8 UNIT2 Section Ⅳ Extended reading & Project-【正禾一本通】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第二册同步课堂高效讲义教师用书（译林版2020）

Section Ⅳ　Extended reading & Project & Assessment …………………………………………………………………………………◎ ①idiom n. 习语，成语 ②inseparable adj. 分不开的，不可分离的 ③day­to­day life 日常生活 ④find one's way into 偶然到来，无意中处于 ⑤league n. 联赛；等级，级别 ⑥opposing adj.对抗的；相反的 ⑦net n．球门网；网，网状物 ⑧score vi. 得分 ⑨insurance n．保险业；保险；保险费 ⑩annual sales target年度销售目标 ⑪complain vi.& vt. 抱怨，投诉 ⑫accidentally adv.意外地，偶然地； 意外失误地 ⑬unintentionally adv.无意地，非故意地 ⑭interest n．利益，好处 ⑮the local council地方议会 ⑯backfire vi.产生事与愿违的不良(或危险)后果 ⑰expression n．词语 ⑱in the ballpark差不多 ⑲a ballpark estimate大致相近的估计 ⑳venue n．活动场地 assume vt.假定；假设；认为 handle vt.处理，应付；控制，操纵n.把手，拉手；柄 respond to回应；响应 hit the ball 击球 opponent n. 对手，竞争者 below the belt 不公正的，伤人的 cruel adj.刻毒伤人的，残酷的 remark n．谈论，言论 vi.& vt.说起，评论 literally adv.真正地，确实地；按字面，字面上 end the fight 结束抗战 challenging adj.富于挑战性的，困难而有趣的 ◎………………………………………………………………………………… Sports idioms① Every language has its idioms，which are groups of words with meanings different from the meanings of the individual words【1】．Idioms make language more colourful and expressive.Since sport is an inseparable② part of day­to­day life③，there are lots of sports idioms that have found their way into④ everyday language【2】．Let's take a look at some of them! 【1】which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词idioms。 【2】that引导定语从句，修饰先行词idioms。 Football Football (or soccer，as it is called in the USA)is one of the most popular sports in the world and many countries have their own football leagues⑤.The English language is full of idioms which are thought to have come from football． As you know【3】，in a football match，players try to kick or head the ball into the opposing⑥ team's goal，which is the net⑦ between two big goalposts fixed to the ground【4】．Can you imagine that every time you have a chance to score【5】⑧，the goalposts are moved？That would be not only difficult，but also upsetting.If someone“moves the goalposts” in everyday life，it means they unfairly change the rules or requirements for something【6】．An insurance⑨ salesman who is about to reach his annual sales target⑩，only for the company to make the target higher，could rightly complain⑪ about the company moving the goalposts. 【3】as引导定语从句，as意为“正好”。 【4】which引导定语从句，修饰先行词goal。 【5】every time引导时间状语从句。 【6】画线部分为省略从属连词that的宾语从句，作动词means的宾语。 Thankfully，goalposts do not really move—but when a player scores an own goal，he or she might wish they did.“Scoring an own goal”in football means accidentally⑫ kicking or heading the ball into one's own net，and【7】 it is one of the worst things that can happen to a football player.If someone makes a bad mistake which unintentionally⑬ harms their own interests⑭，they are said to have scored an own goal.You might see this expression in the newspapers when the local council⑮ makes a decision which backfires⑯ terribly【8】！ 【7】and为并列连词，连接两个并列句。 【8】which引导定语从句，修饰先行词a decision。 Baseball Baseball is an old and popular sport that has given the English language many different idioms.You might have heard expressions⑰ like“in the ballpark⑱” or “a ballpark estimate⑲”．