Unit 1 Science Fiction（知识清单）-【百汇大课堂·高中学习测试卷】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册（人教版2019）

UNIT1 SCIENCE FICTION Section 1 Reading and Thinking [基础知识必备 1. testout试验;考验:检验;测试 · test sb.onsth.就某事(物)测试某人 teststh.onsb./sth.在某人/某事物身上试验某物 test sb.for sth.为某事检查某人 ·givetakeatest举行参加测试 put...tothe test对......进行考验 ①Scientists test out theories by experiment. 科学家用实验来检验理论。 ②They have decided to test the medicine on cats. 他们已决定在猫身上试验这种药。 ③All candidates will be required to take a short test. 所有候选者都要参加一个小测验。 2. integrityn.诚实正直;完整;完好 personal/professional integrity个人的/职业上的诚实正直 to behavewithintegrity行为表现诚实正直 honesty and integrity 诚实正直 a manof integrity正直的人 a sense of integrity 正义感 territorial integrity 领土完整 ①No one doubted his ability, his industry or honesty and integrity. 没人怀疑他的能力、勤奋和诚实正直。 ②He has a strong sense of integrity and always tells the truth. 他具有强烈的正义感,总是说实话 ③In the high speed digital circuit, signal integrity plays a key role. 在高速数字电路中,信号完整性问题至关重要。 3.dignityn.庄重;庄严;尊严 ·withdignity自尊地,庄严地 beneathone'sdignity有失尊严 ·dignifyvi.授以荣誉(或尊严);使光荣,使变得高贵,使显贵,使变得崇 高(或庄严),增光,提高......的地位(或声誉) ①She still has her dignity. 她仍然有她的自尊。 ②The terminally ill should be allowed to die with dignity. 应该允许垂危病人死得有尊严。 ③You won't dignify the house just by painting it. 你仅仅通过粉刷房子不会给房子增添光彩。 4.appointmentn.约会;任命;预约;委任 · have/make an appointment withsb. 与某人约会 have'make an appointment to do...约好做..... ·appointvt.任命,委托,指定,约定 be appointedto... 被任命做..... appoint sb. as...任命某人为..... ①I have an appointment with him at four o'clock. 我和他四点钟有个约会。 ②They made the appointment of Peter as chairman of the union. 他们任命彼得为工会主席。 ③A new manager has been appointed to direct the project. 已任命一位新经理来管理这项工程。 5.dismissvt.让(某人)离开;解散;解雇;消除 dismisssb.for...因......而解雇/开除某人 dismiss...from解雇;开除 dismiss fromone'smind从心头排除掉、忘掉 ①If you will not resign, you will force me to dismiss you. 如果你不辞职,我也会解雇你的 ②Will they dismiss Tom for stealing the money? 他们会不会因汤姆偷钱而把他开除? ③Emil tried to dismiss from his mind the horrible thoughts. 艾米尔竭力从心头排除掉这些可怕的想法 6. declarevf.表明:宣称:公布 ·declareoneself 发表意见;表明态度 declare war on/against...对......宣战 declare for/against...声明支持/反对...... declare sb./sth.(tobe)...宣布某人或某物(为).... declarethat...宣布/宣称..... .declarationn,宣布;宣言;申报 .declarern. 宣告者 ①He declared that he would never break his word. 他声称他决不食言。 ②Germany declared war on France on 1 August,1914. 德国在1914年8月1日向法国宣战。 7. Claire thought it was ridiculous that she was being offered sympathy by a robot, but she gradually admired his wisdom and integrity and began to trust him. 克菜尔觉得,被一个机器人同情很荒唐。但是她逐渐地欣赏他的智慧和 诚实正直,开始相信他了。 这是一个并列复合句。句中but连接两个表转折关系的并列分句, 前面分句中,it是形式主语,that引导的从句是这个句子的真正主语。 ·It is十adj.十that从句 ·It is十n.十that从句 · It is+believed/known/said/thought/..:that 从句 · It is十important/ necessary/impossible/natural.., that 从句(should ①It is known to us all that the earth turns around the sun. 我们大家都知道,地球绕着太阳转。 ②It is a great satisfaction that she is well again and can go to her office. 她身体又好了,可以去上班了,真让人欣慰。 Section 2 Learning About Language [基础知识必备] 1.ona...basis根据;以......的方式(基准) ·onaregularbasis有规律地;定期地 on the basis of...以......为基础 ·base...on/upon...把.....置于......基础之上 be basedon/upon..,以......为基础/根据 On the basis of much reading,I have greatly improved my English. Based on/upon my own experience, I call on all of you to read the English newspaper on a regular basis 以大量的阅读为基础,我极大地提高了我的英语。