U3 Period 3 Reviewing Useful Structures-【优化探究】2025-2026学年新教材高中英语选择性必修第四册同步导学案配套PPT课件（人教版）

选择性必修第四册 UNIT 3　SEA EXPLORATION Period 3　Reviewing Useful Structures 单元语法：Review of the infinitive (复习动词不定式) 内容索引 NEIRONGSUOYIN 核心语法 专项突破 课时作业 巩固提升 课堂检测 素养达标 核心语法 专项突破 [语法体会] 诵读下列例句并感知加黑部分的共性 (1)[教材原文] To complete the great map of the world was a strong passion for the people of early civilisations. (2)[教材原文]Marco Polo's tales inspired European explorers to search for sea routes from west to east. (3)[教材原文]Here，merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals，which also led to more awareness of each other's cultures. (4)[教材原文]These fleets were a sight to behold and were in a league of their own at that time. (5)[教材原文]To reach out across the sea remains a strong desire today. (6)[教材原文]The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade across the historic Silk Road areas，and strengthen the bonds between China and the rest of the world. (7)[教材原文]Trading has grown greatly in recent years，and will continue to do so in years to come. (8)[教材原文]China has invested billions in systems and services along these routes，which will help to greatly develop the whole area for the benefit of future trade and cultural exchange. (9)[教材原文]Hundreds of years on，and with the latest technology in hand，the need to trade and the desire to enhance relationships will drive China to reach out across the sea far into the future. 1．以上句子都用了动词不定式。动词不定式在句中可充当主语如句_______、宾语如句______、宾语补足语如句____、表语如句_____、定语如句_______及目的状语如句____。 2．动词不定式的一般式结构为_____。 (1)(5) (7)(8) (2) (6) (4)(9) (3) to do [知识精要] 一、概念 动词不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些句法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。 二、动词不定式的时态和语态 I plan to withdraw from the club.(withdraw的动作在plan之后发生) 我打算退出这个俱乐部。 She felt puzzled to be asked such a question.(she是ask动作的承受者) 被问了这样一个问题，她很迷惑。 It happened to be raining when I arrived.(rain与arrive同时发生) 当我到达的时候碰巧在下雨。 I felt very happy to have received the gift sent by you last Sunday.(receive发生在felt happy之前) 收到了你上周日寄来的礼物，我感到非常高兴。 She seemed to have been informed of the news.(she是inform的承受者且inform发生在seem之前) 她似乎已经被告知了这个消息。 总结： 时态 主动 被 动 意义 一般式 to do to be done 与谓语动作同时或在其后发生 完成式 to have done to have been done 在谓语动作之前发生 进行式 to be doing － 在谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作也在进行 三、动词不定式的句法功能 1．作主语 To err is human. 金无足赤，人无完人。/人非圣贤，孰能无过。 To learn a new language is challenging. 学习一门新语言是具有挑战性的。 It is important for us students to work out on a regular basis. 经常锻炼身体对我们学生很重要。 It is generous of him to contribute so much. 他捐献了这么多，真是太慷慨了。 总结： 动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。为了保持句子平衡，往往把主语放在句尾，而用it作形式主语。 [名师指津]　在“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb.to do sth.”结构中：若形容词侧重于评价人物的特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind，nice，foolish等词；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。 2．作表语 My main task is to get this company running smoothly. 我的主要任务是使这家公司运转顺利。 Whether the medicine works remains to be seen. 这种药是否有效还有待观察。 My dream is to become a doctor after my graduation from university. 我的梦想是大学毕业后当一名医生。 总结： 动词不定式作表语时须放在系动词后面，表示具体的动作或将来的动作。这些系动词主要是be类动词(am，is，are，was，were，been等)和表象类系动词(seem，appear等)。主语往往是dream，goal，aim，purpose，plan 等表示意向、打算、计划的词。 3．作宾语 (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)When I decided to buy a house in Europe ten years ago, I didn't think too long. 十年前，当我决定在欧洲买房子的时候，我并没有想太久。 He pretended to be reading when his mother entered the room. 当他的妈妈进入房间时，他假装在读书。 Many people find it a hard job to be fluent in a foreign language. 很多人发现，流利地说一门外语不是一件容易的事情。 总结： 常用不定式作宾语的动词 三个希望两答应：hope，wish，want，agree，promise 两个要求莫拒绝：demand，ask，refuse 设法学会做决定：manage，learn，decide 不要假装在选择：pretend，choose “动词＋it＋adj./n.