专题05 阅读理解之说明文（人教版2019）-备战2024-2025学年高二英语下学期期中真题分类汇编

专题05 阅读理解之说明文 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下•广东省茂名3月月考） Due to social events in recent years, the relationship between social media and teenagers mental health has been under heated discussion. On Sept. 30, a British court decided that content on social media platforms led to the depression (抑郁) of 14-year-old Molly Russell. Russell interacted with 2,100 posts related to pessimistic (悲观) and self-harm in the six months, leading up to her depression, reported the Observer website. The correlation has also been proved by science. A study in 2019 showed that the frequent use of social media by teenagers can lead to a decrease in their mental health. So, how can we make sure that teenagers won’t get hurt while using social media? Chan,18, from the University of Macao shared her experience. Chan said that she one cam e across short videos romanticizing (浪漫化) mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety. She immediately reported them to the platform. But she said that the users’ power to control videos is still limited. “It is ultimately the responsibility of the social media platforms to get rid of content that is potentially harmful.” She also noticed that the age of social media users has become increasingly younger. Society should pay attention to this, she said. “Since it’s not possible to cut off access to social media for younger users, why not introduce a ‘supervision mode’ (监管模式) with which parents can regulate the content to be viewed by teenagers beforehand?” she said. Wu Chengyu, 18, studies at Tianjin Experimental High School. He said that several years ago he came across a game that attracts teenagers to self-abuse and depression. He quickly chose to ignore it so he wouldn’t be influenced. This is the same way he reacts when exposed to negative content on social media. In Wu’s opinion, teenagers today should improve their social media literacy (素养), telling real from fake and good from bad. “Also, everyone can be a content creator on social media.” he said. “We should all strengthen our awareness of ethics”. 1. What led to Russell’s depression according to a British court? A. Her interaction with others online. B. Negative information on social media platforms. C. Short videos she watched on the Internet. D. Her addiction to online posts. 2. Which of the following statements does Chan probably agree with? A. A supervision mode ought to be introduced by parents. B. The number of younger social media users should be limited. C. It is the responsibility of the society to romanticize mental illnesses. D. Parents should monitor the content to be viewed by teenagers in advance. 3. Who should be ultimately responsible for removing negative content according to Chan? A. Parents. B. Schools. C. Social media platforms. D. Content creators. 4. What does Wu suggest teenagers should do? A. Use social media wisely. B. Reduce social media usage. C. Stay away from online games. D. Learn more about social media. Passage 2 （23-24高二下·四川成都·期中） Air pollution is among the biggest threats against humans, which causes seven million early deaths a year. To fight this problem, four friends put their heads together and designed CityTree, which is a mobile structure that can capture as many pollutants as a forest made up of 275 trees. What makes the ‘tree’ special is that it’s not a regular tree at all; it is made up of moss cultures (苔藓培养物) that do a great job of absorption. “Moss cultures have a much larger surface than any other plant,” Zhengliang Wu, co-founder of Green City Solutions, explained to CNN. “That means we can capture more pollutants.” The entire ‘tree’ sustains itself using solar panels that generate electricity so that it can collect rainwater itself. To monitor the health of the moss, the CityTree has sensors which measure temperature and water quality. Now, about 20 CityTrees can be found in major cities like Oslo, and Paris. The team also has plans to introduce the CityTree to cities in lower-income countries, which may have worse air pollution. However, Gary Fuller, an expert on air pollution, thinks that the concept of an urban air purifier might be too ambitious. “Even if you had a perfect air cleaner, getting the surrounding air in contact with it is really hard,” he said. Pollution made by cars, for example, spreads upwards a few kilometers into the air. “Efforts would be better put into stopping the pollution from forming in the first place,” he added. In response, the CityTree inventors say that they are aware of this and choose the location of each CityTree carefully. They are also testing a system to create their own air flow that draws the pollution to the “tree”. 1. What is paragraph 2 mainly about concerning the CityTree? A. Its appearance. B. Its operating process. C. How it works. D. How it gets powered. 2. What is Gary Fuller’s attitude to the CityTree? A. Doubtful. B. Intolerant. C. Worried. D. Unclear. 3. What will the CityTree inventors probably do? A. Develop a new type of air cleaner. B. Make improvements to the structure. C. Redirect efforts to make greener cars. D. Expand their business in rich countries. 4. Which of the following is the best title for this text? A. Global Efforts in Planting Trees B. The Alarming Trend of Air Pollution C. A Structure that Will Change the World D. The ‘Tree’ with the Green Benefits of a Forest Passage 3 （24-25学年高二下•湖北省黄冈3月月考） In the rich countries of the West, the electric vehicle revolution is well occurring. Climate-conscious consumers drive Teslas or Polestars for reasons of morality (道德) and fashion. Poorer countries are also experiencing a wave of electrified trend. In Bangladesh, electric three-wheeler taxis, known as tuk-tuks, are rapidly replacing gas-powered ones on the streets. Such electric vehicles are climate friendly, cost effective, and help reduce air pollution. Yet a glance under the hood (引擎盖) of these vehicles shows a poisonous secret: each tuk-tuk runs on five massive lead-acid batteries (铅酸电池), containing almost 300 pounds of lead (铅) in total. Every year and a half or so, when those batteries need to be replaced and recycled, about 60 pounds of lead leaks into the environment. Battery recycling, often at small-scale unregulated factories, is a highly profitable (高利润的) but deadly business. Lead is dangerous, and any exposure to it is harmful to human health. Lead that has entered the environment hurts people on an unexpected scale. The numerous ways lead enters air, water, soil, and homes across the developing world and the enormous damage it does to human health, wealth, and welfare cause one of the biggest environmental problems in the world yet receives little attention. The World Bank estimates that lead kills 5.5 million people per year, making it a bigger global killer than AIDS, malaria, diabetes, and road traffic deaths combined. On top of the shocking deaths, the social burden of lead poisoning is heavy, as is its contribution to global inequality — our research on the cognitive (认知的) effects of lead poisoning suggests that it may explain about one-fifth of the educational achievement gap between rich and poor countries. But unlike many challenges faced by developing countries, lead poisoning is a problem that can be resolved through financial investment (财政投入). Better monitoring, research, and rules can help protect children all over the world from the unpleasant effects of lead poisoning and reduce the massive global costs it brings. 1. How does the author describe the lead problem in paragraph 2? A. By listing some numbers. B. By analyzing hidden causes. C. By making an interesting comparison. D. By explaining its working principle. 2. What can we learn about lead’s harm from the text? A. Lead enters poor countries in one way. B. Lead leaking has been avoided in all the countries. C. Lead will definitely not harm anymore. D. Lead poisoning may make poor societies poorer. 3. What can be done to solve lead poisoning in developing countries? A. Fixing these used batteries. B. Reducing the cost of recycling lead. C. Ignoring the illegal use of lead. D. Putting certain effort and money. 4. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. The Impacts of Lead Poisoning on Man. B. The Global Lead Poisoning Problem. C. The Ways to Solve Lead Problem. D. The Benefits of Using Electric Vehicles. Passage 4 （24-25高二下·浙江宁波·3月月考） The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned that children, pregnant women and people with weak immune systems suffer the most from the mpox (猴痘) outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Reports confirm that children under five account for 39% of all cases in the country, and babies as young as two weeks are being diagnosed with this viral illness. Why is the DRC outbreak affecting children so badly? Because of conflict, political instability and insecurity, large parts of the DRC have not had stable, consistent, sustained health responses or health prevention. As a result, it’s hard to control infectious diseases like mpox. In addition, children in any outbreak setting are already vulnerable given their immature and still-developing immune systems, especially under the age of five. Besides all the above factors, living in a country where mpox is consistently present, exposure through contact with animals, which is a more common means of mpox transmission, and not having the benefit of a vaccine also contribute to the problem. To protect the vulnerable from the mpox outbreak, children must be specifically targeted. This is because they are a primary population of concern that can develop severe and fatal disease. The health system and healthcare workers must make it as easy as possible to get parents or caregivers to bring children in. This includes addressing the inconveniences of leaving their communities to seek care. Another factor which might prevent the infected from getting the care they should have is the stigma connected to mpox. The symptoms of mpox are quite noticeable and unfortunately draw negative attention and treatment by society and health workers, which makes parents and caregivers hesitant to seek care. The media, including international media, have been feeding into this – especially for African people with mpox — and it needs to stop. Finally, a vaccination program focused on the young needs to be rolled out to stem transmission. But there still exist major challenges. 1. Which of the following isn’t a factor that puts children in DRC at risk? A. Lack of healthcare. B. Regular exposure to animals. C. The large population of children. D. Relatively weak immune system. 2. The underlined word can be replaced by ________. A. challenge B. discrimination C. after-effect D. severity 3. What is the author’s attitude towards the media’s reports on mpox? A. Critical. B. Conservative. C. Ambiguous. D. Supportive. 4. Which of the following might be a proper title of this passage? A. Why Are Infectious Diseases So Hard to Control in Africa? B. More Attention Needs to Be Paid to the Prevention of Mpox. C. Children in the DRC Are at Greater Risk From the Mpox Outbreak. D. Measures Are Needed to Bring Infectious Diseases Under Control. Passage 5 （23-24学年高二下•广东省惠州第二次段考） In the rush of day-to-day life, we don’t always have the time to slow down and move at our own speed. Even on vacation, we always try to visit, do and taste as many things as possible in a new place or many places.     “I’ve heard countless times how tired people are when they come back from their vacation and feel like they ‘need a vacation from their vacation,’ and that’s because many times we pack so much into a very short time,” said travel blogger Esther Susag. “We want to see everything, do everything, and not waste a minute. There is, however, another method that many experienced travelers suggest: slow travel. But what exactly is slow travel, and how do you take full advantage of this kind of trip? Below ,travel experts break it down. As the name suggests, slow travel generally needs travelers to slow down and enjoy each moment, rather than rushing to check off the list items. “Slow travel may mean different things to different travelers, but I define (定义) it as staying in one place for longer and going deeper into the local culture,” said Paul Jacobs, general manager and vice president of Kayak North America. “It’s taking the time to make real connections with locals instead of packing a schedule full of tours.”        For travel expert and author La Carmina, slow travel allows people to stop and smell the roses-quite directly. “It’s about being fully present in the moment and experiencing the sights, sounds and sensations (感觉) around you completely “letting the experience develop at its own speed and without expectations,” she said. “To me, slow travel doesn’t have a strict definition or certain things to do, but rather focuses on the feeling of being a visitor to a place.” Slow travel is becoming more and more popular now, because it can do good to us in many ways. 1. Why are people tired when they return from their vacation? A. They have no place to rest. B. They are on a busy schedule when traveling. C. They travel to some places far away. D. They feel quite excited and enjoy their trip fully. 2. What does La Carmina think of slow travel? A. It can let travelers experience the place deeply. B. It can make travelers save a lot of money. C. It can allow travelers to explore more places. D. It can save travelers much more time. 3. What might the author continue talking about? A. Other ways of travel. B. The definition of slow travel. C. The proper places for slow travel. D. The advantages of slow travel. 4. In which part of a newspaper can you probably read the text? A. Life. B. Society. C. Sports. D. Education. Passage 6 （24-25高二下·广东茂名·3月月考） At the most fundamental levels, things that make us happy, or bring a positive, reward response in our brains, are those that satisfy our basic biological needs. Put simply, we humans need many things to ensure our survival, such as food, water, air, sleep, and security. Our brain recognizes these things as being “biologically significant”, so if we obtain them, we experience a sense of reward. Because the human brain can have sudden, unplanned mental jumps, it can easily recognize receiving money means we can now more easily obtain food, water, shelter and so on. This, as a study carried out by the Wellcome Trust in 2007 found, can be rewarding and motivational. However, this doesn’t mean more money automatically means more happiness. Money may be recognized by our brains as biologically significant, but there’s an upper limit on how rewarding even biologically significant things can be. For example, eating food can often be pleasurable, but at some point you’ll be sated, after which point eating more causes actual discomfort. There’s also the phenomenon of habituation, where the fundamental parts of our brains learn to not react to things that occur predictably and reliably. As evidenced in a 2011 study carried out by Dr. Ruth Krebbs at Ghent University, this is why things that are novel, say, surprising and unexpected, are often more rewarding than familiar things. In many cases, the same thing happens with money. Receiving your regular pay is delightful, but receiving unexpected money, even if it’s much less, often makes you much happier. Also, when we actively and obviously need it for our survival, obtaining money is very rewarding. But when we go beyond that point, when we’re financially secure, money can still be rewarding, but its power to make you happy is significantly reduced, a study carried out at San Francisco State University found. 1. What is the function of paragraph 1? A. To make a comparison. B. To explain a basic idea. C. To present an argument. D. To encourage a debate. 2. More money doesn’t mean more joy because _________. A. money has no biological significance B. some people view money as pointless C. joy drops after arriving at the extreme D. ensuring the safety of money is uneasy 3. What does the underlined word “sated” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Enjoyable. B. Painless. C. Bored. D. Full. 4. What kind of money makes people happier? A. Money received from winning a prize. B. Money earned annually from your job. C. Money obtained from selling a house. D. Money borrowed from a close friend. Passage 7 （23-24高二下·湖北武汉·期中） This is going to sound weird, but I want you to look closely for a moment at your thumbs. See how they bend flexibly forwards as well as back. The human thumb is not just a device for giving the thumbs-up sign or for picking up dropped keys. It is also one of the most efficient and sensitive tools in existence for determining the ripeness of fruit. However, most of us don’t use them that way anymore. One of the most striking things about eating in the modern world is that we act as if we were sense-blind. Our noses can distinguish fresh milk from sour milk, and yet we prefer to look at the use-by date rather than sniffing. Senses, wrote the late anthropologist Jack Goody, are “our windows on the world” —the main tools through which humans acquire information about our environments. But today, we have yielded many of the functions of our own senses to the modern food industry — which suits that industry just fine. A survey of 7,000 young people in 2011 found that most of them would be hypothetically (假设地) prepared to give up their sense of smell if it meant that they could keep their laptop or phone. In reality, it is not easy to live without a sense of smell. According to the survey data produced by Fifth Sense, more than half of the respondents having smell loss said that cooking had become a source of stress and anxiety because they could no longer experience the joy of trying new recipes, and could not easily tell when something was burned, which even increases feelings of loneliness and depression and leads to the breakdown of relationships. No human activity is more multi-sensory than eating, but to eat in the modern world is often to eat in a state of profound sensory disengagement. We order groceries on a computer, or takeaways on a phone, and they arrive wrapped in plastic, so that we can neither smell them nor see them before we take the first mouthful. 1. In which way we mostly don’t use our thumbs according to the author? A. Squeeze a fig. B. Push a button. C. Hold a fork. D. Pick a key. 2. Why does the author mention the survey in 2011? A. To show the addiction to the Internet. B. To focus on the senseless young people. C. To highlight the ignorance about senses. D. To introduce a popular and modern lifestyle. 