精品解析：北京大学附属中学2024-2025学年高三下学期开学考英语试题

北大附中2025届寒假阶段检测 英语 本试卷共8页，100分。考试时长90分钟。考生务必将答案作答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束，试卷和答题卡一并收回。 第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分） 第一节 完形填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。 When I was a child, after bedtime I would often get out of my bed in my pajamas, go to the window and stare at the stars. I had so many questions. How far away were those tiny points of ___1___? Did space go on forever and ever? When I grew up, I became a professional astrophysicist (天体物理学家), but these questions continued to challenge and ___2___ me in my scientific research, causing me to live on bread and no sleep for days at a time while I was ___3___ with a science problem. Einstein once wrote that “the most beautiful experience we can have is the mysterious. It is the fundamental emotion which ___4___ true art and true science.” What did Einstein mean by “the mysterious?” I don’t think he meant that science is full of unknowable forces. I think that he meant a sense of ___5___, a sense that there are things larger than us, that we do not have all the answers at this moment. A sense that we can stand right at the boundary between the known and the unknown and gaze into the ___6___and be joyful rather than frightened. Scientists are happy, of course, when they find answers to questions. But scientists are also happy when they become ___7___, when they discover interesting questions that they cannot answer. Because that is when their imaginations and creativity are ___8___ on fire. That is when the greatest progress occurs. One of the ultimate goals in physics is to find the so-called “theory of everything”: the final theory that will ___9___ all the essential laws of nature. However, I hope that we never find that final theory. I hope that there are always things that we don’t know—about the physical world as well as about ourselves. I believe in the creative ______10______ of the unknown. I believe in the joy of standing at the boundary between the known and the unknown. I believe in the unanswered questions of children. 1. A. color B. light C. information D. difference 2. A. consume B. limit C. drive D. approve 3. A. concerned B. delighted C. strict D. obsessed 4. A. releases B. limits C. distinguishes D. nurtures 5. A. awe B. achievement C. urgency D. belonging 6. A. future B. mystery C. distance D. space 7. A. admirable B. realistic C. competitive D. stuck 8. A. lighted B. set C. found D. built 9. A. cover B. question C. evaluate D. innovate 10. A. writing B. expression C. power D. enthusiasm 【答案】1 B 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了作者对未知的好奇和探索欲，以及作为天体物理学家的科研经历和对科学研究的看法。 【1题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：那些微小的光点多远？A. color颜色；B. light光；C. information信息；D. difference差异。根据上文“go to the window and stare at the stars”可知，作者会盯着星星看，星星会发光，因此此处指的是光点，即星星。故选B项。 【2题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我长大后，我成为了一名专业的天体物理学家，但这些问题始终在我的科学研究中挑战并驱使着我，让我在遇到棘手的科学难题时，一连几天只靠面包度日，夜不能寐。A. consume消耗；B. limit限制；C. drive驱使；D. approve批准。根据上文“challenge”和下文“causing me to live on bread and no sleep for days at a time”可知，这些问题一直挑战着作者，让作者废寝忘食，因此此处用“驱使”符合语境，drive sb. in sth.表示“在某事上驱使某人”。故选C项。 【3题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. concerned担心的；B. delighted高兴的；C. strict严格的；D. obsessed痴迷的。根据上文“causing me to live on bread and no sleep for days at a time”可知，作者会为了科学问题废寝忘食，说明作者痴迷于科学问题。故选D项。 【4题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：它是孕育真正的艺术和真正的科学的基本情感。A. releases释放；B. limits限制；C. distinguishes区分；D. nurtures培养，滋养。根据上文“the most beautiful experience we can have is the mysterious”和下文“true art and true science”可知，神秘感对真正的艺术和科学起到孕育、培养的作用。故选D项。 【5题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我认为他指的是一种敬畏感，一种有比我们更宏大的事物的感觉，一种我们此刻并没有所有答案的感觉。A. awe敬畏；B. achievement成就；C. urgency紧迫；D. belonging归属。根据下文“a sense that there are things larger than us”可知，作者认为有比我们更宏大的事物会让我们产生敬畏感。故选A项。 【6题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：一种我们可以站在已知和未知的边界上，凝视神秘，感到快乐而不是害怕的感觉。A. future未来；B. mystery神秘；C. distance距离；D. space空间。根据上文“the mysterious”可知，此处指的是神秘的事物。故选B项。 【7题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但当科学家们陷入困境时，当他们发现有趣的问题而无法回答时，他们也会很高兴。