Unit 1 Period 3 Reviewing Useful Structures-【步步高】2023-2024学年高二英语选择性必修第四册（人教版2019）

Period 3　Reviewing Useful Structures—Review of the passive voice 阅读以下短文，感知黑体部分，并完成下面的练习 ①The boy almost cried his heart out when learning that his purse had been lost.②His father comforted him that his wallet would be found in time.He wiped away tears on his face，saying，“③I will be helped by you and my mother.” So he himself and his parents searched his bedroom thoroughly.④The bookshelf was moved and even the bottom of the bed was swept.The boy said frustratedly，“⑤Almost everywhere has been searched，⑥but my purse isn’t found.” ⑦Finally，what made the boy delighted was that his wallet was hidden in his schoolbag. 自主发现 以上句子中都使用了被动语态，句①为过去完成时的被动语态；句②为过去将来时的被动语态；句③为一般将来时的被动语态；句④⑦为一般过去时的被动语态；句⑤为现在完成时的被动语态；句⑥为一般现在时的被动语态。 一、被动语态的概念 英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示句子主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示句子主语是动作的承受者。被动语态的句子谓语动词的形式是“be＋动词的过去分词”。一般来讲，只有及物动词才有被动语态。有时被动语态中动作的执行者用by短语表示出来。 二、被动语态的用法 1．不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者时。 The meeting has been put off for some reason. 会议已因故被推迟了。 2．强调动作的承受者时，需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语表示出来。 A special class to help poor readers was set up by an expert in the school. 学校的一位专家开办了一个帮助阅读困难者的特色班。 三、各种时态的被动语态 1．These electric devices are examined and fixed on a monthly basis. 这些电器每月都被检修。 2．The science fiction novel was published in 2016. 这部科幻小说于2016年出版。 3．The new type of robot will be tested out by some restaurants near the company. 这种新型机器人将会被公司附近的一些餐馆测试。 4．Many animals are being killed and their habitats are being damaged. 许多动物正在被杀害，而且它们的栖息地正在遭到破坏。 5．When I arrived at the garage，my car was still being repaired. 当我到达修理厂的时候，我的汽车仍在修理中。 6．The manager said Tom would be dismissed. 经理说汤姆会被解雇。 7．The book has been translated into thirty languages since it came on the market in 1973. 这本书自1973年上市以来已被译成30种语言。 8．The chairwoman said she had been invited to the party. 女主席说她已经受邀参加晚会了。 9．The project will have been finished by the end of next month. 到下个月末，这项工程将被完成。 [总结] 时态 被动语态的构成 一般现在时 be(am/is/are) done 一般过去时 be(was/were) done 一般将来时 shall/will be done 现在进行时 be(am/is/are) being done 过去进行时 be(was/were) being done 过去将来时 should/would be done 现在完成时 have/has been done 过去完成时 had been done 将来完成时 will have been done 四、各种时态的被动语态的特殊情况 1．否定词not的位置：在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。 The boy breathed a sigh of relief when hearing that he wouldn’t be dismissed. 当听说他不会被开除时，这个男孩松了口气。 2．主动句的谓语动词带有复合宾语时，变被动句时应将宾语变成被动句的主语，而将宾语补足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语变为主语补足语)。 (1)We saw him sitting there without doing anything. →He was seen sitting there without doing anything by us. 我们看见他坐在那儿，什么也没做。 (2)His words made me throw up. →I was made to throw up by his words. 他的话令我作呕。 [名师点津]　在主动语态中，make，hear，see等词后接不定式作宾补时要省略to，但转换为被动语态时，则不能省略to。 3．带双宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时，可将表示物的(直接)宾语变为主语，用for或to引出表示人的(间接)宾语，或将表示人的(间接)宾语变为主语。 My father is telling me an interesting story now. →An interesting story is being told to me by my father now. →I’m being told an interesting story by my father now. 爸爸正在给我讲一个有趣的故事。 4．动词短语是一个整体，在主动语态或被动语态中都不可去掉后面的介词或副词。 Kids in the kindergarten are being taken good care of.幼儿园的孩子们被照顾得很好。 5．主动形式表示被动意义 (1)连系动词(如look，sound，smell，feel，taste，remain，seem，appear，prove等)后接表语时，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。 The idea sounds great. 这个主意听起来棒极了。 The popcorn they made looked wonderful and tasted delicious. 他们做的爆米花看起来棒极了，吃起来也很美味。 (2)当wash，write，sell，open，close，shut，lock，cook等不及物动词后加副词(easily，well等)时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 This kind of cloth washes easily and lasts long. 这种布料很容易洗，并且耐穿。 The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly. 父亲给我作为生日礼物的钢笔写起来很流畅。 (3)need，want，require，deserve等＋doing用主动形式表示被动意义。 His hair needs cutting. →His hair needs to be cut. 他的头发需要剪了。 (4)be worth doing→be worthy to be done主动形式表示被动意义。 The novel is worth reading again. →The novel is worthy to be read again. 这部小说值得再读一次。 五、动词不定式的被动语态 1．I am very happy to be thus praised. 受到如此褒奖我非常高兴。 The magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the library. 这些杂志不允许被带出图书馆。 The room seems to have been broken into. 似乎有人闯进过这个房间。 I am proud to have been admitted to Peking University. 我很自豪已被北京大学录取。 [总结]　动词不定式的被动语态由“to＋be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，当动词不定式所表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系时，要用动词不定式的被动式。动词不定式的被动式只有一般式(to be done)和完成式(to have been done)。 2．动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义的情况 情况 例句 sb have sth to do/There be sth to do 句型中 Before the end of the meeting，I have something important to declare. 会议结束之前，我有很重要的事情要宣布。 There is so much homework to do every day，which almost drives me mad. 每天有那么多家庭作业要做，这几乎让我发疯。 动词不定式跟在性质形容词(difficult，hard，easy，comfortable，good等)后，与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系时(构成sb/sth be＋adj.＋to do) Our headmaster looks hard to get close to，but in fact he is easy to get along with. 我们校长看起来很难接近，但实际上他很容易相处。 动词不定式与疑问词连用时 With so many books at hand，Tom had no idea which to read first. 手头有那么多的书，汤姆不知道先读哪一本。 六、被动语态和过去分词作表语 1．意义差别 The window is broken.窗子破了。 The window is broken by him.窗子被他打破了。 [总结]　被动语态强调动作；过去分词作表语描写人或事物的特征及状态。 2．用法差别 He was very interested in science.(系表结构) 他对科学非常有兴趣。 I was so much surprised by the scene that I didn’t know what to do.(被动语态) 我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊，不知所措。 [总结]　过去分词作表语时接近形容词的特征，可以被 so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修饰。 完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用被动语态 The Wandering Earth is a science fiction novel which 1.is_written_by_Liu_Cixin(刘慈欣所写)．It 2.is considered as(被认为是) one of the best science fiction stories.After the novel 3.was published(被出版)，it drew wide attention.The story of the novel 4.is based on science(基于科学)，imagination and personal experience.The novel 5.has been translated into many languages(已被翻译成许多种语言)．Now it 6.is being read by people all over the world(正被全世界的人们阅读) and it 7.will be treasured by future generations(将被未来的几代人珍惜)． Ⅰ.句型转换(变为被动语态) 1．We plant many trees every year. →Many trees are planted by us every year. 2．We planted many trees in the northwest of China last year. →Many trees were planted by us in the northwest of China last year. 3．We will plant more trees there to improve the environment. →More trees will be planted by us there to improve the environment. 4．Cellphone games are damaging people’s eyesight. →People’s eyesight is being damaged by cellphone games. 5．Yesterday when I entered my son’s bedroom，he was playing a cellphone game. →Yesterday when I entered my son’s bedroom，a cellphone game was being played by him. 6．Mr Xu had translated many poems into English by 2000. →Many poems had been translated into English by Mr Xu by 2000. 7．Many young translators have translated pop songs into English in recent years. →Pop songs have been translated into English by many young translators in recent years. 8．She said that she would finish the task in a day or two. →She said that the task would be finished in a day or two. Ⅱ.完成句子 1．上周日我们学校举行了五公里赛跑。来自各个年级的200名学生参加了这次赛跑。 The 5-kilometre race was held by our school last Sunday.200 students from all grades were involved in this running race. 2．尽管我们不知道讨论了什么，但我们能感觉到话题已经被改变了。 Though we don’t know what was discussed，yet we can feel the topic has been changed. 3．他回到学校时作业还没做完。 His homework hadn’t been finished when he came back to school. 4．如果您的订单准备好了，T恤衫会尽快送到您的手中。 If your order is ready，the T-shirt will be delivered to you as soon as possible. 5．他们现在和父母住在一起，因为他们自己的房子正在重建。 They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house is being rebuilt. 6．我们半个小时之后要开会。在会上要做的这个决定将会影响我们公司的未来。 We’re having a meeting in half an hour.The decision to be made at the meeting will influence the future of our company. Ⅲ.