3. What does the paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A. Daily troubles of sense loss. B. An uneasy world without senses. C. Mental concerns about sense loss. D. The robbed pleasure of cooking food. 4. What makes people lose sensory connection with food? A. A fast-paced modern lifestyle. B. Lessening interests about food. C. The development of computers. D. The convenient packaging technology. Passage 8 （23-24高二下·湖北武汉·期中） After nearly a year of frantic (狂热的) lobbying and debate, the EPA has finalized strict new rules on vehicle emissions that will push the auto industry to accelerate its transition to electric vehicles (EV). The EPA expects that under the new rules, EVs could account for up to 56% of new passenger vehicles sold for model years 2030 through 2032, meeting a goal that President Biden set in 2021. The regulations are a cornerstone of the Biden Administration’s efforts to fight climate change. Combined with investments the U.S. is making in battery and electric vehicle manufacturing, the auto regulations will help shift the U.S. away from relying on fossil fuels for transportation, a senior administration official said during a call with reporters. “Three years ago, I set an ambitious target that half of all new cars and trucks sold in 2030 would be zero-emission,” Biden said in a statement, adding that the country will meet that goal and “race forward in the years ahead”. Biden added that U.S. workers “will lead the world on autos - making clean cars and trucks, each stamped ‘Made in America’.” The new rules require auto manufacturers to slash emissions of greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide that are heating the planet, as well as air pollutants that contribute to soot and smog. The administration says the new standards will avoid more than seven billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions and deliver almost $100 billion in annual benefits, including $13 billion in health benefits as a result of less pollution. “That’s going to have immediate benefits in improving air quality, but also improving people’s health,” Cara Cook, director of programs at the Alliance of Nurses for Healthy Environments, told reporters ahead of the EPA’s announcement. “So they’re not breathing in dirty air, especially for those who are living near major roadways and highways, heavy traffic [areas]. Those are the ones that are going to really experience a significant amount of benefits from these rules.” 1. What does the new rules aim to do? A. To relieve heavy traffic. B. To conserve the traffic regulations. C. To hinder the transition to electric vehicles. D. To achieve environmental friendly transportation. 2. What does the underlined word mean in paragraph 3? A. Lift. B. Shrink. C. Enhance. D. Accumulate. 3. What’s Cara Cook’s attitude towards the new policy? A. Neutral. B. Opposed. C. Objective. D. Favorable. 4. What is the best title of the passage? A. Fighting climate change. B. Achieving zero-emission. C. New rules on green vehicle benefit. D. The acceleration of the auto revolution. Passage 9 （24-25学年高二下•湖北省武汉3月月考） A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 1. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from. C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of. 2. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants. C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland. 3. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 4. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The future of gardening is WILD. B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS. C. Matrix gardens need more CARE. D. Old garden plots work WONDERS. Passage 10 （22-23高二上·浙江温州·期末） Some people can’t wait for the lovely colors, cooler weather, and cozy sweaters of autumn. In fact, fall is Americans’ favorite time, but for a minority of others, the transition from summer creates worry, fear and worse. According to Carrie Landin, a psychologist from the University of Colorado Health Integrative Medicine Center, a significant number of people actually experience autumn anxiety. For some people, stress is triggered (触发) by environmental factors: Decreases in daylight cause chemical changes in the brain. “Less daylight leads to lower levels of chemicals like serotonin and dopamine that control our emotions,” says Kimberly Asner-self, associate professor at Touro Colleges` School of Health Sciences. “As these chemicals drop, the body responds by increasing levels of cortisol. the hormone released in situations where we face threat.” The result can be an increased anxiety, difficulty sleeping and depression. But it’s not just increasing darkness that can trigger these symptoms. For people who feel this way every year, some of the reaction is mental. “When we know there’s the potential for stress ahead we tend to anticipate the problems, feeling anxious before they even happen,” Landin says. The fall features more than its fair share of impending (迫在眉睫) events: back to school at the beginning of the season and family get-togethers toward the end. Mayra Mendez, a psychologist from Providence Saint Johns Health Center, suggests identifying your personal triggers and making a plan to manage them before they feel overwhelming. For instance, if you’re concerned about family issues and holiday parties, decide in advance that it’s perfectly OK to say no to some of them. If fall’s stricter work and school schedules make you anxious, plan regular breaks and vacations to look forward to. Finally, you should also find ways to embrace the present moment. Remember: while autumn may throw you a few tricks, there are plenty of treats to be found too. 1. What may be the cause of autumn anxiety? A. Cooler weather. B. Less daylight. C. Sleep difficulties. D. Vacation plans. 2. Landin’s words are mentioned in paragraph 3 to show__________. A. potential stress can be predictable B. stress can be triggered by chemicals C. depression is related to family issues D. anxiety can be caused by mental factors 3. What does the author probably think of autumn stress? A. Manageable. B. Overwhelming. C. Troublesome. D. Beneficial. 4. What can be the best title for the text? A. Seasonal Anxiety B. Tricks or Treats C. The Autumn Blues D. Characteristics of Fall Passage 11 （20-21高二下·山东济宁·期中） A clever technologist took steamboat inventions and turned them into the first commercial steamboat service. Although Robert Fulton did not invent the steamboat, as is commonly believed, he played an important role in making steamboat travel a reality. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1765. As a young man, he set out to make his name as a portrait painter. His career took him to Europe and into the orbit of people with the power to support him politically and financially. Fulton entered London society after he painted Benjamin Franklin’s portrait. While abroad, Fulton left the arts for a career in shipbuilding. He was interested in the recently-invented steam engine, and thought it could be used to power ships. Fulton’s vision was not original; many others had entered the field, and the unfortunate inventor John Fitch had built a working steamship already. But like Henry Ford, Fulton’s talent lay not in the invention but in the product’s application in the marketplace. Fulton didn’t focus entirely on the steamboat. In 1804, he tested the first submarine successfully, which he had built for the British Royal Navy. His invention would make him a celebrity upon his return to the United States two years later. Fulton’s partner Robert Livingston obtained an exclusive license for steamboat services on New York’s Hudson River. It was time for Fulton to deliver. To build an efficient, reliable steamboat, Fulton used a special English steam engine. The ship’s bottom was flat and its stern was square. The steamboat Clermont made its debut (首次亮相) on August 17, 1807, steaming up the river from New York to Albany, and it soon entered commercial services. The hilly terrain of New York made water transport faster than land transport, and Fulton’s boat—formerly known as the “North River Steamboat” — was a hit. Within five years, Fulton would be running services on six major rivers plus the Chesapeake Bay, and bring in great profits. 1. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A. Henry Ford was as unfortunate as John Fitch. B. Henry Ford was talented in product application. C. Fulton left the arts as he couldn’t support himself. D. Fulton was the first to create a working steamship. 2. When did Fulton become a celebrity in the United States? A. In 1804. B. In 1806. C. In 1807. D. In 1802. 3. What is mentioned about Clermont? A. It operated for five years. B. It earned Fulton much money. C. It had an American steam engine. D. It was not accepted by people at first. 4. What’s the best title of the text? A. Robert Fulton and His Steamboat B. Robert Fulton: A Great Inventor C. Steamboats Changing Water Transport D. The History of Commercial Steamboats Passage 12 （24-25学年高二下•福建省厦门3月月考） While we aim to avoid any appearance of baseless theories, it is noteworthy to observe the long-standing practice of putting magnets (磁铁) in cows, a phenomenon that has been carefully unfolding for years. Why are farmers putting magnets in cows? Known as cow magnets, the devices are placed inside cattle to deal with “hardware disease”. Hardware Disease occurs after an animal eats a metallic object that then makes a hole in the wall of the reticulum, the second stomach room in ruminant animals (反刍动物). This issue arises from the natural eating behaviors of these ruminants, similar to a person at an unlimited food event — quickly and eagerly large bites without sufficient chewing. This fast-paced feeding approach makes them tend to unintentionally consume metal pieces in their food, including broken farm machinery parts, nails and wires used in fencing, for instance. Metal objects entering the reticulum may result in infections, increased body temperatures, digestive problems, and unease for the animals. To address hardware disease, the main strategy is to prevent metal from entering the cattle’s diet. Farmers have also adopted the method of placing cow magnets into the stomach using either a stomach tube or a balling gun. The cow magnet attracts such objects and prevents them from becoming fixed in the animal’s tissue. These magnets, once positioned, remain within the animals throughout their lifespan, only being removed after death when the cows pass away or are processed for meat. Moseley, a Veterinary Medicine professor, states in a hardware disease resource, “The magnet gathers foreign metallic objects, reducing the risk of making a hole in the reticulum.” Research shows a mild magnetic field affects a cow’s small blood pathways, improving circulation and aiding recovery without significant impact on the cow or milk quality. 1. Why are magnets fed to cows? A. To change feeding habits. B. To prevent hardware disease. C. To improve the milk quality. D. To enhance digestive system. 2. What is the main cause of hardware disease in ruminant animals? A. Eating without chewing. B. Taking magnets by mistake. C. Sufficient chewing hard food. D. Swallowing metals accidentally. 3. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To describe the historical practice of putting magnets in cows. B. To deny the adoption of cow magnets to enhance cattle health. C. To discuss the influence of a mild magnetic field on milk quality. D. To explain the reason for using magnets to prevent hardware disease. 4. What might be a logical continuation of the passage? A. Exploring more potential benefits of cow magnets. B. Investigating the broader applications of magnets. C. Discussing the alternative methods of caring for cows. D. Evaluating the long-term effects of magnets on animals. Passage 13 （24-25学年高二下•福建省莆田3月月考） Someday, you may no longer need to brush your teeth by hand. Instead, a group of billions of nanoparticles (纳米粒子) could automatically do all that work for you. It would be especially life-changing for people who find it difficult or impossible to hold and move a toothbrush. Steager, an engineer at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) in Philadelphia and Hyun Koo, an inventor and dental researcher there, found a way to form the nanoparticles into long, skinny bristles (刷毛), a lot like the ones on a toothbrush. But these bristles shape-shift to fit whatever surface they encounter. The tooth-cleaning robot works thanks to two magnets (磁铁). One goes each side of the teeth. The nanoparticles sit in a liquid between the magnets. When the magnets are turned off, the nanoparticles move randomly in the liquid. As soon as one magnet gets turned on, the nanoparticles gather together near its center. When the researchers turn on the other magnet and turn off the first one, the nanoparticles extend outward in long, skinny bristles When there’s a tooth in the way, these bristles can’t stretch out as far as they want. So they push against the tooth’s surface. If there’s a gap between teeth, they push into the gap. Moving the magnets makes the bristles move against and between teeth. All that motion cleans the teeth. As a bonus, the nanoparticles also have strong power to kill viruses. The new device is just a proof of concept The researchers still need to turn it into a product that people will want to use. “There’s a lot of engineering to get from here to there, but every good idea needs to have a start.” says Steager. 1. What is special about the tooth cleaner? A. It’s water-proof. B. It’s transformable. C. It looks like a toothbrush. D. It contains skinny bristles. 2. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. The working principle. B. The magnets motion. C. The virus-killing process. D. The bristles formation. 3. How does Steager feel about the future of the device? A. Uncertain. B. Confident. C. Concerned. D. Surprised. 4. Which of the following would be the best title? A. A Tooth-Cleaner Fighting Bacteria B. A Breakthrough in Medicine C. A Shape-Shifting Robotic Tooth-Cleaner D. A New Concept for a New Start Passage 14 （24-25学年高二下•福建省三明3月月考） It’s too early to name any activity The Sport of 2025, but if you asked me to do it today, I would give the title to Hyrox, which is an individual but interactive activity. Fitness fans run eight kilometres and stop after each to perform exercises such as sled pushes or burpees. The faster you complete the course, the higher your score is in the Hyrox worldwide rankings. Many surveys indicate that people are exercising more now than in previous years. It’s individual fitness pursuits that are driving the rise. I spent the first half of my 29-year-old life as a hockey player and the second as a distance runner. I long for the common goal of team sports, but I also value the responsibility and clear results that come from working toward my own running targets. So it’s odd to me that people prefer individual fitness pursuits to team sports. One common explanation is that organized sports haven’t bounced back since the pandemic (疫情) a few years ago. When people learned to exercise with less money, equipment, space, time and organization, they kept individual activities. Meanwhile, there are now fitness apps for users to tailor works based on their heart rates and sleep quality. The rise of wearables has also got some of us addicted to our own exercise routines. However, an obvious problem for individual sports is loneliness. Engaging in team sports is a proven way to ease it, which boosts our ability to interact and form meaningful relationships. Well, Hyrox is a combined activity: an individual sport that we do with others. Each competition follows the same scoring system, which allows people to compare their results with others around the world. It’s the type that’s come to dominate the fitness world. And, according to Guy Faulkner, a professor at the University of British Columbia, if it gets people out of the door, then it’s a good one. “The most effective form of sport,” he said, “is the form you will sustain.” 1. What is the key feature of Hyrox? A. It requires teamwork and shared plans. B. It is organized to find sports partners. C. It skips physical challenges for leisure. D. It is self-paced but ranked with others. 2. What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Negative effects of the pandemic. B. Methods of choosing wearables. C. Reasons for the shift to individual fitness. D. Tailored workouts with fitness apps. 3. How does Hyrox address the problem with individual sports? A. By targeting people afraid of public interactions. B. By connecting individuals with shared experiences. C. By prioritizing personal achievements over group goals. D. By offering a kind of treatment for mental health issues. 4. What does Guy Faulkner consider the most effective sport? A. Sport that requires the least effort. B. Sport that involves more people. C. Sport that one will do consistently. D. Sport that provides the quickest results. Passage 15 （23-24学年高二下•浙江省杭州5月月考） In today’s digital era, social media users are increasingly coming across fake news online. This leads to the pressing issue: What causes people to fall for misinformation on the Internet? According to researchers at the Penn State College of Information Sciences and Technology,  users can easily fall into an echo chamber (回声室) — a sort of virtual space where users consume only one-sided news, eventually distrusting any opposing views. “We all tend to agree with the group opinion. Hence, people naturally get together with others who hold the same opinion,” said Dongwon Lee, one of the researchers. “But if you’re not cautious, there is a high risk of falling into an echo chamber.” To prevent this phenomenon, the researchers have crafted a novel tool, a game named ChamberBreaker, to help players resist echo chambers and reduce the rate of fake news spread. The fundamental approach employed by ChamberBreaker centers around a decision-making procedure that mirrors the creation of echo chambers. In ChamberBreaker, a player is tasked with trying to have community members fall into an echo chamber. To begin, the player is randomly assigned a situation that focuses on a health, political or environmental issue, and is presented with six pieces of news on that topic. Then, the player selects news that could cause the other members to fall into an echo chamber while at the same time maintaining their trust. If successful, the community members will fall into an echo chamber and the player will witness the resulting negative effects on the community. After developing ChamberBreaker, researchers tested it with over 800 subjects to see if it raised awareness of echo chambers and changed news consumption behaviors. The researchers found that those who played ChamberBreaker were significantly more likely to state their intention to observe online information from more diverse perspectives and showed an increased awareness of the echo chamber phenomenon. Ultimately, the researchers hope that their methodology can excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study related to information consumption. The application of tools like ChamberBreaker, which focuses on fostering analytical reasoning, may lead us towards a more informed online community. 