基于我自已的经历,我呼吁 你们所有人定期读英文报 2. distinguishvi.&vt.区分:辨别 · distinguish A from B-distinguish between A and B把A和B区分开 distinguishoneself(as...)(作为......)使自已扬名 ·distinguishedadi.卓越的;受人尊敬的 be distinguished for.as... 因/作为......而扬名 The headteacher I respect most has already distinguished himself as one of the best teachers. Not only does he teach us knowledge but also he teaches us to distinguish between right and wrong/ distinguish right from wrong. 我最尊敬的班主任已经作为最优秀的老师之一而扬名。他不仅教我们知 识,而且教我们分辨是非。 3. When it comes to games, 2ol7 became a year in which AI defeated humans in so many games that AI researchers say that it will not be long before AI can win at almost everything. 说到游戏,2017年变成了人工智能在这么多游戏中击败人类的一年,以至 于人工智能研究人员说,AI不会太久几乎可以在任何事情上获胜。 when it comes to...当谈到......,当提及..... When it comes to dancing,I know nothing about it. 谈到跳舞,我真是一跨不通。 [同步语法精讲] 被动语态 语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语中有两种 语态:主动语态(activevoice)和被动语态(passivevoice)。当句子的主语是 动作的执行者时,谓语用主动语态;当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,谓语 要用被动语态。 请任细看下面两个例句,体会主动语态与被动语态的区别 The lady in red attracted Tom. 穿红色衣服的那位女十吸引了汤姆。 (该句为主动语态,主语Thelady是动作attract的执行者。) Tom was attracted by the lady in red. 汤姆被那位穿红色衣服的女士吸引了。 (该句为被动语态,主语Tom是动作attract的承受者。) 一、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“be十过去分词”构成,be动词随主语的人称、数、时态和语气 而变化。 常用时态 被动形式 一般现在时 am/is/are done 一般过去时 was were done 一般将来时 shall will be done 现在进行时 am is are being done 过去进行时 was/were being done 现在完成时 have:has been done 过去完成时 had been done English is spoken by many people. 很多人都说英语。 The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children. 外国来宾受到了孩子们的热烈欢迎。 Several big modern power plants will be built in our city. 我市将建造几座大型现代化发电厂。 The main building of Shanghai Jiao Tong University is being repaired by the workers. 工人们正在维修上海交通大学的主楼。 My car was being fixed by him at six yesterday. 昨天六点钟他正在修理我的汽车。 English has been studied by us for three years at school. 我们已经在学校学习了三年英语。 100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year. 截至去年年底,我们已经生产了100辆拖拉机。 温馨提示: ①含情态动词的被动结构为:情态动词十bedone。 ②被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词后加not。 The project hasn't been finished yet. 这项工程还没有完成。 Measures will not be taken to prevent corrosion. (我们)将不再采取措施来防止腐蚀。 二、被动语态的基本用法 1.说话人所要表达的语义重心是动作的承受者且没有必要提到执行者时, 常用被动语态。 English lessons are being broadcast on the radio now. 现在收音机上正在播英语课 This product can't be on sale unless it has been tested out. 除非经过测试,否则这个产品是不可以销售的。 In 1976 King Kong's unfortunate story was retold with a man in a suit with makeup and a robot. 1976年金刚令人惋惜的故事再次被搬上银幕,由真人穿上狸狸装,外加化 妆技术和机器模型来呈现 2.不太清楚动作的执行者是谁,或者不便道出动作的执行者时,常用被动 语态。 This bridge was built in the 18th century. 这座桥建于18世纪。 The reporters were told not to enter that area. 记者被告知不要进入那片区域。 知识拓展:使用被动语态时也可以说出动作的执行者,用“by士动作执行 者”表示。 My sister and I were recommended to sell books as a summer job by a friend. 我和姐姐被一个朋友建议去参加卖书的暑期工作。 温馨提示:如果谓语是动词短语,其被动语态一定要保证短语动词的整体 性,不能漏掉固定搭配中的介词或副词。 Look! The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 看!这些孩子们正被他们的阿姨照顾着。(of不可省略) Other solutions were talked about in the meeting 其他解决方案在会上被讨论了。(about不可省略) 三、常见的被动语态句式结构 1.主语十被动语态的谓语动词十主语补足语 当“动词士宾语十宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,原来的宾语变成了 被动结构中的主语,原来的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。 