阅读理解 (2023·浙江台州高二校联考期中) There’s a new AI bot：ChatGPT，and you’d better pay attention，even if you aren’t into artificial intelligence.The tool is an AI chatbot system that OpenAI released in November 2022 to show off and test what a very large，powerful AI system can achieve. ChatGPT remembers the thread(链式消息) of your dialogue，using previous questions and answers to inform its next responses.It gets its answers from large amounts of information on the Internet.ChatGPT is built on top of the OpenAI GPT-3 family of large language models and is fine-tuned (a method of transfer learning) using both supervised and reinforcement learning (监督和强化学习)． You can ask ChatGPT anything，like explaining physics，asking for birthday party ideas and getting programming help.Perhaps it’s not smart enough to replace all humans yet，but it can be creative，and its answers can sound downright authoritative(权威性的)．A few days after its launch，more than 1 million people were trying out ChatGPT.UBS analyst Lloyd Walmsley estimated in February 2023 that ChatGPT reached 100 million monthly users in January，accomplishing in 2 months what took TikTok about 9 months and Instagram two and a half years. ChatGPT is free to use at the moment because it is still in its research phase.But when too many people hop onto the server，it overloads and can’t process your request.It just means you should try visiting the site at a later time when fewer people are trying to access it.If you want to skip the wait and have reliable access，there is an option for you.As of Feb.1,2023，OpenAI has a ChatGPT pro plan，ChatGPT Plus，which allows users to have general access even during peak times.This service does come at a cost of $20/month. However，ChatGPT can not replace Google.ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence robot that provides solutions to your questions，but Google is a search engine in which you can search for as much information as possible.ChatGPT has limited knowledge due to its programming but Google has unlimited knowledge which is updated every day. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文，介绍了ChatGPT的出现和成绩，并对它的优劣势进行了分析。 1．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about ChatGPT? A．Its working theory. B．Its language model. C．Its design inspiration. D．Its development process. 答案　A 解析　段落大意题。根据第二段“ChatGPT remembers the thread(链式消息) of your dialogue...It gets its answers from...ChatGPT is built on top of the OpenAI GPT-3 family...”可知，本段主要描述了ChatGPT的工作原理。故选A。 2．Why does the author list figures in paragraph 3? A．To show the popularity of ChatGPT. B．To stress the high cost of inventing ChatGPT. C．To present the creativity of artificial intelligence. D．To prove the necessity of developing tools for chatting online. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句可知，ChatGPT问世后迅速吸引了大量用户，其扩展速度远超其他社交工具，由此可推知，列数字是为了显示ChatGPT非常受欢迎。故选A。 3．What is ChatGPT Plus intended for? A．Guiding users to experience free services. B．Giving users priority access during peak hours. C．Allowing net surfers to skip advertisements. D．Helping researchers detect the failure of the system. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中“ChatGPT Plus，which allows users to have general access...a cost of $20/month”可知，ChatGPT Plus的设计目的是在高峰时段给予付费用户优先访问权。故选B。 4．What is a limitation of ChatGPT compared with Google? A．It may provide replies unrelated to the questions. B．It can only update information at a fixed time. C．It needs longer to provide solutions. D．It operates based on limited data. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段末句可知，与谷歌相比，ChatGPT的局限性是它基于有限的数据来运作。故选D。 Ⅳ.完形填空 Foster decided to leave behind her life in Texas to Alaska with her husband.They had just 1 a flight to Alaska without much of a plan.So when they 2 ，they had to hitchhike(搭便车) because of having a little money，which made them feel 3 . As they walked down the 4 ，none of the cars slowed down to pick them up，so they even doubted the humanity. 5 ，a car pulled over.Sitting in the driver’s seat was a middle-aged man with bright blue eyes.He told them to 6 . “I’ll never 7 glancing over at him while we were driving down the road and seeing that he 8 the steering wheel(方向盘) the same way my father did，” Foster remembered.“When I saw that，the way his hands were positioned on the steering wheel，I took it as a(n) 9 that I could trust this man.” The man’s 10 in picking them up restored her faith in humanity.And it didn’t 11 there.When he heard the couple was 12 ，he offered them summer jobs and a 13 to live in his farm near Homer，Alaska.They gladly accepted. The 14 impacted Foster to such a degree that she wrote about it in a book titled More Than Everything.Looking back on that time in her life all these years later，she says she’ll never forget that man with the bright 15 eyes. 