Unit 2 Section Ⅳ Discovering Useful Structures(课件PPT+Word教案)-【步步高】2024-2025学年高一英语必修第三册教师用书（人教版2019）

Section Ⅳ Discovering Useful Structures Morals and virtues Unit2 语境感悟 阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成下面的练习 When she was 16，Hannah’s parents died，①leaving her an orphan.However，②dreaming of being a mermaid actress，she worked hard and got a part-time job at the aquarium.③Having worked there for five years and gained recognition，now，she is a model and performance artist devoted to ocean conservation.People often see her ④wearing mermaid clothing and ⑤diving up to 50 feet underwater to swim with dolphins，sharks and whales.She appeared in a documentary aiming at highlighting the cruelty of dolphin hunting.With time ⑥going by，besides performing and modeling，Hannah travels the world ⑦giving presentations and talks，getting more people involved in the conservation of ocean life. [自主发现] 1.加颜色部分在句子中作状语的是 ，现在分词(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的 ，其中③中的Having worked...作状语表示其动作 主句谓语动词的动作。 2.加颜色部分在句子中作宾语补足语的是 。 ①②③⑦ 主语 先于 ④⑤⑥ 语法精讲 一、动词-ing形式作宾补 动词-ing形式置于某些及物动词和宾语之后，补充说明宾语的动作或状态。 When we returned to the school，we found a stranger standing at the entrance. 当我们回到学校时，我们发现一个陌生人站在大门口。 1.动词-ing形式在感官动词后作宾补。 在see，hear，feel，watch，notice等感官动词后，表示一个正在进行的主动的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。 I felt somebody patting me on the shoulder. 我感觉到有人在拍我的肩膀。 In the crowded café，I heard a friendly voice saying，“You can share my table.” 在这间拥挤的咖啡馆里，我听到一声友好的问候：“你可以和我坐在一桌。” 疑难点津　(1)当动词-ing形式与句子的宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系时，则用其被动式“being done”。 I saw her being questioned by the police. 我看到她正在被警察盘问。 (2)see，hear，feel，watch等动词之后用动词-ing形式和省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别： 前者表示动作正在进行，而后者表示(或强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。 We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher doing the experiment. 我们经过教室，看见老师正在做实验。(只在经过教室的刹那间，看见老师正在做实验) We sat for an hour and watched the teacher do the experiment. 我们坐了一个小时，看着老师做实验。(一个小时之内一直在看老师做实验，指全过程) 2.动词-ing形式在使役动词后作宾补。 使役动词接动词-ing形式作宾补，表示“让……一直做某事”；常见的使役动词有have，keep，get，leave等。 It’s cold.We should have the fire burning all the time. 天气冷。我们应该让火一直燃烧着。 I won’t have you running about in the room. 我不允许你一直在房间里跑来跑去。 疑难点津　(1)如果作宾补的动词与宾语为被动关系，则用过去分词形式。 We should keep him informed of what is going on here. 我们应该让他随时了解这里发生了什么。 (2)使役动词接现在分词作宾语补足语表示“让……一直做某事”；接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语表示“让某人做某事”。 The boss made his workers work 12 hours a day. 老板让他的工人们每天工作12 个小时。 3.动词-ing形式在with复合结构中的用法。 在with复合结构中，动词-ing形式充当宾语补足语，表示动作“正在进行”且与宾语为主动关系。 She threw the tortoise into the river with tears filling her eyes. 她把那只乌龟扔进了河里，眼里满是泪水。 疑难点津　在with复合结构中，也可以使用不定式和过去分词作宾语补足语。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.(表示“状态”) 整个下午他都锁着门工作。 I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.(表示事情还未做) 有这些衣服要洗，我不能出去了。 二、动词-ing形式作状语 动词-ing形式作状语，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随状语时常位于句末。 1.时间状语 动词-ing形式作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，所表示的动作与主句的动作一般是同时发生，有时可由连词when，while，after等引出。 Hearing these stories(＝When I hear these stories)，I’m skeptical about the place. 听到这些叙述，我对这个地方产生了怀疑。 2.原因状语 可以与as，since，because等引导的原因状语从句转换。 Being so excited(＝As he was so excited)，he couldn’t go to sleep that night. 由于非常激动，那晚他无法入睡。 3.条件状语 可以与if，unless等引导的条件状语从句转换。 Working hard at your lessons(＝If you work hard at your lessons)，you will succeed. 如果你努力学习，你会成功的。 Not taking advantage of the time(＝If you don’t take advantage of the time)，you’ll regret. 如果不好好利用时间，你会后悔的。 4.让步状语 可以与although/though引导的让步状语从句转换。 Knowing all this(＝Although/Though they knew all this)，they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。 5.结果状语 表示必然的结果，它常常位于句末，其前有逗号分开，有时分词前有副词thus，thereby修饰。 His father died，leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲去世了，留给他许多钱。 Their car was caught in a traffic jam，thus causing the delay. 他们的车遇上了交通堵塞，结果造成延误。 