1. What can be learned about an online echo chamber? A. It encourages well-judged views. B. It gathers like-minded individuals. C. It functions as a virtual reality platform. D. It serves as a tool for identifying fake information. 2. What is ChamberBreaker’s core method against echo chambers? A. Assignment of situations. B. Trust-building exercises. C. News selection strategy. D. Community impact assessment. 3. Which of the following can show ChamberBreaker’s effectiveness? A. The results of scientific testing. B. The theoretical framework of the game. C. The description of the game procedures. D. The common challenges faced during gameplay. 4. What is the likely long-term effect of playing ChamberBreaker? A. Reducing news inquiry. B. Encouraging passive reading. C. Strengthening prejudiced views. D. Enhancing critical thinking. Passage 16 （23-24学年高二下•浙江省宁波期中） More than three billion people rely on the ocean to make a living, most of whom are in developing countries. As the global population increases, the demand for seafood is expected to rise, too. Although ocean ecosystems are stretched to the limit by climate change, overfishing and more, studies nevertheless suggest that seafood can be expanded sustainably to meet future food demands. Success will depend on small-scale fisheries. These fisheries can be remarkably efficient. Almost everything that hand-to-mouth fisheries catch is consumed. By contrast, around 20% of the fish caught by industrial ships is estimated to be wasted, mainly because of unwanted by-catch. Small fishers rarely have the right resources to expand their operations, or even to survive. If they do scale up, they might lose some of their current advantages or engage in the same harmful practices as do large commercial fisheries. Managed with care, however, small fisheries could provide win-wins for livelihoods and the environment. Most nations already have management policies for marine ecosystems that provide for small-scale fisheries. But small-scale fishers’ rights to access are often poorly defined, ineffectively enforced or unfairly distributed (分配). Government subsidies (补贴) also require reform. One estimate found that large-scale fishers receive about 3.5 times more subsidies than small-scale fishers do. Instead, subsidies and other funds should be directed towards small-scale fishers to let them expand their access to markets, while keeping them from adopting the negative practices of large-scale operations. The total global loss and waste from fisheries is estimated at between 30% and 35% annually primarily due to a lack of technology, good manufacturing practices, and infrastructure such as decent roads and cold storage. Public and private investment in cold-storage facilities and processing equipment could help. One promising strategy is to pair international or national funding with direct contracts for feeding programmes linked to schools, hospitals and similar facilities. Such arrangements would provide small fisheries with large, consistent markets and storage infrastructure that boosts local consumption and does not incentivize (刺激) overfishing. Moreover, simple incentive programmes could be conducted by funders, managers and local governments trying to promote sustainable fisheries. For example, local markets could display a rating system for individual fishers or small fisheries. This could include various elements of sustainability other than environmental ones — such as providing information on the type of fishing equipment, location of the catch and freshness. Promoting the rating as a social responsibility concept would inform consumers of the need to support sustainable fisheries. Anyway, only joint problem-solving efforts can deliver seafood protein, sustainably, to a world that increasingly needs it. 1. The passage mainly tells us that ________. A. small fisheries can help the world if managed with care B. the global demand for seafood is increasing dramatically C. small-scale fisheries need to be commercialised urgently D. people in developing countries are more reliable on fishing 2. Small-scale fisheries are more efficient because ________. A. what they catch is hardly wasted B. their by-catch accounts for a larger share C. they catch fish by industrial means D. their operation is limited within a small area 3. What can be inferred about small fisheries’ current situation? A. They gain no support from governments. B. They are expanding to meet local demands. C. They have little access to good resources. D. They impact marine ecosystems negatively. 4. To promote sustainable fisheries, which of the following is one of the author’s suggestions? A. To initiate a rating system for small fishers to evaluate the local markets. B. To provide technology for small fisheries to boost their fishing efficiency. C. To inspire a sense of social responsibility in large-scale fishers and consumers. D. To facilitate direct cooperation between small fisheries and feeding programmes. Passage 17 （23-2024学年高二下•广东省深圳5月月考） Genetic testing companies have a long history of creative attempts to reach the mainstream. An early example was the sequencing of rock star Ozzy Osbourne’s genes in 2010, with accompanying guess about how they might have influenced his drug habits. Lately, such projects have taken on a new, highly commercialized tendency. In 2017, we got the “Marmite (马麦酱) gene project,” run by London-based genetic testing start-up DNAfit. It claims to show that love or hate for Marmite was in our genes. The project turned into a full-blown marketing campaign, and even sold Marmite-branded DNA testing tools. DNAfit is now working with Mercedes-Benz to find out whether specific genetic traits are associated with business wisdom. AncestryDNA, the world’s largest consumer genetic testing company, last year teamed up with Spotify to promote “music tailored to your DNA. ” Just a few weeks ago, 23andMe, the second largest, announced a partnership with Airbnb to provide genetically tailored travel experiences, also inspired by ancestral DNA. I have skin in this game. I run a genetic-testing start-up that connects people who want their genome sequenced with researchers who want data to improve their understanding of genetic disease. I believe that broadening access to DNA testing can be a powerful force for good, providing safer, more effective medicines and giving people more power over their healthcare. But these campaigns risk discrediting the industry, by giving a misleading impression of what genetics can and can’t say and its role in determining behaviours and personal preferences. Take the Marmite study. It covered 261 people — tiny, by the standards of the field. It was published not in a journal, but online on bioRxiv, a server where scientists typically put results before peer-review. Shortly after, researchers looked at the genetic data of more than 500 times as many people in the UK Biobank and found no such correlation. A large peer-reviewed study in 2013 found no significant link between genes and business common sense. We need to inform the public about what this is all about: that is, the gathering of large amounts of genetic data. We need better regulation to ensure that consumers are clear that this may happen with this sensitive personal information. A checkbox on a 20-page web document full of legal terms should not be enough. Scientists too, need to start asking hard questions about whether the information they are using has been sourced ethically. DNA testing has a great future, but we can’t build this future with data acquired by any means. 1. The author mentions DNAfit, AncestryDNA and 23andMe in order to __________. A. highlight the problems facing genetic testing B. illustrate the commercial applications of DNA C. compare what progress the companies have made D. reveal the link between DNA and a person’s character 2. We can learn from “I have skin in this game” in Para. 4 that the author __________. A. is challenging the available treatment for skin disease B. has a personal investment in the genetic-testing business C. hopes to remove people’s misunderstanding of the game rules D. believes that every individual should have access to DNA testing 3. What do the last two paragraphs mainly talk about? A. The disadvantages of genetic testing. B. The scientific value of genetic testing. C. The legal system genetic testing needs. D. The essentials for proper genetic testing. 4. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A. DNA Is Anything but a Marketing Tool B. Genetic Testing Campaigns Aren’t Legal C. Creative Marketing Is Key to Genetic Testing D. DNA Testing Has Become a Booming Industry Passage 18 （23-24学年高二下•湖北省武汉3月月考） The recent reports of a 4-year-old girl on a Shanghai beach have gone viral on social media platforms, provoking debate about whether China should criminalize negligence in child supervision. The father of the little girl claimed that he left her alone on the beach for about 12 minutes to fetch his phone. However, she was nowhere to be found when he was back. Surveillance (监控) videos show that she waited for about 10 minutes before walking toward the water’s edge alone, and then disappeared into the water. Two weeks later, her body was discovered about 100 kilometers away in neighboring Zhejiang Province. The core issue in this case is the father’s leaving his young daughter unattended on the beach, causing her tragic death. Should such behavior, when it causes harm to a child, be seen as a criminal act? In an online survey, more than 90 percent of respondents insisted that the father be held legally responsible and face criminal punishments. Nevertheless, according to Liu Chunquan, a lawyer, it may not satisfy the criteria for criminal negligence, since the primary focus of Chinese criminal law is on extreme cases of parental neglect, such as physical abuse and mental torture. Rarely do legal authorities charge parents; instead, they are just likely to face penalties consisting of warnings and fines. In 2022, a 2-year-old baby drowned in a cesspool while in the company of his father. The court ruled shared responsibility between the father and the cesspool’s owner, with a 7:3 proportion. The owner was ordered to pay 20,000 yuan to the child’s family. Unluckily, similar cases do exist nationwide. Roughly, 100,000 children lose their lives in accidents annually in China, which is largely due to negligence, such as parents leaving their children unattended, either in locked cars or at home. Besides, drowning is now the main cause of death for children aged 1 to 14 years old. It is no wonder that an increasing number of netizens request that specific laws and regulations be passed to ensure the safety of children and their well-being. Hopefully, criminalizing child supervision negligence in China can serve as a warning and precaution. However, downsides of introducing such legislation may also emerge. For instance, it’s difficult to distinguish between a regrettable accident and criminal negligence, so that over-criminalization can be triggered, in which well-meaning parents making honest mistakes are charged with a crime. Therefore, a more balanced approach to addressing the issue of infant safety should involve a combination of new legislation, education and support services. The ultimate objective is to prevent similar catastrophes in the future. We must recognize that children are not only their parents’ offspring, but also the nation’s future. 1. What can we infer from the tragedy of the 4-year-old girl? A. Her father’s carelessness and negligence should be to blame. B. The beach in Shanghai should not be open to small children. C. Her father has been sentenced to severe penalties by the police. D. She would have survived if she had not waited in the water for a long time. 2. What are the figures in paragraph 5 intended to prove? A. Irresponsible adults contribute to children’s death. B. People can’t be too concerned about child safety. C. Kids shouldn’t be allowed to swim alone. D. Parents’ constant monitoring is a must. 3. Updated legislation in child supervision is in demand for the following reasons except _______. A. the mild penalties in the existing laws B. parents’ ignorance of potential dangers C. frequent occurrence of such incidents D. masses of netizens’ urgent appeals 4. What attitude does the author hold to criminalizing child supervision negligence in China? A. Indifferent. B. Negative. C. Objective. D. Supportive. Passage 19 （23-24学年高二下•浙江省杭州期中） A new research led by University of Pittsburgh psychologists shows that older adults may be able to prevent declines (衰退) in a certain kind of memory by sticking to regular exercise. From the study, exercising about three times a week for at least four months is how much people need to obtain the benefits in episodic memory. Episodic memory, which is supported by a part of the brain that’s known to benefit from exercise, is the kind that deals with events that happened to you in the past. It’s also one of the first to decline with age. Exercise that gets the heart pumping has shown promise in increasing brain health, and experiments in mice show that it improves memory — but studies looking at the same link in humans have come out mixed. During the research, the team read 1,279 studies carefully, eventually narrowing them down to just 36 that met specific criteria (标准). Then they used specialized software and no small number of Excel spreadsheets to transform the data into a form where the different studies could be directly compared. That work paid off when they found that pooling together those 36 studies was enough to show that for older adults, exercise can indeed benefit their memory. Past analyses looking at connections between exercise and memory didn’t find one, but the team took several extra steps to give them the best chance of finding a link if one did exist. They limited their search to particular groups and age ranges as well as a specific kind of strict experimental setup. Another key was focusing specifically on episodic memory. With that much larger pool of participants, the team was able to show a link between exercise and episodic memory. The team also found the greatest effects of exercise in those who hadn’t yet experienced any cognitive (认知的) decline. 1. What can we learn about “episodic memory”? A. It benefits from regular exercise. B. It has nothing to do with age. C. It deals with things happening now. D. It is connected with the whole brain. 2. How did the team get their study result? A. By carrying out 1,279 studies. B. By making specific criteria. C. By doing experiments in mice. D. By comparing different studies. 3. What can we infer from the last two paragraphs? A. The team got the findings by chance. B. The participants were chosen from all ages. C. The study focused on all kinds of memories. D. People without cognitive decline benefit most from exercise. 4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. Benefits from Regular Exercise B. Advice on How to Exercise for the Old C. Studies Find Ways to Improve Memories D. Exercise Helps the Older Keep Memories Passage 20 （23-24学年高二下•浙江省余姚期中） I’m in a coffee shop in Manhattan and I’m about to become the most disliked person in the room. First, I’m going to interrupt the man reading quietly near the window and ask for a drink of his latte. Next, I’m going to ask the line of people waiting to pay if I can cut to the front of the queue. This is how I chose to spend my last vacation. Here’s why. Growing up, all I ever heard about was “EQ.” It was the mid-1990s, and psychologist Daniel Goleman had just popularized the concept of emotional intelligence. Unlike IQ, which tracked conventional measures of intelligence like reasoning and recall, EQ measured the ability to understand other people — to listen, to empathize (共情), and to appreciate. My mother, an elementary school principal, prized brains and hard work, but she placed a special emphasis on Goleman’s new idea. To her, EQ was the elixir (万能药) that separated the good students from the great after they left school. She was determined to send me into the adult world with as much of this elixir as possible. But when I finally began my first job, I noticed a second elixir in the pockets of some of my colleagues. It gave their opinions extra weight and their decisions added impact. Strangest of all, it seemed like the anti-EQ: Instead of knowing how to make others feel good, this elixir gave people the courage to do the opposite — to say things others didn’t want to hear. This was assertiveness (魄力). It boiled down to the command of a single skill: the ability to have uncomfortable conversations. Assertive people — those with high “AQ”— ask for things they want, decline things they don’t, provide constructive feedback, and engage in direct confrontation (对峙) and debate. A lifetime improving my EQ helped me empathize with others, but it also left me overly sensitive to situations where I had to say or do things that might make others unhappy. While I didn’t avoid conflict, I was always frustrated by my powerlessness when I had to say or do something that could upset someone. This is my problem and I’m working on it. 1. Why did the author act that way in the coffee shop? A. To improve a skill. B. To test a concept. C. To advocate a new idea. D. To have a unique vacation. 2. What do we know about the author’s mother? A. She thought little of IQ. B. She popularized Goleman’s idea. C. She was a strict mother and principal. D. She valued EQ as the key to greatness. 3. What does the word “it” underlined in the fourth paragraph refer to? A. EQ. B. AQ. C. Empathy. D. Courage. 