The venue⑳ where a baseball game is played【9】 is called a ballpark.So，even if we do not know exactly where the ball is during the game【10】，we can assume that it is somewhere in the ballpark.For this reason，people use the expression“in the ballpark”or“a ballpark estimate”to talk about rough estimates. Another common baseball expression is“throwing someone a curveball”．Curveballs are balls that suddenly turn in the air，and these are of course difficult for the other team to handle.We use this expression to describe things that are unexpected and difficult to respond to.“Three strikes and you are out”is another idiom that comes from baseball.As it suggests【11】，in baseball this means that a batter (the person with the baseball bat in his or her hands)is out after making three unsuccessful attempts to hit the ball.This idiom is often used to talk about situations where people fail after wasting three chances. 【9】where引导定语从句，修饰先行词the venue。 【10】even if引导让步状语从句；where引导宾语从句，作动词know的宾语。 【11】as引导定语从句，as意为“正好”。 Boxing English also has a large number of idioms connected with boxing，which has been a popular sport for thousands of years.A boxer is not allowed to use his or her fists to hit the opponent below the waist.Hence comes the idiom“below the belt”．In day­to­day life，if someone makes an unfair and cruelremark，we can describe it as“below the belt”． “Throwing in the towel”is another common idiom that comes from boxing.When a boxer is losing badly and is too tired or confused to give up on his or her own，the coach will literally throw a towel into the ring to end the fight.In everyday life，this idiom simply means admitting defeat and giving up. Sport is challengingand so is life【12】．However，when you are thrown a curveball，do not throw in the towel—work hard，be careful not to score an own goal，and you are sure to make it! 体育习语 每种语言都有自己的习语。习语是一组词汇，它的意思不同于每个单独的词。习语让语言更为丰富多彩、更具表现力。由于体育运动是日常生活中不可缺失的一部分，许多体育习语也已融入人们的日常语言。让我们来看看其中几个吧！ 足球 足球(football，在美国又叫soccer)，是世界上最受欢迎的体育运动之一，许多国家都有自己的足球联赛。英语中有许多习语被认为源自足球。 如你所知，在一场足球比赛中，球员们试图将球踢进或顶进对方球队的球门，也就是固定在地上的两根粗大门柱之间的那张球门网。你能想象，每次你有机会进球时，门柱却被移动了吗？那样的情形不仅难以应对，而且令人沮丧。如果在日常生活中有人move the goalposts(移动门柱)，意味着这些人不公正地改变了某件事情的规则或要求。如果一位保险销售员就快达到年度销售目标了，而公司却在这时提高了销售目标，那么他就可以正当地抱怨公司move the goalposts。 谢天谢地，门柱并不会真的移动——但是当一名球员score an own goal(进乌龙球)时，他或她说不定会希望球门真能移动。在足球中，进乌龙球的意思是不小心将球踢进或顶进了自己队的球门，而这是一名球员所能遇到的最糟糕的情况之一。如果有人犯下了无意中损害自身利益的严重错误，那么人们就会说，这样的人是在进乌龙球。如果地方议会作出了一项决策，结果却适得其反，那么你也许就会在报纸上看到这个说法！ 棒球 棒球是一项古老而广受欢迎的体育运动，它也为英语提供了许多不同的习语。你也许听过in the ballpark(在棒球场里)或是a ballpark estimate(大致相近的估计)这样的说法。进行棒球比赛的场地被称为棒球场(ballpark)。因此，即便我们在棒球比赛中并不知道球的准确位置，我们仍然可以认定它就在球场内的某处。为此，人们会用in the ballpark或者a ballpark estimate这样的说法来谈论粗略的估计。 另一个常见的棒球相关说法是throw someone a curveball(给某人扔一个曲线球)。曲线球(curveball)是指能在空中突然转向的球，而这种球必然会让对方球队难以应付。我们用这个说法来形容那些出乎意料又难以应对的事情。three strikes and you are out(三振出局)是另一个来自棒球的习语。正如字面意思所说，三振出局在棒球运动中指的是击球手(手持棒球球棒的人)如果连续三次未能击中，就会出局。这个习语经常用于谈论某人错失三次良机后失败的情况。 拳击 英语中也有大量习语与拳击有关，这是一项数千年来一直很受欢迎的运动。拳击手不允许用拳头击打对手腰部以下的部位。因此有了below the belt(腰部以下，意为不正当的、伤人的)这个习语。在日常生活中，如果有人发表了有失公允的刻薄评论，我们就可以形容这种评论是below the belt。 Throw in the towel(扔毛巾)是另一个来自拳击的常用习语。当一名拳击手输得很惨，并且因太过疲惫或思维太混乱而无法自己宣告放弃时，教练就会真的扔一条毛巾到擂台上，示意结束对抗。在日常生活中，这个习语就是“承认失败，放弃”的意思。 体育运动充满了挑战，生活同样也是如此。然而，当你接到一个曲线球时，不要放弃——努力奋斗，注意别进乌龙球，你就一定会成功！ 第一步　文本整体理解：理清文章架构 1．What does the passage mainly talk about? A．Introduction of some sports idioms. B．Argument of some sports idioms. C．Comment on some sports idioms. D．Popularity of some sports idioms. 