注意：不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，常用only to do结构，其被动形式为only to be done。 I hurried to school，only to find it was Sunday. 我匆忙赶到学校，结果发现是星期天。 6.方式或伴随状语 不可以转换成从句，但可以转换成并列句。 The girls came into the classroom，singing and dancing(＝and they sang and danced). 女孩子们唱着跳着进了教室。 He lay on the grass，staring at the sky for a long time(＝and stared at the sky for a long time). 他躺在草地上，盯着天空看了很久。 疑难点津　(1)当动词-ing形式的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用动词-ing形式的完成式，若动词与句子主语为主动关系，用having done；若动词与句子主语为被动关系，则用having been done。 Having finished the letter，he went to post it. 他写完信后就去邮寄了。(Having finished 是先发生的，went是后发生的) Having been shown around the factory，they were very happy.(动词-ing形式的被动式) 被领着参观了工厂后，他们很高兴。 (2)动词-ed形式也可以作状语，表示时间、原因、条件等，与句子的主语构成动宾关系。 Generally speaking，if taken according to the directions，the drug has no side effect. 一般来说，如果按照说明书服用，这种药没有副作用。 (3)动词-ing形式作状语，有时也可以有自己独立的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构，通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，也可以表示时间、原因或条件。 The last bus having gone，we had to walk home. 末班车已经开走了，我们不得不走回家。(having gone的逻辑主语是The last bus，而不是we) (4)动词-ing形式的否定式：not＋v.-ing；not having＋v.-ed Not knowing this，he didn’t come. 他不知道这件事，所以没来。 Not having made full preparations，we put off the sports meeting. 因为没有做好充分的准备，我们把运动会延期了。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1.He was caught (steal) and sent to the police station. 2.The weather (be) fine，we went out for a walk. 3.With so many different forms of poetry (choose) from，students may eventually want to write poems of their own. 4.When I came in，I saw Linda (whisper) to the physician. 5.Tom slowly walked away， (complain) about the cold weather. stealing being to choose 达标检测 whispering complaining 6. (teach) many times，the wrestler still looked puzzled. 7.After a knock at the door，the child heard his mother’s voice _______ (call) him. 8. (walk) in the street with his dog (follow) him，he felt really free and pleased. 9. (struggle) for years，he finally became the world champion. 10.Not (understand) the local language and having no friend in the country，he found it impossible to find a job. Having been taught calling Walking following Having struggled understanding Ⅱ.根据汉语提示补全短文 The old man returned from abroad and 1.______________________ (发现他的家乡变了) beyond recognition.He 2._____________ (看见道路正变得) wider and wider and masses of 3.________ (车辆正行驶) on the roads,4. (使得；让) him shocked and amazed.5. (注意到高楼建成) one after another，he couldn’t find his own home.He was glad to 6.____ (发现人们的收入增长) continuously.He could 7. (感觉人们享受着) their happy life. found his hometown changed saw the roads becoming cars running leaving Noticing high buildings finished find people’s income increasing feel people enjoying $$ Section Ⅳ　Discovering Useful Structures 阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并完成下面的练习 When she was 16，Hannah’s parents died，①leaving her an orphan.However，②dreaming of being a mermaid actress，she worked hard and got a part-time job at the aquarium.③Having worked there for five years and gained recognition，now，she is a model and performance artist devoted to ocean conservation.People often see her ④wearing mermaid clothing and ⑤diving up to 50 feet underwater to swim with dolphins，sharks and whales.She appeared in a documentary aiming at highlighting the cruelty of dolphin hunting.With time ⑥going by，besides performing and modeling，Hannah travels the world ⑦giving presentations and talks，getting more people involved in the conservation of ocean life. 自主发现 1．加黑部分在句子中作状语的是①②③⑦，现在分词(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，其中③中的Having worked...作状语表示其动作先于主句谓语动词的动作。 2．加黑部分在句子中作宾语补足语的是④⑤⑥。 一、动词-ing形式作宾补 动词-ing形式置于某些及物动词和宾语之后，补充说明宾语的动作或状态。 When we returned to the school，we found a stranger standing at the entrance. 当我们回到学校时，我们发现一个陌生人站在大门口。 1．动词-ing形式在感官动词后作宾补。 在see，hear，feel，watch，notice等感官动词后，表示一个正在进行的主动的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。 I felt somebody patting me on the shoulder. 我感觉到有人在拍我的肩膀。 