考点清单02 单元语法知识梳理归纳 -2024-2025学年高一下学期期中考点大串讲（上教版2020必修二）

2024-2025学年高一下学期期中考点大串讲（上教版2020） 专题02 单元语法知识梳理归纳 上教版必修二 Unit 1 No Limits 【单元语法】 省略: 为了使语言简洁、避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接，人们常把某些词省略掉，这在英语中是普遍的。 1、 并且结构中的省略 （1） 省略主语 例如： She went to the clinic and (she) saw a doctor. He can speak, but can’t write, Russian. (He can speak Russian, but can’t write it.) A high position was offered to him, but (it) was declined. To some life is pleasure, and to others (life is) suffering. (二)省略整个谓语或谓语的主要部分 例如： Either Sally must be responsible for the matter or we’ll be (responsible for the matter). Dr Waston will meet some visitors this morning and Peter (will meet some visitors) this afternoon. Bill, and perhaps Phil, will do it, too.( Bill will do it, and perhaps Phi will do it , too.) Albert needn’t say, but George must (stay). Smith will (teach modern essay), and Brown might, teach modern essay. Smith will teach modern essay, and Brown might ( teach modern essay), too. The text will have been carefully collated and the mistkaes (will have been) corrected by the end of the month. (三)省略宾语及宾语连同前面的及物动词一起省略 例如： Edison invented ( the light bulb), the manufactures produced ( the light bulb), and the inhabitants used, the light bulb. Laura is ( teaching music), her mother has been ( teaching music), and her sister might also be, teaching music. (四)省略表语 例如： They’re more afraid of you than you are of them. Nigel is (an officer in the navy), and his son will also be, an office in the navy. George was (interested in the performance), but Jim pretended to be, interested in the performance. (五)省略状语 例如： Mr Oliver teaches (in Cambridge), and his son studies, in Cambridge. The father speaks but the son only dresses like an Englishman. = The father speaks, but the son only dresses, like an English. (六)省略冠词 例如： Both the old and (the) young took part in the singing competition. Is the baby a boy or (a) girl? (七)省略介词 例如： You may go by land or (by) water. It is a matter of life and (of) death. (八)省略名词 例如： It doesn’t matter whether he is for ( the plan) or against the plan. It is the listener’s (will) rather than the speaker’s will that is questioned. 注意：指示代词this, that, these, those为限定词时，并且名词的省略。 this (book) and that book this time and that (time) these (chairs) and those chairs these books and those (books) 2、 状语从句中的省略 如果状语从句的主语和主语一致，而且状语从句谓语中有be动词，可以将状语从句的主语连同be动词一起省略。 引导这类状语从句的连词有：when, while, though, if, unless, although等。其结构式为：连词+现在分词/过去分词/介词短语/名词/代词/副词/形容词/从句+主句 例如： Jacob stared into my eyes while he whispered, as if to communicate something besides the words he spoke. While ( he was) doing so, he trembled a little. When ( it is) taken according to the instructions, the drug has no side effects. He came across the picture while an a visit to New York. He could write poems when yet a child. Don’t do it till too late. He is better than when I last saw him. I know you better than her. He hurriedly left the room as though ( he was) very angry. 注意：1）在if it is possible或when it is necessary 等类似结构中，it is常可省略。 If ( it is) possible, we’ll build another railroad in this area. We’ll have the old house pulled down when necessary. Put a comma, where needed. 注意2)有些状语从句似乎有词省略，却很难说出省略了哪些词，特别是一些谚语中，例如： Once bitten, twice shy. More haste, less speed. Out of sight, out of mind. 3、 比较结构中的省略 比较结构通常是有些成分被省略，或是省略与主句相同的部分，或是省略在特定下上文或情景中某些不言而喻的部分。 （1） 最高级比较结构中的省略 或是在一定上下文中省略比较范围，或是省略最高级后 的名词。 