U1 Period 3 Reviewing Useful Structures-【优化探究】2025-2026学年新教材高中英语选择性必修第四册同步导学案配套PPT课件（人教版）

选择性必修第四册 UNIT 1　SCIENCE FICTION Period 3　Reviewing Useful Structures 单元语法：Review of the passive voice (复习被动语态) 内容索引 NEIRONGSUOYIN 核心语法 专项突破 课时作业 巩固提升 课堂检测 素养达标 核心语法 专项突破 [语法体会] 诵读下列例句并感知加黑部分的共性 (1)[教材原文] It was going to be tested out by Larry's wife, Claire. (2)[教材原文] Now she was being looked after by a robot that looked so human, and it was disturbing. (3)[教材原文] Claire thought it was ridiculous that she was being offered sympathy by a robot. (4)[教材原文] As he was not allowed to accompany her to the shops, he wrote out a list of things that he would need for his work on the house. (5)[教材原文] The saleswoman there was rude to her, so she rang Tony and told him she was being treated badly. 1．含有进行时被动语态的是句___________。 2．含有将来时被动语态的是句 ____。 3．含有过去时被动语态的是句 _____。 (2)(3)(5) (1) (4) [知识精要] 一、被动语态的概念 英语中动词有主动语态和被动语态之分。如果主语是动作或状态的发出者，动词就用主动语态；如果主语是动作或状态的承受者，动词就用被动语态。 二、被动语态的用法 1．不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者时。 Everything will have been done by the end of the week. 本周末前一切都会完成。 2．强调动作的承受者时，需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语表示出来。 A special class to help poor readers was set up by an expert in the school. 学校的一位专家开办了一个帮助阅读困难者的特色班。 三、各种时态的被动语态 Due to human activities, many animals are being killed and their habitats are being damaged.(现在进行时的被动语态) 由于人类活动，许多动物正在被杀害，而且它们的栖息地正在遭到破坏。 All work had been finished before the boss came back.(过去完成时的被动语态) 老板回来之前，所有的工作都已完成。 The children are asked to clean their own room every day.(一般现在时的被动语态) 孩子们被要求每天打扫他们自己的房间。 The science fiction novel was published in 2016.(一般过去时的被动语态) 这部科幻小说于2016年出版。 The new type of robot will be tested out by some restaurants near the company.(一般将来时的被动语态) 这种新型机器人将会被公司附近的一些餐馆测试。 The book has been translated into thirty languages since it came on the market in 1973.(现在完成时的被动语态) 这本书自1973年上市以来已被译成30种语言。 When I arrived at the garage，my car was still being repaired.(过去进行时的被动语态) 当我到达修理厂的时候，我的汽车仍在修理中。 The manager said Tom would be dismissed.(过去将来时的被动语态) 经理说汤姆会被解雇。 The project will have been finished by the end of next month.(将来完成时的被动语态) 到下个月末，这项工程将被完成。 总结： - 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 现在 am/is/are done am/is/are being done has/have been done 过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done 将来 shall/will be done - shall/will have been done 过去将来 should/would be done - should/would have been done 四、使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题 1．主动句的谓语动词带有复合宾语时，应将宾语变成被动句的主语，而将宾语补足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语变为主语补足语)。 When the mother saw her daughter being taken good care of, she was very happy. →When her daughter was seen being taken good care of, the mother was very happy. 当这位母亲看到她的女儿被照顾得很好时，她非常高兴。 The manager made saleswomen work until ten at night.(表示主动) →Saleswomen were made to work by the manager until ten at night.(表示被动) 经理让女销售员工作到晚上十点。 [名师指津]　在主动语态中，make，hear，see等词后接不定式时要省略to，但转换为被动语态时，则要加上to。 2．带双宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时，可将表示物的直接宾语变为主语，用for或to引出表示人的间接宾语，或将表示人的间接宾语变为主语。 My father is telling me an interesting story now. →An interesting story is being told to me by my father now. →I'm being told an interesting story by my father now. 爸爸正在给我讲一个有趣的故事。 3．短语动词在主动结构中是不可分割的，在被动结构中也是如此，不可去掉后面的介词或副词。 The old man was taken good care of, which reassured us much. 那位老人受到了很好的照顾，这让我们放心不少。 五、主动形式表达被动意义 1．当cut，read，sell，wear，write，wash等表示某种属性且带有修饰语时。 The pen writes smoothly.这支钢笔写起来很流畅。 The cloth washes easily.这种布料容易洗。 2．动词need, require, want后加动词-ing的主动形式表示被动意义。 The old bridge is dangerous; it needs repairing.这座旧桥是危桥，需要整修。 3．连系动词，如look，sound，smell，feel，taste，remain，seem，hear，appear，prove等后接表语时，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。 The idea sounds fine in theory, but will it work? 这个主意理论上听上去不错，但能否行得通呢？ 4．“be worth doing”结构用主动形式表示被动意义。 The novel is worth reading again. ＝The novel is worthy to be read again. 这部小说值得再读一次。 5．在“be＋adj.＋to do”结构中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语时，to do 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 Our headmaster looks hard to get close to，but in fact he is easy to get along with. 