专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（新高考通用）-【好题汇编】2025年高考英语二模试题分类汇编

专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 编者按：2025年新高考地区二模试题分类整理，深度解析，排版整齐。 （一） （2025·浙江·二模） The progress of a human being through life might be thought of as mostly gradual changes from the cell to the grave. But if you wake up one morning, look in the mirror, and wonder when you suddenly grew so much older, you may not be imagining things. According to a recent research into the molecular (分子) changes associated with aging, humans experience two sharp lurches forward, one at the average age of 44 and the other at the average age of 60. “We’re not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes, ” geneticist Michael Snyder of Stanford University explained. Aging is complex, and associated with growing risks of diseases of all kinds. Snyder and his colleagues have been investigating the biology of aging to better understand what changes occur and how, in order to better ease and treat these diseases. To this end, they have been tracking a group of 108 adults, with ages spanning from 25 to 70, who have been donating biological samples every few months over several years. They noticed that in some conditions, such as Alzheimer’s and cardiovascular disease, risk doesn’t rise gradually with time; it increases sharply after a certain age. To see if they could identify related changes, the researchers decided to take a closer look at the biomarkers of aging. Each participant submitted an average of 47 samples over 626 days, with the longest-serving participant submitting 367 samples. This wealth of data resulted in more than 246 billion data points, which the researchers then processed, looking for patterns in the changes. Snyder and his colleagues noticed that around 81 percent of all the molecules they studied showed changes at two distinct stages. Changes peaked in the mid-40s, and again in the early 60s, with slight differences. Despite their findings, the researchers note that their sample size is pretty small, and they tested limited biological samples. Future research could help dig further into this phenomenon, studying it in more detail, across a wider range of subjects, to better understand how the human body changes over time. 1．What does the underlined word “lurches” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Rises. B．Advances. C．Conditions. D．Changes. 2．What is the aim of Michael Snyder’s research team? A．To slow the aging process. B．To extend human lifespan. C．To promote disease treatment. D．To reduce disease risks. 3．What can we learn about the participants? A．They experienced identical changes at two age stages. B．Their risk of contracting certain diseases rose with time. C．They donated biological samples monthly over the years. D．Their long-term involvement contributed to the abundance of data. 4．What is author’s suggestion for future research? A．Expand the sample size. B．Lengthen the research period. C．Increase the number of researchers. D．Improve the data processing efficiency. 【答案】 1．D 2．C 3．D 4．A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了斯坦福大学遗传学家迈克尔·斯奈德及其团队关于人类衰老过程中分子变化的研究，研究发现人类在平均44岁和60岁时会经历两次明显的衰老加速阶段。 【1 题详解】 词句猜测题。根据上文“The progress of a human being through life might be thought of as mostly gradual changes from the cell to the grave.(人的一生所经历的过程，大体上可以被认为是从细胞（形态的生命之初）到坟墓（生命终结）的逐渐变化。)”和下文“We’re not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes(我们并非只是随着时间的推移逐渐发生变化；还会经历一些非常巨大的改变。)”可知，此处想表达的是人类会经历两次明显的变化，所以“lurches”的意思是“变化”。故选D。 【2 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“Snyder and his colleagues have been investigating the biology of aging to better understand what changes occur and how, in order to better ease and treat these diseases.(斯奈德和他的同事一直在研究衰老的生物学，以便更好地了解发生了什么变化以及如何变化，从而更好地缓解和治疗这些疾病。)”可知，迈克尔·斯奈德的研究团队的目的是促进疾病治疗。故选C。 【3 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Each participant submitted an average of 47 samples over 626 days, with the longest-serving participant submitting 367 samples.(在626天里，每位参与者平均提交了47个样本，其中参与时间最长的参与者提交了367个样本。)”可知，参与者的长期参与为数据的丰富做出了贡献。故选D。 【4 题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Despite their findings, the researchers note that their sample size is pretty small, and they tested limited biological samples.(尽管有这些发现，但研究人员指出，他们的样本量非常小，而且他们测试的生物样本有限。)”可知，作者认为未来的研究应该扩大样本量。故选A。 （二） （2025·浙江宁波·二模） It is late at night. You wander empty streets, heart pounding, muscles tense, sensing danger nearby. Now imagine the same situation, but without these responses. Would you still feel afraid? Experiences like this unveil a profound truth: our minds are not just products of the brain but emerge from its constant dialogue with the body. At the heart of this connection is the vagus nerve (神经) — the body’s longest nerve. It winds its way from the brain throughout the head and trunk, issuing commands to our organs and receiving feelings from them. Much of the confusing range of functions it regulates are automatic and operate without conscious control. These complex responses engage a group of neural networks that link brain and body. The vagus nerve is, in one way of thinking, the conduit of the mind. The primary function of the vagus nerve is to dampen the body’s responses. After a fear episode, for example, the body’s powerful, life-saving threat response must be ended to restore resting heartbeat, breathing, blood flow and the rest. So powerful is its influence that the vagus nerve can literally stop the beating heart. Conversely, it can also stimulate bodily responses by releasing the brakes to accelerate. The vagus nerve is the biological basis for many new therapies (疗法) worldwide. However, some people have taken the vagus nerve’s wide-ranging bodily influence as an invitation to engage in false science. In some corners of the Internet, so-called polyvagal therapy—physical or breathing exercises that some claim reset the vagus nerve — is proposed to address just about any disorder of the mind or body. There’s little evidence that these popular therapies are anything but comfort. The vagus nerve doesn’t need to be a cure for everything — its worth appreciating all on its own. Neuroscientists compare the vagus to an orchestra conductor, harmonizing bodily systems to compose our conscious experience. Professor Linda Rinaman once said, “We’re not just brains in jars. Our thoughts and feelings are rooted in flesh and blood.” 1．How does the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1? A．By sharing a story. B．By creating a scene. C．By asking a question. D．By defining a concept. 2．What does the underlined word “conduit” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Channel. B．Product. C．Mirror. D．Nature. 3．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The popularity of a biological treatment. B．The effectiveness of breathing exercises. C．The misuse of unproven nerve therapies. D．The evidence of vagus nerve’s functions. 4．What do Linda Rinaman’s words imply? A．Blood circulation determines our emotions. B．Physical health is unrelated to mental states. C．Body and mind interact to form experiences. D．Our brain stores feelings separate from body. 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．C 4．C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了迷走神经是身体最长的神经，它连接着大脑和身体，在调节身体反应方面起着重要作用，是许多新疗法的生物学基础，但也存在被用于伪科学的情况，最后强调身心是相互关联的。 【1 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“It is late at night. You wander empty streets, heart pounding, muscles tense, sensing danger nearby. Now imagine the same situation, but without these responses. Would you still feel afraid?(深夜，你徘徊在空荡荡的街道上，心跳加速，肌肉紧绷，感觉到附近有危险。现在想象同样的情况，但没有这些反应。你还会感到害怕吗？)”结合下文的迷走神经的相关介绍 可知，作者通过描述一个具体的场景来引入话题。故选B。 【2 题详解】 词义猜测题。根据第二段“At the heart of this connection is the vagus nerve(神经)—the body’s longest nerve. It winds its way from the brain throughout the head and trunk, issuing commands to our organs and receiving feelings from them.(这种联系的核心是迷走神经 —— 身体最长的神经。它从大脑蜿蜒穿过头部和躯干，向我们的器官发出指令，并接收来自它们的感觉)” 可知，迷走神经是连接大脑和身体的通道，“conduit” 意思与 “channel（通道）” 相近。故选A。 【3 题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第四段“However, some people have taken the vagus nerve’s wide-ranging bodily influence as an invitation to engage in false science. In some corners of the Internet, so-called polyvagal therapy—physical or breathing exercises that some claim reset the vagus nerve—is proposed to address just about any disorder of the mind or body. There’s little evidence that these popular therapies are anything but comfort.(然而，一些人把迷走神经对身体的广泛影响当作参与伪科学的契机。在互联网的一些角落，所谓的多元迷走神经疗法 —— 一些人声称可以重置迷走神经的身体或呼吸练习 —— 被提议用来治疗几乎任何身心失调。几乎没有证据表明这些流行的疗法除了让人感到安慰之外还有其他作用)” 可知，该段主要讲述了未经证实的神经疗法的误用情况。故选C。 【4 题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Professor Linda Rinaman once said, “We’re not just brains in jars. Our thoughts and feelings are rooted in flesh and blood.””(琳达・里纳曼教授曾经说过：“我们不只是罐子里的大脑。我们的思想和感情植根于血肉之中”)” 以及前文提到的身心之间的联系可知，琳达・里纳曼的话暗示了身体和思想相互作用形成我们的体验。故选 C。 （三） （2025·浙江宁波·二模） Global sea levels continue to rise despite efforts that cities around the world are making to reduce the effects of climate change and their carbon emissions. One firm, however, is hoping to battle the effects of climate change. Driven by alarming estimates that 36.6 million people in Asian coastal cities like Mumbai could face flooding by 2070, Luca Curci Architects, based in Venice, Italy, has released Floating City — a design that would allow urban areas to rise with the waters while making use of renewable energies to reduce their own carbon emissions. Each 25-acre unit houses 50,000 residents on interconnected platforms, with potential expansion for 200,000and buildings are capped at 90 meters tall for stability. “Structures must be flexible like bamboo in wind to resist waves,” explains architect Curci. To achieve this, seawater resistant materials are given priority to, while hollow sections in platforms help them float. Meanwhile, movable bridges are constructed to link these “water neighborhoods” to mainland transport systems. The project team also envisions a mix of renewable energy sources extracting power from wind, water, and the sun to power the city. During extreme weather, platforms automatically separate and regroup using intelligence algorithms inspired by how fish schools avoid hunters. Compared to building artificial islands, this method preserves 68% more marine (海洋) life and uses surfaces that absorb rainwater to reduce flooding risks. However, challenges persist. Seawater slowly harms materials, requiring repair every four months, and emergency plans for extreme weather are still under way. “This isn’t about abandoning coasts but evolving with them,” notes designer Tim Fu. While some question long-term possibility, the design redefines urban resilience. Unlike rigid sea walls, these dynamic structures harmonize with oceanic rhythms, offering a blueprint for climate solutions. “Cities must learn to dance with the waves,” Curci says. This philosophy could transform humanity’s relationship with rising seas, turning threats into sustainable opportunities. 1．What drove Luca Curci Architects to come up with a new design? A．Energy crisis. B．