In the crowded café，I heard a friendly voice saying，“You can share my table.” 在这间拥挤的咖啡馆里，我听到一声友好的问候：“你可以和我坐在一桌。” 疑难点津　(1)当动词-ing形式与句子的宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系时，则用其被动式“being done”。 I saw her being questioned by the police. 我看到她正在被警察盘问。 (2)see，hear，feel，watch等动词之后用动词-ing形式和省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别： 前者表示动作正在进行，而后者表示(或强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。 We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher doing the experiment. 我们经过教室，看见老师正在做实验。(只在经过教室的刹那间，看见老师正在做实验) We sat for an hour and watched the teacher do the experiment. 我们坐了一个小时，看着老师做实验。(一个小时之内一直在看老师做实验，指全过程) 2．动词-ing形式在使役动词后作宾补。 使役动词接动词-ing形式作宾补，表示“让……一直做某事”；常见的使役动词有have，keep，get，leave等。 It’s cold.We should have the fire burning all the time. 天气冷。我们应该让火一直燃烧着。 I won’t have you running about in the room. 我不允许你一直在房间里跑来跑去。 疑难点津　(1)如果作宾补的动词与宾语为被动关系，则用过去分词形式。 We should keep him informed of what is going on here. 我们应该让他随时了解这里发生了什么。 (2)使役动词接现在分词作宾语补足语表示“让……一直做某事”；接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语表示“让某人做某事”。 The boss made his workers work 12 hours a day. 老板让他的工人们每天工作12 个小时。 3．动词-ing形式在with复合结构中的用法。 在with复合结构中，动词-ing形式充当宾语补足语，表示动作“正在进行”且与宾语为主动关系。 She threw the tortoise into the river with tears filling her eyes. 她把那只乌龟扔进了河里，眼里满是泪水。 疑难点津　在with复合结构中，也可以使用不定式和过去分词作宾语补足语。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.(表示“状态”) 整个下午他都锁着门工作。 I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.(表示事情还未做) 有这些衣服要洗，我不能出去了。 二、动词-ing形式作状语 动词-ing形式作状语，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随状语时常位于句末。 1．时间状语 动词-ing形式作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，所表示的动作与主句的动作一般是同时发生，有时可由连词when，while，after等引出。 Hearing these stories(＝When I hear these stories)，I’m skeptical about the place. 听到这些叙述，我对这个地方产生了怀疑。 2．原因状语 可以与as，since，because等引导的原因状语从句转换。 Being so excited(＝As he was so excited)，he couldn’t go to sleep that night. 由于非常激动，那晚他无法入睡。 3．条件状语 可以与if，unless等引导的条件状语从句转换。 Working hard at your lessons(＝If you work hard at your lessons)，you will succeed. 如果你努力学习，你会成功的。 Not taking advantage of the time(＝If you don’t take advantage of the time)，you’ll regret. 如果不好好利用时间，你会后悔的。 4．让步状语 可以与although/though引导的让步状语从句转换。 Knowing all this(＝Although/Though they knew all this)，they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。 5．结果状语 表示必然的结果，它常常位于句末，其前有逗号分开，有时分词前有副词thus，thereby修饰。 His father died，leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲去世了，留给他许多钱。 Their car was caught in a traffic jam，thus causing the delay. 他们的车遇上了交通堵塞，结果造成延误。 注意：不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，常用only to do结构，其被动形式为only to be done。 I hurried to school，only to find it was Sunday. 我匆忙赶到学校，结果发现是星期天。 6．方式或伴随状语 不可以转换成从句，但可以转换成并列句。 The girls came into the classroom，singing and dancing(＝and they sang and danced)． 女孩子们唱着跳着进了教室。 He lay on the grass，staring at the sky for a long time(＝and stared at the sky for a long time)． 他躺在草地上，盯着天空看了很久。 疑难点津　(1)当动词-ing形式的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用动词-ing形式的完成式，若动词与句子主语为主动关系，用having done；若动词与句子主语为被动关系，则用having been done。 Having finished the letter，he went to post it. 他写完信后就去邮寄了。(Having finished 是先发生的，went是后发生的) Having been shown around the factory，they were very happy.(动词-ing形式的被动式) 被领着参观了工厂后，他们很高兴。 (2)动词-ed形式也可以作状语，表示时间、原因、条件等，与句子的主语构成动宾关系。 Generally speaking，if taken according to the directions，the drug has no side effect. 一般来说，如果按照说明书服用，这种药没有副作用。 (3)动词-ing形式作状语，有时也可以有自己独立的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构，通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，也可以表示时间、原因或条件。 The last bus having gone，we had to walk home. 末班车已经开走了，我们不得不走回家。(having gone的逻辑主语是The last bus，而不是we) (4)动词-ing形式的否定式：not＋v.-ing；not having＋v.-ed Not knowing this，he didn’t come. 他不知道这件事，所以没来。 Not having made full preparations，we put off the sports meeting. 因为没有做好充分的准备，我们把运动会延期了。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．He was caught stealing(steal) and sent to the police station. 2．The weather being(be) fine，we went out for a walk. 3．