Unit 1 Section Ⅱ（Word教参）-【优化指导】2024-2025学年新教材高中英语必修第三册（译林版2020）

Section Ⅱ　Welcome to the unit and Reading—Language Points [对应学生用书P4] 难词注解 教材原文 课文翻译 ①alive adj.活的 ②play a significant role in 在……方面起着重要的作用 ③ecosystem n．生态系统 ④continent n．大陆，陆地，洲 ⑤with an area of 有……的面积 ⑥million n．一百万；许多， 大量 ⑦length n．长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长 ⑧biodiversity n．生物多样性 ⑨species n．(pl. species)种， 物种 ⑩brazil nut巴西坚果 ⑪water lily睡莲 ⑫variety n．不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体 ⑬wildlife n．野生动植物，野生生物 ⑭beneath prep.在……下面，在……/下方；配不上 ⑮mass n．大量；团，块，堆；一大群adj.大批的，广泛的 ⑯towering adj.高大的，高耸的；出色的 ⑰hardwood n．阔叶树；硬材(阔叶树的木材) ⑱living adj.活着的，活的；在使用的 n．生计；谋生；生活方式 ⑲mammal n．哺乳动物 ⑳jaguar n．美洲豹，美洲虎 survive vi.生存，存活vt.幸存，幸免于难 feed on以……为食 frog n．蛙，青蛙 in turn相应地，转而 insect n．昆虫 microorganism n．微生物 break down使分解(为)，使变化(成) nutrient n．营养素，营养物 breathe life into给……带来起色，注入活力 carbon n．碳 oxygen n．氧，氧气 thus adv.因此，从而；这样 be known as 作为……而出名 be known for因为……而出名 disappear vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪 disappearance n．消失；灭绝 due to由于，因为 agriculture n．农业，农学 agricultural adj.农业的 cattle n．牛 impact n．影响，作用；撞击，冲撞vi. & vt.有影响；冲击 in danger of处于……的危险之中 damage vt. & n．损害，伤害；损坏，破坏 The Amazon rainforest：a natural treasure Welcome to the jungle，a huge sea of green alive① with the sounds of animals. This is the Amazon rainforest. As the largest rainforest in the world, it plays a significant role in②maintaining the fine balance of the Earth's ecosystem③. The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries，including Brazil and Peru, and one overseas region of France, all on the South American continent④. With an area of⑤around 6 million⑥square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China. The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6，400 kilometres in length⑦ —roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River. On its journey from the mountains to the ocean, the river supports many different ecosystems. They give this area the richest biodiversity⑧on the Earth: one in ten known species⑨ in the world can be found here. 本句是一个复合句。from which引导一个定语从句。 Of the 390，000 plant species known to us, more than 40，000 can be found in the Amazon. This tall and ancient brazil nut⑩ tree produces nuts that we can eat；these water lilies⑪are bigenough to lie down on. The forest's different levels support an unbelievable variety ⑫ of wildlife⑬. At the bottom, there is a system of roots beneath⑭ the ground. Above that is the mass⑮ of leaf litter on the dark forest floor. The next level is made up of shorter plants with large leaves. Then there are the towering⑯ancient hardwoods⑰， and finally the tops of the tallest trees many meters above the ground. Each level of the forest forms its own little world, home to different kinds of living⑱things. 本句是一个复合句，关系代词that引导定语从句。 本句是一个完全倒装句，表示地点的介词短语Above that 位于句首，句子采用了完全倒装。 More than 1，300 species of birds and over 400 species of mammals⑲hide among the jungle's plant life. This jaguar⑳is one example. It has a yellowish-brown coat with black spots. While a significant number of jaguars survivehere，they are only one element of this forest's food chain. They feed onat least 87 species, including frogs． These frogs, in turn, feed on insects which eat leaves and fruit. When a jaguar dies, a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrientsto the earth. 本句是一个复合句，关系代词which引导定语从句。 本句是一个复合句，When引导时间状语从句。 The Amazon rainforest breathes life intothe planet by fixing carbonand producing over 20 per cent of all the Earth's oxygen. Thus，it is often known asthe“lungs of the planet”． Moreover, the Amazon rainforest is a treasure house of species that can be used for food or medicine. Yet there is one major danger to these irreplaceable plants and animals: us. Over the past 50 years, about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agricultureand cattle farming. As the impactof human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？ 