Un2 Morals and Virtues（知识清单）-【百汇大课堂·高中学习测试卷】2024-2025学年高中英语必修第三册（人教版2019）

UNIT 2 MORALS AND VIRTUES Section 1 Listening and Speaking Reading and Thinking [基础知识必备] l.carry sb.through sth.帮助某人渡过难关 carry sth.through成功完成某事，顺利实现某事 carry out实施；履行；执行 carry on sth.从事某事 carry on doing sth.继续做某事 carry away运走 carry off赢得；获得；成功对付 He carried all his homework through in ten minutes. 他在十分钟内完成了所有家庭作业。 2Only when you are in good health can you carry on studying. 只有当你身体状况好的时候你才能继续学习。 Jane carried off all the prizes,which made her parents proud. 简赢得了全部奖品，这使她的父母非常自豪。 2.majority n.大部分；大多数 ·the majority of..大多数… (be)ina/the majority占大多数 ·major ad山j.主要的，重要的，大的n.主修课程，专业；某专业的学生.主修 major in主修 an English major一名英语专业的学生 play a major role/part in sth..在某事中起重要作用 ·minority n,少数 be in a/the minorty占少数 DThe majority of the students hold the view that it's convenient to go to school by electric bike. 大多数学生持有以下观点：骑电动车上学很方便。 2Only a minority of people in that city do not have a car while the people taking subway to work are in the majority. 在那个城市只有少数人没有汽车，但是乘坐地铁上班的人却占了大多数。 ·12· 3.complain vi.&vt.抱怨；发牢骚 ·complain about....抱怨… complain(tosb.)that..(向某人)抱怨… complain to sb.about sth.向某人抱怨某事 ·complaint n.抱怨 make a complaint to sb..about sth.向某人抱怨某事 DSeptember is around the corner,and some of us are already complaining about summer's end. 九月即将来临，我们中的一些人已经在抱怨夏季的结束了。 I have to make a complaint about the poor quality of food and service in your restaurant. 我要投诉你们餐馆里极差的食物和服务。 4.respond vt,回答；回复vi.做出反应：回应 ·respond to..(with sth.)(用某物)回答，（用…）回复：对…做出 反应 respond that...回答说… ·response n,反应；回答；回复 in response to作为对…的答复/反应 make a response(to)(对…)做出回应/反应 DShe responded to my letter with a phone call. =She made a response to my letter with a phone call. 她收到我的信，给我回了个电话。 2The product was developed in response to customers'demand. 这种产品是为了满足顾客的需要而开发的。 5.reject vt.拒绝接受；不录用：冷落 ·reject one's idea/suggestion拒绝接受某人的想法/建议 ·rejection n.拒绝接受；否决 DHe rejected the idea of settling in England. 他抛弃了在英国定居的想法。 2He tried to join the army but was rejected because of poor health. 他想参军，但因身体欠佳未被接受。 ·13· 6.appoint vt.任命；委派 ·appoint sb.tobe.,任命某人担任 appoint sb.as..任命某人担任… appoint a time约定…的时间 ·appointed adj,约定的，指定的 at the appointed time在约定的时间 ·appointment n.任命；约定 make an appointment with sb.与某人约会 break/keep an appointment爽约守约 DI have decided to appoint you as to be vice manager of the company. 我已经决定任命你为公司副经理。 2The director appointed him to look into those complaints. 主任委派他去调查那些投诉。 I have made an appointment with a specialist,and my mother will take me to see him. 我已经预约了一名专家，我妈妈将带我去看他。 7.tend vt.照顾；照料i.倾向；趋于 ·tend(to)sb./sth.照料/护理某人/照管某事物 tend to do sth.易于做某事，往往会发生某事 tend to/towards倾向于，趋于 ·tendency n.趋势；倾向 have a tendency to do sth.做某事的倾向 There is a tendency towards/.to(do)sth.有一种…的趋势/倾向 DSome people tend to look down upon disabled people. 有些人往往瞧不起残疾人。 