We elected James (as) chairman. 我们选了詹姆斯当主席。(主动语态) James was elected (as) chairman by us. 詹姆斯被我们选为主席。(被动语态) 温馨提示:主动句中的宾补如果是省略to的动词不定式,变成被动句后, to必须还原,不能省略。 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building 有人看见一个陌生人走进了大楼。(主动语态) A stranger was seen to walk into the building. 一个陌生人被看到走进了大楼。(被动语态) 2.It士被动语态的谓语动词士主语从句 常见的结构有:It is suggested that..., It is said that..., It is reported that..., It is known to us that..., It is believed that..., It must be pointed out that..., It is acknowledged that...等. It is believed that he will pass the examination. 人们相信他会通过考试。(该句话还可以换成:He isbelievedto pass the examination.) It must be pointed out that mistakes of this kind should not be repeated. 必须指出,这样的错误不应该再犯。 四、不定式的被动式 当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一 般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动词所表示的动作发生 的先后顺序,有一般式和完成式两种形式 1. -般式to bedone These are the books to be given out to the students 这些是要发给学生的书。 He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed. 他要求被派往最需要他的地方。 2. 完成式to have been done to havebeendone表示不定式的动作先于谓语动词的动作发生 The novel is said to have been translated into many languages. 据说这部小说已被译成多种语言。 He appeared to have been questioned for many times. 看来他已经被询问过很多次了。 五、动词-ing形式的被动式 动词-ing形式指的是动名词或现在分词。当动词-ing形式的逻辑主语 是动作的承受者时,就要用动词-ing形式的被动式,即动名词的被动式或现 在分词的被动式。 动词-ing的被动式 -般式:(not)beingdone 构成 完成式:(not)having beendone 动名词的被动式:主语、宾语、表语 功能 现在分词的被动式:定语、状语、补语 1.-般式being done 动名词被动式的一般式表示一个“抽象、习惯”的被动的动作。 No one likes being laughed at 没人喜欢被嘲笑 现在分词被动式的一般式表示一个被动的动作与谓语动词的动作(几乎) 同时发生。 .8· Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe. 有一堵厚墙保护着,他们觉得很安全。 2. 完成式 having beendone 动名词被动式的完成式表示一个被动的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之 前发生。 She was proud of having been trained in theUK. 她为在英国接受过培训而骄傲。 现在分词被动式的完成式也表示一个被动的动作在谓语动词所表示的动 作之前发生。 Having been criticised by his grandpa, he gave up smoking. 被他爷爷批评以后,他戒烟了。 Section 3 Using Language & Assessing Your Progress [基础知识必备] 1.superioradj.更好的;占优势的;(在级别或重要性上)更高的 be superior to...优于..... be senior to... 比.....资格老/年纪大 be priorto...比......优先,居先于..... be juniortosb.比某人级别低/资历浅 ①Liverpool were clearly the superior team. 利物浦队明显更胜一筹。 ②This model is superior to its competitors. 这一款式比它的竞争产品要好。 ③My brother is junior to me by several 1years. 我弟弟比我小好几岁。 2. takeover占上风;取而代之;接管;接手 takeup开始从事;开始干(工作);接受,答应(提议或挑战):占用,花费 (时间、空间或精力);占领,占据 takeon呈现:承担 takein吸收;理解;欺骗;改小(衣服等) ①I intend you to take over my career. 我打算让你接管我的事业。 ②Leaves take in sunlight. 叶子吸收阳光。 ③No other organisation was able or willing to take on the job. 没有任何别的组织有能力或愿意承担此项工作。 3.conflictwith与......冲突或抵触 conflict between A and B A 与B之间冲突 come into conflict with.../in conflict with... 与......的冲突 make a conflict with... 与......的斗争 ①Their account of events conflicts with ours. 他们对事件的说法与我们的说法截然不同。 ②Union leaders are again in conflict with management. 工会领导人又一次与管理层发生冲突。 4. fetchvt.(去)拿来;(去)请来 ·take作“拿,拿走,带去”讲。 ·bring是指“(从别处朝向说话者或被提到的人)带来、领来、取来”。 ·fetch是指“去拿来”,也就是说,既包括“去”的意思,又包括“来”的 意思。 ①The inhabitants have to walk a mile to fetch water. 居民得走一英里路去取水。 ②Please take the tea-things away. 请把茶具拿走。 ③Bring your friend to the party. 请带你的朋友来参加聚会。 5.turnout关掉;熄灭:在场;结果是;生产 turndown关小;调低;拒绝 turnup出现;到场;把......开大 turnover翻转;交付;反复考虑 turnto求助于;转向;查阅;翻到(书的某页) turnin上交;拐入 turn against 背叛 ·10.