＋动词不定式”结构 it为形式宾语，不定式为真正的宾语。用于该结构的动词有feel，find，think，believe，consider，make等 [名师指津]　下列动词(词组)既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别： 4．作定语 He is always the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comfort. 他是一个总是吃苦在前、享乐在后的人。 The best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit. 增强意志力的最好方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。 (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Then we parted ways with a firm handshake and a promise to keep in touch. 然后我们坚定地握手道别，并承诺保持联系。 Do you have anything to say? 你有什么要说的吗？ 总结： 动词不定式作定语的几种情况：动作发生在将来，不定式与被修饰词之间存在主谓或动宾关系；名词前有序数词、形容词最高级修饰，或被修饰的中心词是序数词、形容词最高级时，作定语的非谓语动词形式多为带to的不定式；当被修饰的词是抽象名词(ability、 chance、 idea等)时，作定语的非谓语动词形式多用带to的不定式；something，nothing，anything等不定代词后常用动词不定式作定语。 [名师指津]　若是不及物动词的不定式形式作定语，其后应有必要的介词。 Suddenly a good idea occurred to her，but she couldn't find any paper to write on. 突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到纸写下来。 5．作状语 (1)作目的状语 (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction－level event for humanity. 她解释说，我们正处于历史的“临界点”，必须立即采取行动，防止人类陷入生物集群灭绝事件。 She asked me to drive her to the airport in order to catch the 5：00 flight. 为了赶上5点的航班，她让我开车把她送到机场。 He ran fast all the way so as to/in order to catch the first bus. 他一路快速奔跑以便赶上第一班公共汽车。 总结： 动词不定式作目的状语时，其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，一般放在句子后面，表示强调，也可位于句首；其前可加in order或so as，但加so as时不能放在句首。 (2)作结果状语 Have you got enough room to seat all of us? 你有足够的空间让我们都坐下吗？ She is too weak to join us in the outing. 她太虚弱以至于不能加入我们的旅行。 It was such a loud noise as to wake everybody in the house. 噪声这么大，吵醒了屋子里的每个人。 (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the machine, and popped my card in, only to read the message: “Out of order.Sorry.” 我跳下车，疯狂地向那台机器跑去，把卡插进去，却看到上面写着：“故障。抱歉。” 总结： 表示结果，可用于enough...to，so...as to，such...as to，only to...以及too...to等结构中。 [名师指津]　(only) to do sth.与doing sth.都可以作结果状语，其区别：(only) to do sth.表示一个与主语愿望相反或出乎主语意料的结果，或用来暗示最初未能实现的动作；doing sth.表示谓语动词本身的动作造成的顺其自然的结果。 He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. 他到了车站，却被告知火车已经开走了。 His father passed away，leaving him a little money. 他父亲去世了，留给他一点钱。 (3)原因状语 We're proud to be young people of China. 作为中国青年，我们感到自豪。 He was surprised to find his room thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in perfect order. 他惊讶地发现他的房间彻底被打扫干净了，一切都井井有条。 总结： 动词不定式常跟在作表语的形容词和过去分词之后，用来说明产生某种情绪或作出某种评价的原因。此类词有happy，lucky，surprised，sorry，glad，delighted，eager，anxious，ready，foolish，interested，careless等。 (4)表语形容词后作状语 The box is not easy to carry. 这个箱子不易携带。 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子看上去很硬，但实际上坐上去很舒服。 总结： 用于“be＋性质形容词＋不定式”结构中。常见的性质形容词有easy，hard，difficult，interesting，heavy，pleasant，light，good，fit，comfortable，safe，dangerous，impossible等，这时不定式用主动形式表达被动含义。 6．作宾语补足语 She asked me to answer the phone in her absence. 她要我在她不在的时候接电话。 I noticed the woman leave the party at about 10 o'clock. 被动语态：The woman was noticed to leave the party at about 10 o'clock. 我注意到那位女士大约10点钟离开了聚会。 I often hear him sing the song. 被动语态：He is often heard to sing the song. 我经常听见他唱这首歌。 With so many things to do, I don't know where to start. 有这么多事情要做，我不知道从哪里开始。 总结： 动词不定式作宾语补足语的情况：一是在有些动词或动词短语后面接带to的不定式，如ask，tell，invite，get，advise，allow，want，permit，warn，order，encourage，prefer，expect，force，wish，beg等动词后；二是在feel(一感)，hear/listen to(二听)，make/let/have(三让)，see/watch/notice/observe(四看)等使役动词和感官动词(短语)后，动词不定式作宾语补足语时常省略to。这些词在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，此时不定式作主语补足语。(一感二听三让四看半帮助，主动不to 被动to)；三是在with复合结构中，to do 不定式表将来、未发生的动作。 课堂检测 素养达标 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．