2He is absent from the meeting,for he is tending (to)his sick father. 他缺席会议了，因为他在照顾生病的父亲。 3As a Senior 3 student,it is normal that you have a tendency to get anxious with time going by. 作为一名高三学生，随着时间的推移你会感到焦虑，这是正常的。 8.replace vt,接替；取代；更换 ·replace A with B用B代替A replace sth..=take the place of sth.代替… ·replacement n.替换；更换；接替者 a replacement for…的替代品/替补 ·14· DI will no longer use one-off things and replace plastic bags with paper bags. 我将不会再使用一次性物品，并且用纸袋替换塑料袋。 2These new facilities will take the place of the old ones. 这些新设备将代替那些旧的。 9.A moral dilemma is a situation in which you have two or more difficult choices to make. 道德困境是指你面临两个或两个以上的困难选择的情况。 当先行词是point,situation,stage,.condition,case,position,activity等 表示某人或某物所处的情况或发展的阶段的名词，并且关系词在定语从 句中作地点状语时，定语从句常用where或“介词十which”引导。 DI've come to the point where I can't stand him. 我已经到了无法忍受他的地步了。 2I have reached a stage in my life where I am supposed to make decisions on my own. 我已经到了一个应该自已做决定的人生阶段了。 10.To a person nothing is more precious than their life... 对一个人来说，生命是最宝贵的… “否定词+比较级”结构表示最高级，该结构多为“can't/couldn't+比较 级”的形式（否定词除not外也可用no,never,nothing等），表示最高级 的含义，意为“再…不过了；没有比…更…的；最…” DI couldn't feel better about the interview. 我对这次面试的感觉再好不过了。 2No news could be more delightful to me. 这个消息最令我高兴。 3There is nothing cheaper. 没有更便宜的了。 Section 2 Discovering Useful Structures Listening and Talking [基础知识必备] 1.operation n.手术；企业；经营 ·operate vi.运转；经营，营业；动手术vt.使用；操作；经营，管理（企业或 机构)vi.&t.(使)运作；（使）运行 operate on sb./sth.给某人/身体某部位动手术 operate as...起…作用；作…用 ·operator n.电话接线员；操作者；公司经营者 ·15· Many small businesses fail in the first year of operation. 许多小企业在经营的第一年就倒闭了 2Who knows how to operate the system? 有谁知道怎么操作这个系统吗？ 3We will have to operate on his eyes. 我们得给他的眼睛动手术。 2.assist vi.&vt.帮助：援助 ·assist(sb.)in/with sth.在某方面帮助（某人） assist sb.in doing sth.帮助某人做某事 ·assistance n.[U]援助；帮助；支持 come to one's assistance前来帮助某人 with one's assistance =with the assistance of sb.=with the help of sb.在某人的帮助下 ·assistant n,[C]助手：助理 DI always assist my parents in doing the dishes after meals. 饭后我总是帮助我的父母洗碗。 2Despite his cries,no one came to his assistance. 尽管他喊叫，却没有人来帮助他。 3With the assistance of his maths teacher,he has made much progress. 在他的数学老师的帮助下，他取得了很大的进步。 [同步语法精讲] 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语和状语 一、动词-ing的形式 动词ing形式由动词原形加词尾-ing构成，同样有时态和语态的变化，如下 表所示（以do为例）： 时态 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 二、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语 1.动词-ig形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性 的动作，强调一个正在进行的动作或一种状态。 ·16· When we returned to the school,we found a stranger standing at the entrance. 当我们回到学校时，发现一个陌生人站在大门口。 The boss kept the workers working the whole night. 那个老板让工人们整夜地工作。 2.能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词： (1)感官动词，常见的有see,hear,feel,smell,notice,observe等。 I felt somebody patting me on the shoulder. 