Unit 1 Period Ⅱ Learning About Language-【精彩三年】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册课程探究与巩固Word教参（人教版2019）

Period Ⅱ　Learning About Language(见学生用书P12) Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution. —Albert Einstein 想象力比知识更重要，因为知识是有限的，而想象力拥抱整个世界，推动着进步，为人类进化的源泉。 ——阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 [Build up your vocabulary] 1．__rumour__ n. 谣言；传闻 2．presume vt.& vi. __假设；假定__ 3．fare n. __车费；船费；飞机票价__ 4．__weekly__ adj. 每周的 n. 周刊 5．__on_a．..basis__ 根据；以……的方式(基准) 6．calculate vt. __计算；核算；预测__ 7．__chairwoman__ n. 女主席；女董事长；女委员长 8．gramme n. __克__(重量单位) 9．__flour__n. 面粉；(谷物磨成的)粉 10．__venue__n. 活动场地(如音乐厅、会场等) 11．__salesman__ n. 售货员；推销员 12．alien n. __外星人(生物)；外国人__adj. __陌生的；外星的；外国的__ 1．money paid for work or services, typically on a daily or weekly basis 通常按每天或每周一次的标准为工作或服务支付的钱(教材P4) on a ．.. basis 根据；以……的方式(基准) (1)basis n．基础；根据 form the basis for作为……的基础 on the basis of sth(＝be based on) 根据某事；在某事的基础上 on a daily basis每天 on a regular basis定期 (2)base vt.以……为根据 n．底部；基地；基础 base．.. on/upon．.. ＝be based on/upon 以……为基础；以……为根据 (3)basic adj.基本的；基础的 【活学活用】 (1)This article will form the basis for our discussion. 这篇文章将作为我们讨论的基点。 (2)A good parent­child relationship should be set up __on_the_basis_of__ mutual understanding and respect. 良好的亲子关系应该建立在相互理解和尊重的基础上。 (3)The organisation encourages members to meet __on_a_regular_basis__ as well as provides them with financial support. 本组织鼓励会员定期开会，并向他们提供财政支持。 (4)As far as I’m concerned, marriage __based___ on money is bound to break up. 在我看来，建立在金钱基础上的婚姻必定会破裂。 (5)He showed us the __basic__ skills in making dough figurines. 他向我们展示了制作面人的基本技巧。 (6)单句语法填空。 ①It is hoped that the WTO agreements will serve as a __basis__(base) for strengthening relationships with developing countries. ②The crisis has led to price rises in __basic__ (base) food stuff, such as meat, cheese and sugar. ③The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds on which __to_base__(base) his arguments in favour of the new theory. ④Her latest project is a film __based__(base) on the life of a 19th­century football star. 【写作佳句】 It holds exhibitions of some works of art by true masters on a regular basis, helping you gain a deeper insight into the Chinese paintings and the stories behind. 它定期举办一些真正大师的艺术作品展览，帮助你更深入地了解中国画及其背后的故事。 2．They believe if AI can handle tasks like calculating and driving for us, we will have more time for creating，thinking, and “being human”．他们相信，如果人工智能可以为我们处理计算和驾驶等任务，我们将有更多的时间来创造、思考和“做人”。(教材P4) calculate vt. (to make a mathematical calculation)计算；核算；(to predict in advance)预测 (1)calculate on (＝count/depend on) 期望；指望，依赖 It is/has been calculated that．.. 据估算…… be calculated to do sth旨在做某事；用意在于某事 (2)calculated adj.蓄意的；精心策划的 (3)calculation n．计算；推测；预测；估计 【活学活用】 (1)He calculates that it will take him two years to save up enough for a car. 他算了一下要攒两年的钱才够买辆车。 (2)We calculate __on__ having fine weather for the sports meeting. 我们指望开运动会时有一个好天气。 (3)It has been __calculated__(calculate) that at least 47，000 jobs were lost last year. 据估算，去年至少有4.7万个工作岗位消失。 (4)This advertisement __is_calculated__(calculate) to attract the attention of housewives. 这个广告旨在吸引家庭主妇的注意力。 (5)Dee looked at the bill and made some __calculations__(calculate). 迪看着账单很快地做了一些计算。 【写作佳句】 The length of life is calculated by time, and the value of life is calculated by its contribution. 生命的长短以时间来计算，生命的价值以贡献来计算。 [Review useful structures] ——被动语态 读下列教材原句并感知黑体部分的共性。 1．It was going to be tested out by Larry’s wife, Claire. 2．Claire didn’t want the robot in her house, especially as her husband would be away on a business trip for three weeks，but Larry persuaded her that the robot wouldn’t harm her or allow her to be harmed. 3．Now she was being looked after by a robot that looked so human, and it was disturbing. 4．