(2024·浙江1月卷)The shelves in most supermarkets are full of family－size this and multi－buy that.However, if you're shopping for one, buying extra ____________ (benefit) from price reductions doesn't make sense. 2．The man downstairs told the man upstairs not ____________ (drop) his shoes onto the floor at midnight any more. to benefit to drop 3．(2024·九省联考)He knows that computers are here ____________ (stay) and that they will not disappear. 4．(2024·全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend ____________ (catch) our attention because of their large size and variety. 5．The question is very difficult ____________ (answer). to stay to catch to answer　 6．The boy pretended ____________ (know) the answer. 7．I happened ____________ (read) your advertisement and have decided to apply for the job. 8．If you've ever had the chance ____________ (visit) it, there are many places you simply cannot miss. 9．I had no choice but ____________ (give) up the chance of going abroad. to have known to have read to visit to give　 10．George returned after the war, only ____________ (tell) that his wife had left him. to be told Ⅱ.句型转换 1．The boss made the workers work the whole night.(变为被动语态) →The workers ___________________________ the whole night. 2．It happened that we had known each other before.(变为简单句) →We happened ____________________each other before. were made by the boss to work to have known 3．The girl got up earlier so that she might not be late again.(变为简单句) →The girl got up earlier ______________________ be late again. 4．I feel it a great honor that I will be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.(变为简单句) →I feel it a great honor ____________________________________ before so many students. so as not to/in order not to to be invited to speak at the meeting 5．The problems that will be discussed at the meeting are closely connected with our daily life.(变为简单句) →The problems __________________________ are closely connected with our daily life. to be discussed at the meeting 课时作业 巩固提升 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．(2023·北京卷)She called for action ____________ (address) the struggles of people around the world facing “too little water or too dirty water”． 2．Bamboo plants are associated with health，abundance and a happy home.They are easy ____________ (care) for and make great presents. to address to care 3．He had intended ____________ (return) after receiving the first letter from Tess. 4．He was also touched by the Chinese professors' effort _______(pass) their acting skills to their students by acting with them. 5．(2022·浙江1月卷)That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans ____________(continue) the practice. to return to pass to continue 6．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them ____________ (lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents. 7．They reached the station out of breath, only ____________ (tell) the tickets had been sold out. 8．I think it important ____________ (leave) a good impression on those foreign students about our school. to be lifted to be told to leave 9．The airport ________________ (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area. 10．The billionaire is reported in the local newspaper ______________ _________(rob) last week. to be completed to have been robbed Ⅱ.