Potential disasters. C．Tourism expansion. D．Overcrowded cities. 2．Which of the following best describes Luca Curci’s design? A．Fictional and renewable. B．Adaptable and innovative. C．Eco-friendly and immovable. D．Wave-resistant and conventional. 3．A limitation of Luca Curci’s design is that ______. A．it threatens marine life B．it lacks clean energy options C．it requires regular maintenance D．it ignores coastal water changes 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．Ocean Protection: Life under Threat B．Rising with the Tides: Floating Cities C．Connecting to the Future: Eco Solutions D．Coastal Design: Inspiration from Bamboo 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．C 4．B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了意大利威尼斯的Luca Curci建筑师事务所设计的浮动城市方案。 【1 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Driven by alarming estimates that 36.6 million people in Asian coastal cities like Mumbai could face flooding by 2070, Luca Curci Architects, based in Venice, Italy, has released Floating City — a design that would allow urban areas to rise with the waters while making use of renewable energies to reduce their own carbon emissions. (据估计，到2070年，像孟买这样的亚洲沿海城市将有3660万人面临洪水的威胁，意大利威尼斯的Luca Curci建筑师事务所推出了浮动城市——一种能让城市区域随水位上升，同时利用可再生能源减少自身碳排放的设计。)”可知，潜在的灾难促使Luca Curci建筑师事务所提出新设计。故选B项。 【2 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“a design that would allow urban areas to rise with the waters while making use of renewable energies to reduce their own carbon emissions. (一种能让城市区域随水位上升，同时利用可再生能源减少自身碳排放的设计)”、第二段中“Structures must be flexible like bamboo in wind to resist waves (建筑结构必须像风中的竹子一样灵活，以抵御海浪)”以及第三段中“The project team also envisions a mix of renewable energy sources extracting power from wind, water, and the sun to power the city. During extreme weather, platforms automatically separate and regroup using intelligence algorithms inspired by how fish schools avoid hunters. (项目团队还设想了一种可再生能源的组合，从风能、水能和太阳能中提取电力，为城市供电。在极端天气下，平台会根据鱼群躲避猎人的方式，利用智能算法自动分离和重组。)”可知，该设计能随水位上升，能自适应海浪，具有适应性(adaptable)，且利用多种可再生能源、采用智能算法等，体现了创新性(innovative)。所以Luca Curci的设计具有适应性和创新性。故选B项。 【3 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Seawater slowly harms materials, requiring repair every four months (海水会慢慢损坏材料，需要每四个月进行一次维修)”可知，Luca Curci设计的一个局限性是需要定期维护。故选C项。 【4 题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Driven by alarming estimates that 36.6 million people in Asian coastal cities like Mumbai could face flooding by 2070, Luca Curci Architects, based in Venice, Italy, has released Floating City — a design that would allow urban areas to rise with the waters while making use of renewable energies to reduce their own carbon emissions. (据估计，到2070年，像孟买这样的亚洲沿海城市将有3660万人面临洪水的威胁，意大利威尼斯的Luca Curci建筑师事务所推出了浮动城市——一种能让城市区域随水位上升，同时利用可再生能源减少自身碳排放的设计。)”可知，文章主要围绕“浮动城市”这一设计展开，且该设计可让城市区域随海平面上升而上升。“Rising with the Tides: Floating Cities ()”既体现了城市随海平面上升的特点，又突出了核心设计“浮动城市”。所以此标题能概括文章内容，最适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 （四） （2025·辽宁·二模） An alarming phenomenon has sprung up over the past few years: Many students are arriving at college unprepared to read entire books. Professors said they’ve seen a general change in how their students engage with literature. Students feel stressed at the thought of reading multiple books a semester. Why is this happening? The attraction of smartphones and social media came up, and it appears that many middle and high schools are teaching fewer full books. But a deeper cause is a change in values, not ability. The problem does not appear to be that “kids these days” are incurious or uninterested in reading. Instead, young people might be responding to a cultural message: Books just aren’t that important. The professors didn’t think their students were lazy. If anything, they were shocked at how overscheduled and anxious college kids are today — and they saw that their students’ schedules are crowded with activities that are less about personal development and more relevant to future employment. “There are too many demands on their time and focus to devote themselves easily or fully to works of literature that might take 20 hours to consume,” James Shapiro, an English professor at Columbia, said. In 1971, 37 percent of students said that a central objective of their college years was to become well-off financially. 73 percent said it was to develop a meaningful philosophy of life. By 2015, those numbers had almost completely switched. 82 percent of students said that it was essential for them to use college to become well-off financially, while 47 percent said they wanted to develop a meaningful philosophy of life. Experts and parents alike have emphasized preprofessional courses and downplayed the importance of humanistic study. In this environment, spending hours reading a novel may seem unproductive. In some ways, this is a hopeful conclusion: If we’ve shifted what we value, then it stands to reason that we could, as a society, shift back. The responsibility doesn’t lie only with Gen Z. Everyone who’s upset about the change has a role to play in turning it around. 1．What is the main concern raised in paragraph 1? A．Students’ struggle with literature. B．Professors’ dissatisfaction with students. C．Universities’ failure to prepare students. D．Students’ declining interest in classic works. 2．What can be inferred from James Shapiro’s words? A．Students can’t manage time properly. B．Students prefer to read shorter materials. C．Students have no ability to focus on lengthy texts. D．Students are too occupied to fully appreciate literature. 3．Why are the statistics mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To show students’ stress and anxiety. B．To illustrate the shift in students’ priorities. C．To highlight the significance of personal growth. D．To argue for the value of preprofessional courses. 4．Which can be a suitable title for the passage? A．What Are the Challenges of Modern Education? B．Why Are College Students Avoiding Literature? C．Can Society Restore the Value of Reading Literature? D．How Has Technology Redefined Reading for Students? 【答案】 1．A 2．D 3．B 4．B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了当代大学生阅读整本书能力下降这一令人担忧的现象，揭示了其背后的深层社会原因，并呼吁全社会共同推动教育价值观的回归。 【1 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“An alarming phenomenon has sprung up over the past few years: Many students are arriving at college unprepared to read entire books.(在过去的几年里，出现了一个令人担忧的现象：许多学生进入大学时没有准备好阅读整本书。)”和“Students feel stressed at the thought of reading multiple books a semester.(一想到一学期要读好几本书，学生们就感到压力很大。)”可知，第一段提出的主要担忧是学生与文学的斗争。故选A。 【2 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“There are too many demands on their time and focus to devote themselves easily or fully to works of literature that might take 20 hours to consume(对他们的时间和注意力的要求太多了，他们无法轻松或完全地投入到可能需要20个小时才能读完的文学作品中)”可知，从James Shapiro的话中可以推断出学生们太忙了，无法充分欣赏文学。故选D。 【3 题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In 1971, 37 percent of students said that a central objective of their college years was to become well-off financially. 73 percent said it was to develop a meaningful philosophy of life. By 2015, those numbers had almost completely switched. 82 percent of students said that it was essential for them to use college to become well-off financially, while 47 percent said they wanted to develop a meaningful philosophy of life.(1971年，37%的学生表示，他们大学时代的核心目标是在经济上变得富裕。73%的人说是为了培养一种有意义的人生哲学。到2015年，这些数字几乎完全改变了。82%的学生表示，对他们来说，利用大学时间实现经济富裕是至关重要的，而47%的学生表示，他们希望培养一种有意义的人生哲学。)”可知，第4段提到了统计数字是为了说明学生优先考虑的变化。故选B。 【4 题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“An alarming phenomenon has sprung up over the past few years: Many students are arriving at college unprepared to read entire books.(在过去的几年里，出现了一个令人担忧的现象：许多学生进入大学时没有准备好阅读整本书。)”和第二段“Why is this happening? The attraction of smartphones and social media came up, and it appears that many middle and high schools are teaching fewer full books. But a deeper cause is a change in values, not ability. The problem does not appear to be that “kids these days” are incurious or uninterested in reading. Instead, young people might be responding to a cultural message: Books just aren’t that important.(为什么会发生这种情况？智能手机和社交媒体的吸引力出现了，似乎许多初中和高中的完整课本教学减少了。但更深层次的原因是价值观的变化，而不是能力的变化。问题似乎不是“现在的孩子”对阅读不感兴趣或不感兴趣。相反，年轻人可能是在回应一种文化信息：书并没有那么重要。)”可知，本文主要探讨了当代大学生阅读整本书能力下降这一令人担忧的现象，揭示了其背后的深层社会原因，并呼吁全社会共同推动教育价值观的回归，因此最恰当的题目是B选项“Why Are College Students Avoiding Literature?(为什么大学生回避文学？)”。故选B。 （五） （2025·山东·二模） A research team, led by Dr. Lee Seung-Hee, Associate Director of the Institute for Basic Science (IBS), has uncovered a fundamental principle of how the brain prioritizes vision and hearing differently depending on whether we are still or in motion. The study provides new insights into the brain’s sensory decision-making processes and how they adapt to behavioral states. In daily life, we constantly process visual and auditory (听觉的) information to explore the world. For example, when watching a movie, the brain integrates images and sounds to create a unified experience. However, during movement-such as walking down a busy street-the brain may prioritize visual input over sound to avoid obstacles. Until now, the neural mechanisms (神经机制) behind this sensory prioritization remained unclear. Understanding this process is particularly important for individuals with sensory processing disorders. such as autism or schizophrenia, where the brain. may grapple with integrating sensory information effectively. By uncovering how the brain naturally shifts between sensory inputs, researchers hope to pave the way for better treatment for these conditions. To investigate this phenomenon, the research. team conducted behavioral experiments on mice, monitoring real-time brain activity using miniature microscopes and optogenetics, a technique that uses light to control neurons. The mice were trained to respond to both visual and auditory cues while either stationary or running on a treadmill. The results revealed a striking shift in sensory reliance: When stationary, the ice relied more on auditory cues to make decisions. When moving, their brains prioritized visual input. This suggests that the brain dynamically adjusts sensory weighting based on behavioral context. Sound may be more useful for detecting nearby events when still, whereas vision becomes critical during movement for spatial navigation and stability. This discovery could have important implications for understanding and treating sensory processing disorders, where the brain may struggle to properly prioritize sensory inputs. Dr. Lee explained, “Our findings demonstrate how the brain flexibly shifts between vision and hearing depending on behavior. Understanding this natural adaptability could lead to improved treatments for those with sensory integration difficulties.” 1．What was the main focus of Dr. Lee’s research? A．How behavior boosts the brain function. B．How physical state affects sensory focus. C．How information is processed by the brain. D．How sensory input guides decision-making. 2．What do the underlined words “grapple with” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Result in. B．Put off. C．Struggle with. D．