答案：　A 2．Match with the main idea of each part. Part Ⅰ(Para.1)　　　 A．Idioms about boxing. Part Ⅱ(Paras.2－4) B．Conclusion. Part Ⅲ(Paras.5－6) C．Introduction of sports idiom. Part Ⅳ(Paras.7－8) D．Idioms about football. Part Ⅴ(Para.9) E．Idioms about baseball. 答案：　PartⅠ－PartⅤ：CDEAB 第二步　文本细节理解：探寻语篇细节信息 Read the text carefully and choose the best answers. 1．What do we learn about idioms? A．They are easy to understand literally. B．They bring much trouble to people. C．They only exist in written language. D．They make the languages colorful. 2．Which of the following can be seen as an act of “moving the goalposts”？ A．To change the target in the process. B．To stick to the rules or requirements. C．To fix two big goalposts to the ground. D．To head the ball into the opposing team's goal. 3．How does a player feel if he or she scores an own goal? A．Very excited.　　　　 B．Very upset. C．A little delighted. D．A little disappointed. 4．Which expression can be used to talk about rough estimates? A．In the ballpark. B．Hitting below the belt. C．Three strikes and you are out. D．Throwing someone a curve ball. 5．Which of the following is forbidden in a boxing competition? A．To give up when tired. B．To make cruel remarks. C．To hit below the belt. D．To use his or her fists. 答案：　1－5　DABAC 第三步　难句解构 1．As you know，in a football match，players try to kick or head the ball into the opposing team's goal，which is the net between two big goalposts fixed to the ground. [句式分析]　本句为主从复合句。as引导定语从句，as在从句中作宾语；which引导非限制性定语从句，which在从句中作主语。 [尝试翻译]　如你所知，在一场足球比赛中，球员们试图将球踢进或顶进对方球队的球门，也就是固定在地上的两根粗大门柱之间的那张球门网。 2．So，even if we do not know exactly where the ball is during the game，we can assume that it is somewhere in the ballpark. [句式分析]　本句为主从复合句。even if引导让步状语从句，where引导宾语从句；that引导宾语从句。 [尝试翻译]　因此，即便我们在棒球比赛中并不知道球的准确位置，我们仍然可以认定它就在球场内的某处。 [核心单词] 1．an idiom　　　　　　　　　 一个习语 2．clip the ball into the net 把球斜击入球网 3．a simple handle 一个简单的手柄 4．shake a fist at us 向我们晃拳头 5．a sharp remark 尖刻的话语 6．literally speaking 照字义来说 [拓展单词] 1．opposing adj.对抗的；相反的→oppose vt.反对；抵制；阻挠→opposed adj.反对的；不赞成的 2．insurance n．保险业；保险；保险费→ insure vt.投保；确保，保证 3．complain vi.& vt.抱怨，投诉 → complaint n．抱怨，投诉 4．unintentionally adv. 无意地，非故意地→ intend vi.& vt.打算；计划；想要→intention n．打算；目的；意图 5．cruel adj. 刻毒伤人的，残酷的→ cruelty n．残忍；虐待 [重点短语] 第一组　汉译英 1．find_one's_way_into　　　 偶然来到，无意中处于 2．respond_to 对……作出反应；答复；对 ……作出回答/回应 3．throw_in_the_towel 认输，承认失败 4．make_it (经历艰难困苦后)成功 5．connect...with... 把……与……联系起来 第二组　英译汉 6．move the goalposts　　　　改变条件(或规则) 7．in the ballpark 差不多 8．score an own goal 进乌龙球；无意中做让自己吃亏的事 9．a ballpark estimate 大致相近的估计 10．throw sb. a curveball 给某人出难题_ 11．three strikes and you are out 三振出局 12．below the belt 不公正的，伤人的 [典型句式] 根据课文语境和汉语提示补全句子 1．as引导定语从句 As_you_know(如你所知)，in a football match，players try to kick or head the ball into the opposing team's goal. 2．every time引导时间状语从句 Can you imagine that every_time_you_have_a_chance_to_score(每次你有机会进球时)，the goalposts are moved? 3．副词作状语，修饰整个句子 Thankfully(谢天谢地)，goalposts do not really move. opposing adj.对抗的；相反的 (教材原句)As you know，in a football match，players try to kick or head the ball into the opposing team's goal. 如你所知，在一场足球比赛中，球员们试图将球踢进或顶进对方球队的球门。 (1)oppose vt.　　　　　 反对；抵制；阻挠 oppose (doing) sth. 反对(做)某事 (2)opposed adj. 反对的；不赞成的 be opposed to 反对 as opposed to sth. 与某事物相反；而非某事物 [佳句]　Water is the opposing force to fire. 