A. admirable令人钦佩的；B. realistic现实的；C. competitive竞争的；D. stuck被困住的，陷入困境的。根据下文“when they discover interesting questions that they cannot answer”可知，此处指的是科学家们遇到无法回答的问题时，即陷入困境时。故选D项。 【8题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：因为那时他们的想象力和创造力被点燃。A. lighted点亮；B. set设置，点燃；C. found发现；D. built建造。根据上文“their imaginations and creativity”和下文“on fire”可知，此处指的是想象力和创造力被点燃，set sth. on fire表示“使……着火”。故选B项。 【9题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：物理学的终极目标之一是找到所谓的“万物理论”：即涵盖所有自然基本定律的最终理论。A. cover涵盖；B. question质疑；C. evaluate评估；D. innovate创新。根据下文“all the essential laws of nature”可知，此处指的是涵盖所有自然基本定律的理论。故选A项。 【10题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我相信未知的创造性力量。A. writing写作；B. expression表达；C. power力量；D. enthusiasm热情。根据下文“I believe in the joy of standing at the boundary between the known and the unknown. I believe in the unanswered questions of children.”可知，作者相信未知能带来快乐，相信孩子未得到回答的问题，说明作者相信未知具有创造性力量。故选C项。 第二节 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分） 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。 After she ____11____ (lay) off as a Seattle city planner, Erin was looking for fun at-home projects when an iPhone box caught her eye. “If you took the plastic tray that held the phone and flipped it upside down, it looked just like a camera,” says Erin, an arts-and-design talent ____12____ tooled with that box until she made a working 35mm pinhole camera out of it. ____13____ Erin’s stack (大量) of these cameras grew, she started posting some of them on the online crafter’s paradise Etsy for around $200 each. 【答案】11. was laid 12. who##that 13. As 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了艾琳（Erin）在被解雇后，利用iPhone手机盒制作出了针孔相机，并将其在网上售卖的故事。 【11题详解】 考查被动语态。句意：在艾琳被解雇，不再担任西雅图城市规划师后，她正在寻找有趣的居家项目，这时一个iPhone手机盒吸引了她的注意。空白处在句子中作谓语，且与主语she之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，因句子表示的是过去发生的动作，所以用一般过去时的被动语态，主语she是第三人称单数，be动词用was，故填was laid。 【12题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：艾琳是一位艺术与设计方面的人才，她对那个盒子进行加工，直到用它制作出了一个能正常使用的35毫米针孔相机。此处是一个定语从句，先行词是an arts-and-design talent，指人，在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词who或that引导定语从句，故填who/that。 【13题详解】 考查时间状语从句。句意：随着艾琳制作的这类相机数量不断增加，她开始在网络手工制品交易平台“Etsy”上售卖其中一些，每台售价约200美元。根据“Erin’s stack of these cameras grew (艾琳制作的这些相机数量不断增加)”和“she started posting some of them on the online crafter’s paradise Etsy for around $200 each (她开始在网上手工艺者的天堂 Etsy 上出售其中一些，每个售价约 200 美元)”可知上文为时间状语从句，表示“随着……”，所以空白处填as，句首单词首字母需大写，故填As。 B 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。 Over the years, the volume of information students need to learn and remember ____14____ (grow), as claimed by various studies. The post-pandemic educational systems, in particular, have experienced a shift toward including streaming of everyday lectures ____15____ our daily lives, allowing various playback speed options. Research has explored how adjusting playback speed affects ____16____ (concentrate). It often finds it beneficial to increase playback speed (1.5x to 2x) when ____17____ (deal) with extensive lecture recordings. However, a notable drop in performance is observed when the speed exceeds 2x. 【答案】14. has grown 15. into 16. concentration 17. dealing 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要讲述了多年来学生需要学习和记忆的信息量在增加，尤其是疫情后的教育系统向将日常课程流媒体融入日常生活转变，还探讨了调整播放速度对注意力的影响。 【14题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：多年来，正如各种研究声称的那样，学生需要学习和记忆的信息量在增加。根据时间状语“Over the years”可知，句子表示的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响，谓语动词应用现在完成时，其结构为“have/has + 过去分词”，主语“the volume of information”是单数，助动词用has，grow的过去分词是grown，故填has grown。 【15题详解】 考查介词。句意：尤其是疫情后的教育系统，已经经历了一种向将日常课程流媒体融入我们日常生活的转变，提供了各种播放速度选项。根据空白处下文“our daily lives(我们日常生活)”可知，此处表示 “融入，纳入”，使用固定短语“include...into...”，故填into。 【16题详解】 考查名词。句意：研究已经探索了调整播放速度是如何影响注意力的。空白处在句子中作宾语，使用名词，concentrate是动词，其名词形式是concentration，意为“注意力”，是不可数名词，故填concentration。 【17题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：研究经常发现，在处理大量的课程录音时，将播放速度提高到1.5倍到2倍是有益的。 deal with动词和其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，用现在分词作状语。此处为when引导的时间状语从句中的省略，故填dealing。 C 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。 