With so many different forms of poetry to choose(choose) from，students may eventually want to write poems of their own. 4．When I came in，I saw Linda whispering(whisper) to the physician. 5．Tom slowly walked away，complaining(complain) about the cold weather. 6．Having been taught(teach) many times，the wrestler still looked puzzled. 7．After a knock at the door，the child heard his mother’s voice calling(call) him. 8．Walking(walk) in the street with his dog following(follow) him，he felt really free and pleased. 9．Having struggled(struggle) for years，he finally became the world champion. 10．Not understanding(understand) the local language and having no friend in the country，he found it impossible to find a job. Ⅱ.根据汉语提示补全短文 The old man returned from abroad and 1.found his hometown changed(发现他的家乡变了) beyond recognition.He 2.saw the roads becoming(看见道路正变得) wider and wider and masses of 3.cars running(车辆正行驶) on the roads,4.leaving(使得；让) him shocked and amazed.5.Noticing high buildings finished(注意到高楼建成) one after another，he couldn’t find his own home.He was glad to 6.find people’s income increasing(发现人们的收入增长) continuously.He could 7.feel people enjoying(感觉人们享受着) their happy life. 训练3　Discovering Useful Structures　[分值：74.5分] Ⅰ.写出下列句子中动词-ing形式(短语)所作成分(每小题1.5分，满分12分) 1．A big fire broke out in that district，killing a lot of people.结果状语 2．The park was full of people enjoying themselves in the sunshine.定语 3．They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.宾语补足语 4．Working harder at English，you’ll make your life abroad easier.条件状语 5．Suddenly we heard someone knocking gently on the window.宾语补足语 6．She sat at the desk reading a story.伴随状语 7．The student talking with the foreigners over there is my brother.定语 8．Having spent all his money，the boy had to give his mother a call.原因状语 Ⅱ.用动词-ing形式作状语改写下列句子(每小题3分，满分15分) 1．When they heard the knock on the door，they stopped talking. →Hearing the knock on the door，they stopped talking. 2．As he was ill，little John didn’t go to school yesterday. →Being ill，little John didn’t go to school yesterday. 3．They stood there and waited for the bus，talking to each other. →They stood there waiting for the bus，talking to each other. 4．Her husband died last year；as a result，he left her with three children. →Her husband died last year，leaving her with three children. 5．As spring comes on，everything comes back to life and the trees turn green. →Spring coming on，everything comes back to life and the trees turn green. Ⅲ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，满分20分) A On the hottest day ever recorded in the UK to date last week，one old couple set out to take a relative to hospital.On their return from hospital，the husband didn’t feel well.He managed to pull the car over to a stop on the hard shoulder before he passed out，leaving his wife fearing for his life as he had a heart condition. The woman,86，checked her phone to call for help，only to her disappointment to find the battery had died.Hopeless for assistance，she got out of the car and began waving wildly at passers-by for help.For a while it seemed like no one was going to come to their rescue and then，almost out of nowhere，Shaun Smith approached them. The 31-year-old from Leighton Buzzard had spotted the woman trying to flag someone down and decided to see what was wrong.He pulled over behind their car.Knowing what had happened to the old man，Shaun moved him into his car so he could use the air conditioning to cool him down.He then called for an ambulance(救护车)，but emergency services told him it would take up to four hours to get to them. Knowing this could be dangerous for the man，he offered to drive the old couple home and the ambulance would meet them there.The paramedics(医护人员) finally arrived and checked the man over and he was feeling much better.They said that if Shaun hadn’t stopped to help，things could have been much worse. A post about Shaun’s heroic deeds has gone viral online，getting over 84,000 likes and more than 3,700 comments.The response to this has been “overwhelming”，said Shaun.He added，“To me，it was not really a big deal what I’ve done.And it feels like it has inspired a lot of people.It would be nice if people heard the story and then it makes them think twice before they’re driving past someone who’s in need.” 1．