水火不相容。 ◎基础练透——单句语法填空 ①Most local people oppose building (build) a new airport. ②She remained bitterly opposed to the idea of moving abroad. ③Although the EU is united in opposing(oppose) the conflict in Ukraine，they are divided on how the issue of the Ukrainian refugees should be settled. ◎能力提升——微写作/一句多译 ④学生们讨论想法，而不是单纯照搬课本。 Students discuss ideas，as_opposed_to just copying from books. 大多数委员会成员反对这个想法，因为它相当不切实际。 ⑤Most committee members oppose_the_idea because it is rather impractical.(oppose) ⑥Most committee members are_opposed_to the idea because it is rather impractical.(opposed) every time 引导时间状语从句 (教材原句)Can you imagine that every time you have a chance to score，the goalposts are moved? 你能想象，每次你有机会进球时，门柱却被移动了吗？ 名词词组作连词用，引导时间状语从句的有： (1)由time构成的名词词组：each time，the first/ last time，next time，any time等。 (2)the＋瞬间名词：the minute，the instant，the moment等，意为“一……就……” [佳句]　Something is learned every time a book is opened. 开卷有益。 [名师点津]　副词immediately，instantly，directly也可用作连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“一……就……”，相当于as soon as。 ◎基础练透——单句语法填空 ①Although they hadn't seen each other for ten years，they recognised each other instantly (instant) they met. ②Every time we camped(camp)，Mom would read a book or sing a soft song. ◎能力提升——一句多译 汤姆和他的妻子一见钟情。 ③Tom and his wife fell in love_the_first_time_they_met．(the first time) ④Tom and his wife fell in love when_they_met_for_the_first_time．(for the first time) complain vi.& vt.抱怨，投诉 (教材原句)An insurance salesman who is about to reach his annual sales target，only for the company to make the target higher，could rightly complain about the company moving the goalposts. 如果一位保险销售员就快达到年度销售目标了，而公司却在这时提高了销售目标，那么他就可以正当地抱怨公司move the goalposts。 (1)complain (to sb.) of/about (doing) sth. (向某人)投诉/抱怨(做)某事；(向某人)关于(做)某事发牢骚 complain that...　　　　　　 抱怨…… (2)complaint n. 抱怨，投诉 make a complaint about ... 抱怨…… [佳句]　It's no use complaining without taking action. 只抱怨而不采取行动是没有用的。 ◎基础练透——单句语法填空 ①Several passengers complained to the air company of/about the bad service on the flight. ②She complained_to_us that no one had been at the airport to meet her. ③I have to make a complaint (complain) about the poor quality of food and service in your restaurant. ◎能力提升——微写作 ④一些学生抱怨说，他们每天有太多的家庭作业要做。 Some_students_complain_that they have too much homework to do every day. 抽象名词后由where引导的定语从句 (教材原句)The venue where a baseball game is played is called a ballpark. 进行棒球比赛的场地被称为棒球场(ballpark)。 当先行词是situation，stage，case，point，position，circumstance，condition，state 等表示抽象地点的名词时，若关系词在定语从句中作状语，则定语从句常用 where 或“介词＋which”来引导。 [佳句]　She's got herself into a dangerous situation where she's likely to lose her life. 她让自己陷入了很可能会失去生命的危险境地。 [名师点津]　先行词是抽象地点名词时，若关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，不能用where，而要用关系代词that/which。 ◎基础练透——单句语法填空 ①You could get into a situation where you have to decide immediately. ②Obesity is a condition in which_the body stores large，unhealthy amounts of fat. ◎能力提升——微写作 ③那个孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。 The child is at the stage where_she_can_say_individual_words but not full sentences. ④接下来我要讲非常重要的一点，这节课会一直用到它。 But now comes an important point which/that_I_am_going_to_use throughout this lecture. even if引导让步状语从句 (教材原句)So，even if we do not know exactly where the ball is during the game，we can assume that it is somewhere in the ballpark. 