例如： Which do you think is the prettiest? Who lives nearest to school? —Six juicy orange, please. —These are our juiciest (oranges). —I know that kind-they aren’t sweet. —I’m sorry, they’re the sweetest ( oranges) we’ve got. (二)as… as和more than 1.省略全部谓语 例如：He had the most beautiful soul, more beautiful than his brilliant mind or his incomparable face or his glorious body. Clara is more ambitious than I (me非正式文体). This house is not so expensive as the other one. 2.省略部分谓语 例如： Wasn’t anybody later than we were? Jane would do it much more quickly than I would. 3.省略主语和谓语的大部分 例如： Things are no better than before. The roads are much quieter here than in Loondon. He is better than ( he was) when I last visited him. 4.下列比较分句中很难指明省略了什么。 例如：This meat is better than what we had last week. 或：This meat is better than we had last eek. That is more than the workers could stand. It’s far more important than how much it costs. 注意：在下列比较状语从句中可以说是省略了主语，也可以说是由as或than充当从句主语。例如： I don’t think this is any better than was ordered. He drove faster than was wise. They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as could be. 4、 名词性从句和定语从句中的省略 （1） 名词性从句中的省略 在非正式文体中，连词that在主语从句和表语从句中可以省略；连词that引出从句位于句尾，而用it作形式主语放在句首时，that可以省略；若that引出同位语从句，则that不省略。 例如：It is a pity (that) you missed the sports meeting last week. That you missed the sports meeting last week is a pity. The only problem is (that) you can’t eat trees! I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon. We’ve just heard a warning on the radio that a hurricane is likely to come. (二)定语从句中的省略 在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词who, whom, which，that常常省略。 例如：This is the film (that/ which) I saw last Saturday. She is the girl (who/whom/that) they were walking about at the party. (三)关系副词that的省略 在限制性定语从句中，that可以充当关系副词，在从句中作状语，修饰时间名词time, moment, day, year,地点名词place,方式名词way或原因名词reason等，可以省略。 例如：Do you remember the time (that) /when we all went to a night club? Do you know the reason why/ (that)/ for which he was late? This is the place (that) they swam across the river. I like the way (that) she did it. 5、 动词不定式符号to的省略 （1） 在表示感觉的动词如：feel, hear, see, watch, observe, listen to, look at, notic以及使役 动词let, make, have等后面作宾补的不定式要省略to。但如果这些动词变为被动语态，to不省略。 例如：Harry watched her fly away for a few seconds. I felt the house shake. Have you noticed her cry? He was seen to take the money. （2） 在介词but, except后的不定式，如介词前面有实义动词do，介词后跟省略to的不定 式，否则，要跟带to的不定式 例如：They did nothing but complain. He does everything in the house except put the children to bed. You have no choice but to wait. （3） 当主语部分有实义动词do时，作表语的不定式可以省略to. 例如：What we can do is (to) continue to wait. The only thing you have to do is (to) press the button. (四)在用and或or等连接不定式并且作用相同时，常省略后面不定式to. 例如： She started to shout and cry. I’d like to lie down and go to sleep. I wished to finish my business and get away. She asked you to telephone or wire to her on Monday. 6、 不定式符号的单独使用 为了避免重复前面已经出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号代替不定式结构，省略后面的部分。这种情况主要用于口语中。 （1） to代替不定式作宾语，常同be afraid, care, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, mean, need, like, plan, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等词连用。 