我感觉到有人在拍我的肩膀。 A Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. 一名墨西哥农民惊讶地发现从他的一小块地里冒出了烟。 (2)使役动词，常见的有have,keep,get,leave等。 I'm sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. 对不起，让你等了这么久。 I can't get the clock going again. 我无法让这个钟再次转起来。 3.see,hear,feel,watch等动词后用-ing形式和省略to的动词不定式作宾语 补足语的区别： 前者表示动作正在进行，而后者表示（或强调）动作从开始到结束的全 过程。 We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment. 我们路过教室，看见老师在做实验。（只在路过教室的短暂时间，看见老 师正在做实验) We stayed in the classroom for an hour and watched the teacher make the experiment. 我们在教室待了一个小时，看着老师做实验。（一个小时之内一直在看老 师做实验，指全过程) 温馨提示：如果作宾语补足语的动词与宾语为被动关系时，则用过去分词 形式。 We should keep him informed of what is going on here. 我们必须让他了解这里发生的事。 He is a humorous man and he always keeps us amused with his jokes. 他是一个幽默的人，他总是用他的笑话逗我们开心。 ·17· 4.with的复合结构 It is the coldest part of winter,with the wind howling outside. 这是冬天最冷的时候，外面寒风呼啸。 I can't focus on my studies with that noise going on. 吵闹声不绝于耳，我无法集中注意力学习。 三、动词-ing形式作状语 动词-ig形式可作状语，表示原因、时间、方式、伴随情况、结果或条件 等，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，二者之间是主动关系。 1.作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。 Being poor,he couldn't afford a computer. =As he was poor,he couldn't afford a computer. 因为穷，他买不起电脑。 2.作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句，有时可以在动词-ig形式前加一个表 示时间的连词，如when,while等。 Hearing the news,they immediately set off for Shanghai. =When they heard the news,they immediately set off for Shanghai. 听到这个消息，他们立即动身去上海。 3.作方式状语，相当于and连接的并列句。 He came running all the way. =He came and was running all the way. 他一路跑着来的。 4.作伴随状语，相当于and连接的并列句。 He walked down the river,singing softly to himself. =He walked down the river and sang softly to himself. 他沿着河流一边走，一边轻轻地唱。 5.作结果状语。 Football is played in many countries,making it the most popular sport in the world. =Football is played in many countries:as a result,it becomes the most popular sport in the world. 足球运动在许多国家开展，这使它成为世界上最受欢迎的体育运动。 温馨提示：动词-ig形式作结果状语，是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自 然结果，其逻辑主语往往是前面整个句子所描述的情况，前面有时候可以 加thus。而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，有时前面可以 加only。 ·18· 四、动词-ing形式作状语应注意的几点 l.动词-ing形式的时态 动词-ing形式作状语时，要注意分词的时间性，是用动词-ing形式的一般 式(doing),还是用完成式(having done). (1)当动词ing形式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，用一般式。 Walking in the street,I met an old friend of mine. 我正走在大街上时，遇到了一个老朋友。(walking和谓语动词met同时 发生) (2)当动词-ig形式的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用完 成式。 Having finished the letter,he went to post it. 他写完信后就把它寄了出去。(having finished是先发生的，went是后发 生的) 2.动词-ing形式的语态 使用动词-ing形式的主动语态还是被动语态，这主要取决于动词-ing形式 和句子主语之间的关系。句子的主语就是动词-ig形式的逻辑主语。 Having been shown around the factory,they were very happy..(动词-ing形 式的被动语态) 被领着参观了工厂后，他们很高兴。 Having finished his homework,he went to bed..(动词-ing形式的主动语态) 完成了作业后，他上床睡觉。 3.