阅读理解 It had always been assumed that the rarity of lightning in ocean storms was due to cleaner air over the vast seas, but keen observations have shown that even highly polluted air is associated with reduced lightning at sea when sea spray aerosols (气溶胶) are abundant.In their paper published in the journal Nature Communications, an international team of researchers describes their multi－year study of atmospheric conditions over the oceans bordering Africa and what it showed about salt in sea spray aerosols and its impact on lightning. The researchers obtained atmospheric data on Africa and the oceans around it for the period 2013 to 2017.The data included numbers of lightning flashes, rainfall, temperatures and cloud representations.They looked for differences in atmospheric conditions in storms that occurred over land versus those that occurred over the sea and found one main difference: the amount of salt in the air. Lightning is produced when upwardly moving air in clouds forms ice crystals (冰晶)—aerosol particles then begin to bump into one another, creating an electrical charge.Lightning happens when the electrical field in one part of the cloud becomes positively charged (usually at the top of the cloud) and another negatively charged (usually at the bottom of the cloud).And clouds form, of course, when vapor evaporates (蒸发) from the surface of the Earth and the water drops bond with aerosols. The researchers found that things are slightly different over the ocean.When water evaporates from the sea, it bears a load of salt.When the salt water bonds with aerosols to form water droplets, they tend to be bigger and heavier than those that form over land due to the salt—and that results in more of the water in the clouds falling as rain before it can rise up and form ice crystals.The result is far fewer lightning discharges. The researchers suggest their findings could be useful in improving the accuracy of both climate models and meteorological reports.It could also possibly lead some to attempt to seed storm clouds with salt to reduce their severity. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，海雾中的盐可以防止雷击，文章解释了研究开展的经过以及研究的意义。 1．What is the common belief of lightning over oceans? A．Lightning pollutes the remote sea. B．Polluted air leads to less lightning at sea. C．Cleaner air results in less lightning at sea. D．Cleaner air contributes to more lightning at sea. 答案：C 2 3 1 4 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“It had always been assumed that the rarity of lightning in ocean storms was due to cleaner air over the vast seas, but keen observations have shown that even highly polluted air is associated with reduced lightning at sea when sea spray aerosols are abundant.”可知，人们普遍认为清洁的空气减少了海上的闪电。 2 3 1 4 2．How does the author mainly develop paragraph 3? A．By presenting facts. B．By listing similarities. C．By giving examples. D．By making comparisons. 答案：A 2 3 1 4 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可推知，作者主要是通过陈述事实展开第三段。 2 3 1 4 3．How do water droplets on land differ from those at sea? A．They drop much faster. B．They contain more water. C．They are bigger and heavier. D．They are smaller and lighter. 答案：D 2 3 1 4 解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“When the salt water bonds with aerosols to form water droplets, they tend to be bigger and heavier than those that form over land due to the salt—and that results in more of the water in the clouds falling as rain before it can rise up and form ice crystals.”可知，陆地上的水滴和海上的不同在于它们更小更轻。 2 3 1 4 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Salt in Sea Spray Worsens Storms over the Sea B．Salt in Sea Spray Keeps Lightning Strikes Away C．Lightning Strikes Are More Common over Oceans D．Sea Spray Is Found Evaporating Faster over Oceans 答案：B 2 3 1 4 解析：标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段的内容可知，研究发现海雾中的盐可以防止雷击，文章解释了研究开展的经过以及研究的意义。由此可知，B选项最适合作文章标题。 2 3 1 4 Ⅲ.