例如：I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to (see the film). We suggested that she reconsider the matter, but she refused to ( reconsider the matter). I would mend your radio, but I don’t know how to ( mend it). （2） to代替不定式作宾语补足语(有时to也可以省略) 例如：We should like Jane to get a good degree but we don’t really expect her to (get it) If I don’t happen to remember to ring up Mr Smith, would you remind me to? —May I go out this evening? —Yes, I’ll allow you (to). （3） 如果不定式是to be, to have done, to have been done,就不能只用不定式符号“to”来替 代被省略的动词及动词后的部分，而要用to be, to have, to have been。 例如：Were they informed of the delay of the shipment? — No, but they ought to have been. Aren’t you director?— No, and I don’t want to be! Hasn’t he finished the work? — No, but he ought to have. 7、 用替代词的省略 在某些情况下，当我们省略掉某个词、词组或句子时，还需要用某个替代词。常用的替代词有： do (does), so, not, neither, nor, do so, do that, do it, one ones, the same等。 （1） do可用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。 例如： She speaks English more fluently than you do.(=speak English) She speaks English more fluently than her brother does. (speak English) Did you see the film? Yes, I did. (=saw the film) Nelson hoped that they would all do their duty to the country as Englishmen should do.(= should do their duty to the country) （2） so和not的替代 so可以代替单词、词组和句子，作call, expect, hope, do, fear, imagine, suppose, speak, say, tell, think, believe,be afraid, see, notice等的宾语；not代替否定的句子，用法与so相似，并可放在perhaps, probably, absolutely等副词后。这种用法也可与if连用。 例如： He must be a worker. I imagine so. (=that he is a worker) She has not angry at first, but became so after a while. (=angry) Has she finished reading the book? I hope so. (=that she has finished reading the book) He is a great friend of mine and I hope he will always reamain so. (=a great friend of mine) · Is he the best student in the class?—I think so. (=that he is…) I think not. (=that he is not …I don’t think he is… Perhaps not.) They will return at the weekend. I am afraid not. (=that he will not return at the weekend) Please come if you can. If not (=If you can’t come), call me up. —I was ill last week. — If so, why didn’t you tell me. （3） do so, do that和do it的替代 do so可以替代动词加宾语，也可以替代动词加状语，so可以用it或that所取代，it指具体事物，that表示较重的口气。 例如： She said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so. ( go with me) Just finish off watering the flowers. And let me know when you’ve done so.(=finished off watering the flowers) Henry is going to make the experiment and he wanted me to do it, too. (=make the experiment) They played cards after supper and I watched them do that. (play cards). (四)one和that作替代词的区别 one替代人和物，that只能代替物;one只能替代可数名词，that可替代可数名词和不可数名词；one可以前有置或后置定语，that只能有后置定语；one (不加定义)表示泛指，that表示特指。 例如： I have a brother, one in the army. Look at the picture, that on the wall. The novel is an interesting as the one (或that) I read last year. The weather here is colder than that in Beijing. This is a red pen, and I have three other blue ones. The music is as sweet as that we heard yesterday. A poem written by an American poet is usually harder to understand than one by a Chinese poet. 8、 不用替代词的省略 （1） 主语及主语和部分谓语的省略 例如：(It) Sounds funny. (He) Who breaks pays. (It is) Very kind of you to help me. (I’m) Sorry, the line is busy. (I’ve) Got it. (二)助动词的省略 例如：（Do） You understand? (Have) Children done their homework? (三)There be的省略 例如： （There’s） Nothing wrong with the machine. (Is there )Anything I can do for you? (四)祈使句和感叹句中的省略，祈使句通常省略主语you 例如：Close the window! Don’t be afraid! You read the text! What a wide river ( it is)! (五)在某些虚拟语气中可以省略should 例如： He ordered that the soldiers ( should) put out the lights immediately. It is important that we (should) study science and technology. （六）介词在某些词组中的省略 * be busy (in)doing 忙于做 occupy oneself (in) doing 从事于… employ oneself (in) doing 从事于 pass (in) doing 花…做… have a hard time (in) doing 做…很难 prevent… (from) doing 阻止…做 have difficulty (in) doing 做…有困难 spend… (in) doing 花…做… have fun (in) doing 做…开心 stop… (from) doing 阻止…做 have trouble (in) doing 做…有麻烦 take …(in) doing 带…去做… lose no time (in) doing 不失时机做 waste… (in) doing 做…浪费 上教版必修二 Unit 2 Roads to education 【单元语法】 分词作定语： 一、定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、副词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为定语是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语和宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活。 The black bike is mine.主语（形容词作定语） （这辆黑色的自行车是我的。） Have you ever met anyone famous?宾语（形容词作后置定语） （你曾经遇到过名人吗？） 说明：当形容词修饰由every-，some-，any-，no-，以及与-thing，-body，-one构成的合成词时须后置。 They made paper flowers.宾语（名词作定语） （他们制作纸花。） The boys in the room are in Class Three Grade One.主语（介词短语作定语） （房间里的男孩们是一年级三班的。） I have something to do.宾语（不定式作后置定语） （我还有一些事要去做。） She bought three books.宾语（数词作定语） （她买了三本书。） 说明：不定式修饰名词时，一般放在名词后面，作后置定语。 She is a nice person to work with.（她是一个不错的工作伙伴。） 下面讲动词-ing和动词-ed形式做定语的用法。 首先说明的是动词-ing既可以是动名词，也可以是现在分词，因为二者长得一模一样，因此，在学习时要根据具体的语法意义来判断。一般来说，在表示名词属性时它是动名词，比如 a running car （一辆跑车）；强调正在发生的动作时则属于现在分词，比如 a running car (一辆正在奔跑的车)。过去分词不存在这种情况，无需区分。 二、动词-ing形式作定语 A.动词-ing形式作定语时，表示所修饰词的用途，它的位置一般是在它所修饰的词的前面。 dining room餐厅 drinking water饮用水 reading room阅览室 sitting room起居室 sleeping car卧铺车厢 smoking room吸烟室 threshing ground打谷场 waiting room候车室 walking stick手杖 writing desk写字台 B.如果是单个的动词-ing形式作定语，往往位于它所修饰的词的前面；如果是动词-ing短语作定语，则要放在它所修饰的词的后面。 The swimming boy is my younger brother.正在游泳的男孩是我的弟弟。 （swimming是单个的动词-ing形式作定语，修饰boy。） This is the path leading to the school.这就是通往学校的小路。 （leading to the school是动词-ing短语作定语，修饰the path。） C.动词-ing形式作定语时，含有进行和主动的意思。 a.动词-ing形式作定语表示现在正发生的动作。 The man running over there is our chairman. =The man who is running over there is our chairman.正在朝那边跑的那个人是我们的主席。 The boy reading under a tree is an orphan. =The boy who is reading under a tree is an orphan.正在树下看书的那个男孩是一个孤儿。 I know the young man sleeping on the bench. =I know the young man who is sleeping on the bench.我认识正在长凳上睡觉的那个年轻人。 b.被修饰的名词与动词-ing形式在逻辑上存在主谓关系。 The road joining the two villages is very wide. =The road that joins the two villages is very wide.连接这两个村庄的路非常宽。 They lived in a room facing north thirty years ago. =They lived in a room which faced north thirty years ago.30年前，他们住在朝北的房间里。 注意：动词-ing形式作定语，一般不表示在谓语动词所表示动作之前或之后发生的动作。 （正）The man who came yesterday comes again.（定语从句） （误）The man coming yesterday comes in.（动词-ing形式） 昨天来过的那个人又来了。 （the man的定语“昨天来过的”所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示动作comes之前，此时不用动词-ing形式，而要用定语从句来作the man的定语，表示这个过去发生的动作。） The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.（定语从句） =The students who will attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.（定语从句） 要参加会议的学生们明天到达这里。 动词-ing形式作定语有限定性和非限定性两种情况。 限定性动词-ing形式前后都没有逗号，而非限定性动词-ing形式后面有逗号。有时，这两种形式的句子有很大的区别。 His brother working as a teacher lives in Tianjin.（说明他不止有一个兄弟。） =His brother who works as a teacher lives in Tianjin. 他当老师的哥哥住在天津。 His brother,working as a teacher,lives in Tianjin.（说明他只有一个兄弟。） 他的哥哥是个老师，住在天津。 三、过去分词作定语 1.过去分词作定语时的位置 A.当单个的过去分词作定语时，一般位于所修饰的名词之前，但有时为了强调动作，也可放在它所修饰词的后面。 Look at the broken glasses.（过去分词+名词）看看那些碎了的玻璃杯。 All the phones broken have been repaired.（名词+过去分词）所有坏掉的电话都已经修好了。 B.