Unit 3 Section Ⅰ Topic Talk & Lesson 1-【金版教程】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第一册创新导学案课件PPT（北师大版2019）

WELCOME UNIT UNIT 3 CONSERVATION Section Ⅰ　Topic Talk & Lesson 1 课前预习自检 重点合作探究 课堂效果检测 目录 CONTENTS 1 2 ３ 课时语法精讲 4 课后课时作业（一） 5 课后课时作业（二） 6 课前预习自检 THE SIXTH EXTINCTION 第六次大灭绝 Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earth's history. 物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。 In fact, over 90 percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct. 事实上，超过90%曾经存在过的物种现在已经灭绝了。 课前预习自检 In the last 500 million years, there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended. 在过去的5亿年里，地球上出现过五次生物几乎全部灭绝的情况。 •These include the third mass extinction, known as the “Great Dying”， which killed 90% to 96% of all species. 它们包括被称为“大灭绝”的第三次大灭绝，它杀死了全部物种的90%到96%。 And the fifth event, which occurred 66 million years ago, caused the death of the dinosaurs. 第五次事件发生在6，600万年前，导致了恐龙的死亡。 课前预习自检 ①________ n. 物种，种 ②_________ 彻底毁灭 ③________ adj. 异常的；不平常的 ④______ adj. 大量的 ⑤“主(These)谓(include)宾(the third mass extinction)”。known as the “Great Dying”是过去分词作_________；which ... species是which引导的______________从句，修饰the third mass extinction。 species wipe out unusual mass 后置定语 非限制性定语 课前预习自检 The reasons for extinctions are varied. 物种灭绝的原因多种多样。 According to scientists, they include volcanic eruptions, asteroids hitting the Earth from space, changes in sea levels, the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming. 根据科学家(的说法)，它们包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量减少和全球变暖。 Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth's sixth mass extinction. 许多科学家说，我们现在正进入地球的第六次大灭绝。 课前预习自检 ⑥_______ adj. 各种各样的，形形色色的 ⑦________ n. 小行星 ⑧_________ n. 减少；减少的量　vi.& vt. 减少 ⑨_______ vt. 责怪，指责 ⑩___________ (对某事)负有责任 varied asteroid decrease blame be to blame This time, human activity will be to blame. 这一次，人类活动将会是罪魁祸首。 课前预习自检 •Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern. 虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度令人担忧。 A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US, looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes, that is, the “background extinction rate”． 2015年，美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家进行了一项研究，研究了自然原因导致物种灭绝的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。 课前预习自检 ⑪“让步状语从句(Although ... naturally)＋主句(the rate ... concern)”。从句中it作形式主语，to ... naturally作_______主语。主句的结构是“主(the rate)系(is)表(cause for concern)”，at ... happening是“______＋which”引导的定语从句，修饰rate。 真正的 介词 课前预习自检 They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times faster than normal. 他们发现，人类活动导致物种灭绝的速度是正常情况下的1，000倍。 There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing. 有一长串的原因来说明为什么这么多的物种正在灭绝：空气和水污染，森林被破坏，工厂化农业和过度捕捞。 课前预习自检 ⑫______ vt. 影响 affect It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants. 显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种都产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。 课前预习自检 If a sixth mass extinction occurs, scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out. 研究这个问题的科学家们相信，如果第六次物种大灭绝发生，地球上多达四分之三的物种将会灭绝。 Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out. 当然，由于我们人类赖以生存的物种如此之多，我们也会面临灭绝的危险。 Our world and our lives depend on the balance in nature between animals and plants. 我们的世界和我们的生命依赖于自然界中动物和植物之间的平衡。 课前预习自检 ⑬_________ 处境危险，受到威胁 ⑭“分句(Without ... breathe)＋and＋分句(without ... survive)”。本句是and连接的并列复合句。两个分句中without引出______虚拟条件句，相当于if there were no forests和if there were no clean water, 主句用表示与______相反的虚拟语气。 be at risk •Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive. 没有森林，我们就没有空气呼吸，没有干净的水，我们就无法生存。 含蓄 将来 课前预习自检 Can a sixth extinction be avoided? 第六次物种灭绝能否避免？ Experts say that it is not yet too late, if we take action now. 专家说，如果我们现在就采取行动，还为时不晚。 This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live. 这将意味着我们必须极大改变我们的生活方式。 •For example, we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected. 例如，我们需要采取措施来拯救濒危物种，包括建立专门的区域来保护动植物。 课前预习自检 We need to change how we work and travel by using cleaner, more natural sources of energy, such as wind and solar energy. 我们需要通过使用更清洁、更自然的能源来改变我们的工作和旅行方式，如风能和太阳能。 We also need to improve our farming methods to reduce water, air and land pollution. 我们还需要改进耕作方式来减少水、空气和土地污染。 课前预习自检 ⑮__________ adj. 濒危的 ⑯_____ adj. 太阳光(能)的 ⑰“主(we)谓(need)宾(to take steps)”。to save endangered species是_____状语，where ... protected是where引导的_____从句，修饰areas, 在从句中作_____状语。 endangered In short, if we want to survive, we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it. 简而言之，如果我们想要生存，我们需要停止破坏我们赖以生存的地球，并开始保护它。 solar 目的 定语 地点 课前预习自检 The Black Robin 黑色知更鸟 Black robins are the birds that humans saved from extinction. 黑色知更鸟是人类从灭绝中拯救出来的鸟类。 In 1980, there were only five black robins left in the world. 1980年，世界上只剩下5只黑色知更鸟。 They all lived on a small island off the coast of New Zealand. 它们都住在离新西兰海岸不远的一个小岛上。 课前预习自检 Only one of those birds, a female called Old Blue, was able to lay eggs. 在那些鸟中，只有一只叫做“老蓝”的雌鸟能下蛋。 Wildlife workers began a programme for raising black robin chicks. 野生动物工作者开始了一项饲养黑色小知更鸟的计划。 They protected Old Blue's eggs, helped them to hatch, and took care of the chicks. 他们保护老蓝的蛋，帮助它们孵化，照顾小知更鸟。 Thanks to their efforts, there are now more than 250 black robins, and the population is spreading. 多亏了他们的努力，现在有250多只黑色知更鸟，而且数量正在扩大。 课前预习自检 •To help them survive, people are restoring their habitats and removing small animals that hunt them, such as mice and cats from the islands where they live. 为了帮助它们生存，人们正在恢复它们的栖息地，并将捕食它们的小动物，比如老鼠和猫，从它们居住的岛上移走。 课前预习自检 ⑱______ vi.& vt. (使)孵化 ⑲_______ vt. (使)恢复 ⑳“主(people)谓(are restoring)宾(their habitats)”。restoring和removing并列作_____； To help them survive是_____状语； such as ... islands作_______，举例说明them; where they live是where引导的_____从句，修饰islands。 hatch restore 目的 谓语 同位语 定语 课前预习自检 重点合作探究 1 informative adj. 有教育意义的；知识性强的(教材P110) 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①The exhibition is informative, up to date, and mercifully free of gimmicks. 这个展览既能让人增长见识，又紧跟时代前沿，而且幸运的是没有华而不实的东西。 ②They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story. 他们必须通过研究来获悉故事中缺失的部分。 ③I regret to inform you that I will not be able to meet you at the airport on time. 我很遗憾地通知你，我不能按时到机场去见你。 ④The newspapers keep us informed of what is going on around us at any time. 报纸让我们随时了解我们周围发生的事情。 重点合作探究 (1)inform后不能直接带双宾语，而是借助于介词of/about，构成“inform sb of/about sth”结构。 (2)information为不可数名词，没有复数。 ⑤She organized a handful of activities in the class to get more information. 她在课堂上组织了一些活动来获取更多的信息。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①I commend Ms Orth on writing such an __________ (inform) article. ②We'll keep you _________ (inform) while you're away. ③Pat refused to give her any ___________ (inform) about Sarah. ④They will inform him ________ any progress they have made. informative informed information of/about 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①当得知父亲在事故中只是受了点轻伤时，这家人松了一口气。 The family breathed a sigh of relief when they _________________ the father was only slightly injured in the accident. ②直到他通知我要开会了，我才意识到我还没有准备好我的提议。 