我们校长看起来很难接近，但实际上他很容易相处。 6．不定式作定语与被修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系，且句中出现了动作的逻辑主语时。 The villager will show you the secret path to take.这位村民将告诉你要走的秘密小道。 We still have many poor children to take care of.我们仍有许多贫困儿童要去照顾。 7．某些动词，如blame，let (出租)等的不定式用在be后作表语时，用主动形式表示被动意义。 The house is to let.此房出租。 I rather than he am to blame.我而不是他应受责备。 课堂检测 素养达标 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Each student has his or her strengths and weaknesses, which needs __________________________ (respect). 2．—What about your new clothes? —They are a little expensive but the cloth ____________ (wash) well. 3．Each year ____________ (represent) by an animal.The year 2024 is the year of the Loong. to be respected/respecting washes is represented　 4．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Two years later, a six－meter－tall pavilion, inspired by The Peony Pavilion, ____________ (build) at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes' walk from Shakespeare's birthplace. 5．He ____________ (envy) by many men，because he has a big house，a car and a good family. 6．—Hi，Li Ping.Can I use your computer for a while this afternoon? —Sorry.It ________________ (repair). was built is envied is being repaired 7．It is said that since January, goods with dragon－themed elements, such as daily necessities, alcohol and gold jewelry, ______________ (prefer) by consumers. 8．The old man found the computer was hard _________(operate). 9．The artist was sure he would ____________(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister, the old man laughed. 10．I was made __________ (decide) to stay here for another day by the bad weather. have been preferred to operate be chosen to decide Ⅱ.句型转换 1．They are discussing the question at the meeting.(改为被动语态) →__________________________________________________ 2．He hurried to the station，but was told the train had left.(改为only＋不定式的被动语态) →_______________________________________________ The question is being discussed by them at the meeting. He hurried to the station，only to be told the train had left.　 3．My mother once gave me a special number to call in case I ran into an emergency.(改为被动语态) →____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ →____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ I was once given a special number to call (by my mother) in case I ran into an emergency.　 A special number was once given to me to call (by my mother) in case I ran into an emergency.　 4．He can't have been off long, for I heard him make a call in the passage just now.(改为被动语态) →____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 5．Many young translators have translated pop songs into English in recent years.(改为被动语态) →___________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ He can't have been off long, for he was heard to make a call in the passage (by me) just now.　 Pop songs have been translated into English by many young translators in recent years.　 6．She said that she would finish the task in a day or two.(改为被动语态) →__________________________________________________ She said that the task would be finished by her in a day or two. Ⅲ.完成下面语段，尽可能多地使用被动语态 Frankenstein is science fiction which 1._________________ (被认为是) one of the earliest science fiction stories in English literature.After the novel 2._______________ (被出版)，it drew wide attention.The story of the novel 3._________________ (基于科学)，imagination and personal experiences.The novel 4.________________ ________________________ (已被翻译成许多语言).Now it 5.__________________________________ (正被全世界的人们阅读) and it 6.______________________________ (将被未来的几代人珍惜). is considered as was published is based on science has been translated is being read by people all over the world will be treasured by future generations into many languages 课时作业 巩固提升 Ⅰ.完成句子 1．尽管我们不知道讨论了什么，但我们能感觉到话题已经变了。 Though we don't know what was discussed, yet we can feel __________________________． 2．有人看见一个人走进了屋子，并且听到他下达了一些命令。 A man ________________ the house, and he __________________ some orders. the topic has been changed was seen to enter　 was heard to give　 3．她写的科幻小说很畅销。 The science fiction written by her __________________________． 