Unit 2 Section Ⅲ（Word教参）-【优化指导】2024-2025学年新教材高中英语选择性必修第四册（译林版2020）

Section Ⅲ　Extended reading, Project, Assessment & Further study Step 1　Fast Reading Check yourself to what degree you have remembered the text by filling in the blanks in the following passage. Introduction Para.1 Borrowed words can be found in almost all 1.languages. Main Body Para.2 ·Word 2.borrowing has been occurring for thousands of years. ·In the current age of globalization, word borrowing has become 3.faster． Para.3 The process of word borrowing is 4.complex and it takes time. Para.4- Para.5 Different attitudes towards borrowed words Conclusion Para.6 The 5.tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style. Step 2　Careful Reading Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers. 1．Why does the author mention “The restaurant's fried tofu is delicious.” ？(　　) A．To show the sentence is indeed special. B．To show English is difficult to understand. C．To show that we had better not learn English. D．To show that English is a language with many borrowed words. 2．What can we infer from Paragraph 3？(　　) A．The course of borrowing words is slow and simple. B．The borrowed words sound like native languages over time. C．The pronunciation of “kung fu” is difficult to understand. D．The original language is seldom filled with borrowed words. 3．What can we learn from Paragraph 4 and Paragraph 5？(　　) A．The French are expert at creating new words. B．Some languages with a small number of speakers will definitely die out. C．Borrowing words are completely forbidden in some language communities. D．In order to defend their identity, some language communities oppose borrowing words. 4．What is the author's attitude towards borrowing words in English？(　　) A．Pessimistic. B．Doubtful. C．Optimistic. D．Indifferent. 答案：1～4 DBDC Step 3　Post Reading Fill in the blanks according to the passage or the given words. As far as I am concerned, English is not alone in 1.borrowing(borrow) words from other languages—borrowed words can be found in almost all languages. Word borrowing comes about when two cultures with different languages interact. At first, the borrowed word is only used by bilingual speakers.It then spreads to people 2.who/that do not know the original language, and they will change the pronunciation to fit the way they speak, almost unknowingly. Over time, the sounds that are difficult to pronounce 3.have_been_replaced(replace) with more familiar ones. 4．However,_some language communities oppose adopting words from other cultures. Some languages with 5.an extremely small number of speakers reject outside influences in order to survive. While some communities are pessimistic 6.about the exchange between languages, there are also other communities that 7.readily(ready) welcome borrowed words. Borrowing words allows the language 8.to_continue(continue) to develop, enabling the community to have a more efficient language, spreading novel ideas and 9.exchanging(exchange) different beliefs more conveniently and quickly. As for the future, the more international and globalized the world becomes, the more language 10.characteristics(characteristic) will be shared between nations and cultures. 难词注解 教材原文 课文翻译 ①tofu n．豆腐 ②come as no surprise 不足为奇 ③bacon n．咸猪肉，熏猪肉 ④tank n．坦克；(贮放液体或气体的)罐 ⑤golf n．高尔夫球运动 ⑥come about 产生，发生 ⑦interact v．互动；相互作用；交流 ⑧native tongue 母语 ⑨phenomenon n．现象 ⑩globalization n．全球化 ⑪integrate vt.& vi.(使)合并；(使)加入 ⑫bilingual adj.会说两种语言的；用两种语言(写)的 ⑬unknowingly adv.未意识到地，不知不觉地，无意中 ⑭kung fu n．功夫 ⑮refer to 指的是 Borrowed words “The restaurant's fried tofu① is delicious.” Is there anything special about this sentence? Well, all the words except “the” and “is” are borrowed from other languages! This comes as no surprise②， given that English has borrowed words from more than 300 different languages, including Latin, Greek, French and Chinese.However, English is not alone in borrowing words from other languages—borrowed words can be found in almost all languages. For example, English words that are borrowed into the Chinese language include “bacon③”，“tank④” and “golf ⑤”. given that引导原因状语从句，意为“考虑到，鉴于”。 