I wasn't aware that I had not been prepared for proposal until ___________________ __________． were informed that he informed me of/about the meeting 重点合作探究 2 urgent adj. 紧急的，急迫的(教材P110) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 重点合作探究 ①There is an urgent need for food and water. 有着对食品和水的迫切需要。 ②It was urgent for China to develop energy conservation and green buildings for sustainable development. 发展节能和绿色建筑是中国可持续发展的当务之急。 ③They urged the school board to approve plans for their reform programme. 他们敦促校董会批准他们的改革方案。 ④The report urged that all children (should) be taught to swim. 报告主张应该教所有的孩子学游泳。 重点合作探究 ⑤He has an urge to open a shop of his own. 他渴望开一家自己的店。 ⑥First, we agreed on the urgency and seriousness of the threat. 首先，我们就这一威胁的紧迫性和严峻性达成了共识。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①I am also looking ________ (urge) at how we can strengthen the law. ②In case of ________ (urge), call the police. ③The teacher urged ________ us the necessity of practice. ④After she saw the film, there was an urge ______ (cry) because she was touched by their brave deed. ⑤She invited me to dinner, but I declined on account of _______ (urge) business. urgently urgency on/upon to cry urgent 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①我们力劝她同我们一起来参加聚会，但她坚持说她太累了。 We urged that _________________________ with us, but she protested that she was too tired. ②作者写这篇文章的目的是要力劝人们努力工作。 The author's purpose in writing the passage is to _____________________． ③人们极力主张相关法律应该被制定出来以阻止类似事件再次发生。 _____________ the relative laws should be made to prevent such things happening again. she (should) come to the party urge people to work hard It is urged that 重点合作探究 3 die out 消失；绝迹，灭绝(教材P52) 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①The old traditions are dying out. 旧的传统正在逐渐消失。 ②Don't worry; the gossip will soon die down. 别担心，流言蜚语不久就会平息的。 ③The animals died of starvation in the snow. 这些动物在雪地里饿死了。 ④When birds began to die off, people began to criticize the use of chemical pesticides. 当鸟类开始相继死去时，人们开始批评化学杀虫剂的使用。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①You have to break away from smoking, otherwise you may die ____ lung cancer. ②In big cities during cold winter months, many old people die _____ the polluted air. (2)单句表达 ①这一地区的一些稀有鸟类由于人类活动正面临灭绝的危险。 Some rare birds in the area are in danger of __________ because of human activities. of from dying out 重点合作探究 ②地里的苹果树一棵接一棵地病死了。 The apple trees in the field are all _________ from disease. ③尽管风减弱了，但雨仍然下着，因此你仍需要一件雨衣。 Although the wind has __________， the rain remains steady, so you still need a raincoat. ④随着音乐声渐渐消失，电影结束了。 As the sound of the music __________， the film came to an end. dying off died down died away 重点合作探究 4 wipe out 彻底毁灭(教材P52) 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①We want to wipe out world hunger by the year 2025. 我们希望到2025年彻底消灭全球的饥饿问题。 ②He wiped the dirt away from the table with a sponge. 他用海绵擦去桌子上的灰尘。 ③The old man wiped away/off all his debts. 老人把所有的债务都还清了。 ④We usually wipe the floor with a mop. 我们通常用拖把擦地板。 ⑤Do not bother to wipe up the dishes; just put them on the table. 碟子不用擦干了，把它们放在桌上就行。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①He wiped his tears _____ a handkerchief. ②A 0.9­meter ocean level rise would wipe ____ their habitat completely. with out 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①他把牛奶溅在了地板上，但立刻把它擦掉了。 He spilled the milk on the floor but ________________ at once. ②他擦去额头上的汗水。 He _______________________ his forehead. ③确保把滴在地毯上的果汁擦干净。 Make sure to ________________ that drips on the carpet. wiped it away/off wiped his sweat away from wipe up any juice 重点合作探究 5 mass adj. 大量的(教材P52) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 重点合作探究 ①All the lights went off, and mass hysteria broke out. 所有的灯都熄灭了，大家变得歇斯底里起来。 ②Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers and masses of colors. 一些人或许认为花园仅仅是植物、花和很多的颜色。 ③The reforms are unpopular with the mass of teachers and parents. 大多数教师和家长并不赞成这些改革。 ④It is wrong to have no regard for the opinions and demands of the masses. 漠视群众的意见和要求是错误的。 重点合作探究 a mass of/masses of既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词的单复数由of后面的名词来决定。 易混辨析：a mass of/the mass of a mass of “大量的”，形容数量多 the mass of “大多数”，用于特指一个集合中的大多数，也可表示“……的质量” 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①Our cause needs the support of the _______ (mass)． ②________ (mass) of people attended the meeting that day. ③_____ mass of the population could not afford such goods. (2)单句表达 ①大片云层覆盖了天空，遮住了阳光。 ___________________ covered the sky, blocking out the sunlight. ②众多市民赞成这个想法。 ____________________________ in favour of this idea. masses Masses The The mass of the cloud A mass of/Masses of citizens are 重点合作探究 6 varied adj. 各种各样的，形形色色的(教材P52) 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①What's more interesting is that the grass growing on the roof of different palaces of the Forbidden City is varied. 更为有趣的是，故宫不同宫殿的屋顶长出来的草是各种各样的。 ②The original Cinderella varies very much from the Disney version we know today. 原版《灰姑娘》与我们现在所知道的迪士尼版有很大的不同。 ③Generally speaking, prices of fruit and vegetables vary with the season. 一般来说，水果和蔬菜的价格随季节而变化。 重点合作探究 ④Rooms vary in size and some are equipped with televisions and telephones. 房间大小不一，有些房间配有电视和电话。 ⑤Malaysia, a multiracial and multicultural country, is famous for its varieties of food. 马来西亚，一个多种族和多文化的国家，以其各种各样的食物而闻名。 ⑥There are various books for us to choose from, like history books, science books, literary books and so on. 有各种各样的书可供我们选择，如历史书、科学书、文学书籍等等。 重点合作探究 a variety of 和 varieties of既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词。后面谓语动词的单复数要根据of后名词的单复数而定。the variety of后面的谓语动词用单数。 易混辨析：varied/various varied “形形色色的，多变化的”，侧重于“不同”；既可接单数名词亦可接复数名词；作形容词时可置于句尾 various “各种各样的，多姿多彩的”，侧重于种类数目的“多”；作定语时，后面只能接复数名词；只能放在它所修饰的名词(复数)之前 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①He had enjoyed a long and ______ (vary) career. ②She took the job for _______ (vary) reasons. ③I was impressed by the _______ (vary) of dishes on offer. ④Every solid object will reflect a sound, ________ (vary) according to the size and nature of the object. varied various variety varying 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①对于共享单车，人们的意见不一。 Opinions on the shared bikes _______________________． ②这些状况会随时间而改变。 These situations will _____________． ③我想知道这种植物能否适应各种土壤。 I want to know whether this plant can adapt to ______________________． vary from person to person vary with time a variety/varieties of soils 重点合作探究 7 decrease n. 减少；减少的量　vi.& vt. 减少(教材P52) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 重点合作探究 ①They are making every effort to decrease the production cost. 他们正在尽力降低生产成本。 ②There was a decrease in the number of children in school. 在校儿童的人数有所减少。 ③The number of students in the class has decreased by 20. 班级里的人数减少了20人。 ④The production of the cotton this year is on the decrease, and compared with that of last year, it has decreased by 20%, but the price has increased by 30%. 今年的棉花产量在下降，与去年相比下降了20%，但价格却上涨了30%。 重点合作探究 (1)指“某事物的增长/减少”用 an increase/decrease in sth，其中in不可用of 替换。 (2)decrease to “减少到”，后跟最终数字；decrease by “减少了”，后跟减少的幅度。