Speed up. 3．How did the researchers investigate sensory prioritization in mice? A．By tracking their brain activity during sensory tasks. B．By monitoring their adaptation to light and sound. C．By recording their instant reactions to movement. D．By comparing corresponding human behavior. 4．What is the significance of the research? A．Advancing treatments for sensory processing disorders. B．Clarifying debates about humans’ adaptability. C．Enhancing the brain’s processing efficiency. D．Developing sensory integration techniques. 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．A 4．A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了由李胜熙博士领导的研究团队揭示了大脑如何根据人体是静止还是处于运动状态，对视觉和听觉进行不同的优先级排序的基本原理。研究通过对老鼠的实验得出结论，这一发现对理解和治疗感官处理障碍有重要意义。 【1 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“A research team, led by Dr. Lee Seung-Hee, Associate Director of the Institute for Basic Science (IBS), has uncovered a fundamental principle of how the brain prioritizes vision and hearing differently depending on whether we are still or in motion.(由基础科学研究所（IBS）副主任李胜熙博士领导的一个研究小组，揭示了大脑如何根据我们是静止还是运动，对视觉和听觉进行不同优先级排序的基本原理)” 可知，李博士的研究主要关注身体状态（静止或运动）如何影响大脑对感官的关注重点。故选B。 【2 题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段“Understanding this process is particularly important for individuals with sensory processing disorders. such as autism or schizophrenia, where the brain may grapple with integrating sensory information effectively.(理解这一过程对患有感官处理障碍的个体尤为重要，比如自闭症或精神分裂症患者，他们的大脑可能在有效地整合感官信息方面 grapple with)”推知，对于患有这些疾病的人，大脑在整合感官信息上是有挣扎、困难的。由此可知，划线词组grapple with与“Struggle with(与…… 作斗争，努力应对)”意思接近。故选C。 【3 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“To investigate this phenomenon, the research. team conducted behavioral experiments on mice, monitoring real-time brain activity using miniature microscopes and optogenetics, a technique that uses light to control neurons. The mice were trained to respond to both visual and auditory cues while either stationary or running on a treadmill.(为了调查这一现象，研究。研究小组在老鼠身上进行了行为实验，使用微型显微镜和光遗传学（一种利用光来控制神经元的技术）监测实时大脑活动。这些老鼠被训练对视觉和听觉线索做出反应，无论它们是静止的还是在跑步机上跑步)”可推知，研究人员是通过在老鼠进行感官任务（静止或在跑步机上跑步并对视觉和听觉线索做出反应）时，跟踪它们的大脑活动来研究感官优先级的。故选A。 【4 题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“This discovery could have important implications for understanding and treating sensory processing disorders, where the brain may struggle to properly prioritize sensory inputs.(这一发现可能对理解和治疗感觉处理障碍具有重要意义，在这种疾病中，大脑可能难以正确地优先考虑感觉输入)” 以及 “Understanding this natural adaptability could lead to improved treatments for those with sensory integration difficulties.(理解这种自然适应性可能会为那些有感官整合困难的人带来更好的治疗方法)” 可知，该研究的意义在于推动对感官处理障碍的治疗。故选A。 （六） （2025·广东·二模） Picture this: You’re sitting at your desk, finally getting to the task that has been put off for ages. You have put your phone in your bag. Despite the urge to check it once in a while, you feel focused. Do you think you’re having a productive time? Think again. We tend to believe putting our phone face-side down on our desk or in our bag is enough to prevent us from being distracted (干扰). However, a recent study reveals that the mere presence of your phone, even if it’s out of sight, can be a distraction to your brain - a concept known as “brain drain”. To test the “brain drain” theory, 548 college students at the University of Texas were divided into three groups and asked to complete a set of brain performance tests, with their phones facing down on their desk, in their bag, or outside the room. Researchers found that the group with their phones in another room scored significantly higher. An analysis of 22 studies extends this line of research, indicating the mere presence of smartphones creates a “brain drain” and that the farther away they are from the users, the easier it is for them to concentrate. Why? Our brains can only focus on a small amount of information at once, and need to prioritize what is the most ever-present and relevant, like smartphones. In fact, we engage with the device an average of more than 150 times a day, which means we are rarely focused on a task for more than a few minutes without our attention being divided. This over-reliance on smartphones trains our brain to be inattentive, leaving less space for other tasks. As our phones constantly battle for our attention, how can we prevent them from negatively impacting our performance at work? A good starting point is to educate ourselves on the impact of phone usage on our brains so we can make more informed decisions when working on a task. To further improve our productivity, we should also remember to place our phone outside the room, rather than simply turn it upside down or silence it right beside us. 1．What does the author open the text with? A．A heated discussion. B．A vividly-described painting. C．A well-known theory. D．A common misunderstanding. 2．Why is the analysis of 22 studies cited? A．To confirm previous findings. B．To analyze studies’ outcomes. C．To compare research methods. D．To track subjects’ performances. 3．What causes a “brain drain” according to the text? A．The lack of concentration training. B．The limited capacity of our brains. C．The overload of online information. D．The mindful use of digital devices. 4．How can we avoid distractions from phones at work? A．By reducing our phone’s usage. B．By switching smartphones to silent mode. C．By covering our phone’s screen. D．By separating work zones and phone zones. 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．B 4．D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了手机在视线外也会分散注意力，即“脑力流失”现象，并提出应对措施。 【1 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Picture this: You’re sitting at your desk, finally getting to the task that has been put off for ages. You have put your phone in your bag. Despite the urge to check it once in a while, you feel focused. Do you think you’re having a productive time? (想象一下：你坐在办公桌前，终于开始处理拖延已久的任务。你把手机放在了包里。尽管偶尔有查看手机的冲动，但你感觉很专注。你认为你度过了一段高效的时光吗？)”以及第二段中“We tend to believe putting our phone face-side down on our desk or in our bag is enough to prevent us from being distracted (干扰). However, a recent study reveals that the mere presence of your phone, even if it’s out of sight, can be a distraction to your brain - a concept known as “brain drain”. (我们往往认为把手机正面朝下放在桌子上或包里就足以防止我们分心。然而，最近的一项研究表明，仅仅是手机的存在，即使它不在视线范围内，也会分散你的大脑注意力 —— 这一概念被称为“脑力消耗”。)”可知，作者开篇描述了一个人们通常认为把手机放起来就不会分心的常见情况，而实际并非如此，所以作者是以一个常见的误解开篇的。故选D。 【2 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“An analysis of 22 studies extends this line of research, indicating the mere presence of smartphones creates a “brain drain” and that the farther away they are from the users, the easier it is for them to concentrate. (一项对22项研究的分析扩展了这一研究方向，表明智能手机的存在本身就会造成“脑力流失”，而且它们离用户越远，用户就越容易集中注意力。)”可知，引用对22项研究的分析是为了证实先前的发现，即手机的存在本身就会分散注意力。故选A。 【3 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Our brains can only focus on a small amount of information at once, and need to prioritize what is the most ever-present and relevant, like smartphones. In fact, we engage with the device an average of more than 150 times a day, which means we are rarely focused on a task for more than a few minutes without our attention being divided. This over-reliance on smartphones trains our brain to be inattentive, leaving less space for other tasks. (我们的大脑一次只能专注于少量信息，并且需要优先处理那些最常出现且与之相关的事物，比如智能手机。事实上，我们平均每天会使用手机超过150次，这意味着我们很少能在专注于一项任务几分钟以上而不分心。这种对智能手机的过度依赖让我们的大脑变得注意力不集中，从而留给其他任务的精力就更少了。)”可知，大脑的有限容量导致“脑力流失”。故选B。 【4 题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“To further improve our productivity, we should also remember to place our phone outside the room, rather than simply turn it upside down or silence it right beside us. (为了进一步提高我们的工作效率，我们还应该记住把手机放在房间外面，而不是简单地把它倒过来或放在我们旁边静音。)”可知，为了在工作中避免手机带来的干扰，我们应该将工作区和手机区分开。故选D。 （七） （2025·广东·二模） The long-held assumption that intelligence is the primary driver of academic achievement is challenged by a recent study in Human Behavior. The study, led by Dr. Malan from University of London and jointly carried out by a group of international experts, has revealed that non-cognitive (非认知的) skills, such as motivation, self-regulation and academic interest, are no less important than intelligence in determining academic success. The influence of these skills accrues throughout a child’s education, with genetic (基因的) factors playing a significant role in shaping this developmental path. The study tracked over 10,000 children from age 7 to 16 in England and Wales and used twin studies and DNA analysis to investigate the impact of non-cognitive skills on academic outcomes as well as the influential factors, like genes and environment, that affect these skills. One striking finding is the growing role of genetics in shaping non-cognitive skills and their impact on academic achievement. Researchers created a special method known as the “polygenic score” to measure these skills and found that genetic effects associated with non-cognitive skills became increasingly predictive of academic achievement, nearly doubling between the ages of 7 and 16. By the end of required schooling, genetic influence on non-cognitive skills was as strong as that on cognitive skills in predicting academic success. Besides, by comparing children from the same family, researchers could separate the impact of shared family environment from genetic factors. “We found that how children were raised in the family played a significant role, although the increasing influence of non-cognitive genetics on academic achievement was still evident,” said Dr. Alleg, a co-researcher in the study. The findings have far-reaching implications for education. The study suggests that schools should develop programs to support students’ emotional and social development. Dr. Malan said, “By doing so, we can create a more inclusive and effective learning environment for students.” The study also highlights the need for further research into the complex interaction between genes, environment and education. By understanding these factors, educators and policymakers can develop more effective strategies to support students’ overall development and achieve better educational outcomes. 1．What does the underlined word “accrues” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Mounts. B．Remains. C．Varies. D．Surfaces. 2．Why was the special method used in the study? A．To predict students’ academic achievement. B．To measure the role of environment in learning. C．To evaluate the genetic impact on non-cognitive skills. D．To assess the academic influence of cognitive abilities. 3．What are the researchers most likely to recommend? A．Advanced math courses. B．AI programming workshops. C．Writing training programs. D．Community service projects. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Promoting Effective Learning B．The Overlooked Benefits of Genes C．Unlocking Academic Potential D．The Hidden Key to Academic Success 【答案】 1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项研究表明非认知技能对学业成就影响重大且受基因影响。 