串讲02 Unit 3～4 单元语法知识点梳理【考点串讲PPT】-2024-2025学年高一下学期期中考点大串讲（上外版2020必修第二册）

高一下英语期中考试复习 上外版2020 必修第二册 Unit 1-2 分词做定语 上外版必修二 Unit 3 Food 现在分词做定语 现在分词作定语： ① 单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，如： Barking dogs seldom bite. I met a runing boy in the playground. 相当于定语从句 ② 分词短语作定语放在被修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定语从句 Who is the man standing by the door? = Who is the man ________standing by the door ? that is They built a highway leading into the mountains. Have you read any novels written by Lu Xun? that leads that were written ③ 作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况： a. 表示正在进行的动作： Did you see the man talking to the manager? = who was talking… b. 表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态,此时现在分词只表主动，不表进行： The house standing at the corner of the street was built in 1955 . which stood… 注①：如果所表示的动作与被修饰词是被动关系，且与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，用现在分词的被动形式来表示。 The meeting being held is very important. = which is being held… 注②：如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个不定式的被动形式来表示，如： The meeting to be held next week is very important. = which is to be held… 定语从句的省略： 当定语从句以关系代词做主语，且定语从句的谓语中有be动词的某种形式，则可省去“关系代词+be” 如果定语从句以关系代词做主语，但定语从句中谓语没有be动词，则省去关系代词并将谓语部分的第一个词改为—ing 形式 用现在分词（短语）改写下列句子 That was the year (that) I first went abroad. Is there anything  you  wanted? 不可以 不可以 Is there anything  that helps you to get well with others? 可以 去掉 helping The boy who is standing at the door is my brother. Do you know the man who stood at the gate just now？ 去 掉 去掉 standing The old man sitting under the tree is his grandfather. There is sb. knocking at the door. 加上who is 加上who is This is the only way that leads to our village. The school lying to the west of my house is the No.1 Middle School. 去掉 leading that lies The students who hope to join our club should sign here. The man who talked to me is my father. If I prepare fully,I can do much better. The factory keeps giving off dirty smoke and pollutes the air dirty. The students hoping to join us should sign here. The man talking to me just now is my father. Preparing fully, I can do much better. The factory keeps giving off dirty smoke,polluting the air. Revision This is a broken toy. It is a toy broken by my daughter. This toy is broken. One day ,I found this toy broken. Not given enough time, I had to give up halfway. 结论：过去分词的功能可以相当于形容词,在句子中做_____,_____,______,_____，过去分词的否定（not，never等）要放在过去分词______。 y.ken toy. (定语) (定语) (表语) (宾补) 状语 过去分词做定语 过去分词作定语 1. a cloned baby 2.a broken glass 3.a retired worker 4.fallen leaves EX 1: Use verb-ed to change the attributive clause 1.He is a teacher who is loved by all his students. He is a teacher loved by all his students 2.The boy who is named Tom will come her tomorrow. The boy named Tom will come here tomorrow. EX 2:用动词-ed形式作定语翻译下列句子。 1. 我们需要更多合格的教师． __________________________________ 2.这次会议有很多人出席，开得很成功 __________________________________ 3. 你读过莫言写得小说吗? __________________________________ 1. 我们需要更多合格的教师． We need more qualified teachers. 2.这次会议有很多人出席，开得很成功. The meeting attended by a lot of people was a success 3. 你读过莫言写得小说吗? Have you read the novels written by a lot of people. 总结1： 当单个过去分词做_________放在被修饰的名词__________ ,如果是分词短语做定语， 则放在名词_________ ，此时相当于一个____________ 从句。 过去分词做定语表示__________ 、__________。 定语 前面 后面 定语 完成 被动 注意: The V-ed form作定语的形式 The topic _____(discuss) yesterday is interesting 总结规律1：被修饰的名词与V- ed为 ________ 关系，且动作_______ 被动 已经完成 Vt&Vi的过去分词的区别 fallen leaves the risen sun the retired scientist the well-trained teacher the highly praised scientist 结论：及物动词的过去分词表示____, ____，某些不及物动词的过去分词只表示动作___,无被动意义。有时可以在过去分词前加副词，变成______。 ________________ ____________ 专题训练 The _______(fly)kites are high in the sky. The boy _______(sit) by the window is Tom. The _________（damage）bike was sent to the repairman. The boy_________(name) Tom was hurt in the car accident. Conclusion: 1.现在分词做定语时,如果是单个现在分词,则放在被修饰词的______,如果是短语则放在被修饰词的_____,表______. 2.过去分词作定语,如果是单个过去分词,则放在被修饰词的___,如果是短语，放在被修饰词的_____,表____. 1. The dog _______ (follow) the old man is my father . 2.He has opened a tea store _______(call）‘ Chai Point’ 3.Last summer , we visited a farm______(build) a hundred years ago. 4.It is a cake ______(make) by my sister. 5. I think the scientific advances __________(mention) in your article are fantastic. 6.This is a book ________(buy) by my parents. 7.The room is empty except for a desk ______(stand) in the corner. 8.When she got home ,there was a dog _____(wait) for her 9. The only thing ( need) is a cell from your old pet. 10.The (praise)scientist is starting another research. 