完形填空 The view from the top was breathtaking.It was 2023 and I had just climbed the Hvannadals Peak in Iceland, almost seven years after becoming 1 from the chest down after a climbing fall.My two teammates and I were on our way to becoming the first all－disabled team to cross Europe's largest ice cap, unsupported and 2 ． From our start point at the western edge of the Vatnajokull, we faced a 3 ， tough landscape.We would need to 4 through storm－force winds and work as a team to overcome the 5 of our spinal cord (脊髓) injuries.This was going to be the 6 challenge of my life.The plan was to 7 from the base of the ice cap to its highest point, the Hvannadals Peak. 8 together, we started toward the frozen horizon, dragging two sledges laden with equipment behind us.Just 10 minutes into our journey, I was already beginning to feel the 9 on my shoulders and arms as I used my upper body to 10 my sit－ski up the steady slope.The 11 of our equipment was a constant form of resistance as it dragged stubbornly through the snow behind us. After 11 12 days, and countless falls, slips and setbacks, our team of three 13 the eastern edge of the Vatnajokull glacier.We had overcome the odds, broken through our physical limitations and achieved success. I realised that this journey was about embracing the power of resilience (复原力), finding strength in tough moments and discovering that I was just as 14 as I always had been.No longer did I consider myself disabled or injured, because, if I could reach the 15 of a remote ice cap, I could overcome the frustrations and setbacks of day－to－day life with resilience and perseverance. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了残疾人在艰难环境下攀登冰岛最高峰的故事，展现了坚韧不拔的精神。 2 3 1 4 1．A.survived　　　　　　　 B．enabled C．paralysed D．repeated 答案：C 解析：survive“幸存”；enable“使能够”；paralyse“瘫痪”；repeat“重复”。根据下文“from the chest down after a climbing fall”可知，作者因攀岩坠落而从胸部以下瘫痪。 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 2．A.unfolded B．unassisted C．undone D．unwrapped 答案：B 解析：根据空前的unsupported及语境可知，作者和他的两个队友在没有支持和帮助的情况下，穿越欧洲最大的冰冠。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3．A.fantastic B．frozen C．watery D．rolling 答案：B 解析：句意：从瓦特纳冰川西缘的起点开始，我们面对着冰冻的、艰苦的地形。fantastic“奇妙的”；frozen“冰冻的”；watery“多水的”；rolling“起伏的”。根据上文“cross Europe's largest ice cap”及下文“storm－force winds”可知，他们是在冰川上，这里指冰冻的、艰苦的地形。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 4．A.battle B．breathe C．turn D．leaf 答案：A 解析：句意：我们需要与风暴级别的强风作战，并作为一个团队合作来克服我们脊髓损伤带来的限制。battle“战斗”；breathe“呼吸”；turn“转向”；leaf“翻页”。根据下文“through storm－force winds”可知，这里指对抗恶劣天气条件，在暴风雪中战斗。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 5．A.resistance B．prospects C．limits D．difficulties 答案：C 解析：句意同上。resistance“抵抗”；prospect“前景”；limit“限制”。根据下文“of our spinal cord injuries”可知，这里指的是由脊髓损伤带来的身体上的局限性。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 6．A.widest B．toughest C．ablest D．laziest 答案：B 解析：句意：这将是我生命中最艰难的挑战。widest“最宽的”；toughest“最艰难的”；ablest“最有能力的”；laziest“最懒惰的”。根据上文内容以及下文“challenge of my life”可知，这里指的是这次挑战将是他们所面临的最艰难的一次挑战。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7．A.continue B．claim C．access D．climb 答案：D 解析：句意：计划是从冰冠底部攀登到它的最高点，即Hvannadals Peak。claim“声称”；access“访问，进入”。根据下文“from the base of the ice cap to its highest point”可知，这里指从冰川底部攀登至顶峰。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8．A.Carrying on B．Setting off C．Resulting in D．Dressing up 答案：B 解析：句意：一起出发，我们朝着冰封的地平线开始行进，身后拖着两辆装载着装备的雪橇。根据下文“we started toward the frozen horizon”可知，这里指开始他们的探险之旅，一起出发。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 9．A.stress B．pain C．service D．weight 答案：B 解析：句意：仅仅在行程开始后的10分钟内，我就已经开始感受到肩膀和手臂的疼痛，因为我使用上半身的力量来保持我的坐式滑雪板稳定地向上坡行进。stress“压力”；pain“疼痛”；service“服务”；weight“重量”。根据下文“on my shoulders and arms”可知，这里指由于努力拉动雪橇而产生的肩膀和手臂上的疼痛。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10．A.maintain B．seek C．select D．press 答案：A 解析：句意同上。