本句是一个复合句，关系代词that引导定语从句。 本句是一个复合句，As引导时间状语从句，意为“随着……”。 亚马孙雨林：一个自然宝藏 欢迎来到丛林，一片充满动物声音的绿色海洋。这就是亚马孙雨林。作为世界上最大的热带雨林，它对维持地球生态系统的良好平衡具有重要意义。 亚马孙雨林横跨南美大陆上的八个国家，包括巴西和秘鲁，还有法国的一个海外地区。面积约为600万平方千米，亚马孙热带雨林的面积是中国面积的一半以上。这个热带雨林的名字来源于亚马孙河，其长度将近6 400 千米——比长江长约100千米。在从山脉到海洋的旅途中，这条河支撑着许多不同的生态系统。它们给这个地区提供了地球上最丰富的生物多样性：世界上每十个已知物种中就有一个可以在这里找到。 在我们已知的39万种植物中，有4万多种在亚马孙雨林可以找到。这种高大而古老的巴西坚果树生产了我们吃的坚果；这些睡莲大到可以躺在上面。雨林的不同层次使种类多到难以置信的野生动植物得以生存。在最底端，有一个地表下的根系。上面是黑暗森林地面上的成堆的落叶，下一层级是长着大片叶子的低矮植物。然后是高耸的古硬木，最后是离地面几米高的树梢。雨林的每一层都形成了自己的小世界，成为各种生物的家园。 1 300多种鸟类和400 多种哺乳动物隐藏在雨林的植物生命之中。这只美洲豹就是一个例子。它有着黑色斑点的黄褐色皮毛，尽管相当多的美洲豹在这里生存， 但它们只是这个雨林食物链的一个要素。它们以至少 87种食物为生，包括青蛙。相应地，这些青蛙以昆虫为食，而昆虫则吃树叶时候，一小群微生物就会帮忙分解它的尸体并将营养物返还给地球。 亚马孙雨林通过固定碳，并产生超过全球总量20%的氧气，使得地球生生不息。因此，它经常被称为“地球之肺”。此外，亚马孙雨林是物种宝库，这些物种可用于食品或医药。然而，这些不可替代的植物和动物有一个主要的危险：我们。在过去的50年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，约17% 的雨林已经消失了。随着人类活动的影响不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这就留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？ 1．species n．(pl. species) 种，物种 2．ecosystem n. 生态系统 3．variety n. 不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体 4．beneath prep. 在……下面，在……下方；配不上 5．mass n. 大量；团，块，堆；一大群 adj. 大批的，广泛的 6．living adj. 活着的，活的；在使用的 n. 生计，谋生；生活方式 7．extinction n. 灭绝，绝种 8．nutrient n. 营养素，营养物 9．damage vt. & n. 损害，伤害，损坏，破坏 1．harm n．& vt.伤害，损害→harmful adj.有害的→harmless adj.无害的 2．long adj.长的，长时间的→length n．长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长→lengthen v．加长，延长 3．survive vi.生存，存活vt.幸存，幸免于难→survival n．残存物；幸存事物→survivor n．幸存者；生还者 4．disappear vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪→disappearance n．消失；失踪 5．agriculture n．农业，农学→agricultural adj.农业的 1．millions of数百万的 2．in turn相应地，转而 3．break down 使分解(为)，使变化(成) 4．breathe life into给……带来起色，注入活力 5．a variety of各种各样的 6．survive on依靠……生存下来 7．due to由于，因为 1．现在分词作状语 The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries, including Brazil and Peru．.. 亚马孙雨林横跨南美大陆的八个国家，包括巴西和秘鲁…… 2．介词＋which引导非限制性定语从句 The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6，400 kilometres in length—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River. 亚马孙热带雨林的名字来源于亚马孙河，其长度将近6 400千米——比长江长约一百千米。 1．harm n．& vt.伤害，损害 [教材P1]　The human race has done much harm． 人类已经造成了许多危害。 (1)do sb./sth.harm＝do harm to sb./sth.对……有害 There is no harm in doing sth.做某事并无害处 (2)harmful adj.有害的 be harmful to...对……有害 (3)harmless adj.无害的(1)While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial Vitamin D. 虽然太阳光会老化并伤害我们的皮肤，但它也给我们提供了有益的维生素D。 (2)They're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. 他们缺水，而且缺乏一种可以检测地下水中有害化学物质的植物。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①There is no harm in saying (say) sorry to him first. ②The medicine is harmful to children but harmless to adults.(harm) ③Do you think that work without rest will do harm to your health? 一句多译 在满是雾霾的空气中散步对我们的健康是有害的。 ④Walking in the air full of haze does harm to our health.(harm) ⑤Walking in the air full of haze is harmful to our health.(harmful) [语境串记]　This object gives off harmful gases which may do harm to our health.You must make the object harmless before you use it. 此物会散发出有害气体，这些气体可能会损害我们的健康，你必须在使用它之前使它无害。 2．variety n．不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体 [教材P3]　The forest's different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife. 雨林的不同层次使种类多到难以置信的野生动植物得以生存。 (1)variety n．种类；变化；多样(化)；多变(性) a variety of＝varieties of＝various 各种各样的 (2)vary v．相异，不同；变化 vary from...to...从……到……不等；在……到……之间变动 (3)various adj.