上外版必修二 Unit 4 Sports 分词做状语 现在分词做状语 构 成 形 式   主动形式 被动形式 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 现在分词： 现在分词的否定式 not/never having done not/never doing not/never being done not/never having been done 现在作状语： 一、 表示伴随情况，如： The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. = while they were laughing and talking… She sat at the desk reading a newspaper. = while she was reading… 二、表示原因或理由： Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. = As she saw…… Because we didn’t know… 注：如果分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生，则要用完成形式，如： Having finished his homework, Tom went home. =After//Because he had finished… Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter. =Because he had not received… 三、作时间状语（相当于 when 引导的从句）： Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. = When they heard… Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those days in Beijing. When he saw… 注①：如果两个动作同时发生的，多用 when 或 while + 分词这种结构，如： Be careful when crossing the street. Don’t mention this while talking to him. you are you are 注②：如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时，分词的动作已经完成，要用完成形式： Having heard the result, the spokeswoman expressed her opinion After she had heard 四、现在分词作状语还可以表示结果、条件和让步，如： The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. = thus it caused … Working hard, you will succeed. Weighing almost 100Kg, the stone was moved by him alone. If you work hard Although it weighed… 状语从句的省略： 1.状语从句中如果从句的主语与主句的主语相同，且从句谓语中含有be动词的某种形式，则将从句引导词和从句主语以及be动词一起省去。 2.状语从句中如果从句的主语与主句的主语相同，但从句谓语中不含有be动词的某种形式，则将从句引导词和从句主语一起省去，谓语部分第一个改为-ing 形式。 Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once. Don't be careless when /while having an exam. When they heard… When you are… Having finished his homework the boy was allowed to watch TV play. After he had finished… Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help. Because he didn’t know… Having lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well. Because//After//Since //As we have lived… Being ill, he still keeps taking exercise. Although he is ill… 现在分词的完成形式和被动形式 ① 现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中，表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，如： Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. ② 在表示一个被动的动作时，如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的，就可以用现在分词的被动形式。这种形式可以作定语、状语或构成复合宾语， That building being repaired is our library. You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere. Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe. 过去分词做状语 过去分词作状语 过去分词(短语)作状语,表示被动的或完成的动作, 这时句子的主语和过去分词之间为逻辑上的被动关系。 Written in a hurry , this article was not so good . 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好。本句中的written 即为过去分词作状语，表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写完。 过去分词通常在句中作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、让步状语、方式状语和伴随状语等。 1.过去分词作时间状语,在句中相当于一个时间状语从句。 Asked about his address ( = When he was asked about his address ) , the boy didn ' t respond . 问及他的地址时,小男孩没有作答。 2.过去分词作原因状语,在句中相当子一个原因状语从句。 Annoyed at the decision ( = As he was annoyed at the decision ) , he refused to attend the meeting . 由于生气这个决定,他拒绝参加会议。 3.过去分词作条件状语,在句中相当于一个条件状语从句。 Given more time ( = If they were given more time ) the trees could grow taller . 如果再多给一点时间,这些树会长得更高。 Heated to a high temperature ( = If it is heated to a high temperature ) , water will change into vapor . 如果加热到高温,水就能变成蒸汽。 4.过去分词作让步状语,在句中相当于一个让步状语从句。 Though having been warned of the storm ( = Though they had been warned of the storm ) , the farmers were still working in the fields . 尽管被警告过有暴风雨,农民们仍然在田地里劳作。 5.过去分词作方式、伴随状语。 Followed by a group of students , the teacher entered the classroom . = The teacher entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of students . 老师走进教室,后面跟着一群学生。 注意: 过去分词(短语)作状语时,前面有时可以加上 when , if , while , though , even if , until , unless等连词 , 这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句(省略部分多为“主语+be的多种形式”)。需要注意的是,省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同或为it。 Even if invited ( = Even if I ' m invited ) , I won ' t take part in the party . 即使受到邀请,我也不会参加那个聚会的。 现在分词也可以作状语,与过去分词作状语的最主要区别在于: 两者与所修饰的主句的主语的逻辑关系的区别。 (1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。 The girl went out , shutting the door behind her . 女孩出去后将门随手关上。 Not knowing what to do , she went to her parents for help . 由于不知如何是好,她去找父母帮忙。 (2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。 Given more encouragement , the girl could have behaved better . 