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①Population growth is decreasing ___ 1.4% each year. ②The crime rate has decreased ___ the lowest level. ③The report shows a sudden decrease ___ population. by to in 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①该俱乐部的成员已经减少到500人。 The number of the club's members _______________ 500. ②这个地方的婴儿出生率下降了20%。 The birth rate of babies in this area _______________ 20%. ③茶叶的需求量逐年递减。 The demand for tea is ______________ each year. has decreased to has decreased by on the decrease 重点合作探究 8 blame vt. 责怪，指责(教材P52) 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①The police said that the driver was to blame for the accident. 警察说，司机应该为这次事故负责。 ②The boss blamed the great loss on the engineer. 老板把这次巨大的损失归咎于这位工程师。 ③They shouldn't have put the blame for it on the girl. 他们本不该把这件事归咎于这个女孩。 ④We were ready to take the blame for what had happened. 我们愿意对发生的事情负责。 重点合作探究 ⑤They all blamed the car accident on him. In fact, he was really to blame for his careless driving. So he took the blame for it without any complaint. 他们都把这场车祸归咎于他。实际上，他确实应为自己的粗心驾驶而受责备。所以他没有抱怨地对此事负了责。 重点合作探究 be to blame for ... 意为“对……应负责任；应因……而受责”，为主动形式表示被动意义，不能再用被动语态。 易混辨析：blame/charge/accuse blame 责备，谴责；归咎于，归罪于。常用于blame sb for sth “因某事指责某人”；blame sth on sb “把某事归咎于某人” charge 控告；谴责。常用于 charge sb with sth “指控某人某事” accuse 控告，指控；指责，谴责。常用于 accuse sb (doing) sth “指控某人(做)某事” 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①The bank manager was really _______ (blame), though he tried to pin it on a clerk. ②I always get the blame ____ his mistakes! ③He blamed his failure ____ his teacher. (2)选词填空(blame/charge/accuse) ①I was told that he was ________ of murder. ②She was said to have been ________ with drunk driving. ③It is obvious that you are to ______ for the accident. to blame for on accused charged blame 重点合作探究 (3)一句多译 她把他们婚姻的失败归咎于她的丈夫。 She ____________________ the failure of their marriage. ＝She _________________________________ her husband. ＝She ____________________________________________ her husband. blamed her husband for blamed the failure of their marriage on put/laid the blame for the failure of their marriage on 重点合作探究 9 Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.(教材P52) 虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。 剖析 although引导让步状语从句；在主句中，at which是“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，which指代前面的名词the rate。 重点合作探究 ◎although引导让步状语从句 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①Although he was angry, he managed to speak calmly. 虽然他很生气，但他努力让自己冷静地说话。 ②While I admit his good points, I can see his bad points. 尽管我承认他的长处，但我也看到了他的不足。 ③Hard though/as they tried, they couldn't make her change her mind. 尽管他们做了很大努力，却没法让她改变主意。 重点合作探究 如果表语是单数可数名词，though或as引导的让步状语从句倒装时，名词前不加冠词。 Boy as/though he is, he can finish the work alone. ＝Although/Though he is a boy, he can finish the work alone. 他虽是个孩子，但他可以单独完成这项工作。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①______________________ my uncle is old, he looks very strong and healthy. ②Intelligent _________ you are, I suspect you will fail. (2)句型转换 ①Although it was cold, he still did not switch on the air conditioner. →___________________， he still did not switch on the air conditioner. ②Child though/as he is, he knows to help others. →________________________________， he knows to help others. Although/Though/While though/as Cold as/though it was Although/Though/While he is a child 重点合作探究 ◎ “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 归纳 拓展 (1)关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，不可用that, 即：介词 ＋ which/whom。有时也可用whose。 (2)在限制性定语从句中，当介词置于从句的谓语动词之后时，可用that/which(指物)；that/who/whom(指人)作介词的宾语，且此处关系代词可以省略，特别是在口语中。 (3)确定关系代词前介词的三原则：一先，二动，三意义。 ①一先，即根据定语从句中介词与先行词的搭配关系选择。 ②二动，即根据定语从句中谓语动词与介词的搭配关系选择。 ③三意义，即根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。 重点合作探究 ①The man to whom you spoke is a teacher. ＝The man (who/whom/that) you spoke to is a teacher. 和你谈话的那个人是位老师。 ②I never forget the day on which I came to this school. 我永远不会忘记我来到这所学校的那一天。 (on the day) ③The song to which they danced last night was very popular. 他们昨晚跳舞的那首歌非常流行。(dance to ... 随着……跳舞) ④This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly. 这是我的眼镜，没有它我看不清楚。 ⑤There are many reasons why/for which people like traveling. 人们喜欢旅游有许多原因。(for the reasons＝why) 重点合作探究 (1)介词后面的关系代词不能省略。 (2)某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词＋关系词”结构可以同关系副词when, where和why互换。 (3)通常介词放在定语从句中动词后，也可以放在关系代词前面，但有些特殊动词短语搭配不能拆分，介词只能放在动词后，如： look for, look after, pay attention to, take care of, look forward to, listen to等。 The words that/which we should pay attention to are written on the blackboard. 我们应该注意写在黑板上的单词。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①He was educated at a local grammar school, __________ he went on to Cambridge. ②Gun control is a subject ___________ Americans have argued for a long time. ③She brought with her three friends, none of ______ I had ever met before. (2)单句表达 她照顾的病人是她的父亲。 The patient ____________________________________is her father. after which about which whom whom/that/who/不填 she is looking after 重点合作探究 10 It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.(教材P53) 显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种都产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。 剖析 “It is clear that ... ”是主语从句的常见结构；其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。 重点合作探究 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①It is important that we learn English grammar well. 我们学好英语语法是重要的。 ②It is a pity that you've missed such a good chance. 你错过了这样一个好机会，真是遗憾。 ③It is believed that we are more likely to have a sense of achievement when we help others. 人们相信当我们帮助别人时，更可能获得成就感。 ④It happens that the prettiest birds are the worst singers. 很碰巧，最漂亮的鸟儿是最差的歌手。 重点合作探究 以下句型中，常用虚拟语气： (1)“It is suggested (ordered ...) that ...(should) do”句型中，主句中的过去分词表示请求，建议，命令等。 (2)“It is important (necessary, right, strange, natural ...) that ...(should) do” 句型。 (3)“It is a pity (a shame, no wonder ...) that ...(should) do”句型，但当从句内容表示出乎意料时，则不用虚拟语气。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①It is often the case _____ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope. ②It's _________ (suggest) that the question should be discussed at the next meeting. ③It is necessary that he ________________ (remember) these words. that suggested (should) remember 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①昨天你没看这么好的电影真可惜。 It's a pity that you _______________ good film yesterday. ②他来访时，碰巧我不在。 _______________ I had been away when he called. ③你在这么短的时间内把英语学习得那么好，真令人吃惊！ ________________ you should have learned English so well in such a short time! didn't see such a It happened that It's surprising that 重点合作探究 11 be at risk 处境危险，受到威胁(教材P53) 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①We must stop these rumours; the firm's reputation is at risk. 我们必须制止这些谣言，公司的声誉正受到威胁。 ②They knew they risked losing their jobs. 他们知道自己冒着失去工作的危险。 ③The firefighter ran into the burning house at all risks to save the child. 消防员冒着一切危险冲进燃烧着的房子去救小孩。 ④Everybody who goes into this region, whoever they are, is at the risk of being taken hostage. 进入这个地区的人，不管他们是谁，都有被劫为人质的危险。 重点合作探究 risk除了作名词，还可用作及物动词，后接名词、代词、动名词(不接动词不定式)作宾语。 ⑤We don't want to run the risk of losing their business. 我们不想冒险失去他们的生意。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①They would go to rescue the travellers at _____ risk. ②I would like to risk ______ (be) late for class to help him. (2)单句表达 ①他冒着生命危险救了这个小男孩。 He saved the boy's life ____________ losing his own. ②我不能冒险留下他独自一人，哪怕是一会儿也不行。 I could not _________________ leaving him alone, even for a short time. ③新的实验通常意味着冒一些风险。 New experiments often mean ________________． any being at the risk of run/take the risk of taking some risks 重点合作探究 12 endangered adj. 濒危的(教材P53) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 重点合作探究 ①He ends with a plea to protect endangered species and threatened ecosystems. 他在结尾的时候，恳求人们保护濒危物种和受威胁的生态系统。 ②The children didn't realize the danger of swimming in the river. 孩子们没有意识到在这条河里游泳的危险。 ③Some people argue that it is dangerous to make friends online because they may be cheated by online friends. 有些人认为在网上交朋友是危险的，因为他们可能被网友欺骗。 重点合作探究 (1)danger泛指一般意义的“危险”，通常是不可数名词。表示做某事的危险或发生某情况的危险等，通常后接of (doing) sth, 而不接不定式。 (2)可用于It's dangerous for sb to do sth中，但不用于sb is dangerous to do sth或后接that从句。 重点合作探究 Pangolins are endangered animals, but they are not dangerous. In other words, they do not put people in danger. 穿山甲是濒危动物，但它并不危险，换句话说，它不会让人们处于危险之中。 易混辨析：endangered/dangerous endangered 有灭绝危险的，将要绝种的(形容动植物濒临灭绝)，指自身处境危险 dangerous 危险的；不安全的，指本身对他人或他物有危险 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①Jensen is a _________ (danger) man, and can be very brutal and reckless. ②This financial profit can help nations protect habitats where __________ (danger) animals and plants live. ③The lake is dangerous ____ swimmers. (2)单句表达 ①人们处境危险，我们必须帮助他们离开。 The people are _________； we must help them off. ②孩子们玩火是危险的。 ______________________ to play with fire. dangerous endangered for in danger It's dangerous for children 重点合作探究 课堂效果检测 Ⅰ.根据语境及汉语提示和首字母提示完成句子 1．___________ (不可回收的) materials can be processed into Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) in order to avoid secondary pollution on the environment. 2．The money could be better spent on more ______ (紧急的) cases. 3．I couldn't fly ________ (非法地) into a country in the dead of night. 4．Speaking fluent English can make you feel _________ (非常地) confident. 5．As they smiled at each other, harmony was ________ (使恢复) again. Unrecyclable urgent illegally incredibly restored 课堂效果检测 87 6．On his desk is a m____ of books and papers. 7．The total forest cover of the earth is d________． 8．Many measures have been taken to save e_________ wildlife in China. 9．This intriguing book is both thoughtful and i_________． 10．The theme is animals and birds under threat of e________ in Australia and its territories. ass ecreasing ndangered nformative xtinction 课堂效果检测 88 Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1．Many people think the hot weather is partly to blame ____ the water shortage. 2．All modern American literature comes from a book ______ (call) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 3．________ appropriate software, a computer would be a mere box. 4．Would you like to introduce me to the girl with _______ you talked just now? 5．With the development of industry, our natural resources are ____ the decrease. for called Without whom on 课堂效果检测 89 6．_______ (urge) on by the crowd, the Italian team scored two more goals. 7．We'd like to know the reason _____ she didn't accept the job. 8．There is a big table in the hall, _______ surface is made of marble. 9．Can you suggest a place _______ we can spend our summer vacation this year? 10．It is a waste of time _______ (try) to explain such a theory to young children. Urged why whose where trying 课堂效果检测 90 Ⅲ.选词填空 1．Many species will soon _______ if we don't take action. 2．We'll _________ any enemy that dares to invade our territory. 3．It is Jack, not I, who __________． 4．If we don't solve the problem of global warming, our next generation will _________． due to; in short; be to blame; die out; be at risk; wipe out; thanks to; take care of; take steps to; save ... from ... die out wipe out is to blame be at risk 课堂效果检测 91 5．The animals are in danger now so we must ___________ protect them. 6．In their family, one plays the piano, another plays the violin, and the third is a singer; ________， they are all musicians. 7．_________ the automobile, we had a freedom of movement previously unknown. 8．She was hoping that something could ____ her _____ having to make a decision. 9．Mistakes _______ carelessness may have serious consequences. 10．She used to ___________ me when I was a baby. take steps to in short Thanks to save from due to take care of 课堂效果检测 92 课时语法精讲——限制性和非限制性定语从句 课时语法精讲 94 语法体验 单句语法填空 1．Chang'e­5 has been launched successfully, ____ was expected. 2．The result of the experiment was very good, ______ we hadn't expected. 3．They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______ sat a small boy. 4．The engineer __________ my father works is about 50 years old. 5．Do you know the year ______ the Chinese Communist Party was founded? as which which with whom when 课时语法精讲 95 6．Great changes have taken place since then in the factory ______ we are working. 7．Is there anyone in your class _______ family is in the country? 8．Smoking, _______ is a bad habit, is, however, popular. where whose which 课时语法精讲 96 语法讲座 定语从句有限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。具体用法如下： 一、在句中作用不同 限制性定语从句对先行词有限定制约的作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则主句的句意就不完整。 非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约的作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。 This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性定语从句) 课时语法精讲 97 The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性定语从句) 二、外在表现形式不同 限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。 This is the place where he used to live. 这是他过去住的地方。(限制性定语从句) Mr Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine. 张先生是我的一个老朋友，他昨天来看望我。 (非限制性定语从句) 课时语法精讲 98 三、先行词内容有所不同 大多数限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个名词、代词或短语。但在特殊情况下，非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导，指代整个句子。 Soldiers opened fire on a car which failed to stop at an army checkpoint. 士兵们向一辆没在军事检查站停下来的汽车开了火。(which指代car) A five­year­old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present. 一个五岁的男孩会说两种外语，这让在场的所有人都感到惊讶。(which指代整个主句) 课时语法精讲 99 四、关系词的使用情况有所不同 1．that不能引导非限制性定语从句 大多数关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，但that不能引导非限制性定语从句。 误：He didn't pass the exam, that disappointed me. 正：He didn't pass the exam, which disappointed me. 他没通过这次考试，这令我很失望。 课时语法精讲 100 引导非限制性定语从句时： (1)如果先行词指人，则用who, whom或whose引导。 (2)先行词指物，可用which引导。 (3)先行词表示时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时，可用when或where引导。 (4)why通常不用于非限制性定语从句中。 We'll graduate in July, when we will start a new life journey in university. 我们将在七月份毕业，那时我们将在大学开启我们新的生活之旅。 