The concept of the law of reversed effort was defined by writer and philosopher Aldous Huxley. He explained the ____18____ (hard) we try with the conscious will to do something, the less we shall succeed. Effort ___19___ (become)a paradox (悖论). It is like swimming against the current in a river. We can swim upstream, using all our might ____20____ (fight) the rushing water and still not get close to where we need to be. Or we can let the current take us downstream and find a different spot to get out of the water. 【答案】18. harder 19. becomes 20. to fight 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了作家兼哲学家奥尔德斯・赫胥黎定义的“反向努力法则”的概念，并通过在河中游泳的例子进行说明。 【18题详解】 考查副词的比较级。句意：他解释说，我们越是有意识地努力去做某件事，我们成功的可能性就越小。根据下文“the less we shall succeed(我们成功的可能性就越小)”可知此处使用了“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”的结构，意为“越……，越……”，此处应填hard的比较级harder，故填harder。 【19题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：努力变成了一个悖论。此处描述的是一个客观事实，应用一般现在时，主语Effort是单数，所以谓语动词become要用第三人称单数形式becomes，故填becomes。 20题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：我们可以逆流而上，竭尽全力与湍急的水流作斗争，但仍然无法靠近我们需要到达的地方。空白处在句子中作状语表示目的，使用动词不定式，故填to fight。 第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38分） 第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。 A Do you have a teenager who loves to throw parties? Would he or she like to learn the ins and outs of planning a great party? With this curriculum, your teen will learn what it takes to plan a great party from beginning to end! $9 for a Limited Time! Click Here! WHAT WE COVER Other party planning books give “ready-to-go-party plans” created by the author along with a short list of random tips. This book teaches teens HOW to plan their own party… no matter the theme, size or occasion. They will learn real party planning skills that will carry them through life! Party Purpose What is the celebration? Is it to celebrate a sports season, a holiday or just a chance to get friends together? Selecting a theme We’ll brainstorm how to pick a theme and describe the feeling he/ she wants at the party. Following a Budget We don’t want to spend more than we have. We’ll look at how to create a budget and track spending as well as discuss needs vs. wants. Activities & Entertainment We’ll get creative for games and activities as well as share options for entertainment. Planning for Problems No party is perfect. We’ll share what to do when things go wrong. … COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS ●Can I buy this book in print? Not currently. The product is sold as a PDF but we encourage you to print the book yourself. You can put it in a 3-ring binder or take the printed copy to Office Max to bind in a spiral notebook for less than $5. ●What are the discount codes so I can buy multiple copies? Two copies: Save 30% with code SAVEON 2 Three or more copies: Save 40% with code SAVEON 3+ 21. What can be learnt from the book? A. Parties always follow the same pattern. B. Teens should hold perfect parties at any cost. C. Teens needn’t prepare for unexpected situations. D. Party planning skills are useful beyond hosting events. 22. What is true about the format of the book? A. It is sold as a bound spiral notebook. B. It is a digital file that can be printed and bound. C. It does not allow printing due to copyright protection. D. It can be bought as a physical copy from the publisher. 23. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To introduce a practical book to teenagers. B. To review a book about party planning skills. C. To encourage parents to buy a book for teens. D. To explain benefits of learning party planning skills. 【答案】21. D 22. B 23. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一本关于派对策划的课程，包括课程内容、价格、常见问题等，旨在吸引读者购买该课程。 【21题详解】 细节理解题。根据“WHAT WE COVER”部分中“This book teaches teens HOW to plan their own party…no matter the theme, size or occasion. They will learn real party planning skills that will carry them through life!(这本书教青少年如何策划自己的派对，无论主题、规模或场合如何，他们都将学到真正的派对策划技能，这些技能将在他们的生活中发挥重要作用)”可知，这本书教青少年如何策划自己的派对，他们学到的技能将在他们的生活中发挥重要作用，故选D项。 【22题详解】 细节理解题。根据“COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS”部分中“The product is sold as a PDF but we encourage you to print the book yourself. You can put it in a 3 - ring binder or take the printed copy to Office Max to bind in a spiral notebook for less than $5(该产品以PDF格式出售，但我们鼓励您自己打印书籍。您可以将其放入三环活页夹中，或带着打印副本去Office Max以不到5美元的价格装订成螺旋笔记本)”可知，这本书目前是以PDF格式出售，鼓励读者自己打印，然后可以将其装订成册，故选B项。 