Unit 3 Sea Exploration Using Language复习不定式学案 2024-2025学年高中英语人教版选择性必修第四册

人教版 选择性必修四 U3 语法知识：复习不定式 复习不定式 一、动词不定式的时态和语态构成 动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。其否定形式为“not+动词不定式”。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,但是有时态和语态的变化。如下表所示: 时态 语态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing / 完成进行式 to have been doing / 一、动词不定式的用法 (一)动词不定式作主语 情景导学 To show mercy to enemies is cruel to ourselves.对敌人仁慈就是对我们自己残忍。 It is pleasant to breathe the fresh air in the morning.在早晨呼吸新鲜空气是令人愉快的。 It was very considerate of him to arrange everything well before the wedding.婚礼前他安排好了一切,非常体贴。 It is important for us to behave ourselves in public.对我们来说,在公共场合行为得当很重要。 It took J.K. Rowling about five years to finish her first book.J.K.罗琳花了大约五年的时间完成了她的第一本书。 用法归纳 (1)动词不定式作主语往往表示具体的、一次性的或尚未发生的动作。 (2)单个不定式(短语)作主语时,谓语动词用　     形式。 (3)为了保持句子结构平衡,避免头重脚轻,往往用　    作形式主语,把作真正主语的不定式(短语)放在后面。 常用于下面的句型: It takes/took sb. some time to do sth. It is/was+adj.(kind/nice/foolish/mean/wise/honest/...)+of sb. to do sth. It is/was+adj.(important/necessary/possible/easy/...)+for sb. to do sth. 在It is/was+adj.+of/for sb. to do sth.句型中,当形容词形容人的品质、性格等时,介词用　    ,当形容词表示不定式的特征时,介词用　    。 (二)动词不定式作宾语 情景导学 That was why none of the children thought it unusual that David had decided to join the cross-country team.那就是为什么没有一个孩子认为戴维决定加入越野队是不寻常的。(2022新高考Ⅱ) As working from home becomes increasingly common, people are finding it easier to combine parenthood with a full-time career.由于在家工作变得越来越普遍,人们发现更容易兼顾家长之职与全职工作了。(2021天津3月) 用法归纳 (1)常见的跟不定式作宾语的动词有: 三个希望两答应:hope, wish, want, agree, promise 两个要求一拒绝:demand, ask, refuse 设法学会做决定:manage, learn, decide 不要假装在选择:pretend, choose 计划提出两打算:plan, offer, intend, mean 申请失败担得起:apply, fail, afford 准备期望又碰巧:prepare, desire, happen (2)有些动词后如果有较长的不定式短语作宾语,且还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用　    作形式宾语。构成:v.+　    +adj./n.+to do sth.。用于此结构的常见动词有:find, think, consider, feel, make, believe等。 特别提醒 but和except后接不定式时,常遵循“前有do,后省to”的原则。 I have nothing to do but (to)watch TV.我除了看电视,没有事情可做。 Tom has no choice but to give up.汤姆别无选择,只能放弃。 (三)动词不定式作表语 情景导学 The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism.本书的目的是为数字极简主义辩护。 (2023新课标Ⅰ) My ambition is to be in a league of my own in this field.我的目标是在这个领域独领风骚。 用法归纳 (1)不定式可放在　     后作表语,通常说明　     的具体内容,往往含有将来的意思。 (2)常用不定式作表语的主语有:dream, ambition, hope, aim, goal, purpose, wish, advice, suggestion, promise, idea等。 (四)动词不定式作定语 情景导学 We are preparing for the midterm examination to be held next week.我们正在为下周将要举行的期中考试做准备。 A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked 40 days to Xi'an, as a first step to journey the Belt and Road route by foot.近日,一名来自北京的失明男子徒步40天来到西安,作为徒步旅行“一带一路”路线的第一步。 (2022全国甲) And the only way for us to get into the habit of waiting is to practice.而我们养成等待习惯的唯一方法就是练习。 (2023全国甲) She said she had no plans to go there.她说她没有去那里的打算。 The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.布朗一家有一套舒适的房子可以居住。 用法归纳 (1)不定式在句中作定语修饰名词或代词时,常置于被修饰词之后。 (2)当中心词为　     、最高级或中心词被这类词修饰时,多用不定式作定语。 (3)当中心词被the last、　     、the very等限定时,多用不定式作定语。 (4)有些抽象名词后常跟不定式作定语,常见的有promise、plan、chance、decision、ability、order、instructions等。 特别提醒 当不定式与被修饰词之间是被动关系,且句中有该不定式的逻辑主语时,不定式常用主动形式表被动意义。如果这个不定式是不及物动词,其后应有与之搭配的介词。 (五)动词不定式作宾语补足语 情景导学 Though technology is used to help us, we should not allow it to take over our lives.虽然技术被用来帮助我们,但我们不应该让它掌控我们的生活。 We shouldn't consider our opponents to be the weak.我们不应该轻敌。 People saw firefighters withdraw from the scene of the fire.人们看见消防员撤离了火灾现场。 No one can help you (to) overcome your fear, so you must depend on yourself.没有人能帮助你克服自身的恐惧,因此你只能靠自己。 (写作·提出建议) With so many problems to settle, we should hold another meeting tomorrow.有这么多问题要解决,我们明天应该再开一次会议。 用法归纳 (1)ask、cause、help、force、allow、consider、permit、advise、order、get、want、wish、tell等动词常用不定式作宾语补足语。 (2)在“五看(see、watch、observe、notice、look at)三使(make、let、have)二听(hear、listen to)一感觉(feel)”后面的宾语补足语中,不定式　     ,但变为被动语态后,必须　     。 (3)help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式可带to也可不带to,意思没有区别。 (4)不定式可在with的复合结构中作宾补,即with+宾语+不定式。 特别提醒 (1)五看(see、watch、observe、notice、look at)二听(hear、listen to)一感觉(feel)接省略to的不定式作宾语补足语时,表示“看到/听到/感觉到动作的全过程”;这些词也可以接现在分词作宾语补足语,这时表示“看到/听到/感觉到动作正在发生”。 (2)不定式作宾语补足语的结构变为被动语态时,宾语补足语就转换成了主语补足语。 (六)动词不定式作状语 情景导学 He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.他还设计了一种生态机器来净化中国东南部城市福州的运河水。(2023新课标Ⅰ) Eagerly, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didn't fit. 她急切地从包裹里拿出连衣裙试穿了一下,结果发现它不合身。 I was frightened to hear a strange sound from the empty house.听见从空荡荡的屋子里传来了奇怪的声音我非常害怕。 He was not brave enough to report the loss of the documents.他没有足够的勇气去报告文件的丢失。 用法归纳 (1)不定式作状语时,其逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语。 (2)不定式作 　     状语时,通常可与in order to、so as to互换,但so as to通常不置于句首。 (3)不定式作结果状语,常用结构为“形容词/副词+enough+to do...”,“too...to do...”。 表示出乎意料的结果时,常在不定式前面加上　    。 (4)不定式作　     状语时,常用于sorry、surprised、disappointed、excited、glad、happy、delighted、pleased、frightened等形容词后,说明某种情绪产生的原因。 特别提醒 现在分词短语作结果状语常常表示意料之中的结果。 It hasn't rained for a month, making the crops hard to grow.已经一个月没下雨了,使得庄稼很难生长。 三、动词不定式使用的注意事项 情景导学1 This new technology is easy to apply to various fields.这项新技术很容易应用到各个领域。 The text is too difficult to understand.这篇文章太难理解了。 用法归纳1 在“主语+be+adj.(easy/hard/safe/good/comfortable/...)+to do”和“too...to do...”结构中,不定式和句子主语之间构成逻辑上的 　     关系时,不定式常用 　     形式表示         意义。 情景导学2 I felt I was to blame for this car accident.我觉得我应该为这次汽车事故负责。 用法归纳2 　     为主动形式,但表示被动意义。 情景导学3 To tell you the truth, I don't like the way you talk to your principal.说实话,我不喜欢你和校长说话的方式。 However, to be frank, many people have doubts about his sincerity.不过,坦率地说,很多人对他的诚意有疑问。 They had an awful time! To begin with, Max got sick on the first day.他们度过了一段糟糕的时光!首先,马克斯第一天就生病了。 用法归纳3 不定式短语to tell you the truth(说实话);to be frank(坦白说);to be exact(确切地说);to begin with(首先)等,常在句中作状语,这时不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语不必一致。 情景导学4 When to get together hasn't been decided.什么时候聚会还没决定。 Learn where to look for animals and how to safely enjoy your wildlife watching experience.