that引导定语从句，修饰先行词English words。 Word borrowing comes about⑥ when two cultures with different languages interact⑦. This tends to happen when there is no suitable word for an object or idea in the native tongue⑧. This phenomenon⑨ has been occurring for thousands of years. In the currentage of globalization⑩， when communications technology brings different cultures closer together, words are even more likely to be borrowed straight from the source language at a faster pace than ever before, especially those related to technological developments, such as “email” and “Internet”． Though borrowing words has become faster, the process is still complex, and it takes time before new words are integrated⑪ into everyday speech. At first, the borrowed word is only used by bilingual⑫ speakers. It then spreads to people who do not know the original language， and they will change the pronunciation to fit the way they speak, almost unknowingly⑬. An example of this is the word “kung fu⑭”， which refers to⑮ Chinese martial arts. This word comes from Chinese gongfu. Over time, the sounds that are difficult to pronounce have been replaced with more familiar ones. The longer a borrowed word has been in use, the more it sounds and even looks like the native language. 借词 “这个饭店的油炸豆腐是美味可口的。” 这句话有什么特别的地方吗？嗯，除了“the”和“is”之外，所有的单词都是从其他语言借来的！考虑到英语借用了300多种不同语言的词汇，包括拉丁语、希腊语、法语和汉语，这并不奇怪。然而，英语并不是唯一一种从其他语言借词的语言，几乎所有语言中都可以找到借词。例如，源自英语的汉语包括“培根”“坦克”和“高尔夫”。 当两种不同语言的文化相互交流时，就会产生词语借用。当母语中没有合适的词语来表达某个物体或想法时，这种情况就会发生。这种现象已经发生了数千年。在当今全球化时代，当通信技术使不同文化更紧密地联系在一起时，词语就更可能比以往任何时候都更快地直接从源语言中借用，特别是那些与技术发展有关的，如“电子邮件”和“互联网”。 虽然借词已变得更快，但是其过程仍然复杂，新词需要一段时间才能融入日常用语中。起初，借词只供双语使用者使用。然后，它传播到不懂源语言的人身上，他们会改变发音以适应他们的说话方式，这几乎是在不知不觉中发生的。一个例子就是“kung fu”这个词，它指的是中国的武术。这个词来自中国的“功夫”。随着时间的推移，这个困难的发音被更熟悉的发音取代。借词使用的时间越长，听起来甚至看起来就越像母语。 续表 难词注解 教材原文 课文翻译 ⑯oppose vt.反对，抵制；与……对垒 ⑰intervention n．干涉行为，干预 ⑱pure adj.纯净的；完全的 ⑲tribe n．部落 ⑳reject vt.拒绝接受，不予考虑；不录用；排斥，排异 pessimistic adj.悲观的，悲观主义的 be pessimistic about 对……感到悲观 be based on 以……为基础/根据 Germanic adj.日耳曼语的；德国的 restriction n．限制，约束 linguist n．语言学家；通晓数国语言的人 isolated adj.孤立的；单独的；偏远的 for better or for worse 不管是好是坏，不管结果如何 tendency n．趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好 go out of style 过时 who引导定语从句，修饰先行词people。 which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词kung fu。 本句为“the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ...”句型，意为“越……，就越……”。 Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that can hardly be avoided, but some language communities oppose⑯ adopting words from other cultures. There are countries that make interventions⑰ to keep their native language pure⑱ in order to defend their identity. The French specifically have an official organization that creates new words in order to avoid borrowed words. Some languages have an extremely small number of speakers, such as the Native American Navajo language, used only by the members of the tribe⑲. Under this circumstance, it becomes a matter of survival for the native language to reject⑳ outside influences. 动词­ed形式短语作后置定语，修饰名词the Native American Navajo language。 While some communities are pessimistic about the exchange between languages， there are also other communities that readily welcome borrowed words. English, especially, is based on a mix of Latin, Greek and Germanic languages. The English­speaking community does not hesitate about absorbing foreign words into its daily vocabulary. In fact, there have never been any formal academic restrictions on new borrowed words. Borrowing words allows the language to continue to develop, enabling the community to have a more efficient language which makes it possible for them to share their experiences with new­found ease. It is also through those words that novel ideas are spread and different beliefs are exchanged more conveniently and quickly. while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”。 