Unit 1 Science Fiction 知识清单-2024-2025学年高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册

人教版高中英语选择性必修四Unit 1知识清单 Unit 1 Science Fiction 一、词汇派生 1.appoint vt.&vi.委派; 任命 → appointment n.约会; 预约; 委任 2.declare vt.表明; 宣称; 公布 → declaration n.(纳税品等的)申报; 宣布; 公告; 申诉书 3.presume vt.& vi.假设; 假定 → presumed adj.假定的; 推测的 → presumption n.放肆, 傲慢; 推测 4.calculate vt.推测; 计算; 核算 → calculator n.计算器 → calculation n.计算; 估 计; 计算的结果 5.act vt.& vi.行动; 表现; 起作用; 扮演(角色) →actor/actress n.男/女演员 → action n.行为; 行动; 活动 → active adj.积极的; 活跃的; 主动的; 有效的 → activity n.活动; 行动; 活跃 6.divide vt.& vi.(使)分开; 分成; 除 → division n.分开; 分离; 差异; 除(法) 7.urge n.冲动vt.催促; 力劝 → urgentadj.紧急的, 急迫的 → urgency n.紧急; 催促; 紧急的事  → urgently adv.紧急地, 急迫地  8.explode vt.& vi.爆炸; 爆破 → explosion n.爆炸 → explosive adj.爆炸性的; 爆发性的;n.炸药; 爆炸物 9.state n.国家; 州; 情境; vt.规定; 声明; 陈述 → statement n.声称; 声明; 陈述 → overstatement n.夸大; 夸张 10.alien n.外星人(生物); 外国人 adj.陌生的; 外星的; 外国人的 → alienate vt.使 疏远, 离间 11.saleswoman n.女售货员；女推销员 → salesman n.售货员；推销员 12.guilt n.有罪；对罪行有责任 →guilty adj.内疚的；有罪的；有过失的 13.dismiss vt.让(某人)离开；解散；解雇；消除 → dismissal n.解雇；免职；开除 二、一词多义 1.nail n.& vt. ①He drove in a nail with one stroke of the hammer.【n.钉子】 ②I have tried to discourage him from biting nails.【n.指甲】 ③He nailed boards together to make a box.【vt.(用钉子)钉牢；固定】 2.dismiss vt. ①He dismissed me from the club because of my serious mistake.【vt.开除】 ②The pupils were dismissed from school.【vt.让(某人)离开】 ③She tried to dismiss the idea from her mind.【vt.消除】   三、知识要点 1.test out 检验；测试 Scientists test out theories by experiment. 科学家用实验来检验理论。 I wanted to test out the television set before I bought it. 买电视机之前，我要把它好好检验一下。 [造句]　你已经检验过架子上的货物了吗？ Have you already tested out the goods on the shelf? [知识拓展] → test sb.out试用，试验，考验(某人) My new boss gave me the most difficult clients to deal with.I felt he was really testing me out to see if I would cope. → test for ...检验﹙成分等﹚；对人﹙或物﹚做……检测﹙或化验、测试等﹚ The software has been tested for viruses. → put...to the test 使……经受考验；检验；试验 Might his promise soon be put to the test?  2.appointment n.预约；约会；委任 They made an appointment for the second day of May. 他们在五月二号有个约会。 He secured the appointment of professor of English literature in the university. 他获聘为该大学的英国文学教授。 [造句]　我想预约看医生。 I'd like to make an appointment to see the doctor. [知识拓展] → have/make an appointment with sb.约见某人；与某人约会 I've got a cold and I'll make an appointment with my doctor. → appoint vt. 委派；任命；指定；约定；确定 → appoint sb.to be/as...  任命某人(某职) The man has been appointed to be( managing director of the department. → appoint sb.to do sth.  委派某人做某事 We must appoint somebody to finish the tough task. Annie，disabled，is attended throughout her school days by a nurse appointed to guard her. → appoint time/place for... 安排/确定时间/地点…… → appointed adj. 约定的；指定的 [小片段填空] Thus she got an appointment with the appointed director.(appoint)  3.dismiss vt.让(某人)离开；解散；解雇；消除 It was not easy to dismiss the matter from his mind. 让他不把这件事放在心上很难。 He dismissed her suggestion out of hand. 他一口拒绝了考虑她的建议。 [造句]　他很快就被解雇了。 He was soon dismissed from his job. [知识拓展] → dismiss from...将(某人)从……开除；解雇；使退去 → be dismissed from one's service  (某人)被免职；被解雇 The minister was dismissed from his office in disgrace last week. I could not understand why Mr.Rochester had not asked the police to arrest her，or at least dismissed her from her service. → dismiss fear from one's mind 消除(某人)心里的恐惧 She tried to dismiss fear from her mind. 4.declare vt.表明；宣称；公布 He declared his true feelings to her. 