语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了落魄中的夫妻二人在异乡遇到了好心人相助，重塑生活的信心的故事。 1．A.missed B．designed C．boarded D．canceled 答案　C 解析　根据下文“a flight to Alaska”可知夫妻二人登上航班，故选C。 2．A.debated B．landed C．appeared D．responded 答案　B 解析　根据上文“a flight to Alaska”可知，他们乘坐的是飞机，到了目的地要降落，故选B。 3．A.refreshed B．discouraged C．surprised D．pleased 答案　B 解析　根据上文“they had to hitchhike(搭便车) because of having a little money”可知，夫妻二人现在很落魄，所以是感到心灰意冷的，故选B。 4．A.highway B．corridor C．stair D．railway 答案　A 解析　根据下文“none of the cars slowed down”可知，他们走在公路上，故选A。 5．A.Instead B．Therefore C．Gradually D．Finally 答案　D 解析　根据上文“none of the cars slowed down to pick them up”以及下文“a car pulled over”可知，经过了漫长的过程，他们终于等到了一辆车，故选D。 6．A.sign up B．check in C．get on D．give up 答案　C 解析　根据上文“a car pulled over”可知，这辆车愿意搭载他们，所以司机让他们上车，故选C。 7．A.suggest B．enjoy C．finish D．forget 答案　D 解析　根据文末的“she says she’ll never forget that man”可知，此处指她永不会忘记，故选D。 8．A.recognized B．held C．hugged D．repaired 答案　B 解析　根据空后的宾语“the steering wheel(方向盘)”可知设空处应填表示“握着”的动词，故选B。 9．A.sign B．attempt C．dream D．joke 答案　A 解析　根据上文“he...the same way my father did...the way his hands were positioned on the steering wheel”可知，司机握方向盘的样子让她想起了父亲，这成了使她认为司机可信的迹象，故选A。 10．A.investment B．curiosity C．confidence D．kindness 答案　D 解析　根据下文“picking them up”可知，司机愿意搭载他们是一种善举，故选D。 11．A.stop B．exist C．prove D．function 答案　A 解析　根据下文“he offered them summer jobs”可知，司机并没有停止他的善行，而是继续帮助夫妻二人，故选A。 12．A.unafraid B．unhurt C．unemployed D．uncomfortable 答案　C 解析　根据下文“he offered them summer jobs”可推断，夫妻二人失业了，故选C。 13．A.pond B．place C．cupboard D．company 答案　B 解析　根据下文“to live in his farm”可知司机提供的是住处，故选B。 14．A.panic B．performance C．challenge D．experience 答案　D 解析　根据下文“Looking back on that time in her life all these years later”以及上文中夫妻二人在落魄之时遇见了好心人可知，这对Foster来说是很不平凡的经历，故选D。 15．A.big B．black C．blue D．red 答案　C 解析　根据文章第二段中“a middle-aged man with bright blue eyes”可知司机的眼睛是蓝色的，故选C。 Ⅴ.语法填空 Would you like to be able to see in the dark？One day this might be possible.So far，scientists 1. (perform) experiments on mice.They have given them the ability to see near-infrared(近红外的) light，2. is a kind of light wave mice and humans cannot 3. (common) see.Research teams changed the vision(视力) of the test mice.They injected(注射) special nanoparticles into their eyes.These tiny particles(微粒) let the mice see 4. (well) in the dark than before.The effect of the injections lasted for around ten weeks.The scientists said it would not do harm 5. the eyesight of the mice and the eyes did not suffer from any 6. (harm) side effects. The research is now published，and the researchers say they hope the same tests could 7. (do) with humans.A researcher explained 8. he hopes for the future.He said，“Human beings have been trying to develop new technology to enable abilities that are beyond our natural abilities.” He said future tests could let humans see 9. (thing) in the dark that they cannot see now.And this technology wouldn’t require a person 10. (wear) heavy equipment，such as night-vision goggles. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项能让人们在黑暗中也能看清东西的技术，该技术现在已经被证明在小白鼠身上是可行的。 1．答案　have performed 解析　考查动词时态和主谓一致。空处为句子谓语动词，结合语境和时间状语So far判断为现在完成时，主语scientists是复数，助动词用have。故填have performed。 2．答案　which 解析　考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是light，指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which。 3．答案　commonly 解析　考查副词。修饰动词see应用副词作状语。 4．答案　better 解析　考查副词比较级。根据介词than可知，空处应用副词well的比较级better修饰动词see。 5．答案　to 解析　考查介词。结合句意可知，表达“对……有害”用do harm to。 6．答案　harmful 解析　考查形容词。修饰名词词组side effects应用形容词作定语。 7．答案　be done 解析　考查被动语态。主语tests和do之间为被动关系，且位于情态动词could之后，应用be done表被动。 8．答案　what 解析　考查宾语从句。空处引导宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，且指代事物，应用连接代词what。 9．答案　things 解析　考查名词的数。thing“事物”为可数名词，结合语境可知，看到的事物不止一个，应用复数形式。 10．答案　to wear 解析　考查非谓语动词。表达“要求某人做某事”用require sb to do sth，不定式作宾补。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$