【23题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Do you have a teenager who loves to throw parties? Would he or she like to learn the ins and outs of planning a great party? With this curriculum, your teen will learn what it takes to plan a great party from beginning to end!(你的孩子是否喜欢举办派对？他或她是否想要学习如何策划一场精彩的派对？通过这个课程，你的孩子将学习到从头到尾策划一场精彩派对所需的一切)”、“WHAT WE COVER”部分中“This book teaches teens HOW to plan their own party (这本书教青少年如何自己策划派对)”、“Party Purpose”部分中“What is the celebration? Is it to celebrate a sports season, a holiday or just a chance to get friends together? (这个庆祝活动是什么？是为了庆祝一个体育赛季、某个节日，还是仅仅为了和朋友们聚在一起？)”、“Following a Budget”部分中“We don’t want to spend more than we have. We’ll look at how to create a budget and track spending as well as discuss needs vs. wants (我们不想超支。我们将学习如何制定预算和跟踪支出，并讨论必需品与奢侈品的区别)”以及“What are the discount codes so I can buy multiple copies?( 有哪些折扣码可以让我购买多本？)”部分的“Two copies: Save 30% with code SAVEON 2 Three or more copies: Save 40% with code SAVEON 3+(购买两本：使用代码SAVEON2可节省30%；购买三本或更多：使用代码SAVEON3+可节省40%)”可知文章开头提到了这是一本帮助孩子学习如何策划一场精彩的派对的课程，接着介绍了课程涵盖的内容，包括派对目的、预算规划等方面，还提到了价格、购买方式以及常见问题解答，最后给出了购买的折扣码。综合来看，文章主要目的是鼓励家长为青少年购买这本书，故选C项。 B There was a girl named Sabrina who suffered from a severe peanut allergy. This condition, characterized by symptoms like severe itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing upon exposure to peanuts, could have been fatal if not detected and managed early. Fortunately, her allergy was identified at a young age. With the help of doctors and strict dietary measures, she was able to control her symptoms and lead a normal life. However, this experience had a profound impact on her, and she became passionate about helping others with the same suffering of chronic diseases like her. Sabrina realized that early detection was crucial for many such conditions. She decided to focus her studies on this area and eventually got admitted to the medical school of the Yale, where she specialized in the early detection of chronic diseases. During her studies, she encountered various chronic diseases with specific symptoms. One such disease was diabetes, characterized by high blood sugar levels, fatigue, frequent urination, and increased thirst. Another was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which caused persistent coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Nothing can get in the way of a strong-willed heart. Sabrina also studied heart diseases like coronary artery disease (冠心病), which often presented with chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. She learned that early detection of these diseases through regular screenings and lifestyle modifications could significantly improve patients’ quality of life and reduce the risk of severe complications. At Yale, Sabrina conducted research on developing more effective screening methods for these chronic diseases. Her work focused on identifying biomarkers and genetic factors that could predict the happening of these conditions, allowing for earlier intervention and better management. This little girl’s dedication and research have contributed significantly to the field of chronic diseases management. Her work has helped develop new screening tools and improved treatment strategies, bringing hope to countless individuals living with these conditions. Through her story and efforts, Sabrina has shown that early detection and intervention are key to overcoming the challenges posed by chronic diseases. 24. What life experience left the young girl a far-reaching influence? A. Her allergy to peanuts. B. Severe symptoms and pain. C. Simple and controlled dietary. D. Timely detection and early intervention. 25. About Sabrina’s learning life in the medical school, what can we learn? A. She majored in chronic diseases and their prevention. B. She found early cure can reduce the risk of these diseases. C. She is obsessed with identifying biomarkers and genetic aspects. D. She is expert in heart disease and diabetes relating to shortness of breath. 26. Which kind of traits can we summarize about Sabrina from her story? A. Insight and toughness. B. Openness and diligence. C. Passion and self-discipline. D. Integrity and kindness. 