【1 题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线单词后面的“with genetic (基因的) factors playing a significant role in shaping this developmental path(基因因素在塑造这条发展路径中起着重要作用)” 以及第二段“The study tracked over 10,000 children from age 7 to 16 in England and Wales and used twin studies and DNA analysis to investigate the impact of non-cognitive skills on academic outcomes as well as the influential factors, like genes and environment, that affect these skills.(该研究对英格兰和威尔士地区年龄在 7 岁至 16 岁之间的 10,000 多名儿童进行了追踪调查，并采用双胞胎研究和 DNA 分析方法来探究非认知技能对学业成果的影响，以及基因和环境等影响这些技能的因素)”可知，从7岁到16岁非认知技能中基因影响对学业成就的预测性几乎翻倍，可推知，随着孩子教育过程的推进，非认知技能的影响在不断累积这。所以accrues意思是“累积、增加”。故选A。 【2 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Researchers created a special method known as the “polygenic score” to measure these skills and found that genetic effects associated with non-cognitive skills became increasingly predictive of academic achievement, nearly doubling between the ages of 7 and 16.(研究人员研发出一种名为“多基因评分”的特殊方法，用以衡量这些技能，并发现与非认知技能相关的基因效应对学业成就的预测性日益增强，在7岁至16岁这一年龄段期间，其预测作用几乎翻倍)”可知，研究中使用这种特殊方法是为了评估基因对非认知技能的影响。故选C。 【3 题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The study suggests that schools should develop programs to support students’ emotional and social development.(这项研究表明，学校应该制定计划来支持学生的情感和社会发展)”可推知，研究人员最有可能推荐社区服务项目，因为社区服务项目可以帮助学生发展情感和社会能力。故选D。 【4 题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“The long-held assumption that intelligence is the primary driver of academic achievement is challenged by a recent study in Human Behavior. The study, led by Dr. Malan from University of London and jointly carried out by a group of international experts, has revealed that non-cognitive (非认知的) skills, such as motivation, self-regulation and academic interest, are no less important than intelligence in determining academic success.(长久以来，人们一直认为智力是推动学业成就的首要因素，而最近发表在《人类行为》上的一项研究对此提出了质疑。这项研究由伦敦大学的马兰博士牵头，并由一群国际专家共同开展，研究结果表明，在决定学业成功与否方面，动机、自我调节能力以及学术兴趣等非认知技能的重要性丝毫不亚于智力)”可知，文章开篇指出传统认为智力是学业成就主要驱动力的观点受到挑战，接着阐述研究表明非认知技能对学业成就同样重要且受基因影响，还讨论了研究对教育的启示等，所以文章最佳标题是D项“学业成功的隐藏关键”，强调了非认知技能这个过去被忽视但对学业成功很重要的因素。故选D。 （八） （2025·山东·二模） You’re in the middle of the afternoon, eyelids heavy, focus slipping. You close your eyes for half an hour and wake up feeling recharged. But later that night, you’re tossing and turning in bed, wondering why you can’t fall asleep. That midday nap (小睡) which felt so refreshing at the time might be the reason. Most people experience a natural decline in alertness in the early afternoon, typically between 1 pm and 4 pm. This isn’t just due to a heavy lunch — our internal body clock, or circadian rhythms (生理节奏), creates cycles of wakefulness and tiredness throughout the day. The early afternoon lull is part of this rhythm, which is why so many people feel drowsy (昏昏欲睡的) at that time, Studies suggest that a short nap during this period — ideally followed by bright light exposure - can help counteract fatigue, boost alertness, and improve cognitive function without interfering with nighttime sleep. These “power naps” allow the brain to rest without slipping into deep sleep, making it easier to wake up feeling refreshed. But there’s a catch: napping too long may result in waking up feeling worse than before. This is due to “sleep inertia” — the dizziness and disorientation that comes from waking up during deeper sleep stages. Once a nap extends beyond 30 minutes, the brain transitions into slow-wave sleep, making it much harder to wake up. Studies show that waking from deep sleep can leave people feeling sluggish for up to an hour. And if a nap is taken too late in the day, it can eat away from the “sleep pressure build-up” — the body’s natural drive for sleep-making it harder to fall asleep at night. To nap effectively, timing and environment matter. Despite the benefits, napping isn’t for everyone. Age, lifestyle and underlying sleep patterns all influence whether naps help or hinder. A good nap is all about strategy — knowing when, how, and if one should nap at all. For some it’s a life hack, improving focus and energy. For others, it’s a slippery slope into sleep disruption. The key is to experiment and observe how naps affect your overall sleep quality. 1．What does the first paragraph indicate? A．Sleep problems bother many people. B．Naps improve long-term health C．Illnesses arise from lack of sleep. D．Not all naps are beneficial to man. 2．Why do people feel drowsy during the day? A．A light lunch causes sleepiness. B．The body has a rhythm to follow. C．Short naps can’t boost brain activities. D．Sleep with light on prevents deeper sleep. 3．Which of the following may disturb nighttime sleep? A．Taking a nap in late afternoon. B．Napping for less than 10 minutes. C．Following the internal body clock. D．Avoiding slow-wave sleep in the day. 4．What does the author advise us to do? A．Set practical nap goals. B．Follow strict nap rules. C．Personalize nap strategies. D．Observe more before acting. 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了午睡对人们的影响，包括午睡的好处、可能存在的问题以及如何有效午睡等内容。 【1 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“But later that night, you’re tossing and turning in bed, wondering why you can’t fall asleep. That midday nap (小睡) which felt so refreshing at the time might be the reason.n.(但到了晚上，你在床上辗转反侧，想知道为什么睡不着。当时感觉如此提神的午睡可能就是原因)” 可知，并不是所有的午睡都对人有益。故选D。 【2 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“our internal body clock, or circadian rhythms (生理节奏), creates cycles of wakefulness and tiredness throughout the day. The early afternoon lull is part of this rhythm, which is why so many people feel drowsy (昏昏欲睡的) at that time.(我们的生物钟，或生理节奏，在一天中产生清醒和疲劳的周期。下午早些时候的困倦是这种节奏的一部分，这就是为什么很多人在那个时候感到困倦)” 可知，人们在白天感到困倦是因为身体有一个要遵循的节奏。故选B。 【3 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“if a nap is taken too late in the day, it can eat away from the “sleep pressure build-up” — the body’s natural drive for sleep — making it harder to fall asleep at night.(如果午睡时间太晚，它会削弱“睡眠压力的积累”—— 身体对睡眠的自然驱动力 —— 从而使晚上更难入睡)” 可知，下午晚些时候午睡可能会干扰夜间睡眠。故选A。 【4 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“To nap effectively, timing and environment matter. Despite the benefits, napping isn’t for everyone. Age, lifestyle and underlying sleep patterns all influence whether naps help or hinder. A good nap is all about strategy — knowing when, how, and if one should nap at all. For some it’s a life hack, improving focus and energy. For others, it’s a slippery slope into sleep disruption. The key is to experiment and observe how naps affect your overall sleep quality.(为了有效午睡，时间和环境很重要。尽管午睡有好处，但并不是每个人都适合午睡。年龄、生活方式和潜在的睡眠模式都会影响午睡是有益还是有害。一次好的午睡完全在于策略 —— 知道何时、如何以及是否应该午睡。关键是要通过实验和观察午睡如何影响你的整体睡眠质量)” 可知，作者建议我们个性化午睡策略。故选C。 （九） （2025·浙江台州·二模） The famous marshmallow test, where children are asked to choose one marshmallow now or two later, may reveal more than willpower. Recent research suggests the ability to delay gratification (满足) could help protect against cognitive (认知) decline. This skill strengthens the brain’s prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for planning and reasoning. Just as regular physical exercise helps maintain muscle strength, regularly practising delayed gratification may help maintain cognitive functions throughout life. Over time, it will definitely build up mental resilience. Resisting immediate rewards stimulates “cool” controlling strategies in the prefrontal cortex, while giving in to temptation involves emotional decision-making areas. Regular practice of these “cool” strategies contributes to cognitive reserve, which highlights the importance of mental stimulation. This regular practice will potentially delay cognitive decline. It’s not just about willpower, but the ability to plan for the future, which is essential to make healthier lifestyle choices that benefit brain health. These skills can be developed at any age. While early childhood lays the foundation for delayed gratification, adults can strengthen self-control through consistent practice. Strategies like setting specific goals enhance these abilities. Studies show those who regularly practice self-control tend to maintain better cognitive functions as they age, demonstrating stronger problem-solving skills. Physical activity matters in this relationship. Research shows that higher physical activity is linked to better cognitive function, especially in older adults. Delaying gratification helps maintain regular exercise habits, creating a positive feedback circle that supports brain health. The more we practice delayed gratification, the more we strengthen our brain’s ability of self-control and protect against future cognitive decline. To develop these skills, start with small delays and gradually increase the waiting period. Set achievable goals and practice mindfulness to manage emotional urges. It’s never too late to start building cognitive resilience, and the small choices we make today can have a lasting impact on our mental health in the long term. 1．How does the author illustrate delayed gratification in paragraph 1? A．By defining concepts. B．By giving descriptions. C．By making comparisons. D．By conducting surveys. 2．What’s the function of practicing “cool” controlling strategies regularly? A．Enhancing cognitive reserve. B．Arousing emotional awareness. C．Developing temptation resistance. D．Boosting willpower performance. 3．How can adults improve their problem-solving skills? A．By building physical fitness gradually. B．By exercising self-control consistently. C．By making feedback circles immediately. D．By establishing major objectives successfully. 4．What’s the main idea of the text? A．Delayed gratification benefits brain health. B．Physical activity increases muscle strength. C．Waiting period influences cognitive function. D．Positive mindfulness manages emotional drive. 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了延迟满足的能力对大脑健康有益。同时文章给出了培养延迟满足技能的建议。 【1 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Recent research suggests the ability to delay gratification (满足) could help protect against cognitive (认知) decline. (最近的研究表明，延迟满足的能力可能有助于防止认知衰退。)”以及后文“Just as regular physical exercise helps maintain muscle strength, regularly practising delayed gratification may help maintain cognitive functions throughout life.(就像定期的体育锻炼有助于保持肌肉力量一样，定期练习延迟满足可能有助于维持一生的认知功能。)”可知，作者通过将定期练习延迟满足与定期体育锻炼进行类比，说明了延迟满足的作用因此第一段是通过作比较的方式来说明延迟满足。故选C项。 【2 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Regular practice of these ‘cool’ strategies contributes to cognitive reserve, which highlights the importance of mental stimulation. (定期练习这些“冷静”策略有助于认知储备，这凸显了精神刺激的重要性。)”可知，定期练习“冷静”控制策略的功能是增强认知储备。故选A项。 【3 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“While early childhood lays the foundation for delayed gratification, adults can strengthen self-control through consistent practice.(虽然儿童早期为延迟满足奠定了基础，但成年人可以通过持续练习来加强自控力。)”以及“Studies show those who regularly practice self-control tend to maintain better cognitive functions as they age, demonstrating stronger problem-solving skills. (研究表明，那些经常练习自控力的人在年老时往往能保持更好的认知功能，表现出更强的解决问题的能力。)”可知，成年人可以通过持续练习自控力来提高他们解决问题的能力。故选B项。 【4 题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段“Recent research suggests the ability to delay gratification (满足) could help protect against cognitive (认知) decline. (最近的研究表明，延迟满足的能力可能有助于防止认知衰退。)”及后文内容可知，文章主要说明了延迟满足的能力对大脑健康有益，不仅有助于维持认知功能，还能增强大脑的自控能力，保护大脑免受未来认知衰退的影响。