Claire thought it was ridiculous that she was being offered sympathy by a robot, but she gradually admired his wisdom and integrity and began to trust him. 5．As he was not allowed to accompany her to the shops, he wrote out a list of things that he would need for his work on the house. 6．The saleswoman there was rude to her, so she rang Tony and told him she was being treated badly. 7．How awful to be discovered by her, Claire thought. 8．By that time, Tony expected that the house，which was being completely transformed, would be ready. 我的发现： (1)句1中是过去将来时的被动语态，谓语动词的构成为__was/were_going_to＋be＋动词过去分词__。 (2)句3、4、6、8中是过去进行时的被动语态，谓语动词的构成为 __was/were＋being＋动词过去分词__。 (3)句2、7中使用了不定式的被动语态，其构成形式为__to_be＋动词过去分词__。 (4)句5中是一般过去时的被动语态，谓语动词的构成为__was/were＋动词过去分词__。 英语动词有两种语态，一种是主动语态，一种是被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，则用被动语态。 探究点1　被动语态的基本构成 使用被动语态的句子，其谓语动词的基本构成为“be＋动词过去分词”。其中be无词义，但有人称、数和时态的变化。 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般现在时 do/does am/is/are＋done 一般过去时 did was/were＋done 一般将来时 will do/be going to do will＋be done/be going to be done 现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are＋being done 过去进行时 was/were doing was/were＋being done 现在完成时 has/have done has/have＋been done 过去完成时 had done had＋been done Only one piece of carry­on luggage is allowed for each economy class passenger. 每位经济舱乘客只允许携带一件随身行李。(一般现在时的被动语态) I feel that not enough is being done to protect the local animal. 我觉得对当地动物的保护力度不够。(现在进行时的被动语态) Culture is “to know the best that has been said and thought in the world”. 文化就是“了解世界上最美丽的言辞和最伟大的思想”。(现在完成时的被动语态) I received the sad news that he had been killed in a motorcycle accident. 我得知了他在一场摩托车事故中丧生的噩耗。(过去完成时的被动语态) When I entered the room, I found that the salesman’s salary was being discussed at the meeting. 当我走进房间时，我发现会议上正在讨论销售人员的工资问题。(过去进行时的被动语态) A new bike was bought for me by my parents as a gift last week. 上星期我父母给我买了一辆新自行车作为礼物。(一般过去时的被动语态) Examinees who violate test regulations will be strictly punished to preserve the fairness of . 违反考试规定的考生将受到严厉的惩罚，以维护高考的公平性。(一般将来时的被动语态) 单句语法填空 1．As the construction goes on, more roads __will_be_built__(build) and the metro system will be expanded, which can reduce traffic jams. 2．It is the first time that the actress’s performance __has_been_recognised__(recognise) by the demanding director. 3．Holding one of the photos, Bob started to look back upon the very day when this photo __was_taken__(take) 30 years ago, and he got really emotional. 4．The cake __was_being_baked__(bake) when the power was cut off. 5．They __had_been_warned__(warn) many times before they carried out the plan. 6．The work __will_be_finished__(finish) next month. 7．—Have you handed in your homework yet? —Yes，I have. I guess it __is_being_graded__(grade) now. 8．I will need at least five stamps before my collection __is_completed__(complete). 9．Most of the guests from New Zealand __were_invited__(invite) to the party yesterday. 10．Working efficiency __has_been_improved__(improve) since this new software was adopted. 探究点2　含有情态动词的被动语态 1．肯定句：主语＋情态动词＋be＋动词过去分词＋其他． Life can only be understood backwards, but it must be lived forwards. 理解生活只能向后看，但要过好生活，必须向前看。 2．否定句：主语＋情态动词＋not＋be＋过去分词＋其他． A man must not be judged by his appearance, just as the ocean cannot be measured in gallons. 人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 3．一般疑问句：情态动词＋主语＋be＋动词过去分词＋其他？ Must the homework be handed in by tomorrow? 明天之前家庭作业必须得上交吗？ 4．特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词(不作主语)＋情态动词＋主语＋be＋动词过去分词＋其他？ 特殊疑问词(作主语)＋情态动词＋be＋动词过去分词＋其他？ When can my computer be repaired? 我的电脑什么时候可以修好？ Who might be elected president of the school? 谁可能会当选为校长？ 单句语法填空 1．Truly elegant chopsticks might __be_made__(make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. 2．