4. According to the passage, those with high EQ but low AQ are likely to be ______. A. successful leaders B. people pleasers C. terrible complainers D. pleasure seekers 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题05 阅读理解之说明文 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下•广东省茂名3月月考） Due to social events in recent years, the relationship between social media and teenagers mental health has been under heated discussion. On Sept. 30, a British court decided that content on social media platforms led to the depression (抑郁) of 14-year-old Molly Russell. Russell interacted with 2,100 posts related to pessimistic (悲观) and self-harm in the six months, leading up to her depression, reported the Observer website. The correlation has also been proved by science. A study in 2019 showed that the frequent use of social media by teenagers can lead to a decrease in their mental health. So, how can we make sure that teenagers won’t get hurt while using social media? Chan,18, from the University of Macao shared her experience. Chan said that she one cam e across short videos romanticizing (浪漫化) mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety. She immediately reported them to the platform. But she said that the users’ power to control videos is still limited. “It is ultimately the responsibility of the social media platforms to get rid of content that is potentially harmful.” She also noticed that the age of social media users has become increasingly younger. Society should pay attention to this, she said. “Since it’s not possible to cut off access to social media for younger users, why not introduce a ‘supervision mode’ (监管模式) with which parents can regulate the content to be viewed by teenagers beforehand?” she said. Wu Chengyu, 18, studies at Tianjin Experimental High School. He said that several years ago he came across a game that attracts teenagers to self-abuse and depression. He quickly chose to ignore it so he wouldn’t be influenced. This is the same way he reacts when exposed to negative content on social media. In Wu’s opinion, teenagers today should improve their social media literacy (素养), telling real from fake and good from bad. “Also, everyone can be a content creator on social media.” he said. “We should all strengthen our awareness of ethics”. 1. What led to Russell’s depression according to a British court? A. Her interaction with others online. B. Negative information on social media platforms. C. Short videos she watched on the Internet. D. Her addiction to online posts. 2. Which of the following statements does Chan probably agree with? A. A supervision mode ought to be introduced by parents. B. The number of younger social media users should be limited. C. It is the responsibility of the society to romanticize mental illnesses. D. Parents should monitor the content to be viewed by teenagers in advance. 3. Who should be ultimately responsible for removing negative content according to Chan? A. Parents. B. Schools. C. Social media platforms. D. Content creators. 4. What does Wu suggest teenagers should do? A. Use social media wisely. B. Reduce social media usage. C. Stay away from online games. D. Learn more about social media. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了社交媒体与青少年心理健康之间的关系并提出一些建议防止社交媒体危害青少年心理健康。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Russell interacted with 2,100 posts related to pessimistic (悲观) and self-harm in the six months, leading up to her depression, reported the Observer website. (据《观察家报》网站报道，拉塞尔在六个月内与2100条与悲观和自残有关的帖子进行了互动，导致她患上了抑郁症。)”可知，是因为社交媒体平台上的负面信息导致了她的抑郁症。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据第五段中““Since it’s not possible to cut off access to social media for younger users, why not introduce a ‘supervision mode’ (监管模式) with which parents can regulate the content to be viewed by teenagers beforehand?(既然不可能切断年轻用户对社交媒体的访问，为什么不引入一种“监督模式”，父母可以事先监管青少年观看的内容？)”可知，她认为家长应该提前监控青少年观看的内容。故选D。 3. 细节理解题。根据第五段中“It is ultimately the responsibility of the social media platforms to filter out content that is potentially harmful. (过滤掉可能有害的内容，最终是社交媒体平台的责任。)”可知，她认为社交媒体平台应该最终负责删除负面内容。故选C。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“In Wu’s opinion, teenagers today should improve their social media literacy(素养), telling real from fake and good from bad. (在Wu看来，今天的青少年应该提高他们的社交媒体素养，辨别真假和好坏。)”可知，Wu建议青少年应该理智使用社交媒体。故选A。 Passage 2 （23-24高二下·四川成都·期中） Air pollution is among the biggest threats against humans, which causes seven million early deaths a year. To fight this problem, four friends put their heads together and designed CityTree, which is a mobile structure that can capture as many pollutants as a forest made up of 275 trees. What makes the ‘tree’ special is that it’s not a regular tree at all; it is made up of moss cultures (苔藓培养物) that do a great job of absorption. “Moss cultures have a much larger surface than any other plant,” Zhengliang Wu, co-founder of Green City Solutions, explained to CNN. “That means we can capture more pollutants.” The entire ‘tree’ sustains itself using solar panels that generate electricity so that it can collect rainwater itself. To monitor the health of the moss, the CityTree has sensors which measure temperature and water quality. Now, about 20 CityTrees can be found in major cities like Oslo, and Paris. The team also has plans to introduce the CityTree to cities in lower-income countries, which may have worse air pollution. However, Gary Fuller, an expert on air pollution, thinks that the concept of an urban air purifier might be too ambitious. “Even if you had a perfect air cleaner, getting the surrounding air in contact with it is really hard,” he said. Pollution made by cars, for example, spreads upwards a few kilometers into the air. “Efforts would be better put into stopping the pollution from forming in the first place,” he added. In response, the CityTree inventors say that they are aware of this and choose the location of each CityTree carefully. They are also testing a system to create their own air flow that draws the pollution to the “tree”. 1. What is paragraph 2 mainly about concerning the CityTree? A. Its appearance. B. Its operating process. C. How it works. D. How it gets powered. 2. What is Gary Fuller’s attitude to the CityTree? A. Doubtful. B. Intolerant. C. Worried. D. Unclear. 3. What will the CityTree inventors probably do? A. Develop a new type of air cleaner. B. Make improvements to the structure. C. Redirect efforts to make greener cars. D. Expand their business in rich countries. 4. Which of the following is the best title for this text? A. Global Efforts in Planting Trees B. The Alarming Trend of Air Pollution C. A Structure that Will Change the World D. The ‘Tree’ with the Green Benefits of a Forest 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“城市树”可以改善空气污染，介绍了其工作原理以及好处。 1. 主旨大意题。根据第二段““Moss cultures have a much larger surface than any other plant,” Zhengliang Wu, co-founder of Green City Solutions, explained to CNN. “That means we can capture more pollutants.” The entire ‘tree’ sustains itself using solar panels that generate electricity so that it can collect rainwater itself. To monitor the health of the moss, the CityTree has sensors which measure temperature and water quality. (绿色城市解决方案的联合创始人吴正良向CNN解释说：“苔藓的表面比其他任何植物都要大得多。”“这意味着我们可以捕获更多的污染物。”整棵“树”通过太阳能电池板来维持自身，太阳能电池板可以发电，这样它就可以自己收集雨水。为了监测苔藓的健康状况，“城市树”装有测量温度和水质的传感器。)”可知，第2段主要是关于CityTree是如何工作的。故选C。 2. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“However, Gary Fuller, an expert on air pollution, thinks that the concept of an urban air purifier might be too ambitious. “Even if you had a perfect air cleaner, getting the surrounding air in contact with it is really hard,” he said. Pollution made by cars, for example, spreads upwards a few kilometers into the air. “Efforts would be better put into stopping the pollution from forming in the first place,” he added. (然而，空气污染专家加里·富勒认为，城市空气净化器的概念可能过于雄心勃勃。“即使你有一台完美的空气净化器，也很难让周围的空气接触到它，”他说。例如，汽车造成的污染向上扩散几公里进入空气中。他补充说：“最好从一开始就努力阻止污染的形成。”)”可知，加里·富勒对城市树的态度是怀疑。故选A。 3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“They are also testing a system to create their own air flow that draws the pollution to the “tree”. (他们还在测试一个系统，该系统可以制造自己的气流，将污染物吸入“树”。)”可知，CityTree的发明者可能会对结构进行改进。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“To fight this problem, four friends put their heads together and designed CityTree, which is a mobile structure that can capture as many pollutants as a forest made up of 275 trees. What makes the ‘tree’ special is that it’s not a regular tree at all; it is made up of moss cultures (苔藓培养物) that do a great job of absorption. (为了解决这个问题，四个朋友集思广想，设计了“城市树”，这是一个移动结构，可以捕获与275棵树组成的森林一样多的污染物。这棵“树”的特别之处在于，它根本不是一棵普通的树；它是由苔藓培养物组成的，吸收效果很好。)”结合文章主要介绍了“城市树”可以改善空气污染，介绍了其工作原理以及好处。可知，D选项“具有森林绿色效益的‘树’”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25学年高二下•湖北省黄冈3月月考） In the rich countries of the West, the electric vehicle revolution is well occurring. Climate-conscious consumers drive Teslas or Polestars for reasons of morality (道德) and fashion. Poorer countries are also experiencing a wave of electrified trend. In Bangladesh, electric three-wheeler taxis, known as tuk-tuks, are rapidly replacing gas-powered ones on the streets. Such electric vehicles are climate friendly, cost effective, and help reduce air pollution. Yet a glance under the hood (引擎盖) of these vehicles shows a poisonous secret: each tuk-tuk runs on five massive lead-acid batteries (铅酸电池), containing almost 300 pounds of lead (铅) in total. Every year and a half or so, when those batteries need to be replaced and recycled, about 60 pounds of lead leaks into the environment. Battery recycling, often at small-scale unregulated factories, is a highly profitable (高利润的) but deadly business. Lead is dangerous, and any exposure to it is harmful to human health. Lead that has entered the environment hurts people on an unexpected scale. The numerous ways lead enters air, water, soil, and homes across the developing world and the enormous damage it does to human health, wealth, and welfare cause one of the biggest environmental problems in the world yet receives little attention. The World Bank estimates that lead kills 5.5 million people per year, making it a bigger global killer than AIDS, malaria, diabetes, and road traffic deaths combined. On top of the shocking deaths, the social burden of lead poisoning is heavy, as is its contribution to global inequality — our research on the cognitive (认知的) effects of lead poisoning suggests that it may explain about one-fifth of the educational achievement gap between rich and poor countries. But unlike many challenges faced by developing countries, lead poisoning is a problem that can be resolved through financial investment (财政投入). Better monitoring, research, and rules can help protect children all over the world from the unpleasant effects of lead poisoning and reduce the massive global costs it brings. 1. How does the author describe the lead problem in paragraph 2? A. By listing some numbers. B. By analyzing hidden causes. C. By making an interesting comparison. D. By explaining its working principle. 2. What can we learn about lead’s harm from the text? A. Lead enters poor countries in one way. B. Lead leaking has been avoided in all the countries. C. Lead will definitely not harm anymore. D. Lead poisoning may make poor societies poorer. 3. What can be done to solve lead poisoning in developing countries? A. Fixing these used batteries. B. Reducing the cost of recycling lead. C. Ignoring the illegal use of lead. D. Putting certain effort and money. 4. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. The Impacts of Lead Poisoning on Man. B. The Global Lead Poisoning Problem. C. The Ways to Solve Lead Problem. D. The Benefits of Using Electric Vehicles. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. D 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要阐述了目前全球都在发展环保节能的电动汽车，但是铅酸电池中的铅是危险的，任何接触都对人体健康，铅中毒给人类健康、财富和福利造成的巨大损害，不仅造成死亡还带来极大的社会负担。 1. 推理判断题。第二段中“Yet a glance under the hood (引擎盖) of these vehicles reveals a poisonous secret: each tuk-tuk runs on five massive lead-acid batteries, containing almost 300 pounds of lead in total. Every year and a half or so, when those batteries need to be replaced and recycled, about 60 pounds of lead leak into the environment. Battery recycling, often at small-scale unregulated factories, is a highly profitable but deadly business.( 然而，只要看一眼这些车辆的引擎盖，就会发现一个有毒的秘密：每辆嘟嘟车都是由五块巨大的铅酸电池驱动的，总共含有近300磅的铅。每一年半左右，当这些电池需要更换和回收时，大约有60磅的铅泄漏到环境中。电池回收通常在不受监管的小型工厂进行，这是一项高利润但致命的业务。)”作者通过用具体数字列出嘟嘟车铅酸电池中铅的量来说明目前所面临的铅污染问题；由此可知，作者通过列出令人信服的数字来说明目前的铅问题。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“The numerous ways lead enters air, water, soil, and homes across the developing world—and the enormous damage it does to human health, wealth, and welfare—causes one of the biggest environmental crises in the world yet receives little attention.(在发展中国家，铅以多种方式进入空气、水、土壤和家庭——以及它对人类健康、财富和福利造成的巨大损害——造成了世界上最大的环境危机之一，但却很少受到关注。)”以及第四段中“On top of the shocking deaths, the social burden of lead poisoning is extraordinary, as is its contribution to global inequality — our research on the cognitive effects of lead poisoning suggests that it may explain about one-fifth of the educational achievement gap between rich and poor countries.(除了令人震惊的死亡之外，铅中毒的社会负担是巨大的，就像它对全球不平等的贡献一样——我们对铅中毒的认知影响的研究表明，它可以解释富国和穷国之间教育成就差距的五分之一。)”可知，在发展中国家，铅以多种方式进入空气、水、土壤和家庭，对人类健康、财富和福利造成的巨大损害，不仅造成死亡还带来极大的社会负担，使贫穷的社会更贫穷。故选D。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“But unlike many challenges faced by developing countries, lead poisoning is a problem that is fixable with some attention and a relatively modest financial investment. Better monitoring, research, and rules can help protect children all over the world from the dreadful effects of lead poisoning and reduce the massive global costs it brings.(但是，与发展中国家面临的许多挑战不同，铅中毒是一个可以通过一些关注和相对适度的财政投资来解决的问题。更好的监测、研究和规则可以帮助保护世界各地的儿童免受铅中毒的可怕影响，并减少其带来的巨大全球成本。)”可知，发展中国家可以通过一些关注和相对适度的财政投资，进行更好的监测、研究以及制定规则来解决铅污染和铅中毒问题；由此可知，发展中国家可以通过投入一定的努力和金钱解决铅中毒问题。故选D。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“In the rich countries of the West, the electric vehicle revolution is well underway. Climate-conscious consumers drive Teslas or Polestars for reasons of morality and fashion. Poorer countries are also experiencing a wave of electrified trend.(在西方富裕国家，电动汽车革命正在如火如荼地进行。有气候意识的消费者出于道德和时尚的原因驾驶特斯拉或北极星。较贫穷的国家也正在经历一波电气化趋势。)”以及第二段“Yet a glance under the hood (引擎盖) of these vehicles reveals a poisonous secret: each tuk-tuk runs on five massive lead-acid batteries, containing almost 300 pounds of lead in total. Every year and a half or so, when those batteries need to be replaced and recycled, about 60 pounds of lead leak into the environment. Battery recycling, often at small-scale unregulated factories, is a highly profitable but deadly business.(然而，只要看一眼这些车辆的引擎盖，就会发现一个有毒的秘密：每辆嘟嘟车都是由五块巨大的铅酸电池驱动的，总共含有近300磅的铅。每一年半左右，当这些电池需要更换和回收时，大约有60磅的铅泄漏到环境中。电池回收通常在不受监管的小型工厂进行，这是一项高利润但致命的业务。)”可知，全球都在发展电动汽车，经历电气化，但是铅酸电池中的铅是危险的；下文主要阐述了铅中毒给社会和健康带来的极大危害；由此可知，文章主要讲述目前发展电动汽车带来的铅污染问题、世界上铅中毒的严峻形势及其给社会和健康带来的极大危害；B选项“The Global Lead Poisoning Problem (全球铅中毒问题)”能够概括文章主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选B。 Passage 4 （24-25高二下·浙江宁波·3月月考） The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned that children, pregnant women and people with weak immune systems suffer the most from the mpox (猴痘) outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Reports confirm that children under five account for 39% of all cases in the country, and babies as young as two weeks are being diagnosed with this viral illness. Why is the DRC outbreak affecting children so badly? Because of conflict, political instability and insecurity, large parts of the DRC have not had stable, consistent, sustained health responses or health prevention. As a result, it’s hard to control infectious diseases like mpox. In addition, children in any outbreak setting are already vulnerable given their immature and still-developing immune systems, especially under the age of five. Besides all the above factors, living in a country where mpox is consistently present, exposure through contact with animals, which is a more common means of mpox transmission, and not having the benefit of a vaccine also contribute to the problem. To protect the vulnerable from the mpox outbreak, children must be specifically targeted. This is because they are a primary population of concern that can develop severe and fatal disease. The health system and healthcare workers must make it as easy as possible to get parents or caregivers to bring children in. This includes addressing the inconveniences of leaving their communities to seek care. Another factor which might prevent the infected from getting the care they should have is the stigma connected to mpox. The symptoms of mpox are quite noticeable and unfortunately draw negative attention and treatment by society and health workers, which makes parents and caregivers hesitant to seek care. The media, including international media, have been feeding into this – especially for African people with mpox — and it needs to stop. Finally, a vaccination program focused on the young needs to be rolled out to stem transmission. But there still exist major challenges. 1. Which of the following isn’t a factor that puts children in DRC at risk? A. Lack of healthcare. B. Regular exposure to animals. C. The large population of children. D. Relatively weak immune system. 2. The underlined word can be replaced by ________. A. challenge B. discrimination C. after-effect D. severity 3. What is the author’s attitude towards the media’s reports on mpox? A. Critical. B. Conservative. C. Ambiguous. D. Supportive. 4. Which of the following might be a proper title of this passage? A. Why Are Infectious Diseases So Hard to Control in Africa? B. More Attention Needs to Be Paid to the Prevention of Mpox. C. Children in the DRC Are at Greater Risk From the Mpox Outbreak. D. Measures Are Needed to Bring Infectious Diseases Under Control. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了刚果民主共和国（DRC）猴痘疫情对儿童、孕妇和免疫系统较弱人群的影响，并分析了导致儿童易感的原因，提出了应对措施。 1. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Because of conflict, political instability and insecurity, large parts of the DRC have not had stable, consistent, sustained health responses or health prevention.(由于冲突、政治不稳定和不安全，刚果民主共和国大部分地区没有稳定、持续的健康应对措施或预防措施)”可知，选项A“缺乏医疗保健”是导致儿童易感的原因；根据第四段“exposure through contact with animals, which is a more common means of mpox transmission(通过与动物接触暴露，这是猴痘传播的常见途径)”可知，选项B“经常接触动物”是原因之一；根据第四段“In addition,children in any outbreak setting are already vulnerable given their immature and still-developing immune systems(此外，在任何疫情暴发环境中，儿童由于其免疫系统不成熟且仍在发育中，已经处于弱势)”可知，选项D“相对较弱的免疫系统”也是原因之一。而选项C“儿童人口众多”并未在文中提及，故选C。 2. 词义猜测题。根据文章第六段“The symptoms of mpox are quite noticeable and unfortunately draw negative attention and treatment by society and health workers, which makes parents and caregivers hesitant to seek care.(猴痘的症状非常明显，不幸的是，这引起了社会和医务人员的负面关注和对待，这使得父母和照顾者犹豫是否寻求治疗)”可知，另一个可能阻止感染者得到他们应该得到的治疗的因素是与痘有关的歧视。所以划线词为“歧视”的意思。故选B。 3. 推理判断题。根据文章第六段“The media, including international media, have been feeding into this- especially for African people with mpox – and it needs to stop.(包括国际媒体在内的媒体一直在助长这种情况——尤其是对患有猴痘的非洲人——这需要停止)”可知，作者对媒体的报道持批评态度。故选A。 4. 主旨大意题。主要讲述了刚果民主共和国（DRC）猴痘疫情对儿童、孕妇和免疫系统较弱人群的影响，并分析了导致儿童易感的原因，提出了应对措施。故短文的标题为“刚果民主共和国儿童面临麻疹爆发的更大风险”。故选C。 Passage 5 （23-24学年高二下•广东省惠州第二次段考） In the rush of day-to-day life, we don’t always have the time to slow down and move at our own speed. Even on vacation, we always try to visit, do and taste as many things as possible in a new place or many places.     “I’ve heard countless times how tired people are when they come back from their vacation and feel like they ‘need a vacation from their vacation,’ and that’s because many times we pack so much into a very short time,” said travel blogger Esther Susag. “We want to see everything, do everything, and not waste a minute. There is, however, another method that many experienced travelers suggest: slow travel. But what exactly is slow travel, and how do you take full advantage of this kind of trip? Below ,travel experts break it down. As the name suggests, slow travel generally needs travelers to slow down and enjoy each moment, rather than rushing to check off the list items. “Slow travel may mean different things to different travelers, but I define (定义) it as staying in one place for longer and going deeper into the local culture,” said Paul Jacobs, general manager and vice president of Kayak North America. “It’s taking the time to make real connections with locals instead of packing a schedule full of tours.”        For travel expert and author La Carmina, slow travel allows people to stop and smell the roses-quite directly. “It’s about being fully present in the moment and experiencing the sights, sounds and sensations (感觉) around you completely “letting the experience develop at its own speed and without expectations,” she said. “To me, slow travel doesn’t have a strict definition or certain things to do, but rather focuses on the feeling of being a visitor to a place.” Slow travel is becoming more and more popular now, because it can do good to us in many ways. 1. Why are people tired when they return from their vacation? A. They have no place to rest. B. They are on a busy schedule when traveling. C. They travel to some places far away. D. They feel quite excited and enjoy their trip fully. 2. What does La Carmina think of slow travel? A. It can let travelers experience the place deeply. B. It can make travelers save a lot of money. C. It can allow travelers to explore more places. D. It can save travelers much more time. 3. What might the author continue talking about? A. Other ways of travel. B. The definition of slow travel. C. The proper places for slow travel. D. The advantages of slow travel. 4. In which part of a newspaper can you probably read the text? A. Life. B. Society. C. Sports. D. Education. 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. D 4. A 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新的旅行方式——慢旅行，这种旅行方式不会那么累，而且还能更好地感受当地的文化。 1. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段““I’ve heard countless times how tired people are when they come back from their vacation and feel like they ‘ need a vacation from their vacation,’ and that’s because many times we pack so much into a very short time,” said travel blogger Esther Susag. “We want to see everything, do everything, and not waste a minute.(旅游博主Esther Susag说：“我无数次听到人们度假回来后有多累，觉得‘假期结束后需要度个假’，这是因为很多时候我们在很短的时间内塞了太多东西。我们想看所有的东西，做所有的事情，不要浪费一分钟。”)”可知，人们度假后觉得累是因为我们旅行的时候想看所有的东西，做所有的事情，行程安排过紧。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段“For travel expert and author La Carmina, slow travel allows people to stop and smell thet roses-quite directly. “It’s about being fully present in the moment and experiencing the sights, sounds and sensations (感觉) around you completely “letting the experience develop at its own speed and without expectations,” she said.(对于旅游专家兼作家La Carmina来说，慢速旅行可以让人们停下来，直接闻一闻玫瑰的芬芳。她说：“这是关于完全活在当下，完全体验你周围的景象、声音和感觉，让体验按照自己的速度发展，不带任何期望。”)”可知，La Carmina认为慢旅行可以让人们能够完全体验你周围的景象、声音和感觉，也就是深入体验一个地方。故选A。 3. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Slow travel is becoming more and more popular now, because it can do good to us in many ways.(慢旅行现在变得越来越流行，因为它可以在很多方面对我们有好处。)”可知，作者接下来将会继续讨论慢旅行的好处。故选D。 4. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“In the rush of day-to-day life, we don’t always have the time to slow down and move at our own speed. Even on vacation, we always try to visit, do and taste as many things as possible in a new place or many places.(在匆忙的日常生活中，我们并不总是有时间放慢脚步，以自己的速度前进。即使在度假时，我们也总是尝试在一个新的地方或许多地方参观、做和品尝尽可能多的东西。)”以及第三段“There is, however, another method that many experienced travelers suggest: slow travel. But what exactly is slow travel, and how do you take full advantage of this kind of trip? Below, travel experts break it down.(然而，许多有经验的旅行者建议还有另一种方法：慢旅行。但究竟什么是慢旅行，如何充分利用这种旅行呢？下面，旅游专家对其进行了分析。)”可知，文章主要介绍了慢旅行的相关内容，和我们的生活相关。由此推知，我们很有可能在报纸的“生活”版面读到这篇文章。故选A。 Passage 6 （24-25高二下·广东茂名·3月月考） At the most fundamental levels, things that make us happy, or bring a positive, reward response in our brains, are those that satisfy our basic biological needs. Put simply, we humans need many things to ensure our survival, such as food, water, air, sleep, and security. Our brain recognizes these things as being “biologically significant”, so if we obtain them, we experience a sense of reward. Because the human brain can have sudden, unplanned mental jumps, it can easily recognize receiving money means we can now more easily obtain food, water, shelter and so on. This, as a study carried out by the Wellcome Trust in 2007 found, can be rewarding and motivational. However, this doesn’t mean more money automatically means more happiness. Money may be recognized by our brains as biologically significant, but there’s an upper limit on how rewarding even biologically significant things can be. For example, eating food can often be pleasurable, but at some point you’ll be sated, after which point eating more causes actual discomfort. There’s also the phenomenon of habituation, where the fundamental parts of our brains learn to not react to things that occur predictably and reliably. As evidenced in a 2011 study carried out by Dr. Ruth Krebbs at Ghent University, this is why things that are novel, say, surprising and unexpected, are often more rewarding than familiar things. In many cases, the same thing happens with money. Receiving your regular pay is delightful, but receiving unexpected money, even if it’s much less, often makes you much happier. Also, when we actively and obviously need it for our survival, obtaining money is very rewarding. But when we go beyond that point, when we’re financially secure, money can still be rewarding, but its power to make you happy is significantly reduced, a study carried out at San Francisco State University found. 1. What is the function of paragraph 1? A. To make a comparison. B. To explain a basic idea. C. To present an argument. D. To encourage a debate. 2. More money doesn’t mean more joy because _________. A. money has no biological significance B. some people view money as pointless C. joy drops after arriving at the extreme D. ensuring the safety of money is uneasy 3. What does the underlined word “sated” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Enjoyable. B. Painless. C. Bored. D. Full. 4. What kind of money makes people happier? A. Money received from winning a prize. B. Money earned annually from your job. C. Money obtained from selling a house. D. Money borrowed from a close friend. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为什么金钱不一定能买到快乐。 1. 推理判断题。根据第一段“At the most fundamental levels, things that make us happy, or bring a positive, reward response in our brains, are those that satisfy our basic biological needs. Put simply, we humans need many things to ensure our survival, such as food, water, air, sleep, and security. Our brain recognizes these things as being “biologically significant”, so if we obtain them, we experience a sense of reward.(在最基本的层面上，让我们感到快乐，或者在我们大脑中带来积极的奖励反应的事情，是那些满足我们基本生物需求的事情。简而言之，我们人类需要许多东西来确保我们的生存，比如食物、水、空气、睡眠和安全。我们的大脑将这些东西视为 “具有生物学意义”，所以如果我们得到它们，我们就会体验到一种奖励感。)”可知，第一段是在解释一个基本观点，即满足基本生物需求的东西会让我们快乐并带来奖励感。故选B项。 2. 推理判断题。根据第二段“However, this doesn’t mean more money automatically means more happiness. Money may be recognized by our brains as biologically significant, but there’s an upper limit on how rewarding even biologically significant things can be. For example, eating food can often be pleasurable, but at some point you’ll be sated, after which point eating more causes actual discomfort.(然而，这并不意味着更多的钱就自动意味着更多的幸福。钱可能被我们的大脑认为具有生物学意义，但即使是具有生物学意义的东西，其奖励程度也是有上限的。例如，吃东西通常是令人愉快的，但在某个时候你会吃饱，在那之后再吃更多实际上会导致不适。)”可知，更多的钱并不意味着更多的快乐，是因为当达到一定程度后，快乐的程度会下降，就像吃东西吃饱后再吃会不舒服一样。故选C项。 3. 词句猜测题。根据第二段“For example, eating food can often be pleasurable, but at some point you’ll be sated, after which point eating more causes actual discomfort.(例如，吃东西通常是令人愉快的，但在某个时候你会sated，在那之后再吃更多实际上会导致不适。)”并结合常识可知，吃东西吃到一定程度就会饱，再吃就会不舒服，所以sated意思是“饱的；吃饱的”，与 Full意思相近。故选D项。 4. 推理判断题。根据第三段“There’s also the phenomenon of habituation, where the fundamental parts of our brains learn to not react to things that occur predictably and reliably. As evidenced in a 2011 study carried out by Dr. Ruth Krebbs at Ghent University, this is why things that are novel, say, surprising and unexpected, are often more rewarding than familiar things.(还有习惯化现象，我们大脑的基本部分学会了对可预测和可靠发生的事情不做出反应。正如根特大学的露丝・克雷布斯博士在2011年进行的一项研究所证明的那样，这就是为什么新奇的、令人惊讶和意想不到的事情往往比熟悉的事情更有回报。)”以及第四段“Receiving your regular pay is delightful, but receiving unexpected money, even if it’s much less, often makes you much happier.(收到你的固定工资是令人愉快的，但收到意外之财，即使数额少得多，往往会让你更快乐。)”可知，意外获得的钱会让人更快乐。Money received from winning a prize(从获奖中得到的钱)属于意外之财，会让人更快乐。故选A项。 Passage 7 （23-24高二下·湖北武汉·期中） This is going to sound weird, but I want you to look closely for a moment at your thumbs. See how they bend flexibly forwards as well as back. The human thumb is not just a device for giving the thumbs-up sign or for picking up dropped keys. It is also one of the most efficient and sensitive tools in existence for determining the ripeness of fruit. However, most of us don’t use them that way anymore. One of the most striking things about eating in the modern world is that we act as if we were sense-blind. Our noses can distinguish fresh milk from sour milk, and yet we prefer to look at the use-by date rather than sniffing. Senses, wrote the late anthropologist Jack Goody, are “our windows on the world” —the main tools through which humans acquire information about our environments. But today, we have yielded many of the functions of our own senses to the modern food industry — which suits that industry just fine. A survey of 7,000 young people in 2011 found that most of them would be hypothetically (假设地) prepared to give up their sense of smell if it meant that they could keep their laptop or phone. In reality, it is not easy to live without a sense of smell. According to the survey data produced by Fifth Sense, more than half of the respondents having smell loss said that cooking had become a source of stress and anxiety because they could no longer experience the joy of trying new recipes, and could not easily tell when something was burned, which even increases feelings of loneliness and depression and leads to the breakdown of relationships. No human activity is more multi-sensory than eating, but to eat in the modern world is often to eat in a state of profound sensory disengagement. We order groceries on a computer, or takeaways on a phone, and they arrive wrapped in plastic, so that we can neither smell them nor see them before we take the first mouthful. 1. In which way we mostly don’t use our thumbs according to the author? A. Squeeze a fig. B. Push a button. C. Hold a fork. D. Pick a key. 2. Why does the author mention the survey in 2011? A. To show the addiction to the Internet. B. To focus on the senseless young people. C. To highlight the ignorance about senses. D. To introduce a popular and modern lifestyle. 3. What does the paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A. Daily troubles of sense loss. B. An uneasy world without senses. C. Mental concerns about sense loss. D. The robbed pleasure of cooking food. 4. What makes people lose sensory connection with food? A. A fast-paced modern lifestyle. B. Lessening interests about food. C. The development of computers. D. The convenient packaging technology. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述了我们如何失去了与食物的感官联系。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“It is also one of the most efficient and sensitive tools in existence for determining the ripeness of fruit. (它也是目前确定水果成熟度的最有效和最灵敏的工具之一。)”和第二段中“However, most of us don’t use them that way anymore. (然而，我们大多数人不再那样使用它们了。)”可知，拇指可以用来确定水果成熟度，但是现在我们大多数人不再那样使用它们了，所以我们不常用拇指捏无花果来判断成熟度，故选A。 2. 推理判断题。第三段首句“But today, we have yielded many of the functions of our own senses to the modern food industry — which suits that industry just fine. (但今天，我们已经将感官的许多功能让渡给了现代食品工业——这正好适合这个行业)。”提到，今天我们已经将感官的许多功能让渡给了现代食品工业，下文“A survey of 7,000 young people in 2011 found that most of them would be hypothetically (假设地) prepared to give up their sense of smell if it meant that they could keep their laptop or phone. (2011年，一项针对7000名年轻人的调查发现，如果能保留笔记本电脑或手机，他们中的大多数人都愿意放弃自己的嗅觉。)”提及一项调查证明上述观点，强调今天人们对感官的忽视，故选C。 3. 主旨大意题。根据第四段内容，尤其是首句“In reality, it is not easy to live without a sense of smell.(在现实生活中，没有嗅觉是很不容易的)”和“more than half of the respondents having smell loss said that cooking had become a source of stress and anxiety because they could no longer experience the joy of trying new recipes...（超过一半的嗅觉丧失的受访者表示，烹饪已经成为压力和焦虑的来源，因为他们再也无法体验到尝试新食谱的乐趣)”可知，本段主要讲述丧失嗅觉带来的一些心理负担，故选C。 4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“No human activity is more multi-sensory than eating, but to eat in the modern world is often to eat in a state of profound sensory disengagement. We order groceries on a computer, or takeaways on a phone, and they arrive wrapped in plastic, so that we can neither smell them nor see them before we take the first mouthful. (没有什么人类活动比吃东西更具有多重感官，但在现代世界里，吃东西往往是在一种深刻的感官脱离状态下吃东西。我们在电脑上订购食品杂货，或在手机上订购外卖，它们被包裹在塑料里，所以在我们吃第一口之前，我们既闻不到也看不见它们。)”可知，现代快节奏的生活方式使人们失去了与食物的感官联系，故选A。 Passage 8 （23-24高二下·湖北武汉·期中） After nearly a year of frantic (狂热的) lobbying and debate, the EPA has finalized strict new rules on vehicle emissions that will push the auto industry to accelerate its transition to electric vehicles (EV). The EPA expects that under the new rules, EVs could account for up to 56% of new passenger vehicles sold for model years 2030 through 2032, meeting a goal that President Biden set in 2021. The regulations are a cornerstone of the Biden Administration’s efforts to fight climate change. Combined with investments the U.S. is making in battery and electric vehicle manufacturing, the auto regulations will help shift the U.S. away from relying on fossil fuels for transportation, a senior administration official said during a call with reporters. “Three years ago, I set an ambitious target that half of all new cars and trucks sold in 2030 would be zero-emission,” Biden said in a statement, adding that the country will meet that goal and “race forward in the years ahead”. Biden added that U.S. workers “will lead the world on autos - making clean cars and trucks, each stamped ‘Made in America’.” The new rules require auto manufacturers to slash emissions of greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide that are heating the planet, as well as air pollutants that contribute to soot and smog. The administration says the new standards will avoid more than seven billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions and deliver almost $100 billion in annual benefits, including $13 billion in health benefits as a result of less pollution. “That’s going to have immediate benefits in improving air quality, but also improving people’s health,” Cara Cook, director of programs at the Alliance of Nurses for Healthy Environments, told reporters ahead of the EPA’s announcement. “So they’re not breathing in dirty air, especially for those who are living near major roadways and highways, heavy traffic [areas]. Those are the ones that are going to really experience a significant amount of benefits from these rules.” 1. What does the new rules aim to do? A. To relieve heavy traffic. B. To conserve the traffic regulations. C. To hinder the transition to electric vehicles. D. To achieve environmental friendly transportation. 2. What does the underlined word mean in paragraph 3? A. Lift. B. Shrink. C. Enhance. D. Accumulate. 3. What’s Cara Cook’s attitude towards the new policy? A. Neutral. B. Opposed. C. Objective. D. Favorable. 4. What is the best title of the passage? A. Fighting climate change. B. Achieving zero-emission. C. New rules on green vehicle benefit. D. The acceleration of the auto revolution. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. D 4. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了美国制定的汽车排放新规。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“the auto regulations will help shift the U.S. away from relying on fossil fuels for transportation(这些汽车法规将有助于美国摆脱对化石燃料的依赖)”以及第三段中“The administration says the new standards will avoid more than seven billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions(奥巴马政府表示，新标准将减少70多亿吨二氧化碳的排放)”可知，新规定旨在实现环境友好型交通，故选D。 2. 词义猜测题。根据划线词前文“making clean cars and trucks (生产清洁汽车和卡车)”以及划线词后“like carbon dioxide that are heating the planet, as well as air pollutants that contribute to soot and smog (使地球变暖的二氧化碳和产生烟尘和烟雾的空气污染物)”可知，新规定应是要求减少有害气体的排放，slash意为“减少”，故选B。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中Cara Cook说的话“That’s going to have immediate benefits in improving air quality, but also improving people’s health(这将对改善空气质量产生立竿见影的效果，而且还能改善人们的健康)”和“Those are the ones that are going to really experience a significant amount of benefits from these rules.(这些人将真正从这些规则中获益良多)”可知，Cara Cook对新政策持支持的态度，故选D。 4. 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“After nearly a year of frantic (狂热的) lobbying and debate, the EPA has finalized strict new rules on vehicle emissions that will push the auto industry to accelerate its transition to electric vehicles (EV).(经过近一年的疯狂游说和辩论，美国环保署最终敲定了严格的汽车排放新规，这将推动汽车行业加速向电动汽车(EV)的过渡)”可知，文章主要介绍了美国制定的汽车排放新规，C项“绿色汽车补贴新规”为最佳标题，故选C。 Passage 9 （24-25学年高二下•湖北省武汉3月月考） A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 1. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from. C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of. 2. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants. C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland. 3. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 4. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The future of gardening is WILD. B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS. C. Matrix gardens need more CARE. D. Old garden plots work WONDERS. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型园艺设计方法——矩阵种植。 1. 词句猜测题。根据上文“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作)”可知，矩阵种植是让大自然自身承接更多的工作；结合常识和划线词所在句“Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.(Eschewing化肥和电动工具，它基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植)”中“to garden more like nature does”可推知，要像大自然那样进行园艺种植，让大自然自身承接更多的工作，就不需要使用化肥和电动工具。所以划线词“Eschewing”的意思是“避开、远离”，与“Keeping away from.”