Last Sunday, they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held. 上周日他们到达南京，在那里将举行一个会议。 课时语法精讲 101 2.关系代词的替代 (1)关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who或that代替whom，但whom在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who或that来代替。 This is the girl who/that/whom I met in the street. 这就是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。 Please give the book to Jessica, whom we met in the hall just now. 请把这本书交给杰西卡，就是我们刚才在大厅里遇到的那位。 课时语法精讲 102 (2)在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可用that代替 who/whom，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，不可用that代替who/whom。 误：She has a sister, that is a teacher. 正：She has a sister, who is a teacher. 她有一个姐姐，她姐姐是教师。 课时语法精讲 103 3．关系代词的省略 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，但非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省略。 This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday. 这就是他昨天丢失的那本书。 The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found. 他昨天丢的那本书已经找到了。 课时语法精讲 104 4．关系代词as (1)as引导限制性定语从句，通常用于“the same ... as, such ... as, as ... as, so ... as”结构中，当主句中先行词被the same, such, as, so修饰时，从句应用as引导。 This is the same film as I watched yesterday. 这和我昨天看到的那部电影一样。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。 课时语法精讲 105 (2)as引导非限制性定语从句，用来修饰整个句子。既可放在主句之前或之后，也可放在主句中间。通常用于下列句型：as we know/as is known to all/as we all can see; as is often the case; as might be imagined; as might be expected; as has been pointed out; as has been said before/above; as is said; as is reported; as is announced; as I expect等。 As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid­term examination. 和我期待的一样，他在这次期中考试中又得了第一名。 课时语法精讲 106 (3)as引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别： He made a long speech, as we expected. 正如我们所料，他作了一次很长的演讲。 He came here very late, which was unexpected. 他来得很晚，这是出乎意料的。 as which 语义的区别 当主句和从句语义一致时 当主句和从句语义不一致时 位置的区别 位于主句之前、之中或之后 位于主句之后 含义的区别 有“正如”的含义 没有含义 课时语法精讲 107 5．介词＋关系代词which/whom 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词＋which”来代替。 It seems a coincidence that the day on which (＝when) Shakespeare died was his birthday. 莎士比亚去世那一天正好是他的生日，这似乎是一种巧合。 课时语法精讲 108 介词在关系代词前，一般用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可以省略。 Can you lend me the book about which you talked the other day？ ＝Can you lend me the book (that/which) you talked about the other day？ 你能把你前几天谈到的那本书借给我吗？ 课时语法精讲 109 单句语法填空 ①In our factory there are 2，000 workers, two thirds of ______ are women. ②The way _________________ he looks at problems is wrong. ③My neighbors used to give me a hand in time of trouble, ______ was very kind of them. ④This is the magazine __________ I copied the paragraph. ⑤John got beaten in the game, ___ was expected. whom in which/that/不填 which from which as 课时语法精讲 110 ⑥I have bought two ball pens, neither ________ writes well. ⑦The reason _____ he didn't come was that he was ill. ⑧The girl, _______ name is Kate, is the top of the students in our school. ⑨The sports meeting will be put off till next month, ______ we will have made all the preparations. ⑩The next day we arrived in New York, _______ we were interviewed on the radio. of which why whose when where 课时语法精讲 111 课堂效果检测 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．The place ______ interested me most was the Children's Palace. 2．I lost a book, ______ title I can't remember now. 3．He is good at English, ____ we all know. 4．He is working hard, _______ will make him pass the final exam. 5．I shall never forget those years ______ I lived on the farm with the farmers, ______ had a great effect on my life. which whose as which when which 课堂效果检测 113 6．This is the hotel ______ they stayed last month. 7．The pen __________ he is writing is mine. 8．Last summer we visited the West Lake, _________ Hangzhou is famous in the world. 9．I want to use the same dictionary ____ was used yesterday. 10．He talked a lot about things and persons _____ he remembered in the school. where with which for which as that 课堂效果检测 114 Ⅱ.单句表达 1．官员们认为这场火灾可能不止一个人有责任。 Officials believe that more than one person _______________ for the fire. 2．我经常阅读英语报纸以开阔我的视野，这有助于提高我的英语水平。 I often read English newspapers to broaden my eyes, _______________________ __________． 3．他在同事们有生命危险时表现出不顾个人安危之举。 He had shown himself careless of personal safety where the life of his colleagues might _________． may be to blame which helps me improve my English be at risk 课堂效果检测 115 4．每年来这个城市旅游的人数增加了一百万。 The number of the people __________________________ each year rises one million. 5．门坏了的教室很快就会被修好。 The classroom ___________________ will soon be repaired. that/who come to visit the city whose door is broken 课堂效果检测 116 课后课时作业（一） Ⅰ　完形填空 A king once went to a master. He wanted to become more powerful than other neighboring kings. The master told the king to go to the __1__ where a rose plant and a cypress (柏树) plant were growing side by side. He told the king, “They are your__2__. They can teach you what you want to __3__．” The king did it but could not __4__ what he could learn from them. He asked, “What do you __5__， master? I can't understand it.” The master took the king to the garden and __6__， “This cypress plant has been next to the rose plant for many years. Never once has it wanted to become a rose plant. 课后课时作业（一） 118 __7__， the rose plant has never wanted to become a cypress plant. If man had been the cypress plant, he would have __8__ himself with the rose and felt jealous at the __9__ that the beautiful rose plant was getting from all the people. __10__， if man were the rose plant, he would have __11__ the cypress plant enviously thinking how __12__ the plant was without the __13__ of being disturbed by people all day! Both of the plants grew very well because they __14__ all their energy for their own __15__ instead of using it to compete with the other.” 篇章导读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了一位国王向大师请教如何做到比邻国国王更强大，大师通过讲述玫瑰与柏树和平相处的故事，来回答这个 问题。 课后课时作业（一） 119 解析：根据第四段中的“The master took the king to the garden”可知，他让国王到花园(garden)里去看看。故选C。 1.A.valley B．bank C．garden D．forest 解析：根据下句中的teach可知，此处意为“它们就是你的老师(teacher)。”故选D。 2．A.enemies B．families C．friends D．teachers 课后课时作业（一） 120 解析：根据第一段可知，国王来此是想学习(learn)如何比邻国国王更强大。故选B。 3．A.design B．learn C．measure D．notice 解析：根据下文中的“understand”可知，他不明白(understand)能从中学到什么。故选C。 4．A.provide B．show C．understand D．remember 课后课时作业（一） 121 解析：根据语境可知，国王不知道大师是什么意思。mean “表示……的意 思”。故选D。 5．A.hear B．find C．say D．mean 解析：根据上文可知，国王在问话，所以大师将国王带到花园，要进行解释(explain)。故选B。 6．A.ordered B．explained C．asked D．requested 课后课时作业（一） 122 解析：根据设空前后两句可知，玫瑰与柏树都没想过要变成对方，所以它们的想法是相似的。similarly “相似地；类似地”。故选A。 7．A．Similarly B．Frequently C．Finally D．Luckily 解析：上文提到玫瑰与柏树和平共处，这里提出假设：如果人是柏树的话，他就会与玫瑰作比较(compare)。故选B。 8．A.covered B．compared C．marked D．dressed 课后课时作业（一） 123 解析：根据设空前的jealous和设空后的beautiful推断，漂亮的玫瑰得到了众人的关注(attention)。故选C。 9．A.position B．pay C．attention D．expectancy 解析：根据设空前后两句的句式及句意可判断，这两句是并列关系。故选D。 10．A.Besides B．However C．Therefore D．Or 课后课时作业（一） 124 解析：根据语境可知，如果人是玫瑰的话，他就会羡慕地看着(look at)柏树。故选A。 11．A．looked at B．waited for C．figured out D．