A选项“Delayed gratification benefits brain health.(延迟满足有益于大脑健康。)”概括文章主要内容。故选A项。 （十） （2025·广东·二模） Needles, though essential for delivering many vital medicines, are not popular among patients. Many people experience discomfort or anxiety at the sight of a needle, making injections (注射) an unpleasant experience. Now, new research led by Giovanni Traverso at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) offers a way to give medicine without this discomfort—by copying how squids (鱿鱼) shoot ink and water. Dr. Traverso’s tiny automated injectors are packaged in capsules that patients can swallow. Once inside the digestive system, the capsules break down, releasing the injectors, which then deliver drugs through the surface layer of stomach or other digestive organs and into the subsurface tissues below. This method allows patients to receive treatment without seeing or feeling a needle. Although the technique is promising, it is not yet entirely reliable. For an injector to work effectively, it must be positioned almost perfectly upright against the target tissue. With skin injections, a medical professional can adjust the angle by hand, but inside the digestive system, this is much more difficult. To solve this problem, Dr. Traver so turned to squids, which can shoot ink and water at high pressure in multiple directions. Inspired by this natural ability, he and his team worked with a medical company to develop tiny spring-loaded devices that release fast streams of medicine when activated. Tests on digestive tissues from pigs and dogs showed that the devices can effectively give injections even at angles below 70°. While human trials have yet to begin, Dr. Traver so hopes the technology will soon help people with diabetes, a disease that requires the patients to get multiple injections daily. A more convenient delivery system could make treatment easier and less stressful. But the potential applications extend beyond diabetes—similar devices may one day be used to administer vaccines, making immunization (免疫接种) more accessible. If all goes well, fear of needles could become a thing of the past. 1．What can we learn about the new injectors from the first two paragraphs? A．They are made from squid ink. B．They are invisible to human eyes. C．They enjoy popularity among patients. D．They operate within the digestive system. 2．What challenge does Traverso’s technique face? A．Keeping the injector at a correct angle. B．Finding a proper site for drug delivery. C．Having reliable medical professionals. D．Accessing the deep digestive system. 3．What can we infer about the technology from the last paragraph? A．It proves effective in human trials. B．It may cure people of needle anxiety. C．It shows promises for future applications. D．It will reduce the cost of diabetes treatment. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．The Secret of Squid Ink Shooting B．Painless Injection: A Gift from Squid C．Nature: A Guide for Medical Innovation D．The Development of Injection Techniques 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文。本文介绍了一种新型无痛注射技术，灵感来源于鱿鱼喷射墨水的机制。 【1 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Dr. Traverso’s tiny automated injectors are packaged in capsules that patients can swallow. Once inside the digestive system, the capsules break down, releasing the injectors, which then deliver drugs through the surface layer of stomach or other digestive organs and into the subsurface tissues below. This method allows patients to receive treatment without seeing or feeling a needle.(Traverso博士的微型自动注射器被包装在胶囊中，病人可以吞下。一旦进入消化系统，胶囊就会分解，释放出注射器，然后注射器通过胃或其他消化器官的表层将药物输送到下面的皮下组织。这种方法可以让患者在看不到或感觉不到针头的情况下接受治疗)”可知，注射器在消化系统内操作。故选D项。 【2 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Although the technique is promising, it is not yet entirely reliable. For an injector to work effectively, it must be positioned almost perfectly upright against the target tissue. With skin injections, a medical professional can adjust the angle by hand, but inside the digestive system, this is much more difficult.(虽然这项技术很有前途，但还不是完全可靠。为了使注射器有效地工作，它必须几乎完全垂直地放置在目标组织上。通过皮肤注射，医学专业人员可以手动调整角度，但在消化系统内，这要困难得多)”可知，技术面临的主要挑战是保持注射器的正确角度。故选A项。 【3 题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“While human trials have yet to begin, Dr. Traver so hopes the technology will soon help people with diabetes, a disease that requires the patients to get multiple injections daily. A more convenient delivery system could make treatment easier and less stressful. But the potential applications extend beyond diabetes—similar devices may one day be used to administer vaccines, making immunization (免疫接种) more accessible. If all goes well, fear of needles could become a thing of the past.(虽然人体试验尚未开始，但特拉弗博士希望这项技术能很快帮助糖尿病患者，这种疾病需要患者每天多次注射。一个更方便的输送系统可以使治疗更容易，压力更小。但潜在的应用范围不仅限于糖尿病——类似的设备可能有一天会被用于接种疫苗，使免疫接种更容易获得。如果一切顺利，对针头的恐惧可能会成为过去)”可推知，该技术在未来具有广阔的应用前景，故选C项。 【4 题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Needles, though essential for delivering many vital medicines, are not popular among patients. Many people experience discomfort or anxiety at the sight of a needle, making injections (注射) an unpleasant experience. Now, new research led by Giovanni Traverso at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) offers a way to give medicine without this discomfort—by copying how squids (鱿鱼) shoot ink and water.(尽管针头对于输送许多重要药物至关重要，但在患者中并不受欢迎。许多人一看到针头就感到不适或焦虑，这使得注射成为一种不愉快的经历。现在，麻省理工学院（MIT）的乔瓦尼·特拉弗索（Giovanni Traverso）领导的一项新研究提供了一种不用这种不适就能给药的方法——模仿鱿鱼喷射墨水和水的方式)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍了一种基于鱿鱼喷射机制的无痛注射技术，强调了其创新性和对患者的潜在益处，所以B项“无痛注射：来自乌贼的礼物”是本文最好的标题。故选B项。 （十一） （2025·甘肃白银·二模） Psychologist Julian Rotter published an article in 1966, introducing one of the most significant concepts in psychology, LOC (locus of control) (控制点). It reflects how much we expect our own behavior to affect what happens to us—rather than luck, fate, chance, or powerful others. In Rotter’s LOC test, people were asked to choose between internal and external alternatives. For example, “Many of the unhappy things in people’s lives are partly due to bad luck.” or “People’s misfortunes result from the mistakes they make.” But are we as internally controlled as we were in 1966? In February 2024, the college students of Stephen Nowicki, PhD took a test. The students’ average LOC score of 12. 86 was more external than the average of 8. 10 found by Rotter in 1966. In fact, his students scored more externally than the prisoners Rotter tested in 1966, who scored an average of 10.33. How can we explain the trend toward greater externality found in the general population and especially in Generation Z? One possibility is that greater externality may be a reflection of the way things are in the more complicated tech-driven world than they were in earlier times. Another more disconcerting possibility is that people in general could be underestimating the control available to them. We know that externality increases in response to disasters but the danger is that victims might remain external even though they are no longer helpless. This is especially noteworthy because individuals who do return to their original internality cope better than those who remain inappropriately external. Plentiful evidence has shown that internality is associated with more positive outcomes in areas of our lives including academic achievement and satisfaction in social activities. We need our internality. Being internal means taking responsibility for one’s actions, persisting longer, delaying rewards, gathering relevant information, and resisting pressure. Just as Rotter said,“Active steps should be taken to turn around this troubling trend because if feelings of externality continued, we may be heading for a society where each person sits back, watching the world go by.” 1．Which statement reflects an internal locus of control in Rotter’s LOC test? A．Success is the result of hard work. B．Sometimes I feel dizzy after a shower. C．Being famous is what everyone goes after. D．I will feel relieved when my problems are solved. 2．What did the test performed by Stephen Nowicki discover? A．His students are more internally controlled. B．His students are more externally controlled. C．His students rely heavily on personal responsibility. D．His students have similar LOC scores as those tested in 1966. 3．What does the underlined word “disconcerting” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Encouraging. B．Reassuring. C．Confusing. D．Upsetting. 4．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Externality leads to social progress. B．Personal responsibility is becoming overlooked. C．Efforts must be made to increase internality. D．Internality is the basic requirement for people. 【答案】 1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是说明文。本文探讨了控制点的概念及其对个体行为的影响，并指出现代人特别是Z世代倾向于外控。 【1 题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Psychologist Julian Rotter published an article in 1966, introducing one of the most significant concepts in psychology, LOC (locus of control) (控制点). It reflects how much we expect our own behavior to affect what happens to us—rather than luck, fate, chance, or powerful others. In Rotter’s LOC test, people were asked to choose between internal and external alternatives. For example, “Many of the unhappy things in people’s lives are partly due to bad luck.” or “People’s misfortunes result from the mistakes they make.”(心理学家Julian Rotter在1966年发表了一篇文章，介绍了心理学中最重要的概念之一——控制点（locus of control， LOC）。它反映了我们期望自己的行为影响发生在我们身上的事情的程度，而不是运气、命运、机会或强大的其他人。在Rotter的LOC测试中，人们被要求在内部和外部选项之间做出选择。例如，“人们生活中许多不愉快的事情部分是由于运气不好。”或者“人们的不幸源于他们所犯的错误。”)”可知，控制点反映了我们期望自己的行为在多大程度上影响发生在我们身上的事情，而不是运气、命运、机会或强大的他人。这是一种归因概念，分为内控（将行为结果归因于内部因素）和外控（将行为结果归因于外部因素）。选项A强调了个人努力对成功的影响，反映了内控。故选A项。 【2 题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“But are we as internally controlled as we were in 1966? In February 2024, the college students of Stephen Nowicki, PhD took a test. The students’ average LOC score of 12. 86 was more external than the average of 8. 10 found by Rotter in 1966. In fact, his students scored more externally than the prisoners Rotter tested in 1966, who scored an average of 10.33.(但是，我们还像1966年那样受到内部控制吗？2024年2月，斯蒂芬·诺维茨基博士所在的大学生参加了一项测试。学生的平均LOC成绩为12分。86分比平均的8分更外向。1966年被Rotter发现。事实上，他的学生的外在得分比1966年Rotter测试的囚犯要高，后者的平均得分为10.33)”可知，Stephen Nowicki的测试发现，2024年大学生的LOC得分更偏向外控，平均值为12.86，高于1966年Rotter测试的8.10。这表明现在的学生更倾向于外控。故选D项。 【3 题详解】 词句猜测他。根据后文“We know that externality increases in response to disasters but the danger is that victims might remain external even though they are no longer helpless. This is especially noteworthy because individuals who do return to their original internality cope better than those who remain inappropriately external.(我们知道，在应对灾害时，外部性会增加，但危险在于，受害者可能仍然处于外部，即使他们不再无助。这一点尤其值得注意，因为那些回归到最初的内在性的人比那些不适当地保持外在性的人应对得更好)”可知，人们总体上可能低估了他们的可控能力，这种情况令人担忧，推知disconcerting为“令人不安”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。 