当过去分词短语作定语时，位于被修饰名词的后面。 I have a radio made in China.我有一台国产的收音机。 The little girl dressed in white is Mary.穿白衣服的小姑娘是玛丽。 比较：一般来讲，及物动词的动词-ing形式修饰事物，其过去分词修饰人。 a surprising result一个惊人的结果 surprised girls吃惊的姑娘们 tiring music烦人的音乐 a tired man一个疲倦的人 When they heard the exciting news,they got excited.Then the excited people shouted loudly and cheered.当他们听到这一激动人心的消息时，他们变得激动起来。然后这些激动的人们大声地叫喊、欢呼。 2.使用过去分词作定语的场合 因为过去分词只有一种形式，而它又包含完成和被动意味，所以只要符合下列条件便可使用过去分词作定语。 A.过去分词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。 This is a picture painted by my father.（painted所表示的动作发生在谓语动词is之前。） =This is a picture that was painted by my father.这是一张我父亲画的画。 The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow. =The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow. 昨晚寄出的那封信，明天将会到他的手中。 At the party I met my schoolmate just returned from Africa. =At the party I met my schoolmate who had just returned from Africa. 在聚会上我遇见了刚刚从非洲回来的一个校友。 People like the Great Wall built about two thousand years ago. 人们喜欢大约两千年前修建的长城。 B.过去分词表示的动作是没有一定时间性的。 Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China. 进口的商品并不一定比国产的好。 上教版必修二 Unit 3 Progress? 【单元语法】 动词-ing做状语 上一单元我们在学习动词-ing做定语时，对动名词的v-ing和现在分词的v-ing做了区分，因为二者长得一模一样并且都可以做定语，故而进行了区分，这样可以更好的从语法意义上把握理解，今天的v-ing做状语，基本上就没动名词v-ing什么事儿了。因为作状语是的v-ing通常都是现在分词表示。 1.动词-ing形式作时间状语 动词-ing形式作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，几乎每个动词-ing形式作时间状语时，都可以转换为一个时间状语从句，特别是动词-ing形式的完成式。要特别注意动词-ing形式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作之间的时间关系。 动词-ing形式与谓语动作的时间关系 动词-ing短语的含义 动词-ing形式的位置 动词-ing形式所表示的动作一发生，谓语动词表示的动作就立即发生，用动词-ing形式的一般形式作状语 意为“当……的时候”，可以转换成“on+动词-ing”结构 放在句首 常用的这类动词多是表示一个极短暂动作的动词： arrive到达 close关闭 hear听见 leave离开 open打开 return归还 see看见 动词-ing形式：Hearing the bad news,they couldn’t help crying. 时间状语从句：When they heard the bad news,they couldn’t help crying. on+动词-ing：On hearing the bad news,they couldn’t help crying. 当听到这个不幸的消息时，他们情不自禁地哭了起来。 动词-ing形式与谓语动作的时间关系 动词-ing短语的含义 动词-ing形式的位置 动词-ing形式所表示的动作在进行过程中，谓语动词表示的动作发生了，在这种情况下，可以用动词-ing形式短语作状语，但一般在它的前面加上when或while 意为“当……的时候” 放在句首、句末均可 动词-ing形式：Be careful when crossing the street. 时间状语从句：Be careful when you are crossing the street.过马路时要小心。 动词-ing形式：While playing the piano,she got very excited. 时间状语从句：While she was playing the piano,she got very excited. 当她弹钢琴时（过程中），她变得十分兴奋。 动词-ing形式与谓语动作的时间关系 动词-ing短语的含义 动词-ing形式的位置 在动词-ing形式所表示的动作完成之后，谓语动词所表示的动作才发生，用动词-ing形式的完成式作状语 意为“在……之后”，可转换成“after+动词-ing”结构 放在句首、句末均可 动词-ing形式：Having turned off the radio,he began to go over his lessons. 时间状语从句：After he had turned off the radio,he began to go over his lessons. after+动词-ing：After turning off the radio,he began to go over his lessons. 关上收音机之后，他开始温习功课。 动词-ing形式：Having received his letter,I decided to write back. 　①Having watered the flowers(＝After／When he had watered the flowers)，he began to cut the grass. 　他把花浇好后，开始割草。 ②Having eaten his dinner，the boy rushed out. 　那男孩吃完了饭就跑出去了。 时间状语从句：After I had received his letter,I decided to write back. after+动词-ing：After receiving his letter,I decided to write back. 收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。 2.动词-ing形式作原因状语 动词-ing形式作原因状语时，相当于一个原因状语从句，同时也可以转变为一个原因状语从句，动词-ing形式的完成式也经常用来作原因状语。和作时间状语一样，也要注意动词-ing形式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作的时间关系。 A.动词-ing形式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或者几乎同时发生时，用动词-ing形式的一般式。 动词-ing形式：Not recognizing the voice,he refused to give the person his address. 