Why did the old man pull his car over to a stop on the hard shoulder? A．He didn’t feel well. B．The battery ran out. C．He felt too hot in the car. D．He wanted to get rescued. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句“On their return from hospital，the husband didn’t feel well.He managed to pull the car over to a stop on the hard shoulder before he passed out，leaving his wife fearing for his life as he had a heart condition.”可知，老人把车停在硬路肩上是因为他感觉不舒服。故选A。 2．Why did Shaun drive the old couple home? A．His car had the air conditioning. B．The old man could feel better at home. C．The paramedics wanted to meet them there. D．It took time to wait for the ambulance on the highway. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“He then called for an ambulance(救护车)，but emergency services told him it would take up to four hours to get to them.”以及第四段第一句“Knowing this could be dangerous for the man，he offered to drive the old couple home and the ambulance would meet them there.”可知，在高速公路上等救护车需要很长时间，所以肖恩主动提出开车送他们回家。故选D。 3．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．People praise Shaun online for thanking his help. B．Shaun thinks it is natural to help someone in need. C．People don’t stop while driving past someone in need. D．Shaun’s story inspires many people to help others in need. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“And it feels like it has inspired a lot of people.It would be nice if people heard the story and then it makes them think twice before they’re driving past someone who’s in need.”可知，肖恩的故事激励了许多人去帮助有需要的人。故选D。 4．What can be the best title of the text? A．An Elderly Driver Felt Unwell on the Highway B．A Stranger Saved an Elderly Man on the Highway C．Air Conditioning in Cars Is Important on Hot Days D．No Passers-by Stopped to Give a Hand on the Highway 答案　B 解析　标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段最后一句“For a while it seemed like no one was going to come to their rescue and then，almost out of nowhere，Shaun Smith approached them.”可知，本文主要讲述肖恩在高速公路上救了一位素不相识的老人的故事。故选B。 B Researchers at the Allen Institute for AI in Seattle released new technology that was designed to make moral judgments.They called it Delphi.Anyone could visit the Delphi website and ask it a moral question. Psychologist Joseph Austerweil tested the technology using a few simple circumstances.When he asked if it was right to kill one person to save 100 others，it said he should.Feeling quite pleased，he then asked if he should kill one person to save 101 others.This time，Delphi said he should not.Though some users such as Austerweil found Delphi was sometimes frustrating and disturbing，most agreed that the system was surprisingly wise.Many technologists believed Delphi is an effort to address what some see as a major problem in modern AI systems: They can be as flawed as the people who create them. Facial recognition systems and digital assistants occasionally show prejudice against women and people of color.Social networks like Facebook fail to control hate speech，despite wide use of AI.AI systems used by courts make sentencing(判刑) recommendations that can often seem illogical.Many computer scientists are working to address that issue.And the creators of Delphi hope to build a moral framework that could be used in any online service，robot or vehicle. Delphi works like a neural(神经的) network that learns skills by analyzing large amounts of data.After gathering millions of everyday circumstances from websites and other sources，the Allen Institute asked workers on an online service—everyday people paid to do digital work at companies like Amazon—to identify each one as right or wrong.Then they fed the data—more than 1.7 million moral judgments by real live humans—into Delphi. When the Allen Institute released Delphi，it described the system as a computational model for moral judgments.But after many complained about the obvious limitations of the system，the researchers adjusted the website.It now calls Delphi “a research model designed to copy people’s moral judgments”．