【4 题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Plentiful evidence has shown that internality is associated with more positive outcomes in areas of our lives including academic achievement and satisfaction in social activities. We need our internality. Being internal means taking responsibility for one’s actions, persisting longer, delaying rewards, gathering relevant information, and resisting pressure. Just as Rotter said,“Active steps should be taken to turn around this troubling trend because if feelings of externality continued, we may be heading for a society where each person sits back, watching the world go by. ”(大量证据表明，内在与我们生活中更积极的结果有关，包括学业成就和社会活动满意度。我们需要我们的内在。内在意味着对自己的行为负责，坚持更长时间，延迟奖励，收集相关信息，抵抗压力。正如罗特所说，“应该采取积极的措施来扭转这种令人不安的趋势，因为如果外部性的感觉继续下去，我们可能会走向一个每个人都坐在后面，看着世界过去的社会。”)”可知，人们应当采取措施扭转外控倾向者增加这一趋势，不然人们都听天由命而不发奋图强。故选C项。 2 / 2 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 编者按：2025年新高考地区二模试题分类整理，深度解析，排版整齐。 （一） （2025·浙江·二模） The progress of a human being through life might be thought of as mostly gradual changes from the cell to the grave. But if you wake up one morning, look in the mirror, and wonder when you suddenly grew so much older, you may not be imagining things. According to a recent research into the molecular (分子) changes associated with aging, humans experience two sharp lurches forward, one at the average age of 44 and the other at the average age of 60. “We’re not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes, ” geneticist Michael Snyder of Stanford University explained. Aging is complex, and associated with growing risks of diseases of all kinds. Snyder and his colleagues have been investigating the biology of aging to better understand what changes occur and how, in order to better ease and treat these diseases. To this end, they have been tracking a group of 108 adults, with ages spanning from 25 to 70, who have been donating biological samples every few months over several years. They noticed that in some conditions, such as Alzheimer’s and cardiovascular disease, risk doesn’t rise gradually with time; it increases sharply after a certain age. To see if they could identify related changes, the researchers decided to take a closer look at the biomarkers of aging. Each participant submitted an average of 47 samples over 626 days, with the longest-serving participant submitting 367 samples. This wealth of data resulted in more than 246 billion data points, which the researchers then processed, looking for patterns in the changes. Snyder and his colleagues noticed that around 81 percent of all the molecules they studied showed changes at two distinct stages. Changes peaked in the mid-40s, and again in the early 60s, with slight differences. Despite their findings, the researchers note that their sample size is pretty small, and they tested limited biological samples. Future research could help dig further into this phenomenon, studying it in more detail, across a wider range of subjects, to better understand how the human body changes over time. 1．What does the underlined word “lurches” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Rises. B．Advances. C．Conditions. D．Changes. 2．What is the aim of Michael Snyder’s research team? A．To slow the aging process. B．To extend human lifespan. C．To promote disease treatment. D．To reduce disease risks. 3．What can we learn about the participants? A．They experienced identical changes at two age stages. B．Their risk of contracting certain diseases rose with time. C．They donated biological samples monthly over the years. D．Their long-term involvement contributed to the abundance of data. 4．What is author’s suggestion for future research? A．Expand the sample size. B．Lengthen the research period. C．Increase the number of researchers. D．Improve the data processing efficiency. （二） （2025·浙江宁波·二模） It is late at night. You wander empty streets, heart pounding, muscles tense, sensing danger nearby. Now imagine the same situation, but without these responses. Would you still feel afraid? Experiences like this unveil a profound truth: our minds are not just products of the brain but emerge from its constant dialogue with the body. At the heart of this connection is the vagus nerve (神经) — the body’s longest nerve. It winds its way from the brain throughout the head and trunk, issuing commands to our organs and receiving feelings from them. Much of the confusing range of functions it regulates are automatic and operate without conscious control. These complex responses engage a group of neural networks that link brain and body. The vagus nerve is, in one way of thinking, the conduit of the mind. The primary function of the vagus nerve is to dampen the body’s responses. After a fear episode, for example, the body’s powerful, life-saving threat response must be ended to restore resting heartbeat, breathing, blood flow and the rest. So powerful is its influence that the vagus nerve can literally stop the beating heart. Conversely, it can also stimulate bodily responses by releasing the brakes to accelerate. The vagus nerve is the biological basis for many new therapies (疗法) worldwide. However, some people have taken the vagus nerve’s wide-ranging bodily influence as an invitation to engage in false science. In some corners of the Internet, so-called polyvagal therapy—physical or breathing exercises that some claim reset the vagus nerve — is proposed to address just about any disorder of the mind or body. There’s little evidence that these popular therapies are anything but comfort. The vagus nerve doesn’t need to be a cure for everything — its worth appreciating all on its own. Neuroscientists compare the vagus to an orchestra conductor, harmonizing bodily systems to compose our conscious experience. Professor Linda Rinaman once said, “We’re not just brains in jars. Our thoughts and feelings are rooted in flesh and blood.” 1．How does the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1? A．By sharing a story. B．By creating a scene. C．By asking a question. D．By defining a concept. 2．What does the underlined word “conduit” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Channel. B．Product. C．Mirror. D．Nature. 3．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The popularity of a biological treatment. B．The effectiveness of breathing exercises. C．The misuse of unproven nerve therapies. D．The evidence of vagus nerve’s functions. 4．What do Linda Rinaman’s words imply? A．Blood circulation determines our emotions. B．Physical health is unrelated to mental states. C．Body and mind interact to form experiences. D．Our brain stores feelings separate from body. （三） （2025·浙江宁波·二模） Global sea levels continue to rise despite efforts that cities around the world are making to reduce the effects of climate change and their carbon emissions. One firm, however, is hoping to battle the effects of climate change. Driven by alarming estimates that 36.6 million people in Asian coastal cities like Mumbai could face flooding by 2070, Luca Curci Architects, based in Venice, Italy, has released Floating City — a design that would allow urban areas to rise with the waters while making use of renewable energies to reduce their own carbon emissions. Each 25-acre unit houses 50,000 residents on interconnected platforms, with potential expansion for 200,000and buildings are capped at 90 meters tall for stability. “Structures must be flexible like bamboo in wind to resist waves,” explains architect Curci. To achieve this, seawater resistant materials are given priority to, while hollow sections in platforms help them float. Meanwhile, movable bridges are constructed to link these “water neighborhoods” to mainland transport systems. The project team also envisions a mix of renewable energy sources extracting power from wind, water, and the sun to power the city. During extreme weather, platforms automatically separate and regroup using intelligence algorithms inspired by how fish schools avoid hunters. Compared to building artificial islands, this method preserves 68% more marine (海洋) life and uses surfaces that absorb rainwater to reduce flooding risks. However, challenges persist. Seawater slowly harms materials, requiring repair every four months, and emergency plans for extreme weather are still under way. “This isn’t about abandoning coasts but evolving with them,” notes designer Tim Fu. While some question long-term possibility, the design redefines urban resilience. Unlike rigid sea walls, these dynamic structures harmonize with oceanic rhythms, offering a blueprint for climate solutions. “Cities must learn to dance with the waves,” Curci says. This philosophy could transform humanity’s relationship with rising seas, turning threats into sustainable opportunities. 1．What drove Luca Curci Architects to come up with a new design? A．Energy crisis. B．Potential disasters. C．Tourism expansion. D．Overcrowded cities. 2．Which of the following best describes Luca Curci’s design? A．Fictional and renewable. B．Adaptable and innovative. C．Eco-friendly and immovable. D．Wave-resistant and conventional. 3．A limitation of Luca Curci’s design is that ______. A．it threatens marine life B．it lacks clean energy options C．it requires regular maintenance D．it ignores coastal water changes 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．Ocean Protection: Life under Threat B．Rising with the Tides: Floating Cities C．Connecting to the Future: Eco Solutions D．Coastal Design: Inspiration from Bamboo （四） （2025·辽宁·二模） An alarming phenomenon has sprung up over the past few years: Many students are arriving at college unprepared to read entire books. Professors said they’ve seen a general change in how their students engage with literature. Students feel stressed at the thought of reading multiple books a semester. Why is this happening? The attraction of smartphones and social media came up, and it appears that many middle and high schools are teaching fewer full books. But a deeper cause is a change in values, not ability. The problem does not appear to be that “kids these days” are incurious or uninterested in reading. Instead, young people might be responding to a cultural message: Books just aren’t that important. The professors didn’t think their students were lazy. If anything, they were shocked at how overscheduled and anxious college kids are today — and they saw that their students’ schedules are crowded with activities that are less about personal development and more relevant to future employment. “There are too many demands on their time and focus to devote themselves easily or fully to works of literature that might take 20 hours to consume,” James Shapiro, an English professor at Columbia, said. In 1971, 37 percent of students said that a central objective of their college years was to become well-off financially. 73 percent said it was to develop a meaningful philosophy of life. By 2015, those numbers had almost completely switched. 82 percent of students said that it was essential for them to use college to become well-off financially, while 47 percent said they wanted to develop a meaningful philosophy of life. Experts and parents alike have emphasized preprofessional courses and downplayed the importance of humanistic study. In this environment, spending hours reading a novel may seem unproductive. In some ways, this is a hopeful conclusion: If we’ve shifted what we value, then it stands to reason that we could, as a society, shift back. The responsibility doesn’t lie only with Gen Z. Everyone who’s upset about the change has a role to play in turning it around. 