同义。故选B项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.(这个概念诞生于二战后，当时德国城市规划者试图以一种可复制且需要最少维护的方式种植大片公园绿地)”可知，引入矩阵种植的想法是为了开发低维护成本的公园绿地。故选D项。 3. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.(荷兰植物学家兼设计师Piet Oudolf的花园推广了这种风格，在种植组合中增添了艺术气息，同时玩转色彩和形态，四季都有看点，还满足了野生动物的需求)”可知，Piet Oudolf的花园有艺术气息，很有品味。故选C项。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作。它避开化肥和电动工具，基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植)”和最后一段中“With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.(随着人类投入的大幅减少，花园的生态系统可以良好发展。成熟的矩阵花园不需要我们给予大多数花园的维持手段：化肥、分株、定期浇水。与传统花园地块相比，它们增加了碳吸收，减少了雨水径流，并显著改善了栖息地和生物多样性)”可知，文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种新型园艺设计方法，它让花园更接近自然、野生的状态，未来园艺可能会朝着这种更自然、野生的方向发展。故A项“The future of gardening is WILD(园艺的未来是自然的)”能概括文章主旨，适合做文章标题。故选A项。 Passage 10 （22-23高二上·浙江温州·期末） Some people can’t wait for the lovely colors, cooler weather, and cozy sweaters of autumn. In fact, fall is Americans’ favorite time, but for a minority of others, the transition from summer creates worry, fear and worse. According to Carrie Landin, a psychologist from the University of Colorado Health Integrative Medicine Center, a significant number of people actually experience autumn anxiety. For some people, stress is triggered (触发) by environmental factors: Decreases in daylight cause chemical changes in the brain. “Less daylight leads to lower levels of chemicals like serotonin and dopamine that control our emotions,” says Kimberly Asner-self, associate professor at Touro Colleges` School of Health Sciences. “As these chemicals drop, the body responds by increasing levels of cortisol. the hormone released in situations where we face threat.” The result can be an increased anxiety, difficulty sleeping and depression. But it’s not just increasing darkness that can trigger these symptoms. For people who feel this way every year, some of the reaction is mental. “When we know there’s the potential for stress ahead we tend to anticipate the problems, feeling anxious before they even happen,” Landin says. The fall features more than its fair share of impending (迫在眉睫) events: back to school at the beginning of the season and family get-togethers toward the end. Mayra Mendez, a psychologist from Providence Saint Johns Health Center, suggests identifying your personal triggers and making a plan to manage them before they feel overwhelming. For instance, if you’re concerned about family issues and holiday parties, decide in advance that it’s perfectly OK to say no to some of them. If fall’s stricter work and school schedules make you anxious, plan regular breaks and vacations to look forward to. Finally, you should also find ways to embrace the present moment. Remember: while autumn may throw you a few tricks, there are plenty of treats to be found too. 1. What may be the cause of autumn anxiety? A. Cooler weather. B. Less daylight. C. Sleep difficulties. D. Vacation plans. 2. Landin’s words are mentioned in paragraph 3 to show__________. A. potential stress can be predictable B. stress can be triggered by chemicals C. depression is related to family issues D. anxiety can be caused by mental factors 3. What does the author probably think of autumn stress? A. Manageable. B. Overwhelming. C. Troublesome. D. Beneficial. 4. What can be the best title for the text? A. Seasonal Anxiety B. Tricks or Treats C. The Autumn Blues D. Characteristics of Fall 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了秋季产生焦虑的原因及应对办法。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Decreases in daylight cause chemical changes in the brain. Less daylight leads to lower levels of chemicals like serotonin and dopamine that control our emotions(光线的降低可能引起大脑中的化学变化。较少的光线导致像血清素和多巴胺一类的控制我们情绪的化学物质含量的降低)”可知，不足的光线可能是引起秋季焦虑的原因。故选B。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段“For people who feel this way every year, some of the reaction is mental.(对于有些人，每年都感觉这样，一些反应是精神上的)”可知，Landin的话含义是秋季焦虑可能是由精神因素引起的。故选D。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Remember: while autumn may throw you a few tricks, there are plenty of treats to be found too. (记住：尽管秋季可能让你迷茫，但是那里也有许多解决的办法)”可知，作者认为秋季焦虑是有办法处理的。故选A。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“a significant number of people actually experience autumn anxiety. (事实上，许多人经历了秋季焦虑)”可知本文主要分析人们在秋季焦虑的原因及应对方法。因此C. The Autumn Blues. (秋季抑郁)符合文章标题。故选C。 Passage 11 （20-21高二下·山东济宁·期中） A clever technologist took steamboat inventions and turned them into the first commercial steamboat service. Although Robert Fulton did not invent the steamboat, as is commonly believed, he played an important role in making steamboat travel a reality. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1765. As a young man, he set out to make his name as a portrait painter. His career took him to Europe and into the orbit of people with the power to support him politically and financially. Fulton entered London society after he painted Benjamin Franklin’s portrait. While abroad, Fulton left the arts for a career in shipbuilding. He was interested in the recently-invented steam engine, and thought it could be used to power ships. Fulton’s vision was not original; many others had entered the field, and the unfortunate inventor John Fitch had built a working steamship already. But like Henry Ford, Fulton’s talent lay not in the invention but in the product’s application in the marketplace. Fulton didn’t focus entirely on the steamboat. In 1804, he tested the first submarine successfully, which he had built for the British Royal Navy. His invention would make him a celebrity upon his return to the United States two years later. Fulton’s partner Robert Livingston obtained an exclusive license for steamboat services on New York’s Hudson River. It was time for Fulton to deliver. To build an efficient, reliable steamboat, Fulton used a special English steam engine. The ship’s bottom was flat and its stern was square. The steamboat Clermont made its debut (首次亮相) on August 17, 1807, steaming up the river from New York to Albany, and it soon entered commercial services. The hilly terrain of New York made water transport faster than land transport, and Fulton’s boat—formerly known as the “North River Steamboat” — was a hit. Within five years, Fulton would be running services on six major rivers plus the Chesapeake Bay, and bring in great profits. 1. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A. Henry Ford was as unfortunate as John Fitch. B. Henry Ford was talented in product application. C. Fulton left the arts as he couldn’t support himself. D. Fulton was the first to create a working steamship. 2. When did Fulton become a celebrity in the United States? A. In 1804. B. In 1806. C. In 1807. D. In 1802. 3. What is mentioned about Clermont? A. It operated for five years. B. It earned Fulton much money. C. It had an American steam engine. D. It was not accepted by people at first. 4. What’s the best title of the text? A. Robert Fulton and His Steamboat B. Robert Fulton: A Great Inventor C. Steamboats Changing Water Transport D. The History of Commercial Steamboats 【答案】1. B 2. B 3. B 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Robert Fulton的人生经历，他最初是一位画家，后来致力于研究蒸汽船的应用。 1. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“But like Henry Ford, Fulton’s talent lay not in the invention but in the product’s application in the marketplace.（Fulton和Henry Ford一样，他的天赋不在于发明而在于产品的市场应用。）”可推断，Henry Ford在产品应用方面很有天赋。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In 1804, he tested the first submarine successfully, which he had built for the British Royal Navy. His invention would make him a celebrity upon his return to the United States two years later.（1804年，他成功测试了第一艘潜艇，这艘潜艇是他为英国皇家海军建造的。他的发明使他在两年后回到美国时成为名人。）”可知，Fulton是在1806年成名。故选B。 3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The hilly terrain of New York made water transport faster than land transport, and Fulton’s boat—formerly known as the “North River Steamboat”—was a hit. Within five years, Fulton would be running services on six major rivers plus the Chesapeake Bay, and bring in great profits.（纽约的丘陵地形使水路运输比陆路运输更快，Fulton的船——以前被称为“北河汽船”——大受欢迎。五年内，Fulton将在六条主要河流和切萨皮克湾提供服务，并带来巨大的利润。）”可知，Clermont船让Fulton赚了很大一笔钱。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“A clever technologist took steamboat inventions and turned them into the first commercial steamboat service.（一位聪明的技术专家将蒸汽船的发明变成了第一个商业蒸汽船服务。）”第二段第一句“Although Robert Fulton did not invent the steamboat, as is commonly believed, he played an important role in making steamboat travel a reality.（虽然Robert Fulton没有发明汽船，但是人们普遍认为，他在使汽船旅行成为现实方面，起了重要作用。）”最后一段中的“The hilly terrain of New York made water transport faster than land transport, and Fulton’s boat—formerly known as the “North River Steamboat”—was a hit. Within five years, Fulton would be running services on six major rivers plus the Chesapeake Bay, and bring in great profits.（纽约的丘陵地形使水路运输比陆路运输更快，Fulton的船——以前被称为“北河汽船”——大受欢迎。五年内，Fulton将在六条主要河流和切萨皮克湾提供服务，并带来巨大的利润。）”及全文可知，本文主要讲述了Robert Fulton的人生经历，他将蒸汽船的发明变成了第一个商业蒸汽船服务。所以“Robert Fulton and His Steamboat (Robert Fulton和他的蒸汽船)”作为文章的标题最为合适。故选A。 Passage 12 （24-25学年高二下•福建省厦门3月月考） While we aim to avoid any appearance of baseless theories, it is noteworthy to observe the long-standing practice of putting magnets (磁铁) in cows, a phenomenon that has been carefully unfolding for years. Why are farmers putting magnets in cows? Known as cow magnets, the devices are placed inside cattle to deal with “hardware disease”. Hardware Disease occurs after an animal eats a metallic object that then makes a hole in the wall of the reticulum, the second stomach room in ruminant animals (反刍动物). This issue arises from the natural eating behaviors of these ruminants, similar to a person at an unlimited food event — quickly and eagerly large bites without sufficient chewing. This fast-paced feeding approach makes them tend to unintentionally consume metal pieces in their food, including broken farm machinery parts, nails and wires used in fencing, for instance. Metal objects entering the reticulum may result in infections, increased body temperatures, digestive problems, and unease for the animals. To address hardware disease, the main strategy is to prevent metal from entering the cattle’s diet. Farmers have also adopted the method of placing cow magnets into the stomach using either a stomach tube or a balling gun. The cow magnet attracts such objects and prevents them from becoming fixed in the animal’s tissue. These magnets, once positioned, remain within the animals throughout their lifespan, only being removed after death when the cows pass away or are processed for meat. Moseley, a Veterinary Medicine professor, states in a hardware disease resource, “The magnet gathers foreign metallic objects, reducing the risk of making a hole in the reticulum.” Research shows a mild magnetic field affects a cow’s small blood pathways, improving circulation and aiding recovery without significant impact on the cow or milk quality. 1. Why are magnets fed to cows? A. To change feeding habits. B. To prevent hardware disease. C. To improve the milk quality. D. To enhance digestive system. 2. What is the main cause of hardware disease in ruminant animals? A. Eating without chewing. B. Taking magnets by mistake. C. Sufficient chewing hard food. D. Swallowing metals accidentally. 3. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To describe the historical practice of putting magnets in cows. B. To deny the adoption of cow magnets to enhance cattle health. C. To discuss the influence of a mild magnetic field on milk quality. D. To explain the reason for using magnets to prevent hardware disease. 4. What might be a logical continuation of the passage? A. Exploring more potential benefits of cow magnets. B. Investigating the broader applications of magnets. C. Discussing the alternative methods of caring for cows. D. Evaluating the long-term effects of magnets on animals. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. D 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要解释了在牛体内放磁铁这种做法的原因。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Known as cow magnets, the devices are placed inside cattle to deal with ‘hardware disease’.(这种被称为牛磁铁的设备被放置在牛体内，以应对‘创伤性胃炎’。)”和第三段中的“Metal objects entering the reticulum may result in infections, increased body temperatures, digestive problems, and unease for the animals. To address hardware disease, the main strategy is to prevent metal from entering the cattle’s diet. Farmers have also adopted the method of placing cow magnets into the stomach using either a stomach tube or a balling gun. The cow magnet attracts such objects and prevents them from becoming fixed in the animal’s tissue.(金属物体进入蜂窝胃可能会导致感染、体温升高、消化问题和动物的不安。为了解决创伤性胃炎，主要策略是防止金属进入牛的饮食。农民们还采用了将牛磁铁放入胃里的方法，要么使用胃管，要么使用滚球枪。牛磁铁吸引这些物体，防止它们固定在动物的组织中。)”可知，将牛磁铁放置在牛体内，可以吸引金属物体，防止金属固定在动物的组织里，从而预防创伤性胃炎。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“This issue arises from the natural eating behaviors of these ruminants, similar to a person at an unlimited food event — quickly and eagerly large bites without sufficient chewing. This fast-paced feeding approach makes them tend to unintentionally consume metal pieces in their food, including broken farm machinery parts, nails and wires used in fencing, for instance.(这个问题源于这些反刍动物的自然进食行为，类似于一个人在无限制的食物活动中——在没有充分咀嚼的情况下快速而急切地大口进食。这种快节奏的进食方式使它们倾向于无意中吃掉食物中的金属碎片，例如，包括破碎的农业机械零件、围栏中使用的钉子和电线。)”可知，反刍动物得创伤性胃炎是因为它们在没有充分咀嚼的情况下快速而急切地大口进食，这会使它们无意中吃掉食物中的金属碎片。故选D。 3. 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段最后一句“Why are farmers putting magnets in cows?(为什么农民要在牛体内放磁铁？)”和第二段中的“Known as cow magnets, the devices are placed inside cattle to deal with ‘hardware disease’.(这种被称为牛磁铁的设备被放置在牛体内，以应对‘创伤性胃炎’。)”可知，本文主要解释了在牛体内放磁铁预防创伤性胃炎这种做法的原因。故选D。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Research shows a mild magnetic field affects a cow’s small blood pathways, improving circulation and aiding recovery without significant impact on the cow or milk quality.(研究表明，温和的磁场会影响牛的小血液通路，改善血液循环，帮助恢复，而不会对牛或牛奶质量产生重大影响。)”可知，在牛体内放磁铁除了能够防止创伤性胃炎外，还能够影响牛的小血液通路，改善血液循环，帮助恢复，而不会对牛或牛奶质量产生重大影响，由此可推测出，接下来文章可能会谈牛磁铁的更多潜在好处。故选A。 Passage 13 （24-25学年高二下•福建省莆田3月月考） Someday, you may no longer need to brush your teeth by hand. Instead, a group of billions of nanoparticles (纳米粒子) could automatically do all that work for you. It would be especially life-changing for people who find it difficult or impossible to hold and move a toothbrush. Steager, an engineer at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) in Philadelphia and Hyun Koo, an inventor and dental researcher there, found a way to form the nanoparticles into long, skinny bristles (刷毛), a lot like the ones on a toothbrush. But these bristles shape-shift to fit whatever surface they encounter. The tooth-cleaning robot works thanks to two magnets (磁铁). One goes each side of the teeth. The nanoparticles sit in a liquid between the magnets. When the magnets are turned off, the nanoparticles move randomly in the liquid. As soon as one magnet gets turned on, the nanoparticles gather together near its center. When the researchers turn on the other magnet and turn off the first one, the nanoparticles extend outward in long, skinny bristles When there’s a tooth in the way, these bristles can’t stretch out as far as they want. So they push against the tooth’s surface. If there’s a gap between teeth, they push into the gap. Moving the magnets makes the bristles move against and between teeth. All that motion cleans the teeth. As a bonus, the nanoparticles also have strong power to kill viruses. The new device is just a proof of concept The researchers still need to turn it into a product that people will want to use. “There’s a lot of engineering to get from here to there, but every good idea needs to have a start.” says Steager. 1. What is special about the tooth cleaner? A. It’s water-proof. B. It’s transformable. C. It looks like a toothbrush. D. It contains skinny bristles. 2. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. The working principle. B. The magnets motion. C. The virus-killing process. D. The bristles formation. 3. How does Steager feel about the future of the device? A. Uncertain. B. Confident. C. Concerned. D. Surprised. 4. Which of the following would be the best title? A. A Tooth-Cleaner Fighting Bacteria B. A Breakthrough in Medicine C. A Shape-Shifting Robotic Tooth-Cleaner D. A New Concept for a New Start 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了宾夕法尼亚大学的两位工程师发明的纳米牙刷，这种自动装置不仅能够自动刷牙而且还可以有效除菌。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But these bristles shape-shift to fit whatever surface they encounter. (但这些刷毛的形状会发生变化，以适应它们遇到的任何表面。)”可知，这种牙刷的特殊之处在于的刷毛的形状会发生变化。故选B。 2. 主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“The tooth-cleaning robot works thanks to two magnets (磁铁). One goes each side of the teeth. The nanoparticles sit in a liquid between the magnets. When the magnets are turned off, the nanoparticles move randomly in the liquid. As soon as one magnet gets turned on, the nanoparticles gather together near its center. When the researchers turn on the other magnet and turn off the first one, the nanoparticles extend outward in long, skinny bristles When there’s a tooth in the way, these bristles can’t stretch out as far as they want. So they push against the tooth’s surface. If there’s a gap between teeth, they push into the gap. Moving the magnets makes the bristles move against and between teeth. All that motion cleans the teeth.  (清洁牙齿的机器人靠两块磁铁工作。牙齿两侧各一根。纳米颗粒位于磁铁之间的液体中。当磁铁关闭时，纳米颗粒在液体中随机移动。一旦一个磁体被打开，纳米粒子就会聚集在磁体中心附近。当研究人员打开另一个磁体并关闭第一个磁体时，纳米颗粒向外延伸成细长的刚毛，当有牙齿挡道时，这些刚毛就不能像它们想要的那样伸展。所以它们会挤压牙齿表面。如果牙齿之间有缝隙，它们就会挤进去。移动磁铁可以使刷毛在牙齿之间移动。所有这些动作都能清洁牙齿。)”可知，这一段主要讲述了牙刷的工作原理。故选A。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““There’s a lot of engineering to get from here to there, but every good idea needs to have a start.” says Steager. (“从这里到那里有很多工程要做，但每个好的想法都需要有一个开始，” Steager说)”可推知，Steager对这款牙刷未来的发展很有信心。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Steager, an engineer at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) in Philadelphia and Hyun Koo, an inventor and dental researcher there, found a way to form the nanoparticles into long, skinny bristles (刷毛), a lot like the ones on a toothbrush. But these bristles shape-shift to fit whatever surface they encounter. (费城宾夕法尼亚大学的工程师Steager和那里的发明家兼牙科研究员Hyun Koo发现了一种将纳米颗粒形成细长刷毛的方法，很像牙刷上的刷毛。但这些刷毛的形状会发生变化，以适应它们遇到的任何表面)”可知，这篇文章主要介绍一款可变形的机器人牙齿清洁器。由此可知，C. A Shape-Shifting Robotic Tooth-Cleaner (一个可变形的机器人牙齿清洁器)适合作本文最佳标题。故选C。 