Computer games will rob people of the time that should otherwise __be_spent__(spend) on something more important. 3．If we had hurried, the project might __have_been_completed__(complete) earlier. 4．Some experts, who disapprove of the project, argue that there could be damage to the sea life and that the marine ecosystem may __be_replaced__ (replace) by dry land. 5．Only by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent can the patients __be_treated__ (treat) properly in this hospital. 6．Two hundred grammes of flour should __be_added__(add) to the cake mix. 探究点3　使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题 1．否定词not的位置：第一个助动词或情态动词之后。 He was extremely disappointed to hear that he would not be given a doctor’s degree. 听说他不会被授予博士学位，他非常失望。 2．主动句的谓语动词带有复合宾语时，应将宾语变成被动句的主语，而将宾语补足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语变为主语补足语)。 We saw him sitting there without doing anything. →He was seen sitting there without doing anything. 我们看到他坐在那儿，什么也没做。 Leo was late for class. Therefore the teacher made him clean the classroom after school. →Leo was late for class. Therefore he was made to clean the classroom after school. 里奥上课迟到了。因此老师让他放学后打扫教室。 在主动语态中，make、hear、see等词后接不定式要省略to，但转换为被动语态时，则要加上to。 3．think, believe, say, report, estimate, consider，know等词可以用于 “it is＋动词过去分词＋that”句型，表示 “据……”。 It is estimated that this TV series will rank first in audience rating this year. 据估计，这部电视剧将在今年的收视率中排名第一。 It is believed that this dish would benefit the muscles, reduce pain, improve circulation, stimulate sweating, and warm the body. 人们相信这道菜对肌肉有益，减轻疼痛、促进血液循环、刺激出汗、温暖身体。 4．带双宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时，可将表示物的直接宾语变为主语，用for或to引出表示人的间接宾语，或将表示人的间接宾语变为主语。 My father is reading me an interesting book now. →An interesting book is being read to me by my father now.(直接宾语变为主语) →I’m being read an interesting book by my father now.(间接宾语变为主语) 我的爸爸正在给我读一本有趣的书。 5．短语动词在主动结构中是不可分割的，在被动结构中也是如此，不可去掉后面的介词或副词。 I was sorry to hear that the old man was often laughed at. 听到那位老人经常被人嘲笑，我很难过。 The baby must be looked after well. 必须好好照看这个婴儿。 单句语法填空 1．Mary doesn’t have to be made __to_study__ (study). She always works hard. 2．The woman was seen __to_enter/entering__(enter) a bank. 3．She was heard __to_get_up__(get up) early this morning，but nobody knew where she had gone. 4．These books are not allowed __to_be_taken__ (take) out of the room. 5．She was last seen __sitting__(sit) by the lake alone. 探究点4　主动形式表示被动意义 1．有些动词，如read、write、clean、wash、wear、burn、draw、cook、keep、cut、open、sell等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，常和副词well、easily、smoothly等连用，且通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 The wine tastes good and sells well. 这种酒品尝起来味道好，很畅销。 This kind of cloth wears long and washes well.这种布料既耐穿又好洗。 This material won’t wear.这种材料不耐穿。 The window won’t shut.这个窗户关不上。 The door won’t open.这扇门打不开。 这些动词的主语一般是表示物的词，且这些物往往具有某种内在的特点，因此含有这些词的句子的时态多用一般现在时或一般将来时。 2．连系动词，如look、sound、smell、feel、taste、remain、seem、hear、appear、prove等后接表语时，一般用主动形式表被动意义。 Please remain seated until all the lights on.请继续坐着，直到所有的灯都亮起来。 Your answer proves (to be) wrong. 你的答案证明是错的。 3．在 need、want、require、deserve、bear及形容词worth后面的动名词形式用主动形式表示被动含义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动语态。 The old bridge is very dangerous; it needs repairing(＝to be repaired). 这座老桥很危险，它需要修理了。 The question deserves discussing(＝to be discussed). 这个问题值得讨论。 Many classics are worth reading(＝to be read) over and over again. 许多经典作品值得一读再读。 4．不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语有fit、wish、cost、agree with、arrive at/in、shake hands with、succeed in、suffer from、happen to、take part in、walk into、belong to等。 This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙正好配这把锁。 Your story agrees with what we have heard. 你的叙述和我们听到的一致。 5．某些表示“发生(happen、take place)”“爆发(break out)”“传播(spread)”等的不及物动词(短语)在句子中表达被动含义。 