It also comes with an announcement: “Model outputs should not be used for advice for humans，and could be potentially offensive or harmful.” 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了艾伦人工智能研究所的研究人员发布了名为Delphi的新技术，旨在进行道德判断，但是Delphi要做出准确的道德判断还有很长的路要走。 5．What does Austerweil most probably think of Delphi? A．It lives up to his expectations. B．It is very professional and patient. C．It can’t answer questions on morality. D．All moral judgments made by it aren’t reasonable. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中“Though some users such as Austerweil found Delphi was sometimes frustrating and disturbing，most agreed that the system was surprisingly wise.”可推知，Austerweil对Delphi的看法是它做出的所有道德判断并不都是合理的。故选D。 6．Which of the following can best replace the underlined word “flawed” in paragraph 2? A．Wise. B．Sensitive. C．Faulty. D．Greedy. 答案　C 解析　词义猜测题。根据第二段中“Though some users such as Austerweil found Delphi was sometimes frustrating and disturbing...Many technologists believed Delphi is an effort to address what some see as a major problem in moder AI systems: They can be...who create them.”可知，画线词所在句表达的内容被一些人看成是一个重大问题。由此可知，此处意为“它们可能和创造它们的人一样有缺陷”。故可猜测画线单词flawed为“有缺陷的”意思，与C项faulty“有故障的，有错误的”意思相近。故选C。 7．How did Delphi learn morality? A．It acquired data on morality collected by Amazon. B．It analyzed humans’ vast number of moral judgments. C．It studied moral rules established by AI researchers. D．It collected moral judgments from a lot of websites. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中“Delphi works like a neural(神经的) network that learns skills by analyzing large amounts of data...the Allen Institute...fed the data—more than 1.7 million moral judgments by real live humans—into Delphi.”可推知，Delphi通过分析人类大量的道德判断来学习道德。故选B。 8．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Delphi has been widely used in all walks of life. B．Delphi does justice to people of any race. C．Facial recognition systems become more precise. D．There is a long way to go before Delphi makes accurate moral judgements. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中“Many technologists believed Delphi is an effort to address what some see as a major problem in moder AI systems: They can be as flawed as the people who create them.”和最后一段中“It also comes with an announcement: ‘Model outputs should not be used for advice for humans，and could be potentially offensive or harmful.’”可推知，Delphi要做出准确的道德判断还有很长的路要走。故选D。 Ⅳ.七选五(每小题2.5分，满分12.5分) Every day，we face a series of opportunities to do the right thing.Sometimes we seize(抓住) those moments; other times，we don’t. 1 And what drives some people to take the moral high ground? Jessie Sun interviewed 952 people about the motivations(动机) for moral behavior and the changes they wished to make in their lives in order to become more morally good. When we think about morals，we often think about making “personal sacrifices(牺牲)” for the greater good.In Sun’s study，she found that nearly half of the participants said they were most encouraged to become more moral for themselves. 2 And fewer participants said that they most wanted to benefit friends and people in general. Moreover，many people believe that acting more morally—for example，being more thoughtful，more open-minded—would increase their own well-being.The more they believed that their moral change would have positive results for themselves，the more they reported being encouraged to make that change. 3 That was the most surprising finding in the study. 