Unit 3 Section Ⅲ Discovering Useful Structures-【正禾一本通】2024-2025学年高中英语必修第三册同步课堂高效讲义教师用书（人教版2019）

Section Ⅲ　Discovering Useful Structures Mom was in the kitchen.She talked ①while preparing their supper.She said to Tom，“②Look out for cars when crossing the street.” She let Tom wait for a while ③if necessary.However, Tom didn't respond.She hurriedly left the room ④ as if angry.Seeing this, Tom felt sorry and ⑤ frightened, so he ran to Mom and apologized to her. 加黑处①时间状语从句的省略 加黑处②祈使句中主语的省略 加黑处③if条件状语从句的省略 加黑处④as if从句省略 加黑处⑤简单句中谓语的省略 省　略 为了避免重复，或为了使句子更简练，在一些句子中常常省去一个或某几个成分，这种语法现象在英语中叫省略。在英语句子中，常见的省略情况有以下几种： 一、简单句中的省略 1．省略主语：一般情况下，主语是不能省略的，但在祈使句和其他不容易引起歧义的情况下，特别是在口语中，主语常常省略，主要是祈使句中的you和疑问句中的主语。 ①(You) Shut up！住嘴！ ②(You) Want a hand？需要帮忙吗？ ③(I) Beg your pardon.请再说一遍。 ④(It) Doesn't matter.没关系。 2．省略宾语：当上、下或前、后两个句子的宾语一致时，下句或后句常省略宾语。 —Do you know Miss Gao? —I don't know (her). ——您认识高女士吗？ ——不认识。 3．省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)：在某些具体的场合下，主语和谓语都很明确，此时为了简化或显得亲切等，可将主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)同时省略，只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分。 ①(You come) This way，please. 请往这边走。(省略了主语和谓语) ②(Have you) Got any ink? 你有墨水吗？(省略了主语和谓语的一部分) ————即学即练1———— 写出下列句子的省略形式 ①It doesn't matter. →Doesn't matter. ②Is there anyone here to wait on us? →Anyone here to wait on us? ③It sounds interesting. →Sounds interesting. ④What a clever boy he is! →What a clever boy! 二、并列句中的省略 在由and或but连接的并列句中，常省略一些重复的词或词组。 1．省略共同的主语或宾语。 Tom picked up a book on the floor and (Tom) handed it to his teacher. 汤姆在地板上捡起了一本书并把它交给了他的老师。 2．若主语不同，而谓语部分的系动词、助动词或情态动词相同，则省略后面的系动词、助动词或情态动词。 Jack must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework. 杰克肯定一直在踢足球，玛丽肯定一直在做作业。 3．若主语与谓语动词相同，则省略后面的主谓成分。 His advice made me happy，but (his advice made) Jim angry. 他的建议使我高兴，却使吉姆生气。 4．若主语不同，但主要动词及后续部分相同，则省略主要动词及后续部分。 He has a knowledge of first aid but his friend doesn't (have a knowledge of first aid). 他具备急救知识，但他朋友不具备。 ————即学即练2———— 还原下列省略结构 ①Some of us study Japanese and others English. →Some of us study Japanese and others study English． ②He is a programmer and I am，too. →He is a programmer and I am a programmer，too． ③I work in a factory and my brother on a farm. →I work in a factory and my brother works on a farm． 三、复合句中的省略 1．状语从句的省略 (1)在when，while，if，as if，though，although，as，until，once，whether，unless，whenever等连接的状语从句中，当从句主语跟主句主语相同或从句的主语为it且从句谓语中含有be动词时，则从句中的主语和be动词常被省略。 ①When (she was) questioned, she denied being a member of the group. 当被审问时，她否认是该组织的成员。 ②Whenever (it is) possible，they would stop him and ask him the three questions. 只要有可能，他们就让他停下并问他这三个问题。 ③Will you be free this Sunday？If (it is) so, let's go camping. 这个周日你有空吗？如果有，我们去野营吧。 【点拨】　省略句中的谓语动词和主语之间构成主动关系，则使用现在分词；若构成被动关系，则使用过去分词；若谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则使用不定式。 When (it is) heated, ice can turn into water. 加热的时候冰可以变成水。 (2)在than，as等引导的比较状语从句中常省略某些成分。 ①They don't use more water than (it is) necessary. 他们按需用水。 ②He runs as fast as Bob (runs). 他和鲍勃跑得一样快。 【点拨】　并非所有的状语从句都可以省略主语和be动词，由after，before，because等词引导的状语从句一般要改写成介词短语、分词短语等，用动名词代替be动词。 Because he was ill，he didn't attend the meeting. →Because of being ill，he didn't attend the meeting.(正) →Being ill，he didn't attend the meeting.(正) →Because ill，he didn't attend the meeting.(误) 由于生病了，他没有出席会议。 2．定语从句的省略 (1)在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom，which，that可省略(但whom，which紧跟在介词后时不能省略)。 The exact year (which/that) Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. 安吉拉和她的家人一起在中国度过的那一年是2008年。 (2)way表示“方式，方法”时，关系词that/in which可以省略。 The way (that/in which) he speaks to us is really annoying. 他对我们讲话的方式真是让人讨厌。 3．宾语从句的省略 (1)及物动词后接宾语从句时，连接词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。 ①I truly believe (that) beauty comes from within. 我真的相信美丽来自内心。 ②He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 他说这篇课文很重要，我们应该牢记在心。 (2)when，where，how和why引导的宾语从句有时可以仅保留引导词。 I know that a movie star will come to our city but I don't know when (he will come to our city). 我知道一个电影明星将要来我们市，但我不知道他什么时候来。 ————即学即练3———— (1)单句语法填空 ①When walking (walk)the dog on the street，you can't be careful enough. ②When exercising (exercise), the need for oxygen is increased. ③When asked (ask)about his marriage，he made no answer. ④The climate here is quite pleasant，the temperature rarely，if ever，reaching 30 ℃ in summer. ⑤He rubbed his eyes and yawned as if waking (wake)up after a long sleep. ⑥Once caught (catch)stealing in a supermarket, you will be punished. (2)写出下列句中能省略的部分 ⑦I believe that she will help you and that you will succeed.第一个that ⑧I'll give you all that I have as long as you are happy.that ⑨Whenever it is possible，he will come to my help.it is ⑩He was knocked down while he was crossing the street.he was 四、其他情况的省略 1．动词不定式的省略 (1)当不定式在形容词afraid，anxious，eager，glad，happy，ready，willing等后作状语时，to后的内容常省略。 You can't force him to answer the question if he's not ready to (answer the question). 如果他没有准备好回答这个问题，你不能强迫他。 (2)某些使役动词，如make，let，have等和感官动词，如see，watch，notice，observe，hear等后面作宾补的不定式须省略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则to不省略。 We often hear her sing an English song in the classroom. →She is often heard to sing an English song in the classroom.(被动语态) 我们经常听见她在教室唱英文歌。 (3)并列的不定式可以省略后面的不定式符号to。但若两个不定式之间表示对比关系时，不能省略to。 ①He likes to swim more than (to) skate. 比起溜冰他更喜欢游泳。 ②He believes it important to study rather than to make friends.(比较) 他认为重要的是学习而不是交朋友。 (4)介词but，except (除了) 前有实义动词do的某种形式时，后面的不定式不带to。 All he could do was nothing but wait and see. 他所能做的只有静静等待。 (5)主语带do表语省to的情况 如果主语是由“all＋定语从句”“thing＋定语从句”“what­从句”“thing＋不定式”等构成，且含有动词do的某种形式，用作表语的不定式可以省略to。 ①All you can do now is (to) complete the form. 你现在所要做的就是把这张表填好。 ②The only thing to do now is (to) go on. 前进是现在唯一的出路。 (6)当不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，为避免重复常可省略重复内容。常见的动词有agree，afford，expect，forget，hope，know，manage，pretend，remember，refuse，want，wish，would like等。 You can go with us if you want to (go with us). 如果你想去可以和我们一起去。 (7)当不定式在be going to，be able to，have to，ought to，used to后作复合谓语时，不定式内容可省略。 They didn't visit their parents as much as they ought to (visit their parents). 他们应该多看望父母，但他们没有。 【点拨】　省略的不定式内容若含有作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时，to后要保留原形的have或be。类似这样用法的动词短语有ought to，be going to，be about to，be supposed to，have to，used to及形容词glad，happy，pleased，delighted等。 ①He didn't come, but he ought to have. 他没来，但他应该来。 ②—Are you a farmer? —No，but I used to be (a farmer). ——你是个农民吗？ ——不是，但我过去是。 2．使用so，not等时的省略 在英语中，可以用so，not或其他方式来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。 —Can you finish your work today? —I think so./I don't think so./I think not. ——你今天能完成工作吗？ ——我认为能。/我认为不能。 【点拨】　hope，guess，be afraid的否定形式只能用not的形式，不能用not...so的形式。 —The boys are not doing a good job at all，are they? —I guess not. ——这些男孩子们工作做得一点儿也不好，不是吗？ ——我猜是没做好。 3．介词的省略 一些与动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常常可以省略，而保留介词后的动名词。常见的结构有： ①have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth ②be busy (in) doing sth ③spend some time (in) doing sth ④stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth The heavy rain prevented him (from) arriving there on time. 大雨使得他没能按时到达那里。 ————即学即练4———— (1)单句语法填空 ①—Did you tell him the news? —I ought to have，but I didn't know how to speak. ②—Are you an engineer? —No, but I want to be． ③My parents encouraged me to go to college, but I didn't want to． ④—Does your brother intend to study German? —Yes, he intends to． (2)写出下列句中黑体词后省略的部分 ⑤The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him not to.ride his bicycle in the street ⑥—Would you like to join me for a quick lunch before class? —I'd like to，but I promised Nancy to go out with her.join you for a quick lunch before class ⑦You can't force him to read the poetry if he's not ready to.read the poetry ⑧You can go with us if you want to.go with us fold vt.包；裹；折叠vt.& vi.(可)折小；(可叠平) (1)fold up 折叠；关闭 fold one's arms 交叉双臂 (2)unfold vt.展开；打开 【练透】　完成句子 ①他交叉双臂靠在墙上等待。 He folded his arms and leaned against the wall while waiting. ②这张桌子在不使用时容易折叠并存放起来。 The table is easy to fold up and store when not in use. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$