动词­ing形式短语作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。 本句为强调句型，强调介词短语through those words。 According to the linguist Edward Sapir, “It would be difficult to point to a completely isolated language ...” For better or for worse, the tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style. The more international and globalized the world becomes, the more language characteristics will be shared between nations and cultures. 　　虽然外来词是语言发展几乎不可避免的结果，但一些语言群体反对采用来自其他文化的词汇。有些国家为了捍卫自己的特征，采取干预措施保持母语的纯正。法国人有一个专门创造新词的官方组织，以避免外来词。有些语言的使用者非常少，例如美洲土著的纳瓦霍语，只供部落成员使用。在这种情况下，母语抵制外来的影响就成了生死攸关的问题。 尽管有些群体对语言之间的互借感到悲观，但是也有其他群体对外来词持欣然欢迎的态度。尤其是英语，它是以拉丁语、希腊语和日耳曼语为基础的。讲英语的群体毫不犹豫地将外来词吸收到日常词汇中。事实上，对新借词没有任何正式的学术限制。借词使得语言继续发展，使群体能够有一种更有效的语言，让他们能够以新发现的轻松的方式分享他们的经历。也正是通过那些词，新思想的传播、不同观点的交流得以更加便捷。 根据语言学家爱德华·萨皮尔的说法，“很难指出一种完全孤立的语言……”无论好坏，借用词汇的趋势从未过时。世界越是国际化和全球化，语言特征就会在国家和文化之间共享得越多。 1．integrate vt.& vi.(使)合并；(使)加入 Though borrowing words has become faster, the process is still complex, and it takes time before new words are integrated into everyday speech. 虽然借词已变得更快，但是其过程仍然复杂，新词需要一段时间才能融入日常用语中。 (1)integrate (sb./sth.) into ... (使某人/物)融入/加入…… integrate A and/with B 将A和B合并/融合 (2)integrated adj.各部分配合好的；综合的；完整的 (3)integration n．结合；综合；融合 Writers of history books often attempt to integrate the past with the present. 历史书的作者经常试图把过去和现在结合起来。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①Though having lived in Italy for three years, he hasn't integrated successfully into the Italian way of life. ②The town's modern architecture is very well integrated(integrate) with the old. ③His music is an integration(integrate) of tradition and new technology. 完成句子 ④It is important to_integrate_theory_and/with_practice． 把理论和实践结合在一起很重要。 2．oppose vt.反对，抵制；与……对垒 Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that can hardly be avoided, but some language communities oppose adopting words from other cultures. 虽然外来词是语言发展几乎不可避免的结果，但一些语言群体反对采用来自其他文化的词汇。 (1)oppose sth./doing sth. 反对(做)某事 oppose sb./sb.'s doing sth. 反对某人/某人做某事 (2)opposed adj.反对的；对立的 be opposed to 反对……；与……对立(to为介词) (3)opposite adj.对面的；另一边的；相反的；迥然不同的 prep.与……相对；在……对面 (1)Mr Taylor was not bitter towards those who had opposed him. 泰勒先生对那些曾经反对过他的人并未怀恨在心。 (2)The education department is firmly opposed to putting too much pressure on students. 教育部门坚决反对给学生们太多的压力。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①The parents strongly opposed their daughter going(go) there alone. ②The mayor is strongly opposed to building(build) a new hall, which may cost a lot of money. ③Only 18 percent of those surveyed were opposed to the idea. ④The post office is opposite(oppose) to the first teaching building. 一句多译 ⑤很多教育家强烈反对过度保护孩子。 →Many educators strongly_oppose_protecting children too much.(oppose) →Many educators are_strongly_opposed_to_protecting children too much.(opposed) 翻译句子 ⑥好习惯总是带来高效率，坏习惯则相反。 Good_habits_always_lead_to_high_efficiency,_while_bad_ones_bring_the_opposite. 3．reject vt.拒绝接受，不予考虑；不录用；排斥，排异 n．次品 Under this circumstance, it becomes a matter of survival for the native language to reject outside influences. 在这种情况下，母语抵制外来的影响就成了生死攸关的问题。 (1)reject doing sth.拒绝做某事 reject one's suggestion/demand/offer/help 拒绝某人的建议/要求/提议/帮助 (2)rejection n．拒绝，否绝 His proposal that the system should be changed was rejected. 他提的关于改变制度的建议被拒绝了。 [即学即用]　赏句猜义 ①The factory sells some of its better rejects cheaply, but it throws most of the rejects away. 次品 单句语法填空 ②This is a rejection(reject) of most of what has gone before. ③He tried to join the army but was_rejected(reject) because of poor health. 4．tendency n．趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好 “It would be difficult to point to a completely isolated language ...” For better or for worse, the tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style. “很难指出一种完全孤立的语言……”无论好坏，借用词汇的趋势从未过时。 (1)There is a tendency (for sb.) to do sth.(某人)有做某事的倾向。 (2)tend vt.倾向于，往往会；照顾，护理；走向，趋向 tend to do sth.易于做某事，往往会做某事 tend (to) sb.照顾某人 tend to/towards倾向于，趋于 I have a tendency to talk too much when I'm nervous. 我紧张时总爱唠叨。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①Younger children especially tend to_forget (forget) much of what they have learned, making it hard to pick up where they left off. ②Last October, while tending(tend) her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small carrots and was about to throw them away. ③The prices of vegetables are reported to have a tendency(tend) to increase in some cities. 一句多译 ④处于压力之下的人往往会充分发挥自己的潜力。 →People_under_stress_tend_to_develop_their_full_range_of_potential．(tend) →People_under_stress_have_a_tendency_to_develop_their_full_range_of_potential．(tendency) 5．slip vi.滑倒；滑落；溜；陷入 n．差错；纸条；滑跤 When I was trying out your skateboard, I slipped． 我试你的滑板时滑倒了。 (1)let slip 错过；无意间泄露 (2)slip sth. to sb. 把……偷偷塞给某人 (3)slip from 滑落；脱落 (4)slip off 偷偷跑掉；偷偷脱掉 (5)slip into 陷入；进入(困难或不愉快的处境) (6)slip away 消失；消亡；死去 (7)slip out 无意中说出(或泄露) (8)slip one's mind/memory 被某人遗忘；被某人忘记 (1)She allowed victory to slip from her grasp. 她任由胜利从她手中溜走。 (2)I'm sorry I said that. It just slipped out. 抱歉，我说了这样的话。这不过是无意中说出口的。 [即学即用]　写出下列句中slip的词性和含义 ①She slipped over on the ice and broke her leg.vi.滑倒 ②She slipped out of the house before the others were awake.vi.溜 ③He recited the whole poem without making a single slip.n.差错 ④She wrote her name and address on a slip of paper.n.纸条 完成句子 ⑤The reason for my visit had obviously slipped_his_mind. 我到访的原因显然已被他忘了。 ⑥She slipped_into unconsciousness and died the next day. 她陷入昏迷，第二天就去世了。 ⑦Don't let_slip such a golden opportunity. 不要错过这样一个千载难逢的机会。 6．the＋比较级 ..., the＋比较级 ... The_longer a borrowed word has been in use, the_more it sounds and even looks like the native language. 借词使用的时间越长，听起来甚至看起来就越像母语。 (1)此句式意为“越……，就越……”，主、从句的两个谓语是同时进行的，表示一方随另一方程度的变化而变化。 (2)从结构上看，第一个“the＋比较级 ...”是表示条件的状语从句(在表示将来意义时，从句用一般现在时表示将来)；第二个“the＋比较级 ...”是主句。 (3)此结构可以用省略形式。 The more difficult the questions are, the less likely he is to answer them. 问题越难，他回答出来的可能性就越小。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①The more she thought about it, the more_depressed(depress) she became. ②The fewer(few) fish there are in the pond, the harder it is to catch one. ③The more we know each other, the better(well) we understand each other. 完成句子 ④The_more_books you read, the_more_knowledge you'll gain. 你读的书越多，获得的知识就越多。 7．强调句型 It_is_also_through_those_words_that novel ideas are spread and different beliefs are exchanged more conveniently and quickly. 也正是通过那些词，新思想的传播、不同观点的交流得以更加便捷。 (1)强调句型的基本结构：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分。多用于强调句子主语、宾语和状语； (2)强调句型的一般疑问句：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分？； (3)强调句型的特殊疑问句：疑问词(被强调部分)＋is/was＋it＋that＋句子其他部分？； (4)not ...until ...结构的强调句型：It is/was not until ...that ...。 But it was this sense of failure that made him determined to succeed in his new life. 但就是这种失败感使他下定决心在新的生活中取得成功。 [即学即用]　完成句子 ①It_was_not_until_1972_that the war finally came to an end. 直到1972年战争才最终结束。 句型转换 ②The artist's reputation had made him proud. →It_was_the_artist's_reputation_that_had_made_him_proud．(强调句子主语) ③I didn't realize that she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses. →It_was_not_until_she_took_off_her_dark_glasses_that_I_realized_that_she_ was_a_famous_film_star．(not until的强调句型) ④It was in the park that they met each other for the first time. →Where_was_it_that_they_met_each_other_for_the_first_time．(改为特殊疑问句) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$