listened to 解析：根据设空后很多人打扰玫瑰的事实判断，柏树是多么安宁(peaceful)。故选C。 12．A.homeless B．useful C．peaceful D．poor 课后课时作业（一） 125 解析：此处指没有被人整天打扰的烦恼(trouble)是多么安宁。故选D。 13．A.duty B．mistake C．interest D．trouble 解析：此处指它们把所有的精力用在自己身上。use ... for ... “把……用于……”，符合语境。故选B。 14．A.lost B．used C．lent D．received 课后课时作业（一） 126 解析：根据语境可知，它们都生长得很好是因为它们把所有的精力都用在了自己的生长(growth)上。故选A。 15．A．growth B．opinion C．fun D．victory 课后课时作业（一） 127 Ⅱ　阅读 A Sea horses live in warm ocean waters all over the world. They keep safe from other fish by hiding in plants and grasses that grow under the sea. They can also change colors How did the sea horse get its name? It's not hard to guess. The top half of this fish looks like a small horse. But looking at the sea horse's tail, you might think “sea monkey” is a better name. Then there's the sea horse's pouch (袋). “Sea kangaroo” might also be a good name for this fish. 课后课时作业（一） 128 to match their surroundings (环境). A sea horse remains in one place for hours at a time by winding (缠绕) its tail around a plant. It feeds on live food, such as small shrimp. For a fish that doesn't move around much, the sea horse eats a lot—in just one day, a sea horse can eat 3，000 shrimp! A sea horse keeps the same mate for its whole life, and it's the male (雄的) sea horse that gives birth to baby sea horses. How does this happen? Baby sea horses start out as eggs, which come from the female's body. The male carries the eggs in its pouch for about three weeks until they hatch (孵化). Soon after the babies are born, the female gives her mate a new set of eggs. The male sea horse spends most of its life carrying eggs. 课后课时作业（一） 129 Sadly, the number of sea horses is becoming smaller. Why is this happening? Some places where sea horses once lived have been filled in to make new land. Also, many sea horses are caught and sold as aquarium fish. This really is not a good idea because most sea horses don't live long in aquariums. The best place for a sea horse is the ocean. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了海马的生活习性、后代繁衍及生存现状等问题。 课后课时作业（一） 130 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“They keep safe from other fish by hiding in plants and grasses that grow under the sea.”可知，海马躲藏在植物里来保护自己。故选A。 1．How does a sea horse keep safe from other fish? A．It hides in plants and grasses. B．It runs away quickly. C．It remains still. D．It rolls up. 课后课时作业（一） 131 解析：细节理解题。第三段介绍了海马的繁殖过程。根据“Baby sea horses start out as eggs ... the female gives her mate a new set of eggs.”可知，雌海马把它们放进雄海马的口袋里。故选A。 2．What does a female sea horse do with her eggs? A．She puts them in the male's pouch. B．She hides them in sea grasses. C．She carries them around. D．She hatches them. 课后课时作业（一） 132 解析：推理判断题。最后一段提到海马数量减少的两个原因：一是人们填海造田，破坏了它们的生存环境；二是人们捕捉海马来卖。由此可推知，是因为他们的生存环境遭受了破坏。故选B。 3．Why is the number of sea horses becoming smaller? A．They grow at a very low speed. B．Their homes are being destroyed. C．They are killed by people for food. D．Their food is becoming less and less. 课后课时作业（一） 133 B A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it's based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War Ⅱ in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. 课后课时作业（一） 134 Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf's gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four­season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year­round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd­looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place，” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. 课后课时作业（一） 135 The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden's ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了矩阵种植 (matrix planting)这一新型园艺设计方法。 课后课时作业（一） 136 解析：词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools ... to garden more like nature does.”可知，矩阵种植更像自然一样进行园艺，说明它避免使用化肥和电动工具。由此可推知，画线单词Eschewing意为“避免”。故选B。 4．What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A．Running out of. B．Keeping away from. C．Putting up with. D．Taking advantage of. 课后课时作业（一） 137 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The concept was born ... need minimal maintenance.”可知，矩阵种植理念的引入是为了开发低维护的公园用地。故选 D。 5．Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A．To control weeds in large gardens. B．To bring in foreign species of plants. C．To conserve soil and water resources. D．To develop low­maintenance parkland. 课后课时作业（一） 138 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“adding artistic flavors” “playing with color and form” “Beautiful year­round” “enjoy the smallest detail” “the sound of grasses” “the sculpture of odd­looking seed heads”可知，Piet Oudolf的花园具有艺术感，四季皆美，注重细节。由此可推知，它非常雅观。故选 C。 6．Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf's gardens? A．Traditional. B．Odd­looking. C．Tasteful. D．Well­protected. 课后课时作业（一） 139 解析：标题判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这一新型园艺设计方法，强调其自然、低维护和生态友好的特点。A项(园艺的未来是自然生长)最适合作为文章标题。故选 A。 7．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．The future of gardening is WILD B．Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C．Matrix gardens need more CARE D．Old garden plots work WONDERS 课后课时作业（一） 140 Ⅲ　七选五 Let's take a minute to think about the water we use. The human body is 60% water and we need to drink lots of water to be healthy. When we are thirsty we just go to the kitchen and fill a glass with clean water. __1__ For example, farmers, who produce the food we eat, use water to make the plants grow. When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy. The truth is that we are lucky enough to have clean water whenever we want, but this is not the case for many people around the world. __2__ That's around one in 10 people in the world. If we drink dirty water, we can catch diseases from the bacteria and become ill. Every year over 500，000 children die from diarrhea (腹泻) from dirty water. 课后课时作业（一） 141 That's around 1，400 children every day! Also, in some countries children walk many kilometres every day to get water. __3__ Therefore, they don't have time to learn how to read or write and don't get an education. __4__ On this day every year, countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world. At one school in the UK, children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6 km with six litres of water. __5__ People give them money to do this and all the money helps get clean water to as many people as possible around the world. A．We use water indirectly too. B．Every system in our body depends on water to function. C．It is to inspire people to learn more about water­related problems. 课后课时作业（一） 142 D．If children walk many hours a day to get water, they can't go to school. E．Did you know that around 750 million people do not have clean water to drink? F．In 1993 the United Nations decided that March 22nd is the World Day for Water. G．In this way, they know how it feels to walk a long distance carrying heavy bottles. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了水是我们生活中非常重要的能源，而世界上很多人并不像我们这样幸运能喝到干净的水。 课后课时作业（一） 143 1．答案：A 解析：根据下文“For example, farmers ... we need water to produce this energy.