27. What can we learn from the passage? A. Interest is the Best Teacher. B. Misfortune may be a blessing. C. Experience more, know more. D. Early Bird catches the Worm. 【答案】24. D 25. C 26. C 27. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文，讲述了女孩萨布丽娜因患有严重花生过敏，意识到早期检测慢性疾病的重要性，进入耶鲁大学医学院学习并致力于慢性疾病早期检测研究，她的工作为慢性疾病管理领域做出了重大贡献，证明了早期检测和干预对克服慢性疾病挑战的关键作用。 【24题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“There was a girl named Sabrina who suffered from a severe peanut allergy. This condition, characterized by symptoms like severe itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing upon exposure to peanuts, could have been fatal if not detected and managed early.(有一个叫萨布丽娜的女孩，她患有严重的花生过敏。这种病的特征是，一旦接触到花生，就会出现严重的瘙痒、肿胀和呼吸困难等症状。如果没有及早发现和处理，这种情况可能会致命)”以及第二段“Fortunately, her allergy was identified at a young age. With the help of doctors and strict dietary measures, she was able to control her symptoms and lead a normal life. However, this experience had a profound impact on her, and she became passionate about helping others with the same suffering of chronic diseases like her.(幸运的是，她的过敏症在很小的时候就被发现了。在医生的帮助下，并通过严格的饮食控制，她能够控制自己的症状，过上正常的生活。然而，这段经历对她产生了深远的影响，她变得热衷于帮助那些像她一样遭受慢性疾病折磨的人)”可知，萨布丽娜的花生过敏在年幼时被及时检测并通过严格饮食控制得以管理，最后过上正常的生活，这一经历不仅包括花生过敏本身，更关键的是通过早期干预控制病情的过程，促使她投身慢性病早期检测的研究，所以是她对花生过敏的及时发现和早期干预对这个年轻女孩产生了深远的影响，故选D项。 【25题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“At Yale, Sabrina conducted research on developing more effective screening methods for these chronic diseases. Her work focused on identifying biomarkers and genetic factors that could predict the happening of these conditions, allowing for earlier intervention and better management.(在耶鲁大学，萨布丽娜对这些慢性疾病进行了研究，目的是开发更有效的筛查方法。她的工作重点是识别能够预测这些病症发生的生物标志物和遗传因素，以便尽早进行干预和管理)”可知，萨布丽娜在耶鲁大学的工作重点是识别能够预测这些病症发生的生物标志物和遗传因素，故选C项。 【26题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“However, this experience had a profound impact on her, and she became passionate about helping others with the same suffering of chronic diseases like her.(然而，这段经历对她产生了深远的影响，她开始对帮助像她一样患有慢性疾病的人充满热情)”可知，萨布丽娜开始对帮助像她一样患有慢性疾病的人充满热情，可推理出她是一个有热情特质的人；根据第二段“With the help of doctors and strict dietary measures, she was able to control her symptoms and lead a normal life.(在医生的帮助和严格的饮食措施下，她能够控制自己的症状，过上正常的生活)”可知萨布丽娜在医生的帮助和严格的饮食措施下，控制自己的症状并过上正常的生活，可推理出她是一个自律的人，因此，可以总结出萨布丽娜具有热情和自律的特质，故选C项。 【27题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“There was a girl named Sabrina who suffered from a severe peanut allergy. This condition, characterized by symptoms like severe itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing upon exposure to peanuts, could have been fatal if not detected and managed early.(有一个叫萨布丽娜的女孩，她患有严重的花生过敏。这种病的特征是，一旦接触到花生，就会出现严重的瘙痒、肿胀和呼吸困难等症状。如果没有及早发现和处理，这种情况可能会致命)”、第二段“Fortunately, her allergy was identified at a young age. With the help of doctors and strict dietary measures, she was able to control her symptoms and lead a normal life. However, this experience had a profound impact on her, and she became passionate about helping others with the same suffering of chronic diseases like her.(幸运的是，她的过敏症在很小的时候就被发现了。在医生的帮助下，并通过严格的饮食控制，她能够控制自己的症状，过上正常的生活。然而，这段经历对她产生了深远的影响，她变得热衷于帮助那些像她一样遭受慢性疾病折磨的人)”以及最后一段“This little girl’s dedication and research have contributed significantly to the field of chronic diseases management. Her work has helped develop new screening tools and improved treatment strategies, bringing hope to countless individuals living with these conditions. Through her story and efforts, Sabrina has shown that early detection and intervention are key to overcoming the challenges posed by chronic diseases.(这个小女孩的奉献和研究对慢性疾病管理领域做出了重大贡献。她的工作帮助开发了新的筛查工具并改进了治疗策略，为无数患有这些疾病的人带来了希望。通过她的故事和努力，萨布丽娜展示了早期检测和干预是克服慢性疾病挑战的关键)”可知文章讲述了萨布丽娜因患有花生过敏，这段经历促使她致力于慢性疾病的早期检测研究，她的研究成果证明了早期检测和干预对克服慢性疾病挑战的关键作用，她的工作帮助开发了新的筛查工具并改进了治疗策略，为无数患有这些疾病的人带来了希望。不幸的过敏经历却让她走上了对慢性疾病研究有意义的道路，这说明不幸可能是一种福气，B选项“Misfortune may be a blessing.(塞翁失马，焉知非福)”符合文章主旨，故选B项。 