不同的；多种多样的[名师点津]　a variety of (varieties of)既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词，该短语修饰可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数；修饰不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 (1)There are a variety of theme parks in the world, where you can have fun. 世界上有各种各样的主题公园，在那里你可以玩得愉快。 (2)Our country varies widely in tradition from one area to another. 我们国家各地的风俗习惯迥然不同。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①For various(variety)reasons，we couldn't attend her wedding. ②Students are offered varieties(variety)of courses in this department. ③That sort of thing varies from person to person in African countries. 句型转换 ④The shop offered various goods and attracted many visitors. →The shop offered a variety of goods and attracted many visitors. [语境串记]　I am glad that our students have varieties of questions to ask in class，and I would love to answer them in various ways.In addition，the questions vary from person to person. 我很高兴我们的学生在课堂上有各种问题要问，我想用不同的方法回答这些问题。此外，问题因人而异。 3．survive vi.生存，存活 vt. 幸存，幸免于难 [教材P3]　While a significant number of jaguars survive here，they are only one element of this forest's food chain. 尽管相当多的美洲豹在这里生存，但它们只是这个雨林食物链的一个要素。 (1)survive vi.幸免；幸存；生还；vt.经历……而幸存；比……活得时间长 survive sth.幸免于；从……中挺过来/活过来 survive on依靠……生活 survive sb.by...比某人多活…… (2)survival n．生存；幸存 (3)survivor n．生还者，幸存者 [名师点津]　survive作“幸存；幸免于”解时为及物动词，其后直接接宾语，不用介词in或from。 (1)But some plants and animals did survive through the period of dinosaur extinction. 但是一些动植物确实在恐龙灭绝期间幸存下来了。 (2)Thanks to the timely help, many lucky people survived the earthquake. 多亏了及时的帮助，很多幸运的人得以在地震中幸存下来。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①The old woman survived her own daughter by ten years. ②If you develop AIDS，your chances of survival(survive) are very small. ③He is lucky to have survived (survive) the terrible accident. 完成句子 ④In the old days, there were no drugs that could help people survive heart diseases． 在过去，没有能帮助人们治疗心脏病而生存下来的药。 ⑤Once she was totally self-sufficient, she now has to survive on income support． 她曾经完全能自给自足，而现在却不得不靠补助金维持生计。 [语境串记]　After he survived the earthquake，the old man became one of the few survivors of the family and his survival made his old friends very happy. 这位老人在地震中幸存下来之后，他成了这个家庭中少数幸存者之一，他的幸存使他的老朋友们很高兴。 4．in turn 相应地，转而；依次，轮流；反过来 [教材P3]　These frogs，in turn，feed on insects which eat leaves and fruit. 这些青蛙以昆虫为食，而昆虫则吃树叶和水果。 in return 作为报答；回报 in return for... 作为……的交换；作为……的报答 by turns 轮流；时而……时而…… It's one's turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事了(1)He spends too much time on maths, and this in turn affects the progress of his other subjects. 他在数学上花的时间太多，这相应地影响了他其他学科的进步。 (2)There were cheers for each of the women as they spoke in turn. 当这些女人们逐一发言时，她们每个人都赢得了喝彩声。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①He wanted to do something in return for the kindness that she offered him. ②In return, she received a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment. ③They looked after Cala by turns，who gave birth to a baby girl two days ago. 完成句子 ④In addition, more traffic jams and more accidents arise from it, which in turn disturbs people's normal life． 除此之外，它引起了更多的交通阻塞和事故，这反过来妨碍了人们的正常生活。 ⑤When it was my turn to go bungee jumping，I couldn't help screaming in terror. 轮到我去蹦极时，我禁不住惊叫起来。 5．break down 使分解(为)；使变化(成) [教材P3]　When a jaguar dies, a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth. 当一只美洲豹死亡时，一小群微生物就会帮助分解它的尸体并将营养物返还给地球。 break away (from sb./sth.)突然离开；脱离 break down垮掉；出故障 break into/in破门而入；打断；插话 break up 破碎；驱散；(关系等)破裂 break out (战争、洪水、火灾等)爆发 [名师点津]　break in为不及物动词短语，其后不可跟宾语，而break into为及物动词短语。 (1)If Tim carries on working like this, he'll break down sooner or later. 如果蒂姆继续这样工作，身体迟早会垮掉。 (2)It's shocking that the peace talks between the two countries broke down. 令人震惊的是这两个国家的和谈破裂了。