4．那些旧桌椅值得修理一下以便再次使用。 The old desks and chairs _________________________________ to be used again. 5．我很荣幸能有机会做一个主题为“生命之粮”的演讲。 I feel so honored ____________________________________ themed “Food for Life”． sells very well deserve to be repaired/repairing to be given a chance to deliver a speech Ⅱ.阅读理解 Humans have always looked to nature for inspiration to solve problems.Leonardo da Vinci applied biomimicry to the study of birds in the hope of enabling human flight.Although he was not successful at his own flying machine, his ideas lived on and were the source of inspiration for the Wright Brothers, who were also inspired by their observations of pigeons in flight. They finally did succeed in creating and flying the first airplane in 1903. Recent success stories exist in terms of how biomimicry can be applied to building designs.While buildings serve to protect us from nature's extremes, this does not mean that they do not have anything to learn from the biological world.In fact, nature regularly builds structures with functionality that human-built structures could usefully emulate．Biomimetic research, science and applications continue to grow and are already influencing the next generation of building products and systems as well as whole building designs. For example, photovoltaic systems (光伏系统), which harvest solar energy, are a first step at mimicking the way a leaf harvests energy.Research is underway to create solar cells that are very similar to nature.These cells are water-gel-based—essentially artificial leaves that couple plant chlorophyll (叶绿素) with carbon materials, ultimately resulting in a more flexible and cost-effective solar cell. The rough surface of a lotus leaf acts as a self-cleaning mechanism allowing dirt to be cleansed off the surface naturally by water, for instance, during a rain shower.Even the smallest of breezes on the plant causes a subtle shift in the angle of the plant allowing gravity to remove the dirt without the plant having to consume any energy.This same idea has been applied to the design of new building materials such as paints, textiles, and glass that reduce the need for cleaning and also reduce maintenance and material replacement costs. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章通过解释和阐述的方式，介绍了仿生学在人类解决问题中的应用，从历史上的Leonardo da Vinci到现代建筑设计中对自然界的模仿，如光伏系统模仿叶子收集太阳能，以及莲花叶片自清洁机制在建筑材料上的应用，以此来展示人类如何从自然界获取灵感进行创新。 1．What can we learn from paragraph 1? A．Da Vinci's idea was of little practical use. B．Da Vinci was the first to study biomimicry. C．The Wright Brothers owed their success to Da Vinci. D．Pigeons are one source of the inspiration for the first airplane. 答案：D 2 3 1 4 解析：细节理解题。由第一段的“Although he was not successful at his own flying machine, his ideas lived on and were the source of inspiration for the Wright Brothers, who were also inspired by their observations of pigeons in flight. They finally did succeed in creating and flying the first airplane in 1903.”可知，虽然Da Vinci自己研究的飞行器并未成功，但是Wright Brothers受鸽子飞行的启发，创造了第一架飞机。 2 3 1 4 2．What does the underlined word “emulate” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Compare.　　　　　　 B．Perform. C．Copy. D．Apply. 答案：C 2 3 1 4 解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句子“In fact, nature regularly builds structures with functionality that human-built structures could usefully emulate.”，以及下文的“Biomimetic research, science and applications continue to grow and are already influencing the next generation of building products and systems as well as whole building designs.”可知，本句话中的emulate的含义和下文的“仿生研究”呼应，即copy(复制，模仿)。 2 3 1 4 3．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．Solar cells are more productive with lower costs. B．Solar cells have been widely used in conserving energy. C．The lotus leaves can be employed in new building materials. D．The effect of gravity inspired the development of self-cleaning materials. 答案：A 2 3 1 4 解析：推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的“These cells are water-gel-based—essentially artificial leaves that couple plant chlorophyll with carbon materials, ultimately resulting in a more flexible and cost-effective solar cell.”