C Historically, humans have learned they occupy no special position in the universe. Earth is not the center of the cosmos, nor is the solar system or the Milky Way galaxy. These realizations have been baked into cosmology (宇宙学), in the form of the “cosmological principle”, envisioning a homogenized (同质化的) universe, where, on sufficiently large scales, everything looks similar. Alexia Lopez of the University of Central Lancashire compares this to a beach. “If you put a handful of sand under a microscope, the sand grains would look like the special individuals they are. But if you were to walk across the beach, looking out at the sand dunes, all you would see is a uniform golden beige color.” This simplified principle enables astronomers to extrapolate (外推) local observations to the wider universe. Whether studying dark matter, galaxy formation, or the potential for extraterrestrial life, uniformity provides a baseline for understanding. Yet evidence suggests the universe might not be as consistent as once thought. One example comes from discovering structures like the Giant Are — a string of galaxies stretching 3.3 billion light-years — and the Big Ring, a galaxy torus 1.3 billion light-years across. These vast formations exceed the theoretical size limit of 1.2 billion light-years, beyond which the universe should appear smooth. Other irregularities appear in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), radiation from the Big Bang that permeates the universe. The CMB displays unexpected large-scale fluctuations, hinting an irregularities in the universe’s structure. Dragan Huterer of the University of Michigan notes these patterns remain unexplained and could challenge the principle of homogeneity. Some suggest these discrepancies might result from “cosmic variance”, the statistical uncertainty arising from studying a single observable universe. Perhaps unobserved regions could balance out the apparent irregularities. However, recent calculations suggest cosmic variance alone cannot account for the irregularities seen. Still, most cosmic observations hold up against the cosmological principle very well. So while scientists have enough information to reasonably question the idea’s validity, they aren’t at all ready to abandon it — particularly because no one has a solid alternative schema to replace it. Valerio Marra of the Astronomical Observatory of Trieste suggests that at large scales, different observers might perceive slightly different universes, complicating the idea of an “average”. The unique challenge of cosmology lies in its inability to conduct repeated experiments — we can only study one universe. While recent discoveries highlight potential flaws in the cosmological principle, they lack definitive evidence to overturn it. As Huterer says, “There’s no smoking-gun evidence for the violation of the principle.” For now, the cosmological principle remains a cornerstone, though one facing increasing careful examination as astronomers continue to probe the vast cosmos. 28. Cosmological principle refers to ______. A the observation of the wider universe B. the exploration of the solar system C. the uniformity of the universe D. the formation of galaxies 29. The author uses Paragraph 3 and Paragraph 4 to ______. A. illustrate the irregularities in the universe’s structure B. present a challenge to the cosmological principle C. showcase the mass radiation from the Big Bang D. highlight the importance of cosmic variance 30. What can be inferred from the passage? A Solid evidence has shown the violation of universal uniformity. B. Scientists remain hesitant to abandon the cosmological principle. C. The cosmological principle faces strong criticism from the public. D. Astronomers plan to explore more unknown areas of the universe. 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了宇宙学原理——宇宙的同质性，同时指出了一些可能挑战这一原理的宇宙结构不规则性和宇宙微波背景辐射的异常，但科学家们并没有准备放弃这一原理，因为目前还没有确凿的证据来推翻它。 【28题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“These realizations have been baked into cosmology (宇宙学), in the form of the “cosmological principle”, envisioning a homogenized (同质化的) universe, where, on sufficiently large scales, everything looks similar.(这些认识已经成为宇宙学的一部分，以“宇宙学原理”的形式体现，该原理设想了一个同质化的宇宙，在这个宇宙中，在足够大的规模上，一切看起来都相似)”可知，这些认识以“宇宙学原理”的形式融入了宇宙学，设想了一个同质化的宇宙，在这个宇宙中，在足够大的尺度上，一切看起来都是相似的。所以宇宙学原理指的是宇宙的均匀性、同质化，故选C项。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“Yet evidence suggests the universe might not be as consistent as once thought(然而，有证据表明，宇宙可能并不像人们曾经认为的那样一致)”可知，有证据表明宇宙可能并不像曾经认为的那样一致；根据第三段“One example comes from discovering structures like the Giant Are — a string of galaxies stretching 3.3 billion light-years — and the Big Ring, a galaxy torus 1.3 billion light-years across. These vast formations exceed the theoretical size limit of 1.2 billion light-years, beyond which the universe should appear smooth.