内容正文:
高二下学期·期中考点串讲
选必 4 Unit1-Unit3
人教版
目
录
CONTENT
Unit1-3 重点短语
语法精讲:被动语态复习
语法精讲:过去分词复习
语法精讲:动词不定式复习
2
3
4
1
Unit 1 Science Fiction
一、重点短语
1.test out 检验;测试
2.more like更像是;更接近
3.superior to 比······更好;更胜一筹
4.take over 占上风;取而代之;接管;接手
5.conflict with与······冲突或抵触
Unit 1 Science Fiction
一、重点短语
6.turn out 关掉;熄灭;在场;使朝外;结果是
7.fall away(逐渐)减少;消失
8.have an urge to 有强烈的欲望做某事
9.on a...basis 根据,以······的方式(基准)
10.pros and cons 事物的利与弊;支持与反对
被动语态
一、定义
语态是动词的一种形式,用来说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
二、形式
“be +动词过去分词”
在“be +动词过去分词”结构中,助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化,变化规则与系动词be相同。
二、被动语态的形式
时态 被动结构
一般现在时 am/is/are+done
一般过去时 was/were+done
一般将来时 shall/will/am/is/are going to+be+done
过去将来时 should/would/was/were going to+be+done
现在进行时 am/is/are+being+done
过去进行时 was/were+being+done
现在完成时 have/has+been+done
过去完成时 had+been+done
将来完成时 shall/will+have+been+done
过去将来完成时 should/would+have+been+done
被动语态
在“be +动词过去分词”结构中,助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化,变化规则与系动词be相同。
例:1.Now she was being looked after by a robot that looked so human, and it was disturbing.
2. Everyone is expected to obey the following rules.希望大家遵守以下规定。
3. The work will have been finished by the end of next month.
到下个月底这项工作将会已经完成。
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题
(1)否定词not的位置: 在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。
例:He was extremely disappointed to hear that he would not be given a doctor's degree.
听到不会获得博士学位,他沮丧到了极点。
(2)“get+过去分词”也表被动
例:We got separated when we entered the big hall.
我们进入大厅时被挤散了。
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题
(3)被动语态的特殊结构形式
例:His mother gave him a present for his birthday.
→ He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
→ A present was given to him by his mother for his birthday.
1)有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题
(3)被动语态的特殊结构形式
例:Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.
→ The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
2)当"动词+宾语+宾语补足语"结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题
(3)被动语态的特殊结构形式
例:Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.
→A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
3)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题
(3)被动语态的特殊结构形式
例:1.The meeting is to be put off till Friday.(不可省掉介词off)
2.The old man was often laughed at.
那位老人经常受人嘲笑。(不可省掉介词at)
4)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如"动词+介词","动词+副词"等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题
(1)主动形式表被动意义的情况:
例:1.This dress feels soft.这条裙子摸起来很柔软。
2.This news sounds great.消息听起来太棒了。
3.The cake smells delicious.蛋糕闻起来好香。
1)系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel,sound,taste,book,feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题
(1)主动形式表被动意义的情况:
例:1.The door doesn't open easily.
门不容易打开。
2.Bikes of that kind sell well.
那种自行车好卖。
2)当cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等词带状语修饰语时。这些动词的主语一般是表物的词,且这些物往往具有某种内在的特点,这些句子的时态多用一般现在时或一般将来时。
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题
(1)主动形式表被动意义的情况:
例:1.The blackboard needs cleaning.
=The blackboard needs to be cleaned.黑板需要擦干净。
2.The broken window wants repairing.
=The broken window wants to be repaired.
那个破窗户需要修理。
3)在deserve,need,require,want等词之后,总是用动词ing的主动形式表达被动意义,相当于“to be+过去分词”。
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题
(1)主动形式表被动意义的情况:
例:The book is worth reading again.
=The book is worthy of being read again.
=The book is worthy to be read again.
这本书值得再读一遍。
4)be worth后也常跟动词ing的主动形式表达被动意义。
三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题
(1)主动形式表被动意义的情况:
例:This problem is difficult to work out.