和最后一段中的“This same idea has been applied to the design of new building materials such as paints, textiles, and glass that reduce the need for cleaning and also reduce maintenance and material replacement costs.”可知，收集太阳能的光伏系统是模仿树叶收集能量的第一步，取自大自然，所以生产效率更高，成本更低了。 2 3 1 4 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Nature has inspired many inventions and will continue to. B．It is rewarding for designers to observe and learn from nature. C．Humans have benefited a lot from consuming natural resources. D．Even the greatest scientists need to stand on the shoulders of giants. 答案：A 2 3 1 4 解析：主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第一段中的“Humans have always looked to nature for inspiration to solve problems.”和第二段中的“Recent success stories exist in terms of how biomimicry can be applied to building designs.”可知，文章主要讲述大自然已经激发了很多发明，现在人类还在继续研究自然，用来发明创造。 2 3 1 4 Ⅲ.完形填空 Grandma Agnes lives in the same house she has lived in for over 60 years; she 1 the company of her dog，Snoopy.The dog was a constant 2 in her home and yard.During the time when Grandma had Snoopy，she started having dementia (痴呆).My family came to visit her every day，working together to keep her living independently and 3 ． Three years ago, Snoopy passed away.We thought of ways to let Grandma know Snoopy was 4 ．We even had a burial service for Snoopy in the back yard with her.But on the 5 visits，she still asked about Snoopy.And even she 6 the neighbors of taking her dog.Grandma missed Snoopy so much, so we decided to do something for her.Months ago, Uncle Ed got a brilliant idea to handle Grandma's problem.He purchased a robotic dog for her.The dog has soft fur and can move around and bark.To our surprise, Grandma quickly 7 the dog as her new Snoopy.Her dementia has led to her clinging to (依恋) her new “dog” with 8 ．And she believes he is an animal 9 a robot. Grandma takes good care of the dog.She always shares her 10 food with him，which happens to be eaten by the 11 cat at night.And throughout the day and often late at night，Snoopy is placed gently in the grass so he can do his own 12 ．Life with new Snoopy has been good for Grandma although she still deals with 13 of dementia.Actually having the “dog” helps her 14 her attention and be happy.Our family is grateful that a robotic dog has brought Grandma companionship and 15 ． [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了患痴呆症的奶奶喜欢的狗Snoopy去世了，后来她把一个机器狗当作了Snoopy，并从中得到了陪伴和安慰的故事。 2 3 1 4 1．A.suffered B．enjoyed C．experienced D．tolerated 答案：B 解析：根据空后的“the company of her dog”可知，此处指“喜欢”狗的陪伴。experience“体验，经历”；tolerate“忍受”。 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 2．A.presence B．disturbance C．trouble D．sorrow 答案：A 解析：根据空后“in her home and yard”可知，她喜欢和狗在一起，所以狗“出现”在她家和院子里。presence“出席，存在”；disturbance“干扰，扰乱”。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3．A.randomly B．luckily C．safely D．freely 答案：C 解析：根据上文的“My family came to visit her every day”可知，作者的家人每天去看望她，所以她是“安全的”。randomly“随便地”；luckily“幸运地”；safely“安全地”；freely“自由地”。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 4．A.missing B．absent C．gone D．far 答案：C 解析：根据上文“Three years ago, Snoopy passed away.”可知，Snoopy死了。missing“丢失的”；absent“缺席的”；gone“不再存在的，死了的”；far“遥远地”。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 5．A.daily B．weekly C．monthly D．yearly 答案：A 解析：根据上文的“My family came to visit her every day”可知，“我们”每天要去看望奶奶。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 6．A.reported B．accused C．robbed D．broke 答案：B 解析：根据空后“the neighbors of taking her dog.Grandma missed Snoopy so much”可知，奶奶责怪邻居。固定搭配：accuse sb.of sth.“指控某人某事”。accuse“指责”；rob“抢劫”；break“毁掉”。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7．A.adapted B．titled C．honored D．adopted 答案：D 解析：根据空后“the dog as her new Snoopy”可知，奶奶把机器狗当作Snoopy，并收养了这只狗。adapt“适应”；title“加标题于”；honor“尊重”；adopt“收养”。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8．A.patience B．hatred C．love D．enthusiasm 答案：C 解析：根据空前“the dog as her new Snoopy”和“Her dementia has led to her clinging to her new ‘dog’”可知，奶奶把收养的狗当作以前的Snoopy，所以对这只狗充满爱。patience“耐心”；hatred“憎恨”；love“爱”；enthusiasm“热情”。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 9．A.other than B．rather than C．or rather D．