(一个例子是发现了像巨弧这样的结构——一串延伸33亿光年的星系，以及大环，一个横跨13亿光年的星系环。这些巨大的结构超出了12亿光年的理论尺寸限制，超过这个限制，宇宙应该看起来是平滑的)”可知发现了像“巨型弧”和“大环”这样的结构，这些巨大的结构超过了12亿光年的理论尺寸限制，超过这个限制，宇宙应该看起来是平滑的；根据第四段“Other irregularities appear in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), radiation from the Big Bang that permeates the universe. The CMB displays unexpected large-scale fluctuations, hinting an irregularities in the universe’s structure.(其他不规则现象出现在宇宙微波背景（CMB）中，这是来自宇宙大爆炸并弥漫于整个宇宙的辐射。CMB显示出了意想不到的大尺度波动，这暗示着宇宙结构中存在不规则性)”可知宇宙微波背景显示出了意想不到的大尺度波动，这暗示着宇宙结构中存在不规则性，由此可推理出，第三段和第四段通过举例说明宇宙中存在一些与“宇宙学原理”中宇宙的均匀性相悖的不规则现象，对“宇宙学原理”提出了挑战，故选B项。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“So while scientists have enough information to reasonably question the idea’s validity, they aren’t at all ready to abandon it — particularly because no one has a solid alternative schema to replace it(因此，虽然科学家们有足够的信息来合理地质疑这一想法的有效性，但他们却根本不准备放弃它——特别是因为没有人有坚实的替代方案来取代它)”可知，由于科学家没有坚实的替代方案来取代“宇宙学原理”，他们根本不准备放弃它，虽然有足够的信息合理地提出质疑，由此可推断出，科学家们对于放弃“宇宙学原理”仍持犹豫态度，B选项符合文意，故选B项。 D Thanks to the popularity of Netflix’s new series “3 Body Problem,” we have a new existential threat to worry about: humanity’s urge to get exposed to the cosmos. Sociologists, game theorists and astrophysicists like Stephen Hawking have been warning for decades against transmitting signals that could reveal humanity’s location to interstellar (星际的) predators. They argue that the only civilizations that survive are the ones smart enough to keep quiet. A species that stands out as soon as it learns to transmit radio signals could fatally attract the attention of an older civilization with much more advanced technology, just as the European discovery of America led to the disaster for the native population. And it’s certainly possible that our technology seems so primitive that the aliens would consider us “savages (野蛮人),” as the European settlers called the natives they displaced. The fear of conquest by aliens rests on the questionable premise that they would greedily crave the natives’ land and resources. But that’s not how civilization is proceeding on Earth as our technology advances. In the past, armies fought wars over access to scarce resources (salt, grain, oil), and 20th-century intellectuals predicted that overpopulation would lead to an “age of scarcity” with catastrophic global shortages of food and energy. But thanks to technological progress, humans today are better nourished and wealthier than ever. Natural resources now matter less to individuals or societies seeking wealth than an intangible resource: knowledge. The modern economy is increasingly dominated by industries that traffic not in physical commodities but in information: software, communications, entertainment, artificial intelligence, education and research. Because of this economic shift, today we wouldn’t react as 16th-century Europeans did to the discovery of a “new world” with less advanced technology. We’d exploit it differently. Sure, there would be oil and mining companies ready to extract resources, but they’d run into fierce opposition from scientists, politicians, and activists determined to preserve and study its ecosystem and native cultures. Why wouldn’t aliens react similarly to the discovery of Earthlings? Why would a civilization with the technological ability to travel across the galaxy and conquer Earth be desperate for food or natural resources? Earth’s farmland and minerals would be far less valuable to the aliens than the knowledge to be gained from studying the strange new life-forms on Earth. Even if they regarded us as primitive creatures, even if they felt no moral obligation to spare an inferior species, they’d be as eager to observe us as we are to watch animals in a zoo. In fact, aliens may already be observing us without making themselves known, a possibility known as the “zoo hypothesis”. In this scenario, the reason we haven’t heard from aliens is that they want to observe the behavior and evolution of Earth’s creatures unaffected by