原因状语从句：Because he didn’t recognize the voice,he refused to give the person his address. 因为没听出这个人的声音，所以他没把自己的地址给他。 动词-ing形式：Being so angry,he couldn’t go to sleep. 原因状语从句：Because he was so angry,he couldn’t go to sleep. 他因为太生气了而不能入睡。 动词-ing形式：Forgetting his manners,he put his feet up on the desk. 原因状语从句：As he forgot his manners,he put his feet up on the desk. 此时他忘记了风度，一抬腿把脚放在了书桌上。 补充：若作状语的动词-ing形式含有心理活动的意义，则这个状语一般是表示原因的，如：know，think，forget，learn等。 B.动词-ing形式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，用动词-ing形式的完成式。 动词-ing形式：Having been to the Great Wall many times,he didn’t go (there) last week. 原因状语从句：Because/As he had been to the Great Wall many times,he didn’t go (there) last week.他已去过长城许多次了，故上周他没去。 动词-ing形式：Not having received his father’s letter,he decided to make a call to him. 原因状语从句：Because he hadn’t received his father’s letter,he decided to make a call to him. 因为没收到父亲的信，所以他决定打个电话给父亲。 3.动词-ing形式作让步状语 动词-ing形式作让步状语时，相当于一个让步状语从句。有时，动词-ing形式前可带有连词although，whether，even if，even though。 动词-ing形式：Although working from morning till night,his father didn’t get enough food. 让步状语从句：Although his father worked from morning till night,he didn’t get enough food. 虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命干，但还不能糊口。 4.动词-ing形式作方式或伴随状语 动词-ing形式表示方式或伴随情况是比较常见的，它用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。此时，一般情况下，动词-ing形式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。它没有相应的状语从句可转换，但可以用并列句来转换。 动词-ing形式：They came into the classroom,singing and laughing. 并列句：They sang and laughed； they came into the classroom.他们又唱又笑地走进教室。 注意：在动词-ing形式表示方式或伴随情况时，动词-ing形式表示的是次要动作，而谓语动词表示的是主要动作。在上例中，came（进来）是主要动作，singing，laughing是次要动作，是伴随着came这一动作而有的。所以这句不能写为： （误）They sang and laughed,coming into the classroom. 5.动词-ing形式作结果状语 动词-ing形式作结果状语时，通常放在句末，中间有逗号。有时为了突出结果，分词前带有thus。它可以转换为结果状语从句。 动词-ing形式：The bus was held up by the snowstorm,thus causing the delay. 结果状语从句：The bus was held up by the snowstorm,so it caused the delay. 公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽搁了。 6. 作条件状语 Taking(＝If you take)the path that leads out of the town，you will come to a dense wood. 如果你沿着通向郊外的小道前进，就会走到一片密林处。 7. 起补充说明作用 现在分词短语起补充说明的作用与伴随状语有些相似，但严格地说，它不是伴随状语，因为它所表达的情景不与句子的动作相伴而产生，实际上，它起着补充说明的作用，相当于一个并列分句，但比分句简洁、明快。例如： ①My train leaves at six，arriving in Chicago at ten.＝...and will arrive in Chicago at ten. ②The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks，adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.＝...and added that he had enjoyed his stay here. 上教版选修二 Unit 4 Inspiration 【单元语法】 不定式做状语(重点是做目的状语和结果状语)： 一、不定式概述 1.不定式的定义 动词不定式与动词-ing形式、过去分词一样，是动词的非谓语形式。它与动词原形同行，但它的前面一般要带有一个不定式的符号“to”，我们为了把这个“to”与介词“to”区别开来，叫它小品词。动词不定式存在不带to的情况。 2.不定式的形式 不定式的形式有六种（以动词give为例）： 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to+动词原形 （to give） to be+过去分词 （to be given） 完成式 to have+过去分词 （to have given） to have been+过去分词 （to have been given） 进行式 to be+现在分词 （to be giving） — 完成进行式 to have been+现在分词 （to have been giving） — 另外，请注意不定式与原形和现在式的区别（以be，have，go为例）： 原形 现在式 不定式 be am，is，are to be have have，has to have go go，goes to go 二、不定式的用法 动词不定式可以作除了谓语外其他任何句子成分，包括主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和宾语补足语。它可以在句子中起名词、形容词和副词的作用。 不定式作状语的用法 不定式在句子中的作用有时和副词相同，可以作状语，表示原因、目的、结果。另外，不定式也可以修饰形容词。不定式紧跟在及物动词之后，作宾语；不定式紧跟在不及物动词之后，则作状语。 1.不定式作副词表示原因 1.修饰表示感情的形容词 不定式可以在表示感情的形容词后面来修饰该形容词，表示原因。 angry生气的 anxious忧虑的 disappointed失望的 eager渴望的 glad高兴的 happy快乐的 lucky幸运的 proud自豪的 willing愿意的 I’m sorry to hear that.