1．What is the main concern raised in paragraph 1? A．Students’ struggle with literature. B．Professors’ dissatisfaction with students. C．Universities’ failure to prepare students. D．Students’ declining interest in classic works. 2．What can be inferred from James Shapiro’s words? A．Students can’t manage time properly. B．Students prefer to read shorter materials. C．Students have no ability to focus on lengthy texts. D．Students are too occupied to fully appreciate literature. 3．Why are the statistics mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To show students’ stress and anxiety. B．To illustrate the shift in students’ priorities. C．To highlight the significance of personal growth. D．To argue for the value of preprofessional courses. 4．Which can be a suitable title for the passage? A．What Are the Challenges of Modern Education? B．Why Are College Students Avoiding Literature? C．Can Society Restore the Value of Reading Literature? D．How Has Technology Redefined Reading for Students? （五） （2025·山东·二模） A research team, led by Dr. Lee Seung-Hee, Associate Director of the Institute for Basic Science (IBS), has uncovered a fundamental principle of how the brain prioritizes vision and hearing differently depending on whether we are still or in motion. The study provides new insights into the brain’s sensory decision-making processes and how they adapt to behavioral states. In daily life, we constantly process visual and auditory (听觉的) information to explore the world. For example, when watching a movie, the brain integrates images and sounds to create a unified experience. However, during movement-such as walking down a busy street-the brain may prioritize visual input over sound to avoid obstacles. Until now, the neural mechanisms (神经机制) behind this sensory prioritization remained unclear. Understanding this process is particularly important for individuals with sensory processing disorders. such as autism or schizophrenia, where the brain. may grapple with integrating sensory information effectively. By uncovering how the brain naturally shifts between sensory inputs, researchers hope to pave the way for better treatment for these conditions. To investigate this phenomenon, the research. team conducted behavioral experiments on mice, monitoring real-time brain activity using miniature microscopes and optogenetics, a technique that uses light to control neurons. The mice were trained to respond to both visual and auditory cues while either stationary or running on a treadmill. The results revealed a striking shift in sensory reliance: When stationary, the ice relied more on auditory cues to make decisions. When moving, their brains prioritized visual input. This suggests that the brain dynamically adjusts sensory weighting based on behavioral context. Sound may be more useful for detecting nearby events when still, whereas vision becomes critical during movement for spatial navigation and stability. This discovery could have important implications for understanding and treating sensory processing disorders, where the brain may struggle to properly prioritize sensory inputs. Dr. Lee explained, “Our findings demonstrate how the brain flexibly shifts between vision and hearing depending on behavior. Understanding this natural adaptability could lead to improved treatments for those with sensory integration difficulties.” 1．What was the main focus of Dr. Lee’s research? A．How behavior boosts the brain function. B．How physical state affects sensory focus. C．How information is processed by the brain. D．How sensory input guides decision-making. 2．What do the underlined words “grapple with” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Result in. B．Put off. C．Struggle with. D．Speed up. 3．How did the researchers investigate sensory prioritization in mice? A．By tracking their brain activity during sensory tasks. B．By monitoring their adaptation to light and sound. C．By recording their instant reactions to movement. D．By comparing corresponding human behavior. 4．What is the significance of the research? A．Advancing treatments for sensory processing disorders. B．Clarifying debates about humans’ adaptability. C．Enhancing the brain’s processing efficiency. D．Developing sensory integration techniques. （六） （2025·广东·二模） Picture this: You’re sitting at your desk, finally getting to the task that has been put off for ages. You have put your phone in your bag. Despite the urge to check it once in a while, you feel focused. Do you think you’re having a productive time? Think again. We tend to believe putting our phone face-side down on our desk or in our bag is enough to prevent us from being distracted (干扰). However, a recent study reveals that the mere presence of your phone, even if it’s out of sight, can be a distraction to your brain - a concept known as “brain drain”. To test the “brain drain” theory, 548 college students at the University of Texas were divided into three groups and asked to complete a set of brain performance tests, with their phones facing down on their desk, in their bag, or outside the room. Researchers found that the group with their phones in another room scored significantly higher. An analysis of 22 studies extends this line of research, indicating the mere presence of smartphones creates a “brain drain” and that the farther away they are from the users, the easier it is for them to concentrate. Why? Our brains can only focus on a small amount of information at once, and need to prioritize what is the most ever-present and relevant, like smartphones. In fact, we engage with the device an average of more than 150 times a day, which means we are rarely focused on a task for more than a few minutes without our attention being divided. This over-reliance on smartphones trains our brain to be inattentive, leaving less space for other tasks. As our phones constantly battle for our attention, how can we prevent them from negatively impacting our performance at work? A good starting point is to educate ourselves on the impact of phone usage on our brains so we can make more informed decisions when working on a task. To further improve our productivity, we should also remember to place our phone outside the room, rather than simply turn it upside down or silence it right beside us. 1．What does the author open the text with? A．A heated discussion. B．A vividly-described painting. C．A well-known theory. D．A common misunderstanding. 2．Why is the analysis of 22 studies cited? A．To confirm previous findings. B．To analyze studies’ outcomes. C．To compare research methods. D．To track subjects’ performances. 3．What causes a “brain drain” according to the text? A．The lack of concentration training. B．The limited capacity of our brains. C．The overload of online information. D．The mindful use of digital devices. 4．How can we avoid distractions from phones at work? A．By reducing our phone’s usage. B．By switching smartphones to silent mode. C．By covering our phone’s screen. D．By separating work zones and phone zones. （七） （2025·广东·二模） The long-held assumption that intelligence is the primary driver of academic achievement is challenged by a recent study in Human Behavior. The study, led by Dr. Malan from University of London and jointly carried out by a group of international experts, has revealed that non-cognitive (非认知的) skills, such as motivation, self-regulation and academic interest, are no less important than intelligence in determining academic success. The influence of these skills accrues throughout a child’s education, with genetic (基因的) factors playing a significant role in shaping this developmental path. The study tracked over 10,000 children from age 7 to 16 in England and Wales and used twin studies and DNA analysis to investigate the impact of non-cognitive skills on academic outcomes as well as the influential factors, like genes and environment, that affect these skills. One striking finding is the growing role of genetics in shaping non-cognitive skills and their impact on academic achievement. Researchers created a special method known as the “polygenic score” to measure these skills and found that genetic effects associated with non-cognitive skills became increasingly predictive of academic achievement, nearly doubling between the ages of 7 and 16. By the end of required schooling, genetic influence on non-cognitive skills was as strong as that on cognitive skills in predicting academic success. Besides, by comparing children from the same family, researchers could separate the impact of shared family environment from genetic factors. “We found that how children were raised in the family played a significant role, although the increasing influence of non-cognitive genetics on academic achievement was still evident,” said Dr. Alleg, a co-researcher in the study. The findings have far-reaching implications for education. The study suggests that schools should develop programs to support students’ emotional and social development. Dr. Malan said, “By doing so, we can create a more inclusive and effective learning environment for students.” The study also highlights the need for further research into the complex interaction between genes, environment and education. By understanding these factors, educators and policymakers can develop more effective strategies to support students’ overall development and achieve better educational outcomes. 1．What does the underlined word “accrues” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Mounts. B．Remains. C．Varies. D．Surfaces. 2．Why was the special method used in the study? A．To predict students’ academic achievement. B．To measure the role of environment in learning. C．To evaluate the genetic impact on non-cognitive skills. D．To assess the academic influence of cognitive abilities. 3．What are the researchers most likely to recommend? A．Advanced math courses. B．AI programming workshops. C．Writing training programs. D．Community service projects. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Promoting Effective Learning B．The Overlooked Benefits of Genes C．Unlocking Academic Potential D．