(例如，农民生产我们吃的食物，需要用水使植物生长。当我们打开电灯或电视、电脑时，我们使用能源，我们需要水来产生这种能源。)”可知，本句是在列举人们间接使用水的例子，故A项(我们也间接地用水。)符合语境。故选A。 2．答案：E 解析：根据下文“That's around one in 10 people in the world.(那大约是世界上十分之一的人。)”可推知，本句说明世界上没有干净水可喝的人数。故E项(你知道大约有7.5亿人没有干净的水喝吗？)符合语境。故选E。 课后课时作业（一） 144 3．答案：D 解析：上文中的“walk many kilometres every day to get water”可对应D项中的“walk many hours a day to get water”，故D项(如果孩子们每天走很多小时去取水，他们就不能去上学。)符合语境。故选D。 4．答案：F 解析：下文“On this day every year ... around the world.(每年的这一天，世界各国都会举办各种活动，让人们了解污水的问题，让他们知道干净的水是全世界每个人都应该拥有的。)”是在说明世界水日当天的活动，故本句应说明世界水日的设立时间，故F项(1993年，联合国决定3月22日为世界水日。)符合语境。故选F。 课后课时作业（一） 145 5．答案：G 解析：根据上文“At one school in the UK, children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6 km with six litres of water.(在英国的一所学校，10到15岁的孩子负重6升水来步行6公里。)”可推知，本句承接上文继续说明这一做法的意义。故G项(通过这种方式，他们知道扛着沉重的瓶子走很长一段距离是什么感觉。)符合语境。故选G。 课后课时作业（一） 146 课后课时作业（二） Ⅰ　阅读 A But is renting fashion actually more environmentally­friendly than buying it? If so, how much more? Journalist and author Elizabeth Cline investigated (调查) this question and concluded that it's not as sustainable as it seems. Clothing rental is a hot new industry and retailers (零售商) are demanding to get on board in hopes of attracting green shopper. 课后课时作业（二） 148 Take shipping, for example, which has to go two ways if an item is rented—receiving and returning. Cline writes that consumer transportation has the second largest carbon footprint of our collective fashion habit after manufacturing. She writes, “An item ordered online and then returned can send out 20 kilograms of carbon each way, and increases up to 50 kilograms for rush shipping. By comparison, the carbon impact of a pair of jeans purchased from a physical store and washed and worn at home is 33.4 kilograms, according to a 2015 study by Levi's.” Then there's the burden of washing, which has to happen for every item when it's returned, regardless of whether or not it was worn. For most rental services, this usually 课后课时作业（二） 149 means dry cleaning, a high impact and polluting process. All the rental services that Cline looked into have replaced perchloroethylene (氯乙烯), a carcinogenic (致癌的) air pollutant, still used by 70 percent of US dry cleaners, with alternatives, although these aren't great either. Lastly, Cline fears that rental services will increase our appetite for fast fashion, simply because it's so easily accessible. There's something called “share washing” that makes people waste more precisely because a product or service is shared and thus is regarded as more eco­friendly. Uber is one example of this, advertised as “a way to share rides and limit car ownership” and yet “it has been proven to discourage walking, bicycling, and public transportation use.” 课后课时作业（二） 150 Renting clothes is still preferable to buying them cheap and throwing them in the dustbin after a few wears, but we shouldn't let the availability of these services make us too satisfied. There's an even better step—that's wearing what is already in the closet. 篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。服装租赁业是一种新型的流行产业，但存在一些缺点，比如消耗了更多的碳能源、给空气造成污染以及增加人们的随意浪费。作者提出最好的方法是要穿已经在衣柜里的衣服。 课后课时作业（二） 151 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Journalist and author Elizabeth Cline investigated (调查) this question and concluded that it's not as sustainable as it seems.”可知，Elizabeth Cline(伊丽莎白·克莱因)调查后总结出，服装租赁业并不像它看起来那样环保。由此可推知，她并不赞成服装租赁。故选B。 1．What is Elizabeth Cline's attitude toward clothing rental? A．Approving. B．Unfavorable. C．Objective. D．Enthusiastic. 课后课时作业（二） 152 解析：细节理解题。根据第六段中的“There's something called ... one example of this”可知，举Uber的例子是为了说明服装租赁可能会造成比想象中更多的浪费。故选C。 2．The Uber example in Paragraph 6 indicates that ________． A．rental services are on the rise B．clothing rental will be as successful as Uber C．renting clothes might waste more than expected D．renting clothes might make people lose interest in fast fashion 课后课时作业（二） 153 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“There's an even better step—that's wearing what is already in the closet.”可推知，作者建议我们充分利用自己的衣服。故选D。 3．The author suggests that we should ________． A．give up renting any clothing B．purchase inexpensive clothes C．rent clothes rather than buy them D．make full use of clothes we've possessed 课后课时作业（二） 154 解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者以租赁衣服这个新行业引入话题，探讨租赁衣服是否如它表面看起来那样环保。其次，作者通过调查得知租赁衣服在运输上消耗碳能源，在干洗方面又会造成空气污染以及人们因为追求时尚引起的浪费等。所以，本文主要讲述衣服租赁并不像人们所说的那样环保。故选C。 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Clothing rental is a new fashion. B．Clothing rental is retailers' preference. C．Renting clothes is not that eco­friendly. D．Renting­clothes business is in a dilemma. 课后课时作业（二） 155 B It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all, their forefathers had lived in the same way for centuries. Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived. They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere who liked to eat frog's legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places. This seemed like money for nothing. There were millions of frogs in the fields around, and they were no use to the villagers. All they had to do was catch them. 课后课时作业（二） 156 Agreement was reached, and the children were sent into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first time, the people were able to dream of a better future. But the dream didn't last long. The change was hardly noticed at first, but it seemed as if the crops were not doing so well. More worrying was that the children fell ill more often, and there seemed to be more insects around lately. The villagers decided that they couldn't just wait to see the crops failing and the children getting weak. They would have to use the money earned to buy pesticides (杀虫剂) and medicines. Soon there was no money left. 课后课时作业（二） 157 Then the people realized what was happening. It was the frog. They hadn't been useless. They had been doing an important job—eating insects. Now with so many frogs killed, the insects were increasing more rapidly. They were damaging the crops and spreading diseases. Now, the people are still poor. But in the evenings they sit in the village square and listen to sounds of insects and frogs. These sounds of the night now have a much deeper meaning. 课后课时作业（二） 158 篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述印度一个小村庄的人们在外乡人的诱导下为了追求金钱收益捕杀青蛙，结果破坏了生态平衡。意识到这个问题后，他们及时停止了捕杀，重新恢复了宁静的乡村生活。 课后课时作业（二） 159 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy.”可知，村民贫困，但他们很幸福。故选C。 5．From Paragraph 1, we learn that the villagers ________． A．worked very hard for centuries B．dreamed of having a better life C．were poor but somewhat content D．lived a different life from their forefathers 课后课时作业（二） 160 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“This seemed like money for nothing.”可推知，青蛙容易捕获，并能赚到钱，村民才答应卖青蛙。故选A。 6．Why did the villagers agree to sell frogs? A．The frogs were easy money. B．They needed money to buy medicine. C．They wanted to please the visitors. D．The frogs made too much noise. 