学习在哪里寻找动物以及如何安全地享受你的野生动物观赏经历。 (2023新课标Ⅱ) I haven't decided whether to visit my grandparents in the country or go on an outing this weekend.我还没有决定这个周末是去看望乡下的祖父母还是去远足。 用法归纳4 不定式有时可与what、which、who、when、 　     、 　     、　     等疑问词连用构成一个“疑问词+动词不定式”结构, 这个结构相当于一个名词,可在句中作　     或　     等成分。但why后面不能接带to的不定式。 即时巩固 用括号内单词的正确形式填空 Across northern Africa, the desert is steadily growing. Drylands are spreading. But a bold project known as the Great Green Wall aims 1.　     (stop) the growth of the desert. The ambitious program includes plans 2.　     (help) protect and maintain land and water resources and fight poverty, which are practical enough 3.　     (make) the bad situation change for the better. To care for their land 4.　    (be) what farmers are learning. They are planting millions of trees and crops. The program receives support from the United Nations, the World Bank and other organizations, which feel it their duty 5.　     (help) develop the project and are glad 6.　     (see) the project take effect. The Great Green Wall's trees provide a barrier against desert winds and help hold moisture in the air and soil, allowing crops 7.　     (grow) better. More resources will bring more jobs. “The goal is 8. ______(create)sustainable land management,” said Nora Berrahmouni, a forestry officer who works with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 人教版 选择性必修四 U3 语法知识：复习不定式 复习不定式 一、动词不定式的时态和语态构成 动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。其否定形式为“not+动词不定式”。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,但是有时态和语态的变化。如下表所示: 时态 语态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing / 完成进行式 to have been doing / 一、动词不定式的用法 (一)动词不定式作主语 情景导学 To show mercy to enemies is cruel to ourselves.对敌人仁慈就是对我们自己残忍。 It is pleasant to breathe the fresh air in the morning.在早晨呼吸新鲜空气是令人愉快的。 It was very considerate of him to arrange everything well before the wedding.婚礼前他安排好了一切,非常体贴。 It is important for us to behave ourselves in public.对我们来说,在公共场合行为得当很重要。 It took J.K. Rowling about five years to finish her first book.J.K.罗琳花了大约五年的时间完成了她的第一本书。 用法归纳 (1)动词不定式作主语往往表示具体的、一次性的或尚未发生的动作。 (2)单个不定式(短语)作主语时,谓语动词用　     形式。（单数） (3)为了保持句子结构平衡,避免头重脚轻,往往用　    作形式主语,把作真正主语的不定式(短语)放在后面。（it） 常用于下面的句型: It takes/took sb. some time to do sth. It is/was+adj.(kind/nice/foolish/mean/wise/honest/...)+of sb. to do sth. It is/was+adj.(important/necessary/possible/easy/...)+for sb. to do sth. 在It is/was+adj.+of/for sb. to do sth.句型中,当形容词形容人的品质、性格等时,介词用　    ,当形容词表示不定式的特征时,介词用　    。（of；for） (二)动词不定式作宾语 情景导学 That was why none of the children thought it unusual that David had decided to join the cross-country team.那就是为什么没有一个孩子认为戴维决定加入越野队是不寻常的。(2022新高考Ⅱ) As working from home becomes increasingly common, people are finding it easier to combine parenthood with a full-time career.由于在家工作变得越来越普遍,人们发现更容易兼顾家长之职与全职工作了。