maintain“维持”；seek“寻找”；select“选择”；press“按压”。根据下文“my sit－ski up the steady slope”可知，这里描述的是用上半身力量保持坐式滑雪板前进的动作。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 11．A.weight B．chain C．agency D．signal 答案：A 解析：句意：我们的装备重量成了持续不断的阻力，因为它固执地在我们身后的雪地中被拖拽着。weight“重量”；chain“链条”；agency“代理处”；signal“信号”。根据下文“of our equipment was a constant form of resistance as it dragged stubbornly through the snow behind us”可知，这里指的是装备本身的重量。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 12．A.dynamic B．hard－filled C．energetic D．efficient 答案：B 解析：句意：经过11天艰难的日子，无数次跌倒、滑倒和挫折之后，我们三人终于接近了瓦特纳冰川东缘。dynamic“动态的”；hard－filled“充满艰难的”；energetic“精力充沛的”；efficient“高效的”。根据下文“and countless falls, slips and setbacks”可知，这里描述的是经历了一段充满困难的时间。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13．A.shouldered B．resounded C．approached D．reflected 答案：C 解析：句意同上。shoulder“承担”；resound“回响”；approach“接近”；reflect“反思”。根据下文“the eastern edge of the Vatnajokull glacier”可知，这里描述的是他们接近瓦特纳冰川东缘的情景。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 14．A.qualified B．suitable C．able－minded D．competitive 答案：C 解析：句意：我意识到这次旅行是关于拥抱复原力的力量，发现艰难时刻的力量，并且认识到我仍然像以前一样有能力。qualified“有资格的”；suitable“合适的”；able－minded“有能力的”；competitive“有竞争力的”。根据下文“as I always had been”可知，这里强调的是个人的能力没有因为残疾而减少，和以前一样有能力。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15．A.peak B．spot C．landmark D．pole 答案：A 解析：句意：我不再认为自己是残疾或受伤的人，因为如果我能到达一个遥远冰冠的顶峰，我就能以韧性和毅力克服日常生活中的挫折和阻碍。peak“顶峰”；spot“地点”；landmark“地标”；pole“极点”。根据上文“from the base of the ice cap to its highest point”可知，这里指达到冰冠的顶峰。 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ⅳ.语法填空 [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者为了保护海洋，减少塑料垃圾所做出的努力。 I've always loved the ocean.In the 1. (seven) grade，I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California.I was upset to learn that many sea animals eat plastic garbage, 2. (think)it is food. 1．答案：seventh 解析：考查序数词。 表示“七年级”用序数词。 2．答案：thinking 解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构，此处为非谓语动词作状语，think与其逻辑主语many sea animals之间是主动关系，用现在分词。 I decided to do something 3. (educate) people about this problem.I held presentations at schools to teach kids about plastic waste.I wanted to reach businesses too.I decided that if I learned of a company 4. used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back. 3．答案：to educate 解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构，此处作目的状语，用不定式。 4．答案：which/that 解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构， 此处引导定语从句，修饰先行词a company，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，用which或that引导该从句。 One day, I saw a commercial for a health－care company.People in the ad were using plastic straws (吸管).I found the contact information of the company 5. emailed its president.I told him how 6. (harm) plastic could be to the environment and asked him to consider using more eco－friendly options.I was so 7. (excite) when he wrote back to me.He said he would make sure that the company cut its use of plastic straws in half. 5．答案：and 解析：考查连词。found和emailed之间是并列关系，用and连接两个并列的谓语动词。 6．答案：harmful 解析：考查词性转换。该处为how引导的感叹句，how之后接形容词。 7．答案：excited 解析：考查词性转换。该空作was之后的表语，用形容词，修饰人，用v.＋ed形式的形容词。 I kept going.Whenever I heard of businesses using plastic, I'd send an email.One of the biggest companies I wrote to 8. (be) Alaska Airlines Paris.A company 9. (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over 10. plastic to paper cups on all of its 1，200 daily flights. 8．答案：was 解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。 根据定语从句的谓语动词wrote可知，这里描述发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时；“one of＋形容词最高级＋可数名词复数”结构中，谓语动词用单数。 9．答案：representative 解析：考查词性转换。该空作句子主语，用名词，前面有不定冠词修饰，用名词单数。 10．答案：from 解析：考查介词。switch over from sth.to sth.从……转换到……。   $$