Passage 14 （24-25学年高二下•福建省三明3月月考） It’s too early to name any activity The Sport of 2025, but if you asked me to do it today, I would give the title to Hyrox, which is an individual but interactive activity. Fitness fans run eight kilometres and stop after each to perform exercises such as sled pushes or burpees. The faster you complete the course, the higher your score is in the Hyrox worldwide rankings. Many surveys indicate that people are exercising more now than in previous years. It’s individual fitness pursuits that are driving the rise. I spent the first half of my 29-year-old life as a hockey player and the second as a distance runner. I long for the common goal of team sports, but I also value the responsibility and clear results that come from working toward my own running targets. So it’s odd to me that people prefer individual fitness pursuits to team sports. One common explanation is that organized sports haven’t bounced back since the pandemic (疫情) a few years ago. When people learned to exercise with less money, equipment, space, time and organization, they kept individual activities. Meanwhile, there are now fitness apps for users to tailor works based on their heart rates and sleep quality. The rise of wearables has also got some of us addicted to our own exercise routines. However, an obvious problem for individual sports is loneliness. Engaging in team sports is a proven way to ease it, which boosts our ability to interact and form meaningful relationships. Well, Hyrox is a combined activity: an individual sport that we do with others. Each competition follows the same scoring system, which allows people to compare their results with others around the world. It’s the type that’s come to dominate the fitness world. And, according to Guy Faulkner, a professor at the University of British Columbia, if it gets people out of the door, then it’s a good one. “The most effective form of sport,” he said, “is the form you will sustain.” 1. What is the key feature of Hyrox? A. It requires teamwork and shared plans. B. It is organized to find sports partners. C. It skips physical challenges for leisure. D. It is self-paced but ranked with others. 2. What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Negative effects of the pandemic. B. Methods of choosing wearables. C. Reasons for the shift to individual fitness. D. Tailored workouts with fitness apps. 3. How does Hyrox address the problem with individual sports? A. By targeting people afraid of public interactions. B. By connecting individuals with shared experiences. C. By prioritizing personal achievements over group goals. D. By offering a kind of treatment for mental health issues. 4. What does Guy Faulkner consider the most effective sport? A. Sport that requires the least effort. B. Sport that involves more people. C. Sport that one will do consistently. D. Sport that provides the quickest results. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种名为Hyrox的运动形式，介绍了其特点以及优势。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“It’s too early to name any activity The Sport of 2025, but if you asked me to do it today, I would give the title to Hyrox, which is an individual but interactive activity.(现在给任何一项活动命名为2025年的运动都还为时过早，但如果你让我今天做，我会把它命名为Hyrox，这是一项个人但互动的活动)”和倒数第二段“Well, Hyrox is a combined activity: an individual sport that we do with others. Each competition follows the same scoring system, which allows people to compare their results with others around the world.(Hyrox是一项联合活动：我们和其他人一起进行的个人运动。每次比赛都采用相同的计分系统，这使得人们可以将自己的成绩与世界各地的其他人进行比较)”可知，Hyrox的关键特性是它是自定节奏，但他人进行排名与。故选D。 2. 主旨大意题。根据第三段“One common explanation is that organized sports haven’t bounced back since the pandemic (疫情) a few years ago. When people learned to exercise with less money, equipment, space, time and organization, they kept individual activities. Meanwhile, there are now fitness apps for users to tailor works based on their heart rates and sleep quality. The rise of wearables has also got some of us addicted to our own exercise routines.(一种常见的解释是，自几年前的大流行以来，有组织的体育运动一直没有反弹。当人们学会用更少的钱、设备、空间、时间和组织进行锻炼时，他们会保持个人活动。与此同时，现在有一些健身应用程序可以让用户根据自己的心率和睡眠质量来定制健身项目。可穿戴设备的兴起也让我们中的一些人沉迷于自己的锻炼习惯)”可知，第三段的主要内容是转向个人健身的原因。故选C。 3. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Engaging in team sports is a proven way to ease it, which boosts our ability to interact and form meaningful relationships. Well, Hyrox is a combined activity: an individual sport that we do with others. Each competition follows the same scoring system, which allows people to compare their results with others around the world.(参加团队运动是一种行之有效的缓解方法，它能提高我们互动和建立有意义的关系的能力。Hyrox是一项联合活动：我们和其他人一起进行的个人运动。每次比赛都采用相同的计分系统，这使得人们可以将自己的成绩与世界各地的其他人进行比较)”可知，Hyrox通过将个人与共同的经历联系起来以解决个人运动的问题。故选B。 4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段““The most effective form of sport,” he said, “is the form you will sustain.”(“最有效的运动形式，”他说，“是你能保持的形式。”)”可知，盖伊·福克纳认为坚持做的运动是最有效的运动。故选C。 Passage 15 （23-24学年高二下•浙江省杭州5月月考） In today’s digital era, social media users are increasingly coming across fake news online. This leads to the pressing issue: What causes people to fall for misinformation on the Internet? According to researchers at the Penn State College of Information Sciences and Technology,  users can easily fall into an echo chamber (回声室) — a sort of virtual space where users consume only one-sided news, eventually distrusting any opposing views. “We all tend to agree with the group opinion. Hence, people naturally get together with others who hold the same opinion,” said Dongwon Lee, one of the researchers. “But if you’re not cautious, there is a high risk of falling into an echo chamber.” To prevent this phenomenon, the researchers have crafted a novel tool, a game named ChamberBreaker, to help players resist echo chambers and reduce the rate of fake news spread. The fundamental approach employed by ChamberBreaker centers around a decision-making procedure that mirrors the creation of echo chambers. In ChamberBreaker, a player is tasked with trying to have community members fall into an echo chamber. To begin, the player is randomly assigned a situation that focuses on a health, political or environmental issue, and is presented with six pieces of news on that topic. Then, the player selects news that could cause the other members to fall into an echo chamber while at the same time maintaining their trust. If successful, the community members will fall into an echo chamber and the player will witness the resulting negative effects on the community. After developing ChamberBreaker, researchers tested it with over 800 subjects to see if it raised awareness of echo chambers and changed news consumption behaviors. The researchers found that those who played ChamberBreaker were significantly more likely to state their intention to observe online information from more diverse perspectives and showed an increased awareness of the echo chamber phenomenon. Ultimately, the researchers hope that their methodology can excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study related to information consumption. The application of tools like ChamberBreaker, which focuses on fostering analytical reasoning, may lead us towards a more informed online community. 1. What can be learned about an online echo chamber? A. It encourages well-judged views. B. It gathers like-minded individuals. C. It functions as a virtual reality platform. D. It serves as a tool for identifying fake information. 2. What is ChamberBreaker’s core method against echo chambers? A. Assignment of situations. B. Trust-building exercises. C. News selection strategy. D. Community impact assessment. 3. Which of the following can show ChamberBreaker’s effectiveness? A. The results of scientific testing. B. The theoretical framework of the game. C. The description of the game procedures. D. The common challenges faced during gameplay. 4. What is the likely long-term effect of playing ChamberBreaker? A. Reducing news inquiry. B. Encouraging passive reading. C. Strengthening prejudiced views. D. Enhancing critical thinking. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章探讨了在数字时代，社交媒体用户为什么容易陷入假新闻的陷阱，以及如何通过一款名为ChamberBreaker的游戏工具来识别和抵制网络上的回声室效应。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“‘We all tend to agree with the group opinion. Hence, people naturally get together with others who hold the same opinion,’ said Dongwon Lee, one of the researchers. (‘我们都倾向于认同群体观点。因此，人们自然会与持相同观点的人聚在一起，’研究人员之一 Dongwon Lee说。)”可知，在线回声室会聚集持有相同观点的个体。故选B项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“The fundamental approach employed by ChamberBreaker centers around a decision-making procedure that mirrors the creation of echo chambers. In ChamberBreaker, a player is tasked with trying to have community members fall into an echo chamber. To begin, the player is randomly assigned a situation that focuses on a health, political or environmental issue, and is presented with six pieces of news on that topic. Then, the player selects news that could cause the other members to fall into an echo chamber while at the same time maintaining their trust. (ChamberBreaker采用的基本方法围绕着反映回声室创建的决策程序。在ChamberBreaker中，一名玩家的任务是试图让社区成员落入回音室。首先，玩家被随机分配一个关注健康、政治或环境问题的情况，并收到六条关于该主题的新闻。然后，玩家选择可能导致其他成员落入回音室的新闻，同时保持他们的信任。)”可知，ChamberBreaker对付回声室的核心方法是新闻选择策略。故选C项。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段“After developing ChamberBreaker, researchers tested it with over 800 subjects to see if it raised awareness of echo chambers and changed news consumption behaviors. The researchers found that those who played ChamberBreaker were significantly more likely to state their intention to observe online information from more diverse perspectives and showed an increased awareness of the echo chamber phenomenon. (在开发出ChamberBreaker之后，研究人员对800多名受试者进行了测试，看看它是否提高了人们对回声室的认识，并改变了新闻消费行为。研究人员发现，玩ChamberBreaker的人更有可能从更多不同的角度观察网络信息，并且对回音室现象的意识也更强。)”可知，科学测试的结果可以显示ChamberBreaker的有效性。故选A项。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ultimately, the researchers hope that their methodology can excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study related to information consumption. The application of tools like ChamberBreaker, which focuses on fostering analytical reasoning, may lead us towards a more informed online community. (最终，研究人员希望他们的方法能够激发人们对与信息消费相关的科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。像ChamberBreaker这样专注于培养分析推理能力的工具的应用，可能会引导我们走向一个信息更灵通的在线社区。)”可知，这意味着玩Chamber Breaker的长期效应可能是增强批判性思维。故选D项。 Passage 16 （23-24学年高二下•浙江省宁波期中） More than three billion people rely on the ocean to make a living, most of whom are in developing countries. As the global population increases, the demand for seafood is expected to rise, too. Although ocean ecosystems are stretched to the limit by climate change, overfishing and more, studies nevertheless suggest that seafood can be expanded sustainably to meet future food demands. Success will depend on small-scale fisheries. These fisheries can be remarkably efficient. Almost everything that hand-to-mouth fisheries catch is consumed. By contrast, around 20% of the fish caught by industrial ships is estimated to be wasted, mainly because of unwanted by-catch. Small fishers rarely have the right resources to expand their operations, or even to survive. If they do scale up, they might lose some of their current advantages or engage in the same harmful practices as do large commercial fisheries. Managed with care, however, small fisheries could provide win-wins for livelihoods and the environment. Most nations already have management policies for marine ecosystems that provide for small-scale fisheries. But small-scale fishers’ rights to access are often poorly defined, ineffectively enforced or unfairly distributed (分配). Government subsidies (补贴) also require reform. One estimate found that large-scale fishers receive about 3.5 times more subsidies than small-scale fishers do. Instead, subsidies and other funds should be directed towards small-scale fishers to let them expand their access to markets, while keeping them from adopting the negative practices of large-scale operations. The total global loss and waste from fisheries is estimated at between 30% and 35% annually primarily due to a lack of technology, good manufacturing practices, and infrastructure such as decent roads and cold storage. Public and private investment in cold-storage facilities and processing equipment could help. One promising strategy is to pair international or national funding with direct contracts for feeding programmes linked to schools, hospitals and similar facilities. Such arrangements would provide small fisheries with large, consistent markets and storage infrastructure that boosts local consumption and does not incentivize (刺激) overfishing. Moreover, simple incentive programmes could be conducted by funders, managers and local governments trying to promote sustainable fisheries. For example, local markets could display a rating system for individual fishers or small fisheries. This could include various elements of sustainability other than environmental ones — such as providing information on the type of fishing equipment, location of the catch and freshness. Promoting the rating as a social responsibility concept would inform consumers of the need to support sustainable fisheries. Anyway, only joint problem-solving efforts can deliver seafood protein, sustainably, to a world that increasingly needs it. 1. The passage mainly tells us that ________. A. small fisheries can help the world if managed with care B. the global demand for seafood is increasing dramatically C. small-scale fisheries need to be commercialised urgently D. people in developing countries are more reliable on fishing 2. Small-scale fisheries are more efficient because ________. A. what they catch is hardly wasted B. their by-catch accounts for a larger share C. they catch fish by industrial means D. their operation is limited within a small area 3. What can be inferred about small fisheries’ current situation? A. They gain no support from governments. B. They are expanding to meet local demands. C. They have little access to good resources. D. They impact marine ecosystems negatively. 4. To promote sustainable fisheries, which of the following is one of the author’s suggestions? A. To initiate a rating system for small fishers to evaluate the local markets. B. To provide technology for small fisheries to boost their fishing efficiency. C. To inspire a sense of social responsibility in large-scale fishers and consumers. D. To facilitate direct cooperation between small fisheries and feeding programmes. 【答案】1. A 2. A 3. C 4. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如果管理得当，小型渔业可以帮助世界。文章解释了小型渔业效率更高，因为他们捕获的东西几乎不会被浪费，但其生存也存在一些挑战，作者对此也给出了建议。 1. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Although ocean ecosystems are stretched to the limit by climate change, overfishing and more, studies nevertheless suggest that seafood can be expanded sustainably to meet future food demands. Success will depend on small-scale fisheries. These fisheries can be remarkably efficient. Almost everything that hand-to-mouth fisheries catch is consumed. By contrast, around 20% of the fish caught by industrial ships is estimated to be wasted, mainly because of unwanted by-catch.(尽管由于气候变化、过度捕捞等原因，海洋生态系统已经达到极限，但研究表明，海产品可以可持续地扩大，以满足未来的粮食需求。成功与否将取决于小规模渔业。这些渔场非常有效率。几乎所有的人工捕捞的渔获物被消耗掉。相比之下，据估计，工业船只捕获的鱼中约有20%被浪费了，主要是由于不必要的副渔获物)”结合文章解释了小型渔业效率更高，因为他们捕获的东西几乎不会被浪费，但其生存也存在一些挑战，作者对此也给出了建议。可知，这篇文章主要告诉我们，如果管理得当，小型渔业可以帮助世界。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Success will depend on small-scale fisheries. These fisheries can be remarkably efficient. Almost everything that hand-to-mouth fisheries catch is consumed. By contrast, around 20% of the fish caught by industrial ships is estimated to be wasted, mainly because of unwanted by-catch.(成功与否将取决于小规模渔业。这些渔场非常有效率。几乎所有的人工捕捞的渔获物被消耗掉。相比之下，据估计，工业船只捕获的鱼中约有20%被浪费了，主要是由于不必要的副渔获物)”可知，小规模渔业效率更高，因为他们捕获的东西几乎不会被浪费。故选A。 3. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Small fishers rarely have the right resources to expand their operations, or even to survive. If they do scale up, they might lose some of their current advantages or engage in the same harmful practices as do large commercial fisheries.(小渔民很少有适当的资源来扩大他们的业务，甚至生存。如果它们确实扩大规模，它们可能会失去目前的一些优势，或者从事与大型商业渔业相同的有害做法)”和第四段“One estimate found that large-scale fishers receive about 3.5 times more subsidies than small-scale fishers do.(一项估计发现，大型渔民获得的补贴大约是小型渔民的3.5倍)”可知，小型渔场的现状是很少有机会获得好的资源。故选C。 4. 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“One promising strategy is to pair international or national funding with direct contracts for feeding programmes linked to schools, hospitals and similar facilities.(一个有希望的策略是将国际或国家资助与与学校、医院和类似设施有关的供餐计划的直接合同结合起来)”可知，为了促进可持续渔业，作者建议促进小型渔业和供餐项目之间的直接合作。故选D。 Passage 17 （23-2024学年高二下•广东省深圳5月月考） Genetic testing companies have a long history of creative attempts to reach the mainstream. An early example was the sequencing of rock star Ozzy Osbourne’s genes in 2010, with accompanying guess about how they might have influenced his drug habits. Lately, such projects have taken on a new, highly commercialized tendency. In 2017, we got the “Marmite (马麦酱) gene project,” run by London-based genetic testing start-up DNAfit. It claims to show that love or hate for Marmite was in our genes. The project turned into a full-blown marketing campaign, and even sold Marmite-branded DNA testing tools. DNAfit is now working with Mercedes-Benz to find out whether specific genetic traits are associated with business wisdom. AncestryDNA, the world’s largest consumer genetic testing company, last year teamed up with Spotify to promote “music tailored to your DNA. ” Just a few weeks ago, 23andMe, the second largest, announced a partnership with Airbnb to provide genetically tailored travel experiences, also inspired by ancestral DNA. I have skin in this game. I run a genetic-testing start-up that connects people who want their genome sequenced with researchers who want data to improve their understanding of genetic disease. I believe that broadening access to DNA testing can be a powerful force for good, providing safer, more effective medicines and giving people more power over their healthcare. But these campaigns risk discrediting the industry, by giving a misleading impression of what genetics can and can’t say and its role in determining behaviours and personal preferences. Take the Marmite study. It covered 261 people — tiny, by the standards of the field. It was published not in a journal, but online on bioRxiv, a server where scientists typically put results before peer-review. Shortly after, researchers looked at the genetic data of more than 500 times as many people in the UK Biobank and found no such correlation. A large peer-reviewed study in 2013 found no significant link between genes and business common sense. We need to inform the public about what this is all about: that is, the gathering of large amounts of genetic data. We need better regulation to ensure that consumers are clear that this may happen with this sensitive personal information. A checkbox on a 20-page web document full of legal terms should not be enough. Scientists too, need to start asking hard questions about whether the information they are using has been sourced ethically. DNA testing has a great future, but we can’t build this future with data acquired by any means. 