因此，即便我们在棒球比赛中并不知道球的准确位置，我们仍然可以认定它就在球场内的某处。 (1)even if/though “即使；尽管”，引导让步状语从句。当主从句的主语相同或从句主语为it，且从句谓语动词含有be动词的某种形式时，也可用省略形式，即省略从句的主语和be动词。 (2)even so “即使如此；尽管这样”，在句中相当于插入语，位于句中时，前后需有逗号，将其和句子隔开。 [佳句]　The teacher inspires his students to give their opinions actively even if they are different from his own. 老师鼓励他的学生积极地给出他们的意见，即使他们与自己的意见不同。 ◎基础练透——单句语法填空 ①Even though he knows (know) the whole thing，he won't let out the secret. ②Even if invited (invite)，I won't go to the concert because I have to look after my granny in hospital. ◎能力提升——微写作 ③即使是一件小事，它仍然可以对环境产生很大的影响。 Even_if_it_is_a_small_thing，it could still make much difference to the environment. ④当时那本书很贵。尽管如此，父亲还是给我买了。 The book was expensive.Even_so，my father bought it for me. cruel adj.刻毒伤人的；残酷的 (教材原句)In day­to­day life，if someone makes an unfair and cruel remark，we can describe it as “below the belt”． 在日常生活中，如果有人发表了有失公允的刻薄评论，我们就可以形容这种评论是below the belt。 (1)It's cruel of sb.to do sth. 　　　　　　　 某人做某事是残忍的 be cruel to... 对……残酷，虐待 (2)cruelty n. 残忍，残酷 [佳句]　I can't stand people who are cruel to animals.我无法容忍虐待动物的人。 ◎基础练透——单句语法填空 ①It's extremely cruel of_people to perform an experiment on live animals. ②The farmer was accused of cruelty(cruel)to animals. ◎能力提升——微写作 ③看起来父母有时对他们的孩子很残忍。事实上，情况并非如此。 It looks as if parents are_sometimes_cruel_to_their_children．In fact，that is not the case. remark n．谈论，言论vi.&vt.说起，评论 (教材原句)In day­to­day life，if someone makes an unfair and cruel remark，we can describe it as“below the belt”． 在日常生活中，如果有人发表了有失公允的刻薄评论，我们就可以形容这种评论是below the belt。 (1)remark that ...　　　　　 评论…… remark on/upon sth./sb. 就某事/某人发表评论 (2)make a remark on/about 就……发表意见；对…… 评头论足 [佳句]　“Knowledge is power.” and such is the remark made by Bacon. 培根说过，“知识就是力量”。 ◎基础练透——单句语法填空 ①Professor Smith remarked on/upon the difference between the two dictionaries. ②Ellen later regretted her remarks (remark) about his private affairs. ◎能力提升——同义句转换 ③It's bad manners to remark on the appearance of others. →It's bad manners to make_a_remark_on/about the appearance of others. 维度1　单词拼写 1．The idiom(习语) was cited and adapted by Xi during his meeting with members of the Chinese delegation. 2．Using a fabric conditioner will make clothes easier to handle and iron(熨). 3．A new man was appointed to handle(处理) the crisis. 4．He made a number of rude remarks(评论) about the food. 5．Translations that are done too literally(字面上地) often don't flow well or don't sound natural. 维度2　单句语法填空 1．The opposing(oppose) team were so convulsed with laughter that they almost forgot to hit the ball. 2．Thomas Rane scolded Peters for his cruelty(cruel) to the cat. 3．She was so thankful that she had taken out insurance(insure)，when she was involved in an accident on holiday. 4．The food was excellent—I had no cause for complaint(complain). 5．He left and I missed my chance to_say(say) goodbye to him. 维度3　完成句子 1．最初，人们反对外人进入他们的村庄。(opposed) Originally，people were_opposed_to letting outsiders into their village. 2．她曾好几次提到过这个男孩的进步。(remark) On several occasions she had_remarked_on/made_a_remark_on the boy's improvement. 3．只有坚强的人才更喜欢微笑，珍惜自己的生命，而不是哭泣和抱怨。(complain) Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining_about something. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$