(2021天津3月) 用法归纳 (1)常见的跟不定式作宾语的动词有: 三个希望两答应:hope, wish, want, agree, promise 两个要求一拒绝:demand, ask, refuse 设法学会做决定:manage, learn, decide 不要假装在选择:pretend, choose 计划提出两打算:plan, offer, intend, mean 申请失败担得起:apply, fail, afford 准备期望又碰巧:prepare, desire, happen (2)有些动词后如果有较长的不定式短语作宾语,且还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用　    作形式宾语。构成:v.+　    +adj./n.+to do sth.。用于此结构的常见动词有:find, think, consider, feel, make, believe等。（it；it） 特别提醒 but和except后接不定式时,常遵循“前有do,后省to”的原则。 I have nothing to do but (to)watch TV.我除了看电视,没有事情可做。 Tom has no choice but to give up.汤姆别无选择,只能放弃。 (三)动词不定式作表语 情景导学 The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism.本书的目的是为数字极简主义辩护。 (2023新课标Ⅰ) My ambition is to be in a league of my own in this field.我的目标是在这个领域独领风骚。 用法归纳 (1)不定式可放在　     后作表语,通常说明　     的具体内容,往往含有将来的意思。（系动词；主语） (2)常用不定式作表语的主语有:dream, ambition, hope, aim, goal, purpose, wish, advice, suggestion, promise, idea等。 (四)动词不定式作定语 情景导学 We are preparing for the midterm examination to be held next week.我们正在为下周将要举行的期中考试做准备。 A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked 40 days to Xi'an, as a first step to journey the Belt and Road route by foot.近日,一名来自北京的失明男子徒步40天来到西安,作为徒步旅行“一带一路”路线的第一步。 (2022全国甲) And the only way for us to get into the habit of waiting is to practice.而我们养成等待习惯的唯一方法就是练习。 (2023全国甲) She said she had no plans to go there.她说她没有去那里的打算。 The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.布朗一家有一套舒适的房子可以居住。 用法归纳 (1)不定式在句中作定语修饰名词或代词时,常置于被修饰词之后。 (2)当中心词为　     、最高级或中心词被这类词修饰时,多用不定式作定语。（序数词） (3)当中心词被the last、　     、the very等限定时,多用不定式作定语。（the only） (4)有些抽象名词后常跟不定式作定语,常见的有promise、plan、chance、decision、ability、order、instructions等。 特别提醒 当不定式与被修饰词之间是被动关系,且句中有该不定式的逻辑主语时,不定式常用主动形式表被动意义。如果这个不定式是不及物动词,其后应有与之搭配的介词。 (五)动词不定式作宾语补足语 情景导学 Though technology is used to help us, we should not allow it to take over our lives.虽然技术被用来帮助我们,但我们不应该让它掌控我们的生活。 We shouldn't consider our opponents to be the weak.我们不应该轻敌。 People saw firefighters withdraw from the scene of the fire.人们看见消防员撤离了火灾现场。 No one can help you (to) overcome your fear, so you must depend on yourself.没有人能帮助你克服自身的恐惧,因此你只能靠自己。 (写作·提出建议) With so many problems to settle, we should hold another meeting tomorrow.有这么多问题要解决,我们明天应该再开一次会议。 用法归纳 (1)ask、cause、help、force、allow、consider、permit、advise、order、get、want、wish、tell等动词常用不定式作宾语补足语。 (2)在“五看(see、watch、observe、notice、look at)三使(make、let、have)二听(hear、listen to)一感觉(feel)”后面的宾语补足语中,不定式　     ,但变为被动语态后,必须　     。（不带to；还原to） (3)help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式可带to也可不带to,意思没有区别。 (4)不定式可在with的复合结构中作宾补,即with+宾语+不定式。 特别提醒 (1)五看(see、watch、observe、notice、look at)二听(hear、listen to)一感觉(feel)接省略to的不定式作宾语补足语时,表示“看到/听到/感觉到动作的全过程”;这些词也可以接现在分词作宾语补足语,这时表示“看到/听到/感觉到动作正在发生”。 (2)不定式作宾语补足语的结构变为被动语态时,宾语补足语就转换成了主语补足语。 (六)动词不定式作状语 情景导学 He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.他还设计了一种生态机器来净化中国东南部城市福州的运河水。(2023新课标Ⅰ) Eagerly, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didn't fit. 她急切地从包裹里拿出连衣裙试穿了一下,结果发现它不合身。 I was frightened to hear a strange sound from the empty house.听见从空荡荡的屋子里传来了奇怪的声音我非常害怕。 He was not brave enough to report the loss of the documents.