上比射在平地上要热得多。 2 sunbeam'sAnbi:m/u.日 因为同一个缘故，那些逐渐升高的人们较之那些突 米 然腾达，一跃而跻身于贵显之列的人们是少受人嫉 妒的。 那些把他们的荣耀与重大的劳苦、忧虑或危险 G travels:travails,labors 连在一处的人们是少受嫉妒的。因为人们认为这些 苦 ④peril'peril/n.危险，冒 人的荣耀得来不易，并且有时还可怜他们，而怜悯 险 永远是治疗嫉妒的。因此你可以看到那些较为深沉 庄重的政界中人，在他们的崇高的地位中总是自嗟 politic persons:politicians 自叹，说他们度着何等不乐的生活，唱着一套“我 政治家，政客 0 bemoan /bi'mun/,惋 们何等受苦”的歌曲。并不是他们感觉如此，而是 惜 要减少嫉妒心的锋芒。但是这种嗟叹所指的要是别 ⑦chant /tfa:nt/,吟唱， 颂扬 人给他们加上的负担才行，不可指自己招来的事 业。因为再没有比无必要而野心地专搅事业之更增 8 engrossing /in'grausin/a. 人嫉妒者也。又，一个大人物若能使所有居下位者 引人入胜的 保持所有的权利和充分的身份，那就没有比这个更 能消灭嫉妒的了。因为借着这种手段，在他与嫉妒 之间可说是有了好几重障隔也。 最甚者，有些人用一种傲慢不恭的态度来处他 们的大富贵，他们是最受嫉妒的。这些人总要表示 ⑨insolent /'insalont/a粗 自己的伟大一或以外表的煊赫，或以克服一切的 野的，无礼的 反对与竞争一才觉得满意：而有智之人则宁可给 嫉妒贡献点什么，有时在自己不甚关切的事件中故 意让人阻挠或压倒。然而这又是真的，就是在若以 ·029· The Essays of Bacon themselves sometimes of purpose to be crossed and overborne in things that do not much concern them.Notwithstanding,so much is true, that the carriage of greatness in a plain and open manner (so it be without arrogancy and vain glory)doth draw less envy than if it be in a more crafty and cunning fashion.For in that course a man doth but disavow fortune;and seemeth to be conscious of his own want in worth;and doth but teach others to envy him. Lastly,to conclude this part;as we said in the beginning that the act of envy had somewhat in it of witchcraft3,so there is no other cure of envy but the cure of witchcraft;and that is,to remove the lot (as they call it)and to lay it upon another.For which purpose,the wiser sort of great persons bring in ever upon the stage somebody upon whom to derive 5 the envy that would come upon themselves;sometimes upon ministers and servants;sometimes upon colleagues and associates;and the like;and for that turn there are never wanting some persons of violent and undertaking natures,who,so they may have power and business,will take it at any cost. Now,to speak of public envy.There is yet some good in public envy,whereas in private there is none.For public envy is as an ostracism,that eclipseth men when they grow too great.And therefore it is a bridle also to great ones,to keep them within bounds. This envy,being in the Latin word invidia,goeth in the modem languages by the name of discontentment;of which we shall speak in handling sedition.It is a disease in a state like to infection.For as infection spreadeth upon that which is sound,and tainteth it;so when envy is gotten once into a state,it traduceth even the best actions thereof,and tumeth them into an ill odor.And therefore there is little ·030· 培板随笔集 种朴素坦白的态度来处尊荣（只要是不带骄矜与 0 notwithstanding 虚荣)，比用一种较为多诈而狡猾的态度要少受人 /notwie staendig/conj. 虽然 嫉妒。因为在后一种举止里，一个人简直是表明他 不配享受那种幸福并且还好像明白自己之无价值似 的：由此他竟是教导别人来嫉妒自己了。 ②disavow /dis3'vauW否认 最后结束这一段的话：我们在起始既说嫉妒 的行为，内中有点巫术的性质，那么要治嫉妒， 除了治巫术的方法再没有别的方法；那就是除去 那“妖气”（人们所谓的）而使之落于别人身上。 witchcraft /'wit fkra:ft/n. 魔法 为了这种目的，有些比较明哲多智的大人物，总 ④lot:spel符咒，魅力 要让某一个旁人登台露面，好教那本要落到自己 身上的嫉妒转到那人身上去，有时这嫉妒落到属 5 derive=divert转移 员或仆役身上；有时落到同事或同僚身上；诸如 6 undertaking /And3'teikin/.事业 此类。而为了这种事情，永不会缺乏一些天性莽 撞而好事的人。这些人只要能得到权力和职务， 什么代价也肯出。 现在且说公妒。在为公的嫉妒中至少还有一点 好处，在私妒中则是一点好处也没有的。因为公妒 好譬一种希腊式的流刑，是在有些人变得太位高权 7ostracism /'ostrosizom/ 贝壳流放，陶片流放，古 重的时候压抑他们的。因此，公妒对于大人物们是 希腊用投票方法把危险 人物及不受欢迎者逐出 一 种控制物，可以使他们不至超越范围。这种公 国外五或十年，并把票数 记在贝壳或胸片上 妒，拉丁语叫作invidia,今语叫作“公愤”；关于 级eclipse /i'klips/.使 这个将来在论叛乱的一篇中再说。这是国家中的一 黯然失色 bridle /braidl/n.马勒 种疾病，就像染毒一样。因为正如毒可以传染到本 )sedition/si'difon/.L.煽动 骚乱 来健全的部分并使之受疾一样，在国家中如果生了 I taint /teint:tent/.污染 “公愤”，这种心理将使国家最好的举措也蒙不洁， 使这些举措变为恶臭。 ·031·