Great changes have taken place these years in my home town. 这些年来，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。 Word spread fast that the area was to be demolished. 这个地区要被拆除的消息很快传开了。 6．由介词for、on、above、under等构成的短语经常可以表达被动含义。 Some of her photos are on display in this exhibition. 她的一些照片在这次展览中展出。(on display是主动形式，表达被动含义) Your application for the post is under consideration. ＝Your application for the post is being considered. 你对这个职位的申请正在被考虑。 常见的有此类用法的短语还有：under arrest/attack/discussion/examination/repair等。 单句语法填空 1．The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift __writes__(write) smoothly. 2．We are told that the flowers need __watering/to_be_watered__(water) every day. 3．What he said at the meeting __sounded__(sound) encouraging. 4．Though established by his father, the company __belongs__(belong) to him now. 5．Fierce war __broke__(break) out in the already poor country. 6．To our great relief, the whole matter is under __discussion__(discuss). 探究点5　动词不定式的被动语态 1．动词不定式的被动语态由“to＋be＋动词过去分词”构成。 I am very happy to be invited to the party. 我很高兴被邀请参加晚会。 The room seems to have been broken into. 似乎有人闯进过这个房间。 2．动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义的情况 (1)动词不定式与被修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系，且句中出现了动作的逻辑主语时，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 The villager will show you the secret path to take. 这位村民将告诉你要走的秘密小道。 We still have many poor children to take care of. 我们仍有许多贫困儿童要去照看。 (1)如果动词不定式表示的动作的执行者在主语或宾语中没有出现，则用不定式的被动形式。 I’ll go to the post office. Do you have anything to be posted? 我要去邮局。你有什么东西要邮寄吗？(此句中的post的执行者不是句子的主语you而是I) (2)在“主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式”句型中，当句子的主语是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。常见的这类形容词有amusing、comfortable、dangerous、difficult、easy、fit、hard、important、impossible、interesting、nice、pleasant、funny等。 The water is not fit to drink, so I’ll buy a bottle of water for you in the shop. 这水不宜饮用，因此我将去商店给你买一瓶水。 The armchair is comfortable to sit in. Let’s buy one. 这种扶手椅坐着很舒服。 我们买一把吧。 (3)在too．.. to．..结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，此时不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。 These fancy clothes may even be too expensive for us to buy. 这些花哨的衣服甚至可能太贵了，我们买不起。 The problem is too difficult for us to work out. 这道题太难了，我们解不出来。 (4)某些动词(如blame, rent)的不定式用在be 后作表语时，用主动形式表被动意义。 The police thought that the careless driver was to blame for the accident. 警察认为这个粗心的司机应该为这次事故负责。 The total number of shared bikes, which are easy to rent through smartphone apps, is increasing rapidly. 共享单车的数量正不断增加，人们通过智能手机中的应用软件就能轻松租借。 (5)动词不定式与疑问词连用时，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 With so many books at home, Tom had no idea which book to read first. 家里有这么多书，汤姆不知道先读哪一本。 3．“get＋动词过去分词”也可以表示被动语态。 该结构中，get和be动词一样是助动词。该结构一般用来谈论主语的变化或遭受不好的事情。 My hair is too long and I will get it cut tomorrow. 我的头发太长了，我明天要去剪头发。 I got my ankle sprained while doing sports. 我做运动时扭伤了脚踝。 单句语法填空 1．We got a little __sunburnt__(sunburn), but the day had been so relaxing that we didn’t mind. 2．We have four reading passages __to_complete__(complete) in the coming holiday. 3．The old man found the computer was hard__to_operate__(operate). 4．As for the two choices, he didn’t know which one __to_pick__(pick) up. 5．The policy is partly __to_blame__(blame) for causing the worst unemployment in Europe. 6．It’s a pity __to_be_kept__(keep) in the house in such fine weather. 7．His mother left the small village, never to__be_seen__(see) again. 8．The party __to_be_held__(hold) next weekend is very important for her. 9．The water in that river is unfit __to_drink__(drink). 10．It is the first such project __to_be_designed__(design) by Chinese engineers next week. 温馨说明：课后请完成高效作业2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$