4 Interestingly，participants generally expected possible harms to themselves and others if they were honest.You can imagine that some people regularly tell white lies to save other people’s feelings，and they believe it would be hurtful if they were honest. Researchers also asked people about the things they’d like to improve about themselves.If they’re extremely shy，they usually want to become more comfortable in social situations.But if they aren’t especially honest or thoughtful，they usually won’t improve those aspects of their lives on purpose. 5 A．How can we become more moral? B．So，why do we make these choices? C．Being moral just isn’t what most people consider first. D．Being moral means different things to different people. E．But people see some disadvantages of being moral，too. F．In short，many people want to become more moral for their own benefits. G．Sixteen percent said that they most wanted to become more moral for their family. 1．答案　B 解析　根据空前的“Sometimes we seize(抓住) those moments; other times，we don’t.”可知，空处应对前文所述情况提出疑问，B项能承接前文，同时与后文形成并列关系。故选B。 2．答案　G 解析　根据空前的“nearly half of the participants said...”和空后的“And fewer participants said that...”可知，本段在讲参与者变得有道德的原因，G项中的“Sixteen percent said that”与空前、空后句式一致。故选G。 3．答案　F 解析　根据空前的“The more they believed that their moral change would have positive results for themselves，the more they reported being encouraged to make that change.”和空后的“That was the most surprising finding in the study.”可知，空处应进一步对这种行为进行评价，F项总结了空前的内容而且是空后的“That”指代的内容，符合题意。故选F。 4．答案　E 解析　空处是本段主旨句。根据下文中的“Interestingly，participants generally expected possible harms to themselves and others if they were honest.”可知，有道德可能会产生伤害，所以E项符合题意。故选E。 5．答案　C 解析　根据上文中的“But if they aren’t especially honest or thoughtful，they usually won’t improve those aspects of their lives on purpose.”可知，人们不会有意去改善自己道德上的不足，空处应承接上文，对上文进一步进行说明，C项符合题意。故选C。 Ⅴ.语法填空(每小题1.5分，满分15分) (2024·广东清远高一下期中) According to Chinese custom,2024 is the year of the Dragon，but it is still 1. (clear) whether the English translation of the dragon is “dragon” or “Loong”．Here’s an answer that might help you out. 2. (influence) by Greek fairy stories，the dragon is often the keeper of treasure，so the dragon is often 3. symbol of greed(贪婪) and destruction.Therefore，the warriors(勇士) in European fairy stories are often dragon slayers，killing a dragon to prove their strength. Contrary to the evil image of European dragons，Chinese dragons 4. (traditional) represent strong power，strength，and good luck.They even have jobs.In fact,5. Chinese legends，dragons were appointed head of the four seas where they must keep order，as well as the job of bringing rain to the earth. 6. (look) through the history books，we can learn that “龙” and dragon were originally translated into each other in a dictionary written by the British Morrison after the Opium War.Since then，“龙” and dragon 7. (translate) into each other on most occasions，for example，the 8. (excite) film called Crouching Tiger，Hidden Dragon.In any case，“龙” and dragon can not be directly translated into each other,9. has led to cultural misunderstanding to a certain extent.After all，the 10. (image) of Chinese dragon and Western dragon are very different. 1．答案　unclear 解析　考查形容词。句意：根据中国的习俗，2024年是龙年，但目前还不清楚龙的英文翻译是“Dragon”还是“Loong”。由whether引导主语从句，故还存在争议。故填unclear。 2．答案　Influenced 解析　考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词，the dragon与influence为被动关系，用过去分词作状语，置于句首，首字母大写。故填Influenced。 3．答案　a 解析　考查冠词。a symbol of “……的象征”。故填a。 4．答案　traditionally 解析　考查副词。副词traditionally，作状语，修饰动词。故填traditionally。 5．答案　in 解析　考查介词。句意：事实上，在中国传说中，龙被任命为四海之王，在那里它们必须维持秩序，并为大地带来雨水。在中国传说中，用介词in。故填in。 6．答案　Looking 解析　考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词，we与look为主动关系，用现在分词作状语，置于句首，首字母大写。故填Looking。 7．答案　have been translated 解析　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据“Since then”可知，为现在完成时，主语为复数，且与谓语为被动关系。故填have been translated。 8．答案　exciting 解析　考查形容词。修饰物用-ing结尾的形容词，作定语。故填exciting。 9．答案　which 解析　考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的整个句子作主语。故填which。 10．答案　images 解析　考查名词复数。根据“are”可知，主语为复数images。故填images。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$