U1 Period Ⅲ Grammar and usage-【优化探究】2025-2026学年新教材高中英语选择性必修第二册同步导学案配套PPT课件（译林版）

选择性必修第二册 Unit 1　The mass media Period Ⅲ　Grammar and usage 单元语法： Past perfect tense (过去完成时) 内容索引 NEIRONGSUOYIN 核心语法 专项突破 课时作业 巩固提升 课堂检测 素养达标 核心语法 专项突破 [语法体会] ①By this time，the fire had extended to the 15th floor. ②Pulitzer quickly became a successful journalist and by the age of 25，he had become a publisher. ③He said that he had been to the Great Wall twice. ④They had planned to help but could not get there in time. ⑤Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 我的发现： 1．句①和句②中时间状语结构为“____________________”，表示“________________”，谓语动词用________________。 2．句③中that引导的__________中谓语所用时态为__________，表示_____________________________________________。 3．句④中的两个表示发生在过去的动作的谓语动词中，发生在前的用____________，并表示过去未曾实现的打算。 4．句⑤为固定句型________________，其中hardly后的谓语动词用____________，而when后的谓语动词用____________。 by＋过去的时间点　 到……为止　 过去完成时 宾语从句 过去完成时 从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前 过去完成时 hardly...when...　 过去完成时 一般过去时 [知识精要] 一、过去完成时的含义和结构 1．含义 过去完成时： 表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。 2．结构 (1)肯定句： 主语＋had＋动词的过去分词＋其他． (2)否定句： 主语＋had＋not＋动词的过去分词＋其他． (3)疑问句： Had＋主语＋动词的过去分词＋其他？ 肯定回答： Yes，主语＋had. 否定回答： No，主语＋hadn't. (4)特殊疑问句： 特殊疑问词或词组＋had＋主语＋动词的过去分词＋其他？ (5)被动语态： 主语＋had (not) ＋been＋动词的过去分词＋其他． [即学即练1]——单句语法填空/完成句子 ①The boy ____________ (find) a solution before other students began to notice the problem. ②I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday.We ____________ (not see) each other since he went to Beijing. ③当我到达学校的时候，我意识到我把背包落在家里了。 When I got to school，I realized I __________________________． ④当你醒来时，雨已经停了吗？ ________________________ when you woke up? had found hadn't seen had left my backpack at home Had it stopped raining 二、过去完成时的用法 1．表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。强调对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或结果。常用的时间状语有“by＋过去的时间点”“by the end of＋过去的时间点”或“before＋过去的时间点”；也可用一个时间状语从句或通过上下文来表示。 I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. 到昨晚9点，我已经看完这本小说了。 We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. 到上学期期末，我们已经学了2 000多个英语单词。 They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 在上星期三之前，他们已经种了600棵树了。 2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。 I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当公交车最终到达的时候，我已经在车站等了20分钟了。 3．叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 I was excited to see my friend Mary last week.We hadn't seen each other for ten years. 上周见到了我的朋友玛丽我很激动。我们已经有10年没有见过面了。 4．过去完成时在从句中的用法 (1)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我归还了我借的书。 (2)过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 (3)状语从句： 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的复合句。 He didn't show up until the meeting had been on for an hour. 会议已经进行了1个小时了，他才出现。 [名师点津]　(1)如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 After he arrived in England，Jack worked hard to improve his English. 杰克到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。 (2)如果by the time引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词为过去时，主句用过去完成时；若该时间状语从句为一般现在时，则主句用将来完成时。 By the time we got to the cinema，the movie had been on for half an hour. 当我们到达电影院时，电影已经上演半小时了。 5．动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you，but we were sent to work abroad. 我们本来希望能来看看你，但我们被派往国外工作了。 6．过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...，no sooner...than...，It was the first/second/...time (that)...等固定句型中。 Hardly had he begun to do his homework when the light went out suddenly. 他刚开始做作业，灯就突然灭了。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。 [名师点津]　使用hardly...when...，no sooner...than...句型时需要注意两点： (1)hardly...when...，no sooner...than...句型中，hardly或no sooner部分的谓语用过去完成时，而when或than部分的谓语用一般过去时。 (2)hardly...when...，no sooner...than...句型中，当hardly或no sooner置于句首时，该部分的主谓结构用部分倒装，而when或than部分仍用正常语序。 [即学即练2]——单句语法填空/完成句子/句型转换 ①Peter ________________ (collect) more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. ②He told me that he ________________ (write) a new book and would get it published. ③By nine o'clock last night，we ____________ (get) 200 pictures from the spaceship. had collected had written had got ④After he ____________ (graduate) from university，he went to work in a building company. ⑤到去年年底为止，他已经在这个工厂工作20年了。 By the end of last year，________________ in the factory for twenty years. graduated he had worked ⑥As soon as he got the necessary information，the researcher began to write his papers. →Hardly_________________________________________________ _________________________. →No sooner _____________________________________________ __________________________. had he got the necessary information when the researcher began to write his papers had he got the necessary information than the researcher began to write his papers 三、过去完成时与现在完成时、一般过去时的区别 1．与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以now的时间为基点，但侧重对now产生的结果或造成的影响；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。 I have learned 1，000 English words so far. 到目前为止，我已经学会了1 000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1，000 English words till then. 到那时为止，我已经学会了1 000 个英语单词。 2．与一般过去时的区别 过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”，一般不单独使用，而是和一般过去时一起使用；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间发生的事，可以单独使用。 They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 到昨天10点钟为止，他们已经到达了车站。 They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 他们昨天10点钟时到达了车站。 [即学即练3]——单句语法填空/完成句子 ①He ____________ (enter) the room，turned on the light and began to read an evening paper. ②By the end of last week，they ________________ (complete) the bridge. ③The musician ____________ (play) the piano for two hours so far. entered had completed has played ④他关上门后，离开了教室。 After he ________________，he ________________________． ⑤他去北京之前在上海大学学习了4年。 ________________ in Shanghai University for four years before he ________________． closed the door　 left the classroom He had studied　 went to Beijing 课堂检测 素养达标 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．By the time my parents got home yesterday，I ______________ (cook) the dinner already. 2．The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous，as he ________________ (not fly) before. 3．The man ______________ (mean) to build a boat，but he failed to find suitable materials. had cooked hadn't flown had meant 4．My parents often had a chat with neighbors，just as they _______ (do) in the countryside. 5．The visitor said that she ___________ (be) to the British Museum one year before. 6．He asked where I __________ (go) during the summer vacation. 7．Mr.Johnson ________ (turn) up at the meeting yesterday morning. 8．We ________________ (make) great progress since we changed our attitude to study. had done had been had gone turned have made Ⅱ.完成句子 1．这是他第一次来到天津，天津的快速发展给他留下了深刻印象。 It was the first time that ________________ Tianjin and he was so impressed by its fast development. 2．我们住了这么多年的房子被大火烧毁了，这让我很难过。 I was so sad that the house ______________________________ was destroyed by the fire. he had visited we had lived in for so many years　 3．我本打算给你一个惊喜测验，但经过仔细考虑，我选择让你反思一下你的练习。 I ________________________ just a surprise quiz, but on second thoughts I chose to let you reflect on your exercises. 4．地震的消息一传开，大量的救灾物资就被送到了灾区。 Hardly ____________________________________ quantities of relief supplies were delivered to the disaster-stricken area. had intended to give you had the news of the earthquake spread when 5．截止到去年11月杰克加入国家队，他已经打了9年篮球。 By last November Jack joined the national team，he __________________________________． had played basketball for nine years 课时作业 巩固提升 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Before he volunteered to direct the traffic, he ____________ (have) lots of jobs. 2．Instead of getting down to a new task as I __________(expect)，he examined the previous work again. 3．I began collecting stamps in February last year and by the end of the year I ____________ (collect) more than 2，000. had had had expected had collected 4．This elderly man made me question the plans that I _________(make) for my life. 5．