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①The two countries are going to meet to break down some barriers to trade between them. ②She is trying to break away from the bad habit，which makes her parents happy. ③When the fire broke out，many people were shopping in the supermarket. ④They responded that there were several reasons why the music band broke up． ⑤ Dad will occasionally break in with a suggestion while we have a discussion. 6．due to由于，因为 [教材P3]　Over the past 50 years, about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming. 在过去的50年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，约17%的雨林已经消失了。 (1)be due to do sth.预期做某事，预计做某事 be due to sth./doing sth./sb.归因于某事/归因于做某事/应归于某人 (2)due adj.应付的；应得的；适当的；预期的；到期的 [名师点津]　due to“由于，因为”，常作表语，也可作状语，但一般不能放于句首。表示“由于， 因为”的其他常见短语： ①thanks to；②because of；③owing to。 (1)It is often reported that we are suffering more and more disasters due to the damaged environment. 经常有报道说，由于环境的破坏，我们正遭受越来越多的灾难。 (2) The match is due to be organized this Saturday afternoon in the city's stadium, whose aim is to help us communicate with our friend schools and improve our friendship. 这场比赛将于本周六下午在市体育场举行，目的是帮助我们与友谊学校沟通，增进友谊。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①She is due to complete (complete) her study and graduate later this year. ②The accident was due to driving (drive) at high speed. 完成句子 ③The company's losses were due to the manager's poor management． 公司的损失是因为经理管理不善。 ④After only six months he was due for a raise if this assessment was satisfactory. 如果这份评价令人满意，预计仅6个月后他就会被提升。 7．impact n．影响，作用；撞击，冲撞 vi.& vt.有影响；冲击 [教材P3]　As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？ 随着人类活动的影响不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这就留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？ have a great/deep impact on 对……有重大/深远影响 impact on/upon 对……产生影响(1)The teacher's words always have a deep impact on the future of the students. 老师的话总会对学生的将来产生深远的影响。 (2)Her father's death impacted greatly on/upon her childhood years. 父亲去世对她的童年造成了巨大影响。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①This financial crisis had a much greater impact on Main Street. ②When a large object impacts(impact) the Earth, it makes a crater(凹坑). 完成句子 ③As it is known to us all，reading has a great impact on our whole life. 我们大家都知道，阅读对我们的一生有巨大的影响。 8．damage vt.& n. 损害，伤害，损坏，破坏 [教材P3]　As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？ 随着人类活动的影响不断增加，濒危物种的名单越来越长，这就留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损害“地球之肺”的后果吗？ do/cause damage to... 对……造成损害 damage one's health 损害某人的健康 [易混辨析]　damage指损害人或物而使之失去价值、功能或正常的外观，但这种破坏具有可修复性。它可以用作动词，也可以用作名词。 destroy常指彻底的、不能或很难修复的破坏、毁坏，程度较深；也可以指希望、计划等破灭。只能用作动词，名词为destruction。 ruin指以自然力或人为力量破坏，使其“荒废，毁坏”以致无法恢复原状，强调该物的使用价值发生了问题。可以作名词，也可以作动词。常用短语是in ruins, 表示“破败不堪”。 (1) Having studied volcanoes for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well as their potential to cause great damage. 研究火山很多年以后，我仍然对它们造成巨大破坏的可能性和它们的美感到惊奇。 (2)I have a very strong fear that the lie we're telling is doing spiritual damage to our children. 我非常担心，我们说谎可能会对我们的孩子造成精神上的伤害。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①It will take several months to repair the ship damaged (damage) in the storm. ②As we know，smoking seriously damages(damage) our health. ③They have repaired the buildings damaged(damage) in the fire. 单句写作 ④不要把任何热的东西放在桌子上，会损坏桌面的。 Don't put any hot things on the table—you'll damage the surface． ⑤这次暴雨对庄稼造成了很大的损害。 The heavy rain has done/caused great damage to the crops． 9．build up 逐渐增加，扩大 [教材P5]　For another thing，due to the Amazon's hot climate，it is difficult for the soil to build up enough nutrients. 另一方面，由于亚马孙的炎热气候，土壤很难积累足够的养分。 build up 增强体质 build up one's vocabulary 增加词汇量 build on 把……建立于；依赖(1)The secret to oil painting is to build up layer on layer on a canvas. 画油画的秘诀就是在画布上涂上一层又一层(的颜料)。 (2)All the pressure built up at that time and the factory went from bad to worse. 当时各方面的压力逐渐增加，那家工厂每况愈下。 [即学即用]　写出下列句中build up 的含义 ①Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere，causing the global temperature to go up.积累 ②Tom played a key role in building up the company.创建 ③Taking exercise helps us build up our body and keep a clear mind.增强 ④ Reading aloud every day can build up your vocabulary.增加 英译汉 ⑤We must build on our reputation to expand the business. 我们必须以信誉为基础扩大业务。 [语境串记]　He has built up a very successful business. Now he is practicing Chinese kung fu.In his opinion, not only can it build up one's strength, but it can also build up one's confidence. 他已经创办了一家非常成功的企业，现在他在练习中国功夫。在他看来，练习中国功夫不仅能增强体魄，而且还能增强自信。 10．[教材P3]　The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6，400 kilometres in length—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River. 这片雨林得名于亚马孙河，全长将近6 400千米——比长江长约100千米。 [句式解构]　本句中from which是“介词＋关系代词”结构引导的定语从句，修饰先行词The Amazon River。 “介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句： “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能用which或whom。修饰物时用which，修饰人时用whom；关系代词有时也用whose(作定语)。在这个结构中，介词的确定原则是： (1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词等的某种习惯搭配来确定。 (2)依据与先行词搭配的具体意义而定。 (3)根据所表达的意思来确定。 (4)表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，通常用介词of。 [名师点津]　介词后的关系代词只能用which (指物)或whom (指人)，即介词＋which/whom，并且关系代词不能省略。 (1)It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. 我希望在未来的几十年里，科技的进步能为此类研究提供新的视角，研究人们如何管理他们的生活。 (2)I took a photo of the students, among whom was seated a teacher. 我给这些学生拍了一张照片，他们中间坐着一位老师。 [即学即用]　完成句子 ①She still remembers the day on which she won the prize． 她仍然记得自己获奖的那一天。 ②We didn't know the reason for which he refused our help． 我们不知道他拒绝我们帮助的原因。 ③ Look, there comes Tom, for whom I have waited for an hour． 瞧，汤姆来啦，我等他等了一个小时。 11．[教材P3]　Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor. 上面是黑暗森林地面上的大量落叶。 [句式解构]　本句使用了全部倒装结构，主语为the mass of leaf litter。其正常语序为The mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor is above that. 构成完全倒装的条件 (1)表示地点或方位的副词有here, there, up, down, out, in, away；表示时间的副词有now, then；表语以及表示地点的介词短语位于句首。 (2)句子的谓语动词是系动词be或come, go, lie, stand等不及物动词。 (3)句子的主语是名词。如果句子的主语为代词，主谓不倒装。 (1)Then came the total darkness of the polar winter. 接着，漆黑的极地冬夜来临了。 (2)Gone are the days when we were looked down upon. 我们被瞧不起的日子一去不复返了。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①Sitting in the hall were(be)the two astronauts who were very young. ②Here comes (come) a good chance that you can use your summer vacation to go on study tours. ③On the wall are (be) hanging two old paintings. ④Present at the evening party on Thursday was(be) our English teacher. 完成句子 ⑤Under the big tree sat a group of children，who were talking and laughing happily. 大树下坐着一群孩子，他们非常开心地说笑着。 1．Human life is regarded as part of nature，and the only way for us to survive(survive) is to live in harmony with nature. 2．The broadcasting system in Canada is famous and advanced and serves various/varied (variety) purposes. 3．Present at the meeting were (be) Professor Smith and his students. 4．Trees were planted to shelter (shelter) this area from strong sandstorms. 5．Eating too much and lack of exercise will do harm to our health. 1．The children，all of whom had played the whole day long，were worn out. 孩子们都玩了一整天，筋疲力尽了。 2．After the traffic accident，no one survived except a girl who was badly injured. 交通事故之后，除了一个受重伤的女孩外没有一人生还。 3. Absent from the meeting were Tom and Jack, who were caught in the traffic jam. 缺席会议的是杰克和汤姆，他们被交通堵塞给困住了。 4．They didn't finish their work on time due to the heavy snow． 由于暴雪，他们没能按时完成任务。(due) 5．What should be done to punish people who do harm to the animals? 应该做些什么来惩罚那些伤害动物的人呢？ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$