课后课时作业（二） 161 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段的内容和倒数第二段中的“They had been doing an important job ... the crops and spreading diseases.”可推知，庄稼收成不好，孩子生病与青蛙减少、害虫增多有关。故选B。 7．What might be the cause of the children's sickness? A．The crops didn't do well. B．There were too many insects. C．The visitors brought in diseases. D．The pesticides were overused. 课后课时作业（二） 162 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，人们过度捕杀造成生态失衡，因此也影响了人类。由此可推知，人与自然的和谐是重要的。故选C。 8．What can we infer from the last sentence of the text? A．Happiness comes from peaceful life in the country. B．Health is more important than money. C．The harmony between man and nature is important. D．Good old days will never be forgotten. 课后课时作业（二） 163 Ⅱ　语法填空 The poor villagers of Yaluma in Southern Mexico now have an extra source of income. They are being paid to grow and develop forests by the __1__ (organize) in charge of Formula One racing, __2__ pumps 5，500 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the air every year. Projects like this go under the name of “carbon trading”. The basic idea __3__ (be) that governments and companies can buy the right to pump CO2 into the air by investing in green projects. They can buy so­called “carbon credits” from countries with CO2 emissions (排放物) successfully __4__ (reduce)． 课后课时作业（二） 164 Supporters of carbon trading say that it provides a new way of doing business and brings money and green technology __5__ poorer countries, while opponents (反对者) argue that nature comes before lifestyle. CO2 emissions need to be reduced, not bought and sold. People should not help the rich countries keep a lifestyle that depends on __6__ (pollute)． It is believed that modern __7__ (life) are about choice. We can choose to take the danger of global warming seriously. And __8__ sooner we choose to do it, the more choices we have about what __9__ (do) next and the more time we have to do it in. We can also choose to pay no attention to the danger of global warming to keep __10__ (we) lifestyles. Then one day nature may give us no choice at all. 课后课时作业（二） 165 1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________　5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________　9．________　10.________ 篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了墨西哥南部一个贫困村的村民们通过“碳交易”赚钱引发不同观点的讨论。 课后课时作业（二） 166 1．答案：organization 解析：考查词性转换。冠词the修饰名词，根据下文“in charge of Formula One racing”可知，这是一个组织。故填organization。 2．答案：which 解析：考查定语从句的引导词。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，补充说明Formula One racing，指物，在从句中作主语，应用which。故填which。 课后课时作业（二） 167 3．答案：is 解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。全文用的是一般现在时，此处也应用一般现在时。The basic idea作主语，谓语动词应用单数。故填is。 4．答案：reduced 解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：他们就可以从二氧化碳成功减少的国家购买所谓的“碳信用”。此处是“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构，CO2 emissions与reduce是被动关系，应用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填reduced。 课后课时作业（二） 168 5．答案：to 解析：考查介词。bring sth to sb“给某人带来某物”。故填to。 6．答案：pollution 解析：考查词性转换。此处作on的宾语，表示“污染”，应用名词。pollution为不可数名词。故填pollution。 课后课时作业（二） 169 7．答案：lives 解析：考查名词。形容词modern修饰名词，根据谓语动词are可知，设空处应用复数。故填lives。 8．答案：the 解析：考查冠词。the＋比较级，the＋比较级，表示“越……越……”，是固定用法。故填the。 课后课时作业（二） 170 9．答案：to do 解析：考查非谓语动词。此处是“疑问词＋不定式”作介词about的宾语。故填to do。 10．答案：our 解析：考查代词。应用形容词性物主代词来修饰名词lifestyles。故填our。 课后课时作业（二） 171 Ⅲ　读后续写 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 A Sweet Song “Nothing will ever be the same again，” Ally whispered. She sank slowly into her father's favorite chair and stared at the small American flag on his desk. It was the flag which Chief Russell had given to her after the funeral last summer, when he hugged her and told her how proud the Police Department was of her dad's work for them. His tears had warmed Ally's cheeks; her own tears were still frozen inside her heart. 课后课时作业（二） 172 Ally looked at her father's picture on the bookcase. Dad was sitting in the middle of a stream, wet through but grinning proudly. “I miss you, Dad，” she said softly. By this time last year she had already taken dozens of pictures. Ever since she could remember, she and Dad had been a team, searching the woods behind the house each weekend for a glimpse of the special wood warbler (林中莺)． Ally reached for the first photo album she and Dad had put together. On the cover a tiny orange bird with blue gray wings and sharp black eyes peered out of the photo, her father had clipped from a local newspaper. Ally smiled, remembering the excited look on his face when he first showed her the pretty bird. “Ally, I bet if we search real hard, we'll see this little guy together some day. ” 课后课时作业（二） 173 They'd never spotted the warbler, but her father had an amazing way of making each outing seem special. Staying with Dad, Ally felt comfortable. “If only I could get that good feeling back，” she thought, sighing. Staring at the bird, suddenly, she knew exactly what she had to do. Grabbing the little flag, she placed her camera around her neck and hurried outside. Ally stuck the flag among the flowers in the garden. “Please let me see the warbler，” she murmured to herself. She gave her worried Mom a kiss and then set off into the woods. 注意： 1．续写词数应为150个左右； 2．请按如下格式在相应位置作答。 课后课时作业（二） 174 Familiar smells of the earth rose up to greet her. ﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍ Determined to start out again the next morning, she was about to head home when a ringing birdsong floated down to her. ﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍ 课后课时作业（二） 175 写前导读：本文是一篇记叙文。Ally (艾丽) 坐在父亲最喜欢的椅子上，感慨道“一切都不一样了。”父亲的去世，让Ally无比难过，她翻看着往日的相册，陷入了对父亲的思念中。父女二人每周末一起去树林只为了一窥林中莺，却一直没有看到过。这一次她决定一个人再去树林中寻找这种鸟，树林熟悉的环境让Ally有何感受？第二天当Ally继续寻找林中莺时，她听到了鸟儿响亮的歌声，这会是林中莺吗？ 课后课时作业（二） 176 [精彩范文] Familiar smells of the earth rose up to greet her. Some things never change, Ally thought. Quickening her pace, she hurried to the rock by the stream where she and her father used to sit and eat lunch. She sat on it, with her face toward the sun. Overhead the sky was filled with birds busily diving to gather dried grass to place in their nests. Their sweet songs echoed throughout the woods. Ally felt content for the first time in a long while. She could almost hear her father's laughter in the gentle breeze as she listened to the sweet song of the special bird. All too soon, the sun disappeared behind thick gray clouds. 课后课时作业（二） 177 Determined to start out again the next morning, she was about to head home when a ringing birdsong floated down to her. It was prettier than any she had heard before. An excited feeling bubbled up inside Ally as she searched the sky. A flash of orange dashed down and rested on a nearby branch. For a moment Ally couldn't believe her eyes, but it was true. The tiny wood warbler just sat there, looking around, as if it were waiting for something. Ally blinked back tears. “Thanks, Dad，” she whispered slowly lifting her camera and taking careful aim. “Things will be different without you. I'll always miss our times together, but I feel better now.” 课后课时作业（二） 178 R $$