The Hidden Key to Academic Success （八） （2025·山东·二模） You’re in the middle of the afternoon, eyelids heavy, focus slipping. You close your eyes for half an hour and wake up feeling recharged. But later that night, you’re tossing and turning in bed, wondering why you can’t fall asleep. That midday nap (小睡) which felt so refreshing at the time might be the reason. Most people experience a natural decline in alertness in the early afternoon, typically between 1 pm and 4 pm. This isn’t just due to a heavy lunch — our internal body clock, or circadian rhythms (生理节奏), creates cycles of wakefulness and tiredness throughout the day. The early afternoon lull is part of this rhythm, which is why so many people feel drowsy (昏昏欲睡的) at that time, Studies suggest that a short nap during this period — ideally followed by bright light exposure - can help counteract fatigue, boost alertness, and improve cognitive function without interfering with nighttime sleep. These “power naps” allow the brain to rest without slipping into deep sleep, making it easier to wake up feeling refreshed. But there’s a catch: napping too long may result in waking up feeling worse than before. This is due to “sleep inertia” — the dizziness and disorientation that comes from waking up during deeper sleep stages. Once a nap extends beyond 30 minutes, the brain transitions into slow-wave sleep, making it much harder to wake up. Studies show that waking from deep sleep can leave people feeling sluggish for up to an hour. And if a nap is taken too late in the day, it can eat away from the “sleep pressure build-up” — the body’s natural drive for sleep-making it harder to fall asleep at night. To nap effectively, timing and environment matter. Despite the benefits, napping isn’t for everyone. Age, lifestyle and underlying sleep patterns all influence whether naps help or hinder. A good nap is all about strategy — knowing when, how, and if one should nap at all. For some it’s a life hack, improving focus and energy. For others, it’s a slippery slope into sleep disruption. The key is to experiment and observe how naps affect your overall sleep quality. 1．What does the first paragraph indicate? A．Sleep problems bother many people. B．Naps improve long-term health C．Illnesses arise from lack of sleep. D．Not all naps are beneficial to man. 2．Why do people feel drowsy during the day? A．A light lunch causes sleepiness. B．The body has a rhythm to follow. C．Short naps can’t boost brain activities. D．Sleep with light on prevents deeper sleep. 3．Which of the following may disturb nighttime sleep? A．Taking a nap in late afternoon. B．Napping for less than 10 minutes. C．Following the internal body clock. D．Avoiding slow-wave sleep in the day. 4．What does the author advise us to do? A．Set practical nap goals. B．Follow strict nap rules. C．Personalize nap strategies. D．Observe more before acting. （九） （2025·浙江台州·二模） The famous marshmallow test, where children are asked to choose one marshmallow now or two later, may reveal more than willpower. Recent research suggests the ability to delay gratification (满足) could help protect against cognitive (认知) decline. This skill strengthens the brain’s prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for planning and reasoning. Just as regular physical exercise helps maintain muscle strength, regularly practising delayed gratification may help maintain cognitive functions throughout life. Over time, it will definitely build up mental resilience. Resisting immediate rewards stimulates “cool” controlling strategies in the prefrontal cortex, while giving in to temptation involves emotional decision-making areas. Regular practice of these “cool” strategies contributes to cognitive reserve, which highlights the importance of mental stimulation. This regular practice will potentially delay cognitive decline. It’s not just about willpower, but the ability to plan for the future, which is essential to make healthier lifestyle choices that benefit brain health. These skills can be developed at any age. While early childhood lays the foundation for delayed gratification, adults can strengthen self-control through consistent practice. Strategies like setting specific goals enhance these abilities. Studies show those who regularly practice self-control tend to maintain better cognitive functions as they age, demonstrating stronger problem-solving skills. Physical activity matters in this relationship. Research shows that higher physical activity is linked to better cognitive function, especially in older adults. Delaying gratification helps maintain regular exercise habits, creating a positive feedback circle that supports brain health. The more we practice delayed gratification, the more we strengthen our brain’s ability of self-control and protect against future cognitive decline. To develop these skills, start with small delays and gradually increase the waiting period. Set achievable goals and practice mindfulness to manage emotional urges. It’s never too late to start building cognitive resilience, and the small choices we make today can have a lasting impact on our mental health in the long term. 1．How does the author illustrate delayed gratification in paragraph 1? A．By defining concepts. B．By giving descriptions. C．By making comparisons. D．By conducting surveys. 2．What’s the function of practicing “cool” controlling strategies regularly? A．Enhancing cognitive reserve. B．Arousing emotional awareness. C．Developing temptation resistance. D．Boosting willpower performance. 3．How can adults improve their problem-solving skills? A．By building physical fitness gradually. B．By exercising self-control consistently. C．By making feedback circles immediately. D．By establishing major objectives successfully. 4．What’s the main idea of the text? A．Delayed gratification benefits brain health. B．Physical activity increases muscle strength. C．Waiting period influences cognitive function. D．Positive mindfulness manages emotional drive. （十） （2025·广东·二模） Needles, though essential for delivering many vital medicines, are not popular among patients. Many people experience discomfort or anxiety at the sight of a needle, making injections (注射) an unpleasant experience. Now, new research led by Giovanni Traverso at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) offers a way to give medicine without this discomfort—by copying how squids (鱿鱼) shoot ink and water. Dr. Traverso’s tiny automated injectors are packaged in capsules that patients can swallow. Once inside the digestive system, the capsules break down, releasing the injectors, which then deliver drugs through the surface layer of stomach or other digestive organs and into the subsurface tissues below. This method allows patients to receive treatment without seeing or feeling a needle. Although the technique is promising, it is not yet entirely reliable. For an injector to work effectively, it must be positioned almost perfectly upright against the target tissue. With skin injections, a medical professional can adjust the angle by hand, but inside the digestive system, this is much more difficult. To solve this problem, Dr. Traver so turned to squids, which can shoot ink and water at high pressure in multiple directions. Inspired by this natural ability, he and his team worked with a medical company to develop tiny spring-loaded devices that release fast streams of medicine when activated. Tests on digestive tissues from pigs and dogs showed that the devices can effectively give injections even at angles below 70°. While human trials have yet to begin, Dr. Traver so hopes the technology will soon help people with diabetes, a disease that requires the patients to get multiple injections daily. A more convenient delivery system could make treatment easier and less stressful. But the potential applications extend beyond diabetes—similar devices may one day be used to administer vaccines, making immunization (免疫接种) more accessible. If all goes well, fear of needles could become a thing of the past. 1．What can we learn about the new injectors from the first two paragraphs? A．They are made from squid ink. B．They are invisible to human eyes. C．They enjoy popularity among patients. D．They operate within the digestive system. 2．What challenge does Traverso’s technique face? A．Keeping the injector at a correct angle. B．Finding a proper site for drug delivery. C．Having reliable medical professionals. D．Accessing the deep digestive system. 3．What can we infer about the technology from the last paragraph? A．It proves effective in human trials. B．It may cure people of needle anxiety. C．It shows promises for future applications. D．It will reduce the cost of diabetes treatment. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．The Secret of Squid Ink Shooting B．Painless Injection: A Gift from Squid C．Nature: A Guide for Medical Innovation D．The Development of Injection Techniques （十一） （2025·甘肃白银·二模） Psychologist Julian Rotter published an article in 1966, introducing one of the most significant concepts in psychology, LOC (locus of control) (控制点). It reflects how much we expect our own behavior to affect what happens to us—rather than luck, fate, chance, or powerful others. In Rotter’s LOC test, people were asked to choose between internal and external alternatives. For example, “Many of the unhappy things in people’s lives are partly due to bad luck.” or “People’s misfortunes result from the mistakes they make.” But are we as internally controlled as we were in 1966? In February 2024, the college students of Stephen Nowicki, PhD took a test. The students’ average LOC score of 12. 86 was more external than the average of 8. 10 found by Rotter in 1966. In fact, his students scored more externally than the prisoners Rotter tested in 1966, who scored an average of 10.33. How can we explain the trend toward greater externality found in the general population and especially in Generation Z? One possibility is that greater externality may be a reflection of the way things are in the more complicated tech-driven world than they were in earlier times. Another more disconcerting possibility is that people in general could be underestimating the control available to them. We know that externality increases in response to disasters but the danger is that victims might remain external even though they are no longer helpless. This is especially noteworthy because individuals who do return to their original internality cope better than those who remain inappropriately external. Plentiful evidence has shown that internality is associated with more positive outcomes in areas of our lives including academic achievement and satisfaction in social activities. We need our internality. Being internal means taking responsibility for one’s actions, persisting longer, delaying rewards, gathering relevant information, and resisting pressure. Just as Rotter said,“Active steps should be taken to turn around this troubling trend because if feelings of externality continued, we may be heading for a society where each person sits back, watching the world go by.” 1．Which statement reflects an internal locus of control in Rotter’s LOC test? A．Success is the result of hard work. B．Sometimes I feel dizzy after a shower. C．Being famous is what everyone goes after. D．I will feel relieved when my problems are solved. 2．What did the test performed by Stephen Nowicki discover? A．His students are more internally controlled. B．His students are more externally controlled. C．His students rely heavily on personal responsibility. D．His students have similar LOC scores as those tested in 1966. 3．What does the underlined word “disconcerting” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Encouraging. B．Reassuring. C．Confusing. D．Upsetting. 4．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Externality leads to social progress. B．Personal responsibility is becoming overlooked. C．Efforts must be made to increase internality. D．Internality is the basic requirement for people. 2 / 2 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$