如果多给这个女孩一些鼓励,她本来会表现得更好。 Faced with , you must try to overcome them . 在遇到困难时,你必须设法去克服。 (3)部分过去分词来源于系表结构,作状语时不表示 “被动关系”,其前不用being 。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有:lost in (陷入某种状态)、seated((坐着的)、 hidden (躲着 ) . lost / absorbed(沉溺于 ) dressed in (穿着)、tired of (厌烦了)等。 Lost / Absorbed in deep thought , she didn ' t hear the sound . 沉溺于思考中,她没有听到那个声音。 Born in this beautiful town , the girl hates to leave it . 出生于这个美丽的小镇,女孩不愿离开它。 总结对比 as adverbials as adverbials continuing past action active passive verb-ing verb-ed as adverbials 时间状语 Asked about his address， the boy didn’t respond. ＝When he was asked about his address，the boy didn’t respond. Walking in the park，she saw an old friend. ＝When/While (she was) walking in the park，she saw an old friend. as adverbials 原因状语 Annoyed at the decision，he refused to attend the meeting. ＝As he was annoyed at the decision，he refused to attend the meeting. Being ill，he couldn’t go to school. ＝As he was ill，he couldn’t go to school. as adverbials 条件状语 Given more time ，we could have better work. ＝If they were given more time， we could have better work. Working hard，you’ll make great progress. ＝If you work hard，you’ll make great progress. as adverbials 结果状语 He fell off a tall tree, his leg broken. ＝He fell off a tall tree, and his leg was broken. He was caught in the rain，thus making himself catch a cold. =He was caught in the rain，which made himself catch a cold. I hurried to school，only to find it was Sunday. as adverbials 让步状语 Trained ten hours a day, he will still be a fool. ＝Even if he was trained ten hours a day, he will still be a fool. Though knowing all this，they made me pay for the damage. =Though they knew all this，they made me pay for the damage. as adverbials 方式状语 Mary sat by the window of the classroom，reading a book. ＝Mary sat by the window of the classroom and was reading a book. as adverbials 伴随状语 Followed by a group of students，the teacher entered the classroom. ＝The teacher entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of students. Following a group of students，the teacher entered the classroom. ＝The teacher entered the classroom and he followed by a group of students. as adverbials Though warned of the storm，the farmers were still working in the fields. While admitting he was involved in the crime, he denied taking part in it. 过去分词(短语)作状语时，前面有时可以加上when，if，while，though，even if，until，unless等连词。需要注意的是，省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同或为it。 为强调动词-ing形式表达的意义，可在其前加上各种连词。例如，加上when，while，强调与谓语动词同时发生；加上before，after，强调动作先后发生；加上thus，强调结果；加上(al)though，强调让步等。 as adverbials Walking in the street，I met an old friend of mine. Having finished the letter，he went to post it. Having been shown around the factory，they were very happy. Having finished his homework，he went to bed. Not knowing this，he didn’t come. Not having made full preparations，we put off the sports meeting. ①当现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，用分词的一般式。 ②当现在分词的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用分词的完成式。 否定式：not＋v.-ing；not having＋v.-ed 77 as adverbials _______ from the hill, you will find the city looks like a big garden. _______ from the hill, the city looks like a big garden. Seeing Seen active passive as adverbials ________ for a long time, the book looks old. ________ the book, I find it useful. ________ at her, he jumped with joy. (look) ________ at by her, he jumped with joy. (look) ________ with his room, mine is smaller.(compare) ________ these two rooms, I found mine is smaller.(compare) Compared Used Using Looking Looked Comparing 分词作状语，主语是问题。 逗号前后两动作，共用一主语。 主语找出后，再来判关系。 主动-ing,被动用-ed。 Having done 表先后， 千万要牢记。 79 专题训练 Fill in the blanks : _________ (turn) to the right , you will find the place you want . 2. ___________ (ask) to put on performance , she refused . 3. _______________ (finish) his work , Henry went home . 4. ________ (learn) new words is useful. Turning Being asked Having finished Learning 5. He disliked _____________ (interrupt) in his experiment . 6. I apologize for ________________ (not, wait) for you . 7. _________________ (not, receive) an answer , I wrote to him again . 8. ____________________ (give) such a good chance , you should catch it . being interrupted not having waited Not having received Having been given 9. I didn’t mind ___________ (leave) at home . 10. The house wants _________ (clean). 11. He came in without _________ (ask). 12. ________________ (show) around the library , we were taken to see the lab. being left cleaning being asked Having been shown $$