这个问题很难计算出来。
5)在某些“形容词+不定式”作表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。
语法专练
1.Truly elegant chopsticks might ____________ (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
be made
2. The giant panda___________ (love) by people throughout the world.
is loved
2.The billionaire is reported in the local newspaper _____________ (rob) last week..
to have been robbed
语法专练
3.We won't start the work until all the preparations ________________ (make).
have been made
4.Despite the previous rounds of talks,no agreement _______________ (reach) so far by the two sides.
has been reached
语法专练
5.I appreciated _______________ (give) the chance to study abroad two years ago.
being given
6.These small trees require_____________(take) good care of.
taking
Unit 2 Iconic Attractions
一、重点短语
1.a flock of一群(羊或鸟)
2.a handful of 少数人(或物);→把(的量)
3.be referred to as...被称为是······
4.can't wait to do sth 迫不及待做某事
5.be native to 原产于
6.say goodbye to 告别
Unit 2 Iconic Attractions
一、重点短语
7.pick up 捡起;(无意中)学会;接收;(开车)接某人
8.come across 偶然遇到
9.major in 主修
10.in contact with和······联系
11.peak season 高峰季节
12.personally speaking 就个人来说
过去分词
一、形式
1. 规则动词+ed
2. 不规则动词(参见不规则动词表)
二、句法功能
过去分词是一种非谓语动词,在句中不能单独做谓语。
但它具有形容词和副词的特性,
因此在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
过去分词作定语
一、意义
及物动词的过去分词作定语往往表示被动和完成;
不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示完成,不表示被动(vi.无被动语态)
a polluted river 一条被污染的河流
a well-organised trip组织有序的旅行
过去分词作定语
二、位置
1.一般情况下,单个过去分词作前置定语,即 放在被修饰词之前。
2.有时为了表示强调,也可放在被修饰词之后。
3.过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语,即放在被修饰词之后;其作用相当于一个定语从句。
The West Lake is a well-known tourist attraction.
He is one of those invited.
The student dressed in white is my daughter.
=The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.(谓语动词)
过去分词作定语
例:1.The question discussed just nowwas very important.(表被动)
2.The boy speaking at the meeting is Tom’s brother.(表主动)
名师点津1:作定语时,ved和ving的区别
(1)语态不同:过去分词-ed表示被动;动词-ing形式表示主动。
过去分词作定语
名师点津1:作定语时,ved和ving的区别
(2)时间关系上不同:动词-ing形式表示动作正在进行;过去分词表示动作已经完成。
1.the changing world 变化着的世界
the changed world 改变了的世界
2.the boilingwater 沸腾的水
the boiled water开水
3. the developing countries发展中国家
the developed countries发达国家
名师点津2: 现在分词-ing和不定式to do的被动语态
1.The building built last year is our classroom building.
2.The building being built now is our classroom building.
3.The building to be built next month is our classroom building.
过去分词作定语
过去分词作状语
一.意义:分词(短语)作状语,修饰谓语动词,表示时间、让步、结果、方式等。其逻辑主语为句子的主语,两者之间为动宾关系【被动】。
例: 1.Greatly interested, I asked how he played these new works.
2.Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.
3.The scientist Tu Youyou came in, followed by her assistant.
4. When seen from the top of the hill,the park looks more beautiful.
过去分词作状语
二.过去分词短语作状语的难点
过去分词(短语)作状语,进一步说明动作发生的背景或情况,在意义上相当于状语从句,可以跟状语从句转换,
1.表示时间,可转换为when、 while或after等引导的时间状语从句。
2.表示原因,可转换为as、 since或because等引导的原因状语从句。
过去分词作状语
2.过去分词短语作状语难点
3. 表示条件,可转换为if、 once或unless等引导的条件状语从句。
4. 表示让步,可转换为although、 though或even if等引导的让步状语从句。
5. 表示方式或伴随情况,一般可转换为并列结构。
过去分词作状语
二、过去分词短语作状语难点
1.When offered help,one often says “Thank you”or “It's kind of you”.(时间状语)
当被提供帮助的时候,人们常说“Thank you”或“It's kind of you”。
2.Even if invited(=Even if I am invited),I will not take part in the party.
即使被邀请,我也不会参加那个宴会。
过去分词作状语
有些过去分词因为来源于系表结构,作状语时不表示被动而表示状态。常见的有:
lost (迷路)、 seated (坐)、 hidden (躲)、 stationed (驻扎)、 lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)、 born (出生)、 dressed in (穿着)、 tired of (厌烦)。
名师点津1
过去分词作状语
例:1.Lost/Absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound.