I ____________ (mean) to take a good holiday this year, but I was not able to leave. 6．He said it was ten years since he ____________ (graduate) from this school. had made had meant had graduated Ⅱ.完成句子 1．你认为校长建议我们读的那本书怎么样？ What do you think of the book _____________________________ _________？ 2．这是我们在旅行中第一次遇到这样奇怪的问题。 It was the first time ____________________________________ during the trip. (that/which) the headmaster advised that we had met such a strange problem us to read 3．我哥哥原希望创建一个游泳俱乐部，但他没有足够的钱。 My brother ____________________ a swimming club，but he didn't have enough money. 4．我们一到达机场就见到了那位伟大的科学家。 ________________________________________________ than we saw the great scientist. had hoped to found No sooner had we got to/arrived at/reached the airport Ⅲ.阅读理解 Family vlogging—the frequent recording and uploading of personal videos of the family, usually on video sharing websites—has become a big business nowadays, especially among parents of young children.The more viewers such videos can get, the more money the family can make.At first thought, it does seem like an easy way to make money.However, are we doing right by putting their lives up for public attention? For one thing, as the children grow up, they increasingly become aware that what they do needs to be admirable enough for the public to enjoy.Being young children, they also would want to do whatever it takes to please others.They then feel the pressure to be perfect, and as that is something not always possible, they become anxious and stressed.Comments from viewers and the expectations of sponsors can also affect the parents' reactions towards their children. Another problem is the lack of privacy in the children's lives.As the children reach adolescence, there is a greater need for personal space.At 12 or 13, very few children would appreciate being filmed, for instance, eating or having a conversation with their friends.Teenhood is a time of significant change in an individual, both physically and emotionally, and is a time when parents need to protect their children and guide them, instead of exposing them to the eyes of the public. Family vlogging can be irresistible, given how it allows parents to bring greater fun to their family lives.There is also the easy money and the fame to look forward to.Indeed, all would probably go well, but only as long as parents keep in mind that, if not managed well, making their children live their lives in the unforgiving eyes of the public could prove to be a big mistake. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要分析了家庭视频博客中把孩子的生活公之于众对孩子的影响，以此让家长相信关于孩子生活的视频博客存在的危险。 1．How does vlogging about children's lives influence the family? A．Children will get used to public attention. B．Children may suffer from too much pressure. C．Parents may show no concern for their children. D．Parents become addicted to exposing their children to the public. 答案：B 2 3 1 4 细节理解题。根据第二段前三句“For one thing...anxious and stressed.”可知，孩子们为了取悦公众，会感到要变得完美的压力，从而变得焦虑不安，所以关于孩子的视频博客会让孩子感到有很大的压力。故选B项。 2 3 1 4 2．How does the writer mainly develop his argument? A．By providing examples. B．By listing numbers. C．By making comparisons. D．By analyzing causes. 答案：D 2 3 1 4 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“For one thing...takes to please others.”以及第三段前两句“Another problem is...for personal space.”可知，作者在首段陈述观点后，在下文中从两个方面分析了家庭视频博客将关于孩子生活的视频公之于众产生的一些问题，所以作者是通过分析原因的方式来展开他的论点的。故选D项。 2 3 1 4 3．What's the writer's purpose of writing the text? A．To introduce a big new business. B．To show how vlogging influences people's lives. C．To persuade parents to watch out for comments from viewers. D．To convince parents of the danger of vlogging about children's lives. 答案：D 2 3 1 4 写作意图题。根据第一段最后一句“However, are we doing right by putting their lives up for public attention？”可知，作者在首段用提问的方式引出本文的主题——把孩子的生活公之于众，对吗？接下来从两个方面分析了家庭视频博客将孩子的生活公之于众存在的问题，结合尾段中的第三句“Indeed, all would...to be a big mistake.”可知，作者提醒家长，如果管理不善，把孩子的生活公之于众可能是一个巨大的错误，所以作者写本文的目的是让家长相信关于孩子生活的视频博客是有危险的。