动词-ing形式的独立主格结构 动词ig形式短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般要与句子主语一致，但有 时它也可以有自己独立的主语，这就是语法上说的独立主格结构。它可 以表示时间、条件、原因等。 The new year coming,we were happy. 新年来了，我们很高兴。 The regulation permitting,I will go with you. 规定允许的话，我就和你一起去。 4.动词-ing形式作评注性状语 有些动词-ig形式在句中没有逻辑主语，它们往往作为句子的评注性状语 来修饰整个句子，表明说话者的态度、观点等。如：generally speaking一 般来说；judging by/from从…判断；taking everything into consideration全面考虑，考虑到所有因素。 Judging from his behaviour,he must be mad. 从他的行为来判断，他一定是疯了。 ·19· Section 3 Reading for Writing Assessing Your Progress [基础知识必备] 1.disguise vt.装扮；假扮；掩盖n.伪装；化装用具 disguise..as..把…装扮成… in disguise伪装地；乔装改扮地 DHe plans to disguise himself as a policeman. 他打算把自己装扮成一个警察。 2I thought maybe you were a policeman in disguise. 我还以为你是一个便衣警察呢。 2.attempt v.尝试n.企图；尝试；努力 ·attempt to do sth.=try to do sth.试图f企图做某事 ·make an attempt to do sth.at sth.试图；企图做某事 at one's first/second attempt在某人第一次/第二次尝试时 in an attempt to do试图去做… DThe prisoners attempted an escape,but failed. 这些囚犯企图逃跑，但失败了。 2He failed in his attempt to finish it on time. 他试图按时完成，但失败了。 3.harm n.&vt.伤害；损害 ·dosb.harm/do harm to sb.对某人有害 There is no harm(in)doing sth.做某事无害处 ·harmful adj.有害的 be harmful to对…有害 ·harmless adj.无害的；不致伤害的 DTry to choose products that do the least harm to the environment. 尽量挑选对环境有最少危害的产品。 2Most children are fond of sweets but they may be harmful to their teeth. 大多数孩子喜爱甜食但它们或许对他们的牙齿有害。 4.After a while,a group of women came along,each balancing a pot of water on her head. 过了一会儿，一群女人走了过来，每人头上都顶着一罐水。 ·20· 前后主语不一致时，作状语的非谓语动词要有自己的逻辑主语，就是独立 主格结构。一般用逗号将其与主句分开。 ·独立主格结构的构成：n./prom.+doing/done/todo/ad./adu. prep.短语。 ·动词ing形式往往表示动作正在进行，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结 束，动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生。 DIt being Sunday,we needn't go to school. 因为是星期天，我们不用上学。 2The manager looks relaxed,many things settled. 许多事情处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。 5.Neither she nor her friends thought about moving the stone out of the road. 无论是她自己，还是她的同伴，都没有想到把石头从路中间挪开」 ·句中“neither...nor..”意为“既不…也不…”，它可以连接两个并 列成分，如主语、谓语动词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。 ·当“neither..nor..”连接的两个并列的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动 词的数遵循“就近原则”，即要与邻近谓语的主语保持一致 ·与“neither...nor..”用法类似，同样遵循“就近原则”的结构还有： either..or..或者…或者… not only..,but(also)..不仅…而且 not..but..不是…而是… DNeither you nor I am going there tomorrow. 我和你明天都不去那里。 Not only the students but also their teacher enjoys the film now. 现在，不仅学生们欣赏这部影片，他们的老师也欣赏这部影片。 [单元写作素材] 写故事评论 故事评论是对某个故事进行评估和推荐的文章，可以评论一则寓言或 成语故事、一本书，或者一部电影。这种题目要求我们就有关内容的问题进 行分析并针对这些问题提出自己的看法和建议。 一、亮点词汇 1.once upon a time 从前 2.many years ago 许多年前 3.make efforts to do sth. 努力去做某事 4.one morning/afternoon/evening 有一天上午/下午/晚上 5.teach sb.a lesson 给某人一个教训 二、高级句式 1.The story is entitled "..."which is very popular among young kids. 这个故事的题目是“……”，故事在孩子中广为流传。 ·21·