课文助读(9) Unit5 Understanding ideas-【正禾一本通】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册同步课堂高效讲义晨背晚默（外研版2019）

课文助读(九) Understanding ideas 教材原文助读 ◎ ①intrigue v．(因奇特或神秘而)激起……的兴趣，引起……的好奇心 ②make an incredible discovery 有惊人的发现 ③star charts 星图 ④through comparison 通过比较 ⑤correspond to 符合，与……相一致 correspond vi.相一致，符合 ⑥bury v．将……埋在下面 ⑦extend vi.延伸(距离)，延续(时间) ⑧representative adj.典型的，有代表性的 n．代表 ⑨step pyramids 阶梯金字塔 pyramid n．金字塔 ⑩astronomy n．天文学 astronomer n．天文学家 ⑪apply...to... 把……运用到…… ⑫calendar n．历法；日历 solar calendar 阳历 lunar calendar 阴历，农历 ⑬accurate adj.精确的；正确无误的 ⑭on top of... 除……之外 ⑮a writing system 文字系统 ⑯complicated adj.难懂的，复杂的 [同义]complex adj.复杂的 [反义]simple adj.简单的 ⑰interpret vt.诠释，说明 ⑱primitive adj.原始的，远古的；发展水平低的，落后的 ⑲at sth.'s peak＝at the peak of sth.在……的巅峰，在……高峰期 ⑳claim riches 索取财富 riches n．财富 ㉑remaining adj.剩下的，剩余的 ㉒deadly adj.致命的 ㉓wetland n．湿地，沼泽地 ㉔canal n．运河 ㉕landscape n．风景，景色 ㉖unknowingly adv.不知不觉地 ㉗natural disasters 自然灾害 ㉘far fewer 更少的 ㉙tropical cyclones 热带气旋 tropical adj.来自热带的；产于热带的 cyclone n．气旋；旋风 ㉚downfall n．衰败 ㉛fall into ruin (因无人照料而)衰落，败落 ruin n．残垣断壁；废墟 ◎ The Mysteries of THE MAYA [1]Intrigued① by Maya civilisation from a very young age, 15­year­old Canadian William Gadoury thought he had made an incredible discovery② from his study of ancient star charts③.Through comparison④，he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to⑤ the positions of the stars.Based on this，he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city [2]buried⑥ deep in the jungle.Although this theory has beed dismissed by scholars, it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people. [1]动词­ed形式短语作状语。 [2]动词­ed形式短语作后置定语，相当于定语从句“which was buried deep in the jungle”。 It isn't difficult to see why.Extending⑦ south from parts of [3]what we now know as Mexico into Central America，Maya civilisation has been surrounded by mystery since its rediscovery in the 19th century. The Maya built impressive palaces and temples，including their representative⑧ step pyramids⑨.[4]What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels，metal tools or even animal power.The Maya's understanding of mathematics and astronomy⑩ was also quite amazing.They applied this understanding to⑪ the Maya calendar⑫，[5]which was accurate⑬ to within 30 seconds per year．On top of⑭ all this was an achievement unique in the Americas at that time：a true writing system⑮.It contained more than 800 characters，[6]with some signs representing animals，people and objects and others representing syllables．[7]It was a writing system so complicated⑯ that，so far，no one has been able to interpret⑰ it completely. [3]what引导宾语从句，在从句中作know的宾语。 [4]本句是主从复合句，主干是主系表结构。What引导主语从句，how引导表语从句。 [5]which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the Maya calendar，在从句中作主语。 [6]此处是with复合结构，some signs与第一个represent和others与第二个represent之间均为逻辑上的主谓关系。 [7]本句含有so...that...句型，that引导结果状语从句。 The fact [8]that Maya society was technologically primitive⑱ makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious.But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities.By 700 AD，Maya civilisation was at its peak⑲.Yet，within just a couple of generations，it began to mysteriously decline.The cities were left to be taken back by the jungle.When Europeans arrived in Central America in the early 16th century to claim its riches⑳，the remaining㉑ Maya people were living in small settlements. [8]that引导同位语从句，对主句的主语The fact作解释说明。 Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery.Was it a natural disaster？A deadly㉒ disease？Conflicts between cities？Or was it a combination of several different factors？Some research seems to indicate that the Maya people themselves may have played a part in their downfall. They had turned wetlands㉓ into fields for growing grains，and had dug huge canal㉔ systems.As their population expanded，yet more land was needed for agriculture and more trees for construction.By changing the landscape㉕ in this way，[9]it is possible that the Maya people unknowingly㉖ reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters㉗． [9]it is possible that...表示“很可能……”，it作形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语。“to deal with natural disasters”作ability的后置定语。 Research also suggests that those natural disasters may have led to the decline of the Maya.Some recent studies have found that there were far fewer㉘ tropical cyclones㉙ than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD.This is likely to have led to a series of droughts，[10]each lasting for a couple of years，including a “megadrought”around 900 AD.[11]Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places.These droughts would have led to food shortages，conflicts and，ultimately，the downfall㉚ of the cities. [10]独立主格结构。each指的是each drought，与last是逻辑上的主谓关系。 [11]本句是主从复合句，that引导宾语从句；其中含有一个why引导的定语从句，修饰先行词reason。 [12]Whatever the reasons，Maya civilisation largely disappeared within the deep jungle.Its once­great cities fell into ruin㉛，[13]leaving various mysteries for later people to solve.Meanwhile, the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about our own past, present and future. [12]Whatever引导让步状语从句，reasons后省略了were。 [13]动词­ing形式短语作结果状语。 ◎ 玛雅之谜 十五岁的加拿大少年威廉·甘德瑞自幼便对玛雅文明着迷，他认为自己通过研究古老星象图有了惊人发现。通过比较，他发现117座已知的玛雅城市的位置和星象的位置是对应的。据此，他认为自己发现了一座隐藏于丛林深处的尚未为人所知的玛雅城市的位置。尽管学者们对他的理论不予理会，但这表明古玛雅文明的奥秘在人们心中的分量。 这背后的原因不难发现。玛雅文明的范围从现今墨西哥的部分区域向南延伸至中美洲，自19世纪玛雅文明被再次发现以来，它就一直围绕着一种神秘色彩。玛雅人建造了恢宏的宫殿和庙宇，其中包括他们的代表性建筑阶梯金字塔。这些复杂建筑最非同寻常之处在于，玛雅人是如何在没有使用机轮、金属工具甚至畜力的情况下建造它们的。玛雅人对数学和天文学的认识也十分令人惊叹。他们将这些认识应用到了玛雅历法中，该历法精确度极高，每年误差不超过30秒。除此之外，还有一项当时在美洲独一无二的成就：一套真正的文字系统。这套文字系统包含800多个字符，一些符号代表动物、人和物，另一些代表音节。这套文字系统很复杂，以至于到目前为止没有人可以将其完全解读。 玛雅社会的科技水平十分原始，这一事实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信、神秘莫测。但最大的谜团是玛雅人为何抛弃了他们的大部分城市。到公元700年时，玛雅文明如日中天。然而，仅仅在几代之内，玛雅文明开始神秘地衰落。城市荒废，任凭丛林蚕食取代。16世纪早期，欧洲人来到中美洲攫取财富时，只剩下一些玛雅人居住在小村落里。 玛雅文明倾颓的原因一直是个谜。究竟是自然灾害、致命疾病、城市间的冲突，抑或是几个不同因素叠加所致呢？某些研究似乎暗示，玛雅人自己是导致其衰落的掘墓人。他们将湿地变成了种植庄稼的田地，还开凿了巨大的运河系统。随着人口增长，人们需要更多土地以发展农业，需要更多树林以修建建筑物。通过这种方式改变地貌，玛雅人可能在不知不觉中减弱了自己应对自然灾害的能力。 研究也表明，那些自然灾害可能导致了玛雅的衰落。最近一些研究发现，公元700年到公元1000年之间，热带气旋的数量远远少于往常。这可能导致了一系列旱灾，每次旱灾都持续若干年，其中就包括公元900年左右的那场“百年不遇的旱灾”。许多科学家认为，这些旱灾是玛雅文明在不同地方以不同速度开始衰落的主要原因。这些旱灾会导致食物短缺、冲突频仍，最后导致城市的衰败。 无论原因如何，玛雅文明几乎消失在了丛林深处。曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下许多谜团等待后人解开。同时，玛雅文明的崛起与衰落必定也让我们思考自己的过去、现在与将来。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$