沉溺于思考之中,他没听到那个声音。
2.Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it.
出生在这个美丽的小镇,他不愿离开。
名师点津
过去分词作宾补
过去分词作宾语补足语,与宾语一起构成复合宾语:说明宾语的状态或性质,它前面的宾语就是其逻辑主语,作宾语补足语的多是及物动词【表被动和完成】。
例:1.The Normans had castles built all around England.
2.They found themselves very surprised by the beautiful scenery of England.
一、基本概念
过去分词作宾补
二、难点
(1)make、 get、 have、 keep、leave等使役动词后作宾补;
例:I had my leg broken in the football game.
我的腿在足球赛中摔断了。
过去分词作宾补
二、难点
(2)see、 hear、 feel、 find、observe等表示感觉和心理状态的动词;
例:He watched the TV set carried out of the room.
他看到电视机被搬到房间外面了。
过去分词作宾补
二、难点
(2)see、 hear、 feel、 find、observe等表示感觉和心理状态的动词;
例:He watched the TV set carried out of the room.
他看到电视机被搬到房间外面了。
过去分词作宾补
二、难点
(3)“with/without+宾语+宾语补足语”结构。
例:He sat there,with his hands tied behind.
他双手被捆在后面坐在那里。
(4)过去分词作宾语补足语时,如果变为被动语态,那么过去分词在句中就作主语补足语。
例:Almost no student is seen punished in this school.
过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语,常用于be动词, become, get, feel, look, seem等系动词之后。
例:1.I am more interested in meeting people in Australia.
2. I was convinced that I could never make a musical sound with this instrument.
3. We were encouraged at the news.
一、基本概念
过去分词作表语难点突破
1.与感觉有关的及物动词:
v-ing形式表主动,指物,即“令人有某种感觉的”;
v-ed形式表被动,指人(音容笑貌),即“人被引起某种感觉的”
2.有的过去分词作表语,相当于形容词,且大部分已转化为形容词,常见的有delighted、 drunk、amused、 disappointed、 discouraged、 astonished、 hurt、 interested、 crowded、 tired、 satisfied、 pleased、 surprised、 worried、 excited、 married、 puzzled、 upset等。
例:1. We were surprised at the surprising news.
2. His words were discouraging,which made many people discouraged.
语法专练
1.Ecotourism is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated (educate) about the areas.
educated
2.It feels quite relaxing (relax) to take a bath after work.
relaxing
语法专练
3.He tried to make himself understood(understand)by his students in class.
understood
4.Before driving into the city,you are required to get your car get/have your ((wash).
washed
语法专练
5.①Given another chance, he will do better.(同义句转换)
→ If he is given another chance, he will do better.
If he is given
6.Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.(同义句转换)
→ Although/Though he was laughed a by many people, he continued his study.
Although/Though he was laughed at
7.Satisfied with what he did, the teacher praised him in class.(完成句子)
→ Because the teacher was satisfied with what he did, she praised him in class.
Because the teacher was satisfied with
Unit 3 Sea Exploration
一、重点短语
1.withdraw from 退出;撤回
2.under the command of在······的指挥下
3.in return for作为对······的回报
4.for the benefit of为了······的好处
5.log in/out 登录/退出
Unit3 Sea Exploration
一、重点短语
6.set sail 起航;开航
7.in a league of one’s own 独领风骚
8.in hand在手头;可供使用
9.press conference 记者招待会;新闻发布会
10.from a scientific point of view 从科学角度看
动词不定式
一、动词不定式形式与意义
主动形式 被动形式 时间特征
一般式 to do to be done 不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生
进行式 to be doing / 不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式 to have done to have
been done 不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前
完成
进行式 to have
been doing /
表示动作发生在谓语动作之前且一直持续到谓语动作发生时,仍在进行
例:1. I plan to attend the meeting tomorrow.(attend的动作在plan之后发生)
我打算参加明天举行的会议。
2. They are said to be studying psychology. (are said与study同时发生)
据说他们正研究心理学。
3. I’m very sorry to have kept you sitting around doing nothing.
让你一直无所事事闲坐着我很抱歉。(keep发生在be sorry 之前)
4. No harm seems to have been done.(done发生在seems之前,
且harm与do之间是被动关系)
似乎并没有什么危害发生。
一、动词不定式形式与意义
不定式是非谓语动词的一种,在句中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分,如主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语等。
二、动词不定式的语法功能
例:1.To say is one thing; to do is another.