故选D项。 2 3 1 4 4．What's the writer's attitude to vlogging about children's lives? A．Negative.　　　　　 　 B．Positive. C．Neutral. D．Uninterested. 答案：A 2 3 1 4 观点态度题。根据第一段最后一句可知，作者在首段用提问的方式引出本文的主题，说明作者对此做法持怀疑态度，结合最后一段第三句可知，作者通过分析，向家长阐明，如果管理不善，把孩子的生活公之于众可能是一个巨大的错误，由此可推断，作者对关于孩子生活的家庭视频博客持否定的态度。故选A项。 2 3 1 4 Ⅳ.完形填空 The universal use of technology has resulted in a constant current of information interrupting the “flow” of our life.This 1 pattern was initially marketed as “call-waiting” for our phones.But now our eyes, ears, and fingers are glued to our technology 24/7.We are 2 by emails, texts, or the online news.My friend Ron refers to this technology as “weapons of mass distraction”． But how is this mass distraction 3 us? According to a 2010 Kaiser Family Foundation release, children from eight to eighteen spend an average of seven hours and thirty-eight minutes a day using entertainment media.In addition, a study found that exposure to 4 media was associated with attention problems in a sample of 210 college students. The 5 is just part of the larger picture.Dealing with a crowd of daily text messages and emails makes it difficult for us to be by ourselves when all that activity stops.Although a sense of 6 is natural at times, our addiction to the nonstop interaction afforded by technology deepens that feeling when access to the technology is unexpectedly 7 ．Just think how you feel when you lack cell phone or web access.Is it possible that our obsession with continually checking our emails and text messages has contributed to our 8 to genuinely relate with others? Apart from the effects of technology on our 9 and our ability to be at ease without technology, let's examine how interacting with our devices 10 the development of our fundamental communication and social skills.Many researchers observe that everyday conversation between human beings is becoming increasingly 11 ． Many of today's children are growing up with a built-in dependence on devices, making it difficult for them to feel 12 in everyday social situations.Often they find it 13 to make eye contact or deal with even the simplest face-to-face interactions without the aid of technology as an intermediary (媒介). Over time these children forget how to relate with each other because they have become habituated to using technology to 14 direct contact with others and life itself. 15 ， some neuroscientists believe that the use of the Internet actually rewires our brains. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要陈述了科技的普遍使用导致了持续不断的信息流，这打断了我们生活的“流动”。社交媒体使人们产生了依赖感，分散了人们的注意力，使人们面对面的交往越来越少。 2 3 1 4 1．A.committed B．pleasant C．typical D．disturbing 答案：D 根据上文“interrupting the ‘flow’ of our life”可知，这种是“令人担忧的”。故选D项。 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 2．A.founded B．flooded C．informed D．promoted 答案：B 根据上下文的内容可知，生活中信息不断，即我们被电子邮件、短信或网络新闻淹没了。故选B项。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3．A.affecting B．enhancing C．announcing D．establishing 答案：A 根据上文“The universal use...of our life.”可知，信息影响着我们的生活，所以此处是指如何“影响”我们的生活。故选A项。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 4．A.print B．screen C．news D．online 答案：B 根据上文“children from eight...using entertainment media”可知，此处是指接触“屏幕”媒体。故选B项。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 5．A.attention B．association C．demand D．distraction 答案：D 分析句意再根据上文的“this mass distraction”可知，此处是指“分散注意力”只是问题的一部分。故选D项。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 6．A.belonging B．independence C．loneliness D．simplicity 答案：C 根据下文“Just think how...or web access.”可知，没有手机或网络时，人们可能会有孤独感，所以此处指“孤独”的感受。故选C项。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7．A.unavailable B．approachable C．changeable D．prospective 答案：A 分析句意再根据下文的lack可知，此处是指“无法获得”技术。故选A项。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8．A.inability B．potential C．anxiety D．curiosity 答案：A 根据上文“our obsession with...and text messages”可知，这些痴迷会导致“无法”与他人建立联系。故选A项。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 9．A.communication B．attention C．