他向她表明了自己的真实感情。 He declared that he would never steal again. 他声明他再也不偷窃了。 [造句]大多数人宣布拥护和平，反对战争。 Most people declared for peace and against war. [知识拓展] → declare sb./sth.to be ＋n./adj.宣布/宣称/某人/某事为…… The accused man was declared to be innocent by the court. → declare that... 宣布/宣称/声明…… The company finally declared that the manager would resign from his post. → declare war on/upon...向……宣战 They have now declared war on/upon drug dealers in the area. → declare against... 声明反对 → declare for...声明赞成 → declaration n.宣布，宣告，声明 [小片段填空] Depending on the context in which a member declaration occurs，only certain declared accessibilities are permitted.(declare) 四、重点句式 1.形式主语it [教材原句P2] Claire thought it was ridiculous that she was being offered sympathy by a robot，but she gradually admired his wisdom and integrity and began to trust him.克莱尔觉得，机器人向她表示同情，这有点荒唐可笑，但是她逐渐钦佩托尼的智慧和正直，并开始信任他了。 [句式分析] 句中it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的that从句。 [例1]　 It is important that you arrive on time. 你准时到达很重要。 [例2]　It is necessary that he come next Monday. 他有必要下周一来。  [造句]　他改变主意很正常。 It is natural that he changed his mind. [知识拓展] 英语中把主语从句后置，同时把形式主语it放在主语位置的常见句型有： (1)It is＋过去分词(reported，believed，said，announced等)＋主语从句 (该结构可与“Sb./Sth.＋ be＋过去分词＋to do...”结构相互转换) (2)It＋不及物动词(seem，happen，turn out，appear等)＋主语从句 (3)It is＋名词词组(a pity，a fact，a wonder，an honour等)＋主语从句 (4)It is ＋adj.(clear，natural，obvious，possible，likely等)＋主语从句 ①It is reported that the film star will come to our city. 据报道那位电影明星将来我们市。 ②It is a pity that you can't go with us to enjoy the concert. 你不能跟我们一块去欣赏音乐会真是可惜。 ③It is said that he studied abroad，but we don't know which country he studied in. ＝He is said to have studied abroad，but we don't know which country he studied in. 据说他在国外学习过，但是我们不知道他是在哪个国家学的。  2.be ＋ being ＋ 形容词 [教材原句P3] Tony told her she was being sensitive and was just as good as Gladys. 托尼对克莱尔说，她这样想有点敏感，其实她就像格拉迪斯一样好。 [句式分析] 句中was being sensitive为“be ＋ being ＋ 形容词”结构，强调某人在特定的某个时刻或时候的状况，而不是指这个人一直都是这样的。 [例1]　Is he being funny?  他是在故意开玩笑吗？ [例2]　The children are being quiet，I wonder what they're up to. 孩子们竟这样安静，我不知道他们又要捣什么鬼。(暗示平时很吵闹) [造句]　并非所有人都认为政府这样做特别慷慨。 Not everyone thinks that the government is being particularly generous. [知识拓展] “be ＋ being ＋ adj.”结构用于陈述句，表示“被陈述对象一时的反常举止或行为以及说话人的惊讶、不满、责备、讽刺等情绪”。 He must be wondering why everyone is being so rude to him. 他一定正在纳闷为什么大家都对他如此粗鲁。 Reg is being very nice all of a sudden.What's his game?  雷格突然变得非常和蔼可亲，他在耍什么花招？  3.suggest that...建议 [教材原句P3] He suggested that she invite Gladys and her friends to the house the night before he was to leave and Larry was to return. 托尼建议克莱尔邀请格拉迪斯和她的朋友到家里来玩，时间就定在托尼离去和拉里回家之前的那个晚上。 [句式分析] 句中suggest表示“建议”，宾语从句谓语动词应用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 [例1]　 They suggested that  we should visit a class right away. 他们建议我们马上去听课。 [例2]　 I suggested that he rest，and sent him for an Xray. 我建议他休息，并送他去拍了X光片。 [造句]　老师建议我直接写信给他。 The teacher suggested that I write him directly. [知识拓展] suggest还可以表示“暗示；表明”，后接宾语从句时，从句用陈述语气而不用虚拟语气。 The expression on his face suggested that he was very angry. His pale face suggested that he did be ill. 他苍白的脸表明他确实生病了。   五、联想拓展 1.-tion后缀, 常构成名词, 表示状态、行为、动作 ①position 位置 ②action 行动; 行为 ③invention 发明 ④collection 收藏; 收藏品 ⑤instruction 指示; 说明 2. “be+adj. +to”类短语集萃 ①be close to...接近; 靠近 ②be equal to...等于; 胜任 ③be similar to...与……相似 ④be harmful to...对……有害 ⑤be devoted to...献身; 专注于…… ​ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$