2.He wants to know his mother’s secret.
3.My dream is to write a book about my life.
4.The professor asked her assistant to make a detailed plan.
5.The best place to visit in May is my hometown.
6.I returned home only to find she had left.
一)不定式作主语。
三、动词不定式的用法
例:1. It was wise of you to refuse his invitation.
2. It is necessary for you to pass the exam.
对你来说通过考试是非常必要的。
当主语较长、谓语较短时,常用it作形式主语,而将不定式放到谓语的后面。
二)不定式作宾语。
三、动词不定式的用法
例:He has determined to leave.他已决意离开。
The boy failed to pass the exam.这个男孩没通过考试。
1.常跟不定式作宾语的动词:agree, aim, arrange, choose, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, intend, learn, plan, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, threaten, wish
2.下列动词或词组既可以接动名词作宾语,也可以接不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别:
3.feel,find,judge,make,think,believe,consider等动词后如果是不定式作宾语,补足语是形容词(或是名词),常用it作形式宾语,把不定式后移。
I find it difficult to work with him.我发现与他共事很难。
补足语是用来补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。补充说明主语意义的句子成分叫作主语补足语;补充说明宾语意义的句子成分叫作宾语补足语。
1.在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语,如ask,want,invite,get,force,expect,allow,persuade,order,warn,remind,prefer,cause,permit,forbid,advise,teach等。
The teacher asked us to finish the work today.
老师要我们今天完成工作。
三)不定式作宾补。
2.下列动词接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语:
一感(feel),二听(hear,listen to),三让(let,have,make),四看(see,notice,observe,watch),半帮助(help),但在变为被动语态时需加to。
Nobody saw him come in.没人看见他进来。(主动语态)
The thief was observed to enter the bank.
有人看见小偷进了银行。
(被动语态)
状语是用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的一种成分。
1. 作目的状语
表示目的,也可用于so as和in order之后表示强调。
In order to catch the first bus, he got up early.
为了赶上第一班公交车,他早早就起床了。
I came here to say goodbye to you.
我来这是为了向你告别。
四)不定式作状语。
2. 作原因状语
常跟在表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情的形容词之后。
We’re quite glad to meet you here.
我们很高兴在这见到你。
I am sorry to hear that your grandma is ill.
听说你奶奶生病了,我感到很难过。
四)不定式作状语。
3.作结果状语
1. 动词不定式作结果状语常用于以下结构: too... to do 太……以至于不能做…… ;so/such... as to do 太……以至于做…… ; adj. /adv. + enough to do足够……做……
2. 作结果状语时往往表示意想不到的或是不愉快的结果。其前有时加上only ,表出乎意料的结果。
例:He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
他到了车站,却被告知火车已经开走了。.
Would you be so kind as to do me a favour?劳烦您帮我个忙好吗?
I wouldn't get involved---he's old enough to fight his own
battles.我不想参与-他已经长大,能独自应付了。
五)不定式作表语
不定式用作表语时放在系动词(be动词)之后,有时也放在seem, remain等其他少数连系动词后。
不定式作表语时表示的动作往往是具体的、 一次性的动作,特别是将来的动作。通常主语是表示“目的愿望,梦想,需求” 等的名词或what引导的主语从句。
例:1. He seems to be ill.他似乎生病了。
2. Her wish is to be a teacher.她的愿望就是当一名教师。
3. We are to meet at the station at three.我们约定3点钟在车站见面。
动词不定式与疑问词who, which, when, where, how, what等连用,在句中起名词的作用,可充当主语、表语、宾语等。
1.How to solve the problem is very important.(主语)
如何解决这一问题很重要。
2.He didn’t know what to ask.(宾语)
他不知道该问些什么。
3.My question is when to start.(表语)
我的问题是何时开始。
六)特殊疑问词+动词不定式
语法专练
1.The goal of this activity is _______ (meet) the needs of common people.
to meet
2.The question is very difficult ________ (answer).
to answer
3.He pretended ____________ (read) the text when I came in.
to be reading
语法专练
4.The snow seemed ________________ (blow) from the top of the mountain.
to have been blown
5.I worked hard _______ (pass) the exam.
to pass
6.I had no choice but _______ (give) up the chance of going abroad.
to give
Thanks for listening
人教版
$$