health D．intelligence 答案：B 根据对第5题的分析可知，文章谈论的是注意力的问题，所以此处指的是“注意力”。故选B项。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10．A.agrees with B．adapts to C．contributes to D．impacts on 答案：D 分析句意再根据上文的how可知，此处是指与我们的设备互动是如何“影响”我们的。故选D项。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 11．A.rare B．common C．strange D．popular 答案：A 根据对第8题的分析可知，人们沉迷于各种媒体会影响与他人建立联系，所以此处是指人际交流变得越来越“稀少”。故选A项。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 12．A.fascinated B．comfortable C．restless D．annoyed 答案：B 根据上文“Many of today's children...dependence on devices(今天的许多孩子在成长过程中对电子设备有一种内在的依赖)”可知，孩子们有了内在依赖后会很难在社交场合感到舒适。故选B项。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13．A.convenient B．adaptable C．challenging D．inspiring 答案：C 根据下文“without the aid of technology as an intermediary”可知，没有作为媒介的技术的帮助，他们认为这是“具有挑战性的”。故选C项。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 14．A.boost B．ensure C．avoid D．amuse 答案：C 根据上文“become habituated to using technology”和下文的direct contact可知，他们已经习惯于使用技术，也就“避免”了与他人和生活本身的直接接触。故选C项。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15．A.Critically B．Factually C．Partly D．Additionally 答案：B 根据下文“some neuroscientists believe...rewires our brains”可知，一些神经科学家认为，使用互联网实际上会重塑我们的大脑，这是一种事实，所以此处是指“事实上”。故选B。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ⅴ.语法填空 [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了环球自然日，该节日也叫作青少年自然科学知识挑战活动，旨在为中小学生提供一个学习自然科学的平台。 Global Natural History Day (GNHD)—youth science knowledge competition—took place in Shanghai on March 2，2023，in an effort to provide a platform 1. primary and secondary school students to learn more about natural science. 1．考查介词。 provide sth. for sb.或 provide sb.with sth.“给某人提供某事物”，是固定搭配。故填for。 答案：for GNHD 2. (launch) by Kenneth Behring in 2012 in China. It is an international education programme intended 3. (inspire) students' interest in natural history and science and engage them in getting outdoors and exploring their environment. It is based in Shanghai, 4. world-famous economic and financial center. 5. (support) by the local museums and natural science organizations，these science knowledge competitions have been 6. (continuous) held for 12 years，attracting 60，000 teams 7. involving millions of students and teachers. In this programme, students develop problem-solving abilities，deepen cross-cultural understanding, and explore 8. the future state of the natural world will be like. 2．考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语in 2012可知，该动作发生在过去，故应用一般过去时；又由于launch和主语GNHD之间是被动关系，故应用被动语态；又因为主语为单数意义，故填was launched。 答案：was launched 3．考查非谓语动词。动词intend后常接动词不定式，be intended to do sth.“打算做某事”，故填to inspire。 答案：to inspire 4．考查冠词 。此处表示上海是世界著名的经济金融中心，表示泛指意义，又因world的发音以辅音音素开头，故填不定冠词a。 答案：a 5．考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处作非谓语。support 与主语 these science knowledge competitions 之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故应填过去分词Supported。 答案：Supported 6．考查词性转换。修饰动词held，应用副词，故填continuously。 答案：continuously 7．考查连词。分析句子结构可知，“attracting 60，000 teams 7. involving millions of students and teachers”在句中作状语，且空格前后内容之间为并列关系，故填并列连词and。 答案：and 8．考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处缺少宾语从句的引导词。从句中的like为介词，介词后应接宾语，且此处有“什么”的含义，故填what。 答案：what In the past decade，GNHD 9. (add) popular science painting，story broadcasting and science exhibition to further arouse students' interest in natural science learning. At this year's event, a new “Global Nature Day Cyber Space” platform promoting educational equity (公正) and equality was also started. 9．考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语in the past decade可知，此处应用现在完成时，又因GNHD与add是主动关系且主语为单数意义，故填has added。 答案：has added This year's GNHD returned to its offline mode. Under 2023's main theme “Seeing small things—Nature's small perspective and big vision”， natural science talent from around the world presented his or her 10. (achieve) in exhibitions，science paintings and storytelling. 10．考查词性转换。根据空前的his or her可知，此处应填名词；又根据语境可知，此处可用单数也可用复数，故填achievement或achievements。 答案：achievement/achievements $$