less than 答案：B 解析：根据下文“Grandma takes good care of the dog.She always shares her 10 food with him”可知，奶奶并没有把他当作机器狗。other than“不同于”；rather than“而不是”；or rather“更确切地说”；less than“少于”。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10．A.big B．extra C．rich D．own 答案：D 解析：根据空前的“Grandma takes good care of the dog.”可知，奶奶与机器狗分享自己的食物。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 11．A.neighbor's B．stranger's C．doctor's D．school's 答案：A 解析：根据上文内容可知，此处指食物被邻居的猫吃掉。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 12．A.research B．business C．wonder D．trick 答案：B 解析：根据“Snoopy is placed gently in the grass”可知，Snoopy做自己的事情。business“事情，商业”；wonder“奇迹”；trick“诡计”。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13．A.pleasures B．changes C．matters D．challenges 答案：D 解析：根据上文“she started having dementia”可知，痴呆对奶奶来说是一个“挑战”。pleasure“乐事”；change“变化”；matter“事情”；challenge“挑战”。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 14．A.focus B．draw C．hold D．lose 答案：A 解析：根据空后“her attention and be happy”可知，这只机器狗帮助了奶奶。固定搭配：focus one's attention“集中注意力”。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15．A.relief B．dignity C．freedom D．comfort 答案：D 解析：根据空前“Our family is grateful that a robotic dog has brought Grandma companionship”可知，奶奶从机器狗那里得到陪伴和安慰。relief“缓解”；dignity“尊严”；freedom“自由”；comfort“舒适；安慰”。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ⅳ.语法填空 [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国正在研制新一代运载火箭，以便将航天员送上月球，该项目将于2030年完成。 China is developing a new-generation launch vehicle 1. (send) astronauts to the moon, which will be completed by 2030. 1．答案：to send 解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：中国正在研制新一代运载火箭以便将航天员送上月球，该项目将于2030年完成。根据语境可知，此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to send。 The new rocket will be 90 meters tall, and able to lift 27 tonnes of payload (有效载荷) to the lunar orbit, CGTN learned from the 14th Airshow China 2. (hold) in south China's Zhuhai City, during which a model of the rocket 3. (display). The diameter (直径) of 4. (it) core will be similar to that of the Long March-5 heavy-lift rocket, which is five meters. The Long March-5 is China's most 5. (power) launch vehicle currently in operational service, 6. a maximum payload capacity of 25 tonnes to low Earth orbit (LEO). It has been used to send China's three space station modules, 7. (weigh) about 66 tonnes, into LEO. 2．答案：held 解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：中国国际电视台从在中国南部珠海市举行的第十四届中国航展上(在此期间，展出了一个火箭模型)获悉，新型火箭将高90米，能够将27吨有效载荷送入月球轨道。动词hold和被修饰词the 14th Airshow China是逻辑上的动宾关系，所以此处应用过去分词形式，作后置定语。故填held。 3．答案：was displayed 解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意见上一题解析。根据句意可知，此处定语从句描述的是过去的事情，主语a model of the rocket和动词display之间是被动关系，所以谓语动词用一般过去时的被动语态；主语为单数，谓语动词也用单数。故填was displayed。 4．答案：its 解析：考查代词。句意：它的核心直径将与“长征五号”重型运载火箭的直径相似，即五米。分析句子结构和意思可知，此处需用形容词性物主代词作定语，修饰后面的名词core。故填its。 5．答案：powerful 解析：考查词性转换。句意：“长征五号”是中国目前投入运行的最强大的运载火箭，最大有效载荷能力为25吨，可进入近地轨道(LEO)。分析句子结构和意思可知，此处需要形容词，意为“强大的”，作定语，修饰后面的名词短语launch vehicle。故填powerful。 6．答案：with 解析：考查介词。句意见上一题解析。根据句子结构和意思可知，此处应用介词with，表示“有”。故填with。 7．答案：weighing 解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：它已被用于将中国三个重约66吨的空间站模块送入近地轨道。根据句意可知，本句中的weigh的意思为“重量是……”，是连系动词，无被动形式，所以此处用现在分词形式。故填weighing。 In addition to 8. new rocket for manned mission, China is also developing a new crewed capsule and a lunar lander, 9. will be able to send three astronauts to the lunar orbit and allow two of them to land on the moon. 8．答案：the 解析：考查冠词。句意：除了用于载人任务的新型火箭外，中国还正在研制一个新的载人太空舱和一个月球着陆器，这将能够将三名航天员送入月球轨道，并允许其中两名航天员登月。根据句子结构和意思可知，此处new rocket for manned mission是特指，所以用定冠词the。故填the。 9．答案：which 解析：考查定语从句。句意见上一题解析。根据句子结构和意思可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为a new crewed capsule and a lunar lander，指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词which。故填which。 Meanwhile, China is also working on a series of reusable space launch and transport systems that will 10. (significant) boost its space shuttle capability, lower costs and empower future development in this area. 10．答案：significantly 解析：考查词性转换。句意：与此同时，中国还正在开发一系列可重复使用的航天发射和运输系统，这将大大提高其航天飞机的能力，降低成本，并为该领域的未来发展提供动力。此处修饰动词boost，应用副词significantly。故填significantly。 $$