1. The author mentions DNAfit, AncestryDNA and 23andMe in order to __________. A. highlight the problems facing genetic testing B. illustrate the commercial applications of DNA C. compare what progress the companies have made D. reveal the link between DNA and a person’s character 2. We can learn from “I have skin in this game” in Para. 4 that the author __________. A. is challenging the available treatment for skin disease B. has a personal investment in the genetic-testing business C. hopes to remove people’s misunderstanding of the game rules D. believes that every individual should have access to DNA testing 3. What do the last two paragraphs mainly talk about? A. The disadvantages of genetic testing. B. The scientific value of genetic testing. C. The legal system genetic testing needs. D. The essentials for proper genetic testing. 4. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A. DNA Is Anything but a Marketing Tool B. Genetic Testing Campaigns Aren’t Legal C. Creative Marketing Is Key to Genetic Testing D. DNA Testing Has Become a Booming Industry 【答案】1. B 2. B 3. D 4. A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了DNA检测项目倾向于商业趋势，并列举了一些例子加以说明。指出DNA测试有一个美好的未来，但我们不能利用获得的数据来建立这个未来。 1. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Lately, such projects have taken on a new, highly commercialized tendency. In 2017, we got the “Marmite (马麦酱) gene project,” run by London-based genetic testing start-up DNAfit. It claims to show that love or hate for Marmite was in our genes. (最近，这类项目呈现出一种新的、高度商业化的趋势。2017年，我们得到了由伦敦基因检测初创公司DNAfit运营的“马麦酱基因项目”。它声称对马麦酱的爱或恨存在于我们的基因中。)”以及“The project turned into a full-blown marketing campaign, and even sold Marmite-branded DNA testing tools. (这个项目变成了一场全面的营销活动，甚至还出售了Marmite-branded DNA检测工具)”以及下文提到的“AncestryDNA”，“23andMe”和两大检测公司的推广活动，可推断，作者提到DNAfit，AncestryDNA和23andMe是为了说明DNA的商业应用。故选B。 2. 推理判断题。根据第四段“I have skin in this game. I run a genetic-testing start-up that connects people who want their genome sequenced with researchers who want data to improve their understanding of genetic disease.(我与这场游戏有利害关系。我经营着一家基因检测初创公司，将那些想要基因组测序的人与想要数据以提高对遗传疾病理解的研究人员联系起来)”可知，从第4段的“I have skin in this game”中得知，作者在基因检测业务上有个人投资。故选B。 3. 主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“We need to inform the public about what this is all about: that is, the gathering of large amounts of genetic data. We need better regulation to ensure that consumers are clear that this may happen with this sensitive personal information. A checkbox on a 20-page web document full of legal terms should not be enough.(我们需要告知公众这是怎么回事:也就是说，收集大量的基因数据。我们需要更好的监管，以确保消费者清楚，这些敏感的个人信息可能会发生这种情况。在一份20页的网页文件中，一个复选框是不够的)”以及最后一段“Scientists too, need to start asking hard questions about whether the information they are using has been sourced ethically. DNA testing has a great future, but we can't build this future with data acquired by any means.(科学家们也需要开始提出一些尖锐的问题，即他们所使用的信息的来源是否符合道德规范。DNA测试有一个美好的未来，但无论如何我们不能利用获得的数据来建立这个未来)”可知，最后两段主要讲了正确的基因检测的基本。故选D。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Genetic testing companies have a long history of creative attempts to reach the mainstream. An early example was the sequencing of rock star Ozzy Osbourne’s genes in 2010, with accompanying guess about how they might have influenced his drug habits.(长期以来，基因检测公司一直在创造性地尝试进入主流市场。一个早期的例子是2010年对摇滚明星奥兹·奥斯本的基因进行测序，并随之猜测这些基因可能如何影响了他的吸毒习惯)”结合文章主要说明了DNA检测项目倾向于商业趋势，并列举了一些例子加以说明。指出DNA测试有一个美好的未来，但我们不能利用获得的数据来建立这个未来。可推断，A选项“DNA绝不是营销工具”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage 18 （23-24学年高二下•湖北省武汉3月月考） The recent reports of a 4-year-old girl on a Shanghai beach have gone viral on social media platforms, provoking debate about whether China should criminalize negligence in child supervision. The father of the little girl claimed that he left her alone on the beach for about 12 minutes to fetch his phone. However, she was nowhere to be found when he was back. Surveillance (监控) videos show that she waited for about 10 minutes before walking toward the water’s edge alone, and then disappeared into the water. Two weeks later, her body was discovered about 100 kilometers away in neighboring Zhejiang Province. The core issue in this case is the father’s leaving his young daughter unattended on the beach, causing her tragic death. Should such behavior, when it causes harm to a child, be seen as a criminal act? In an online survey, more than 90 percent of respondents insisted that the father be held legally responsible and face criminal punishments. Nevertheless, according to Liu Chunquan, a lawyer, it may not satisfy the criteria for criminal negligence, since the primary focus of Chinese criminal law is on extreme cases of parental neglect, such as physical abuse and mental torture. Rarely do legal authorities charge parents; instead, they are just likely to face penalties consisting of warnings and fines. In 2022, a 2-year-old baby drowned in a cesspool while in the company of his father. The court ruled shared responsibility between the father and the cesspool’s owner, with a 7:3 proportion. The owner was ordered to pay 20,000 yuan to the child’s family. Unluckily, similar cases do exist nationwide. Roughly, 100,000 children lose their lives in accidents annually in China, which is largely due to negligence, such as parents leaving their children unattended, either in locked cars or at home. Besides, drowning is now the main cause of death for children aged 1 to 14 years old. It is no wonder that an increasing number of netizens request that specific laws and regulations be passed to ensure the safety of children and their well-being. Hopefully, criminalizing child supervision negligence in China can serve as a warning and precaution. However, downsides of introducing such legislation may also emerge. For instance, it’s difficult to distinguish between a regrettable accident and criminal negligence, so that over-criminalization can be triggered, in which well-meaning parents making honest mistakes are charged with a crime. Therefore, a more balanced approach to addressing the issue of infant safety should involve a combination of new legislation, education and support services. The ultimate objective is to prevent similar catastrophes in the future. We must recognize that children are not only their parents’ offspring, but also the nation’s future. 1. What can we infer from the tragedy of the 4-year-old girl? A. Her father’s carelessness and negligence should be to blame. B. The beach in Shanghai should not be open to small children. C. Her father has been sentenced to severe penalties by the police. D. She would have survived if she had not waited in the water for a long time. 2. What are the figures in paragraph 5 intended to prove? A. Irresponsible adults contribute to children’s death. B. People can’t be too concerned about child safety. C. Kids shouldn’t be allowed to swim alone. D. Parents’ constant monitoring is a must. 3. Updated legislation in child supervision is in demand for the following reasons except _______. A. the mild penalties in the existing laws B. parents’ ignorance of potential dangers C. frequent occurrence of such incidents D. masses of netizens’ urgent appeals 4. What attitude does the author hold to criminalizing child supervision negligence in China? A. Indifferent. B. Negative. C. Objective. D. Supportive. 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要通过上海海滩上4岁女孩因为父亲疏忽导致死亡的事件作为引入，提出了关于父母对儿童造成伤害是否应被视为犯罪行为进行了讨论。 1. 推理判断题。根据第三段“The core issue in this case is the father’s leaving his young daughter unattended on the beach, causing her tragic death. Should such behavior, when it causes harm to a child, be seen as a criminal act? In an online survey, more than 90 percent of respondents insisted that the father be held legally responsible and face criminal punishments.(这个案件的核心问题是父亲把他年幼的女儿遗弃在海滩上，导致了她的悲惨死亡。当这种行为对儿童造成伤害时，是否应被视为犯罪行为？在一项在线调查中，超过90%的受访者坚持认为父亲应该承担法律责任并面临刑事处罚)”可推知，4岁女孩父亲的粗心大意应该受到责备。故选A。 2. 推理判断题。根据第五段“Roughly, 100,000 children lose their lives in accidents annually in China, which is largely due to negligence, such as parents leaving their children unattended, either in locked cars or at home. Besides, drowning is now the main cause of death for children aged 1 to 14 years old. (在中国，每年大约有10万名儿童在交通事故中丧生，这主要是由于疏忽造成的，比如父母把孩子留在锁着的车里或家里，无人看管。此外，溺水现在是1至14岁儿童死亡的主要原因)”可知，很多儿童的死亡都是监护人的粗心大意造成的。由此推知，第5段中的数字想要证明人们对儿童安全再关心也不为过。故选B。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段“Rarely do legal authorities charge parents; instead, they are just likely to face penalties consisting of warnings and fines.(法律当局控告父母；相反，他们可能只会面临警告和罚款的处罚)”；第五段“Roughly, 100,000 children lose their lives in accidents annually in China, which is largely due to negligence, such as parents leaving their children unattended, either in locked cars or at home. Besides, drowning is now the main cause of death for children aged 1 to 14 years old.(在中国，每年大约有10万名儿童在交通事故中丧生，这主要是由于疏忽造成的，比如父母把孩子留在锁着的车里或家里，无人看管。此外，溺水现在是1至14岁儿童死亡的主要原因)”可知，需要更新儿童监管法的原因是：目前对监管人惩罚过轻，父母对潜在危险的疏忽，此类事件的频发。D选项“广大网民的紧急呼吁”不是需要更新儿童监管的立法的原因。故选D。 4. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“However, downsides of introducing such legislation may also emerge. (然而，引入此类立法的弊端也可能出现)”以及最后一段“Therefore, a more balanced approach to addressing the issue of infant safety should involve a combination of new legislation, education and support services. The ultimate objective is to prevent similar catastrophes in the future. We must recognize that children are not only their parents’ offspring, but also the nation’s future.(因此，解决婴儿安全问题的更平衡的办法应该包括新的立法、教育和支助服务的结合。最终目标是防止未来发生类似的灾难。我们必须认识到，孩子不仅是父母的后代，也是国家的未来)”可推知，作者对在中国将儿童监护过失定为刑事犯罪持客观态度。故选C。 Passage 19 （23-24学年高二下•浙江省杭州期中） A new research led by University of Pittsburgh psychologists shows that older adults may be able to prevent declines (衰退) in a certain kind of memory by sticking to regular exercise. From the study, exercising about three times a week for at least four months is how much people need to obtain the benefits in episodic memory. Episodic memory, which is supported by a part of the brain that’s known to benefit from exercise, is the kind that deals with events that happened to you in the past. It’s also one of the first to decline with age. Exercise that gets the heart pumping has shown promise in increasing brain health, and experiments in mice show that it improves memory — but studies looking at the same link in humans have come out mixed. During the research, the team read 1,279 studies carefully, eventually narrowing them down to just 36 that met specific criteria (标准). Then they used specialized software and no small number of Excel spreadsheets to transform the data into a form where the different studies could be directly compared. That work paid off when they found that pooling together those 36 studies was enough to show that for older adults, exercise can indeed benefit their memory. Past analyses looking at connections between exercise and memory didn’t find one, but the team took several extra steps to give them the best chance of finding a link if one did exist. They limited their search to particular groups and age ranges as well as a specific kind of strict experimental setup. Another key was focusing specifically on episodic memory. With that much larger pool of participants, the team was able to show a link between exercise and episodic memory. The team also found the greatest effects of exercise in those who hadn’t yet experienced any cognitive (认知的) decline. 1. What can we learn about “episodic memory”? A. It benefits from regular exercise. B. It has nothing to do with age. C. It deals with things happening now. D. It is connected with the whole brain. 2. How did the team get their study result? A. By carrying out 1,279 studies. B. By making specific criteria. C. By doing experiments in mice. D. By comparing different studies. 3. What can we infer from the last two paragraphs? A. The team got the findings by chance. B. The participants were chosen from all ages. C. The study focused on all kinds of memories. D. People without cognitive decline benefit most from exercise. 4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. Benefits from Regular Exercise B. Advice on How to Exercise for the Old C. Studies Find Ways to Improve Memories D. Exercise Helps the Older Keep Memories 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. D 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是匹兹堡大学心理学家领导的一项新研究表明，老年人可以通过坚持定期锻炼来防止某种记忆衰退。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段的“From the study, exercising about three times a week for at least four months is how much people need to obtain the benefits in episodic memory.(根据这项研究，每周锻炼三次，坚持至少四个月，是人们获得情景记忆益处所需的运动量。)”可知，情景记忆受益于定期锻炼。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据第四段的“During the research, the team read 1,279 studies carefully, eventually narrowing them down to just 36 that met specific criteria . Then they used specialized software and no small number of Excel spreadsheets to transform the data into a form where the different studies could be directly compared.(在研究过程中，研究团队仔细阅读了1279份研究报告，最终将其缩小到满足特定标准的36份。然后，他们使用专门的软件和大量的Excel电子表格将数据转换成一种可以直接比较不同研究的形式。)”可知，这个团队通过比较不同的研究得到他们的研究结果的。故选D。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“The team also found the greatest effects of exercise in those who hadn’t yet experienced any cognitive decline.(研究小组还发现，锻炼对那些尚未经历任何认知能力下降的人的影响最大。)”可推断出没有认知衰退的人从锻炼中获益最多。故选D。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“A new research led by University of Pittsburgh psychologists shows that older adults may be able to prevent declines (衰退) in a certain kind of memory by sticking to regular exercise.(匹兹堡大学心理学家领导的一项新研究表明，老年人可以通过坚持定期锻炼来防止某种记忆衰退。)”可知，本文主要讲的是定期锻炼对老年人的记忆有帮助，因此最好的题目是D选项“Exercise Helps the Older Keep Memories(锻炼有助于老年人保持记忆)”，故选D。 Passage 20 （23-24学年高二下•浙江省余姚期中） I’m in a coffee shop in Manhattan and I’m about to become the most disliked person in the room. First, I’m going to interrupt the man reading quietly near the window and ask for a drink of his latte. Next, I’m going to ask the line of people waiting to pay if I can cut to the front of the queue. This is how I chose to spend my last vacation. Here’s why. Growing up, all I ever heard about was “EQ.” It was the mid-1990s, and psychologist Daniel Goleman had just popularized the concept of emotional intelligence. Unlike IQ, which tracked conventional measures of intelligence like reasoning and recall, EQ measured the ability to understand other people — to listen, to empathize (共情), and to appreciate. My mother, an elementary school principal, prized brains and hard work, but she placed a special emphasis on Goleman’s new idea. To her, EQ was the elixir (万能药) that separated the good students from the great after they left school. She was determined to send me into the adult world with as much of this elixir as possible. But when I finally began my first job, I noticed a second elixir in the pockets of some of my colleagues. It gave their opinions extra weight and their decisions added impact. Strangest of all, it seemed like the anti-EQ: Instead of knowing how to make others feel good, this elixir gave people the courage to do the opposite — to say things others didn’t want to hear. This was assertiveness (魄力). It boiled down to the command of a single skill: the ability to have uncomfortable conversations. Assertive people — those with high “AQ”— ask for things they want, decline things they don’t, provide constructive feedback, and engage in direct confrontation (对峙) and debate. A lifetime improving my EQ helped me empathize with others, but it also left me overly sensitive to situations where I had to say or do things that might make others unhappy. While I didn’t avoid conflict, I was always frustrated by my powerlessness when I had to say or do something that could upset someone. This is my problem and I’m working on it. 1. Why did the author act that way in the coffee shop? A. To improve a skill. B. To test a concept. C. To advocate a new idea. D. To have a unique vacation. 2. What do we know about the author’s mother? A. She thought little of IQ. B. She popularized Goleman’s idea. C. She was a strict mother and principal. D. She valued EQ as the key to greatness. 3. What does the word “it” underlined in the fourth paragraph refer to? A. EQ. B. AQ. C. Empathy. D. Courage. 4. According to the passage, those with high EQ but low AQ are likely to be ______. A. successful leaders B. people pleasers C. terrible complainers D. pleasure seekers 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. B 4. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了智商、情商的区别并结合作者自身情况说明了反情商的重要性。 1. 推理判断题。根据文章第五段“This was assertiveness (魄力). It boiled down to the command of a single skill: the ability to have uncomfortable conversations.(这就是魄力。这可以归结为对一项技能的掌握：进行令人不舒服的对话的能力)”和最后一段“While I didn’t avoid conflict, I was always frustrated by my powerlessness when I had to say or do something that could upset someone. This is my problem and I’m working on it.(虽然我没有避免冲突，但当我不得不说或做一些可能会让别人不安的事情时，我总是因为自己的无能为力而感到沮丧。这是我的问题，我正在努力解决)”可知，提高情商使作者过于敏感，缺乏魄力，且作者正在努力解决这一问题。由此推知，作者在咖啡店里那样做是为了提高一项技能。故选A项。 2. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“My mother, an elementary school principal, prized brains and hard work, but she placed a special emphasis on Goleman’s new idea. To her, EQ was the elixir (万能药) that separated the good students from the great after they left school.(我的母亲是一所小学的校长，她珍视聪明和努力，但她特别重视戈尔曼的新想法。对她来说，情商是一种万能药，在他们离开学校后，将好学生与优秀学生区分开来)”可知，作者母亲认为情商是一种万能药，即情商是成功的关键。故选D项。 3. 词句猜测题。根据文章第四段“But when I finally began my first job, I noticed a second elixir in the pockets of some of my colleagues.(但当我终于开始我的第一份工作时，我注意到我的一些同事口袋里有另一种万能药)”和“Strangest of all, it seemed like the anti-EQ: Instead of knowing how to make others feel good, this elixir gave people the courage to do the opposite — to say things others didn’t want to hear.(最奇怪的是，这似乎是反情商：不知道如何让别人感觉良好，这个长生不老药给了人们做相反事情的勇气——说别人不想听的话)”可知，it指代“另一种万能药”，而且这种药是反情商的，所以这种万能药就是下文第五段中提到的“AQ”，所以划线词it指代的是AQ。故选B项。 4. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Unlike IQ, which tracked conventional measures of intelligence like reasoning and recall, EQ measured the ability to understand other people — to listen, to empathize (共情), and to appreciate. (与IQ不同的是，EQ衡量的是理解他人的能力——倾听、移情(共情)和欣赏的能力。IQ追踪的是推理和回忆等传统智力指标)”和第五段“Assertive people — those with high “AQ”— ask for things they want, decline things they don’t, provide constructive feedback, and engage in direct confrontation (对峙) and debate.(自信的人——那些“AQ”高的人——要求他们想要的东西，拒绝他们不想要的东西，提供建设性的反馈，参与直接对峙和辩论)”可推知，那些EQ高AQ低的人很可能是取悦别人的人。故选B项。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$