听到这件事我很难过。 Li Ming seemed willing to do that.李明似乎很愿意做那件事。 2.修饰表示感情以外的形容词 下列形容词常用于这类结构中，且这类句子的主语可以是人，也可以是物。 comfortable舒适的 difficult困难的 easy容易的 good好的 hard难的 soft柔软的 The house is very comfortable to live in.这是一座住起来很舒服的房子。 We found him easy to get along with.我们发现他是个很好相处的人。 2.不定式作副词表示目的*** 不定式在句子中作状语表示目的的情况很多、很常见，主要有以下几种情形。 A.不定式置于句尾 The local government has adopted new measures to deal with air pollution. 当地政府采取了新的措施来治理空气污染。 B.不定式置于句首 有时为加强语气，可把作目的状语的不定式提到句首来。 To preserve those buildings,only a few people are admitted each day. 为了保护那些建筑，每天只有几个人被允许进去参观。 C.为加强语气，还可在不定式前加in order或so as。 I have brought along three objects to illustrate my talk. =In order to illustrate my talk,I have brought along three objects. =I have brought along three objects so as to illustrate my talk. 为了举例说明，我随身带来了3件物品。 比较：in order to do sth.和so as to do sth.的区别 in order to引出的目的状语既可以放在句首又可以放在句尾。so as to引出的目的状语不能放在句首。 In order not to be late,she took a bus.=She took a bus in order not to be late. =She took a bus so as not to be late.她乘坐公共汽车以免迟到。 so as to除了表目的，也可表结果、程度，即“so...as to+do”。 They started early so as to catch the first bus.（表目的） 他们很早就出发了，以便能赶上头班车。 They started so early as to catch the first bus.（表结果） 他们动身很早，所以/结果赶上头班车了。 He was so angry as to be unable to speak.（表程度） 他气得连话都说不出来了。 3.不定式作副词表示结果*** 不定式经常和only，never连用，强调结果和失望的情绪。 I hurried to get there only to find him out. 我匆匆忙忙地赶到那儿，（没想到）他出去了。 They were separated that day,never to see each other again. 那天他们被分开之后，再也没见过面。 【拓展内容】 4.不定式作副词的其他用法 1.too+形容词/副词+（for sb.）+to do sth.的用法 A.不定式在句子中作结果状语。“too...to...”表示“太……而不能……”，具有否定含义。 She is too young to go to school. =She is so young that she can’t go to school.她太小了，不能上学。 This problem is too difficult (for us) to work out. 注意：用too...to句型时，不定式work out不能再加上it指代problem；用so...that复合句时，则必须用it。 句子主语可作不定式宾语（即work out this problem）时，不定式一般用主动式。 =This problem is so difficult that we can’t work it out.这道题太难了，我们根本算不出来。 We are never too old to learn.我们要活到老，学到老。 说明：用never too...to否定之否定，译文的意思就成为肯定的了。 B.不定式在句子中作原因状语，too具有肯定意义。 还要说明的一点是，too除了我们常见的上述例句中当“more than enough（过分）”讲外，有时还当作“十分”，“非常”，“极其”等带有肯定色彩的意义讲，但此时形容词一般用eager，anxious等。 She is too eager to see her sister.（不定式作原因状语。）她非常渴望见到她的姐姐。 The students are too anxious to know the result of the exam.（不定式作原因状语。） 学生们急于知道考试成绩。 C.too前加only或but（相当于really）以加强语气。 The girl is only too glad to come here.这个女孩子真的很高兴来这儿。 I’m but too happy to see you again.我真的很高兴能再次见到你。 D.too...to结构中经常省略后面的不定式。 The shoes are too big for me (to wear). 这句话要表达的是“这双鞋对于我来说太大了，以至于我不能穿”。 =The shoes are much too big.这双鞋我穿着太大了。 The rice is too hot for the baby (to eat).这米饭太烫了，孩子吃不了。 E.有时句末的不定式还可用一个介词短语来代替。 He is driving too fast to be safe.（不定式） =He is driving too fast for safety.（介词短语）他开车太快，怕不安全。 必背：“too...not to...”是双重否定，意思是“非常……，不能不……”。 She is too wise not to see that.她很聪明，不会不懂得那一点。 2.不定式修饰副词enough的用法 He is old enough to go to school. =He is so old that he can go to school.他已经到了上学的年龄了。 He is not old enough to go to school. =He is so young that he can’t go to school. =He is too young to go to school.他还不到上学的年龄。 3.不定式在句中作独立成分的用法 有时不定式在句子中作为独立结构出现，用来说明说话人的态度。一般来讲，人们已经把这些不定式作为固定词组或固定搭配来运用。 To tell you the truth,I don’t think the film is good.说句老实话，我认为这部电影并不好。 To be fair,it is not all his fault.说句公道话，这不全是他的错。 It is a good idea,to be sure,but it is hard to practise.的确，这是个好主意，但是难以实行。 To make matters worse,it began to turn dark.更糟的是，天开始变黑了。 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$