他没有足够的勇气去报告文件的丢失。 用法归纳 (1)不定式作状语时,其逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语。 (2)不定式作 　     状语时,通常可与in order to、so as to互换,但so as to通常不置于句首。（目的） (3)不定式作结果状语,常用结构为“形容词/副词+enough+to do...”,“too...to do...”。 表示出乎意料的结果时,常在不定式前面加上　    。（only） (4)不定式作　     状语时,常用于sorry、surprised、disappointed、excited、glad、happy、delighted、pleased、frightened等形容词后,说明某种情绪产生的原因。（原因） 特别提醒 现在分词短语作结果状语常常表示意料之中的结果。 It hasn't rained for a month, making the crops hard to grow.已经一个月没下雨了,使得庄稼很难生长。 三、动词不定式使用的注意事项 情景导学1 This new technology is easy to apply to various fields.这项新技术很容易应用到各个领域。 The text is too difficult to understand.这篇文章太难理解了。 用法归纳1 在“主语+be+adj.(easy/hard/safe/good/comfortable/...)+to do”和“too...to do...”结构中,不定式和句子主语之间构成逻辑上的 　     关系时,不定式常用 　     形式表示         意义。（被动；主动；被动） 情景导学2 I felt I was to blame for this car accident.我觉得我应该为这次汽车事故负责。 用法归纳2 　     为主动形式,但表示被动意义。（be to blame） 情景导学3 To tell you the truth, I don't like the way you talk to your principal.说实话,我不喜欢你和校长说话的方式。 However, to be frank, many people have doubts about his sincerity.不过,坦率地说,很多人对他的诚意有疑问。 They had an awful time! To begin with, Max got sick on the first day.他们度过了一段糟糕的时光!首先,马克斯第一天就生病了。 用法归纳3 不定式短语to tell you the truth(说实话);to be frank(坦白说);to be exact(确切地说);to begin with(首先)等,常在句中作状语,这时不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语不必一致。 情景导学4 When to get together hasn't been decided.什么时候聚会还没决定。 Learn where to look for animals and how to safely enjoy your wildlife watching experience.学习在哪里寻找动物以及如何安全地享受你的野生动物观赏经历。 (2023新课标Ⅱ) I haven't decided whether to visit my grandparents in the country or go on an outing this weekend.我还没有决定这个周末是去看望乡下的祖父母还是去远足。 用法归纳4 不定式有时可与what、which、who、when、 　     、 　     、　     等疑问词连用构成一个“疑问词+动词不定式”结构, 这个结构相当于一个名词,可在句中作　     或　     等成分。但why后面不能接带to的不定式。（where；how；whether；主语；宾语） 即时巩固 用括号内单词的正确形式填空 Across northern Africa, the desert is steadily growing. Drylands are spreading. But a bold project known as the Great Green Wall aims 1.　     (stop) the growth of the desert. The ambitious program includes plans 2.　     (help) protect and maintain land and water resources and fight poverty, which are practical enough 3.　     (make) the bad situation change for the better. To care for their land 4.　    (be) what farmers are learning. They are planting millions of trees and crops. The program receives support from the United Nations, the World Bank and other organizations, which feel it their duty 5.　     (help) develop the project and are glad 6.　     (see) the project take effect. The Great Green Wall's trees provide a barrier against desert winds and help hold moisture in the air and soil, allowing crops 7.　     (grow) better. More resources will bring more jobs. “The goal is 8. ______(create)sustainable land management,” said Nora Berrahmouni, a forestry officer who works with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 答案 一、 1.to stop 2.to help 3.to make 4.is 5.to help 6.to see 7.to grow 8.to create 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$