outside influences. METI (Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence) enthusiasts like to think that aliens would generously share their advanced and wondrous technology. But maybe the alien s would rather preserve us in our “natural” state so as not to contaminate the data they’re gathering. If that’s the case, then they would ignore our greetings. On the other hand, maybe alien civilizations have just been waiting for us to become capable of interstellar communication, and would be as curious to communicate with us as we would be with them. It’s always possible, of course, that we’ve heard nothing so far because we really are alone in the universe, or because we’re too far away from anyone else to communicate. But if any intelligent beings are out there in the darkness, let’s not assume they’re genocidal predators. It wouldn’t kill us to say hello. 31. The author writes Paragraph 3 mainly to ______. A. cast doubt on the view that aliens will invade the Earth for food and land B. show that humans are no longer savages thanks to technological progress C. warn against the threat of aliens due to humanity’s technological breakthroughs D. argue that overpopulation will also lead to shortage of resources in modern days 32. What can be inferred about the economic shift mentioned in Paragraph 4? A. It is largely driven by advancements in technology. B. It goes against the need for ecological preservation. C. It will lead to reduced opposition to resource extraction. D. It justifies the exploitation and displacement of the natives. 33. According to the zoo hypothesis, aliens may be observing the Earth secretly in order to ______. A. monitor the progress of human evolution B. assess the benefits of sharing their technology C. gain knowledge of humans without interference D. feel a sense of superiority over primitive life-forms 34. The author’s attitude towards contacting aliens can be best described as ______. A. fearful B. cautious C. doubtful D. optimistic 【答案】31. A 32. A 33. C 34. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇议论文，主要讨论了人类向宇宙发出信号暴露自身位置可能带来的风险，以及对于外星人发现地球后反应的不同观点，作者认为不应假定外星人是会进行种族灭绝的掠夺者，与外星人打招呼也无妨。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“The fear of conquest by aliens rests on the questionable premise that they would greedily crave the natives’ land and resources(外星人征服（地球）的恐惧基于一个有问题的前提，即他们会贪婪地觊觎土著的土地和资源)”可知，对被外星人征服的恐惧建立在一个可疑的前提之上，即外星人会贪婪地渴望地球人的土地和资源。再根据第三段“But thanks to technological progress, humans today are better nourished and wealthier than ever. Natural resources now matter less to individuals or societies seeking wealth than an intangible resource: knowledge(但由于技术进步，如今人类比以往更有营养、更富裕。对于追求财富的个人或社会来说，自然资源现在不如一种无形的资源——知识那么重要)”可知作者阐述了地球上随着科技进步，资源的重要性发生了变化，现代经济更依赖知识等无形资源。可推理出作者认为对“外星人会为了食物和土地入侵地球”的恐惧是站不住脚的，可推断出作者写第三段主要是对“外星人会为了食物和土地入侵地球”这一观点表示怀疑，故选A项。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“But thanks to technological progress, humans today are better nourished and wealthier than ever. Natural resources now matter less to individuals or societies seeking wealth than an intangible resource: knowledge. The modern economy is increasingly dominated by industries that traffic not in physical commodities but in information: software, communications, entertainment, artificial intelligence, education and research(但由于技术进步，如今人类比以往更有营养、更富裕。对于追求财富的个人或社会来说，自然资源现在不如一种无形的资源——知识那么重要。现代经济越来越不涉及实物商品，而是涉及信息（如软件、通信、娱乐、人工智能、教育和研究等）的行业所主导)”可知，由于技术进步，人类如今比以往任何时候都营养更好、更富有，自然资源对追求财富的个人或社会来说，重要性不如知识这一无形资源，现代经济越来越由以信息为交易对象的产业主导。由此可推断，经济转变很大程度上是由技术进步推动的，故选A项。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第六段中“In fact, aliens may already be observing us without making themselves known, a possibility known as the “zoo hypothesis”. In this scenario, the reason we haven’t heard from aliens is that they want to observe the behavior and evolution of Earth’s creatures unaffected by outside influences.(事实上，外星人可能已经在不公开自己的情况下观察我们，这种可能性被称为“动物园假说”。在这种情况下，我们没有收到外星人的消息，是因为他们希望在不受外界影响的情况下，观察地球生物的行为和进化)”可知，根据 “动物园假说”，外星人可能一直在秘密观察地球，是为了在不受外界影响的情况下观察地球生物的行为和进化，也就是获取关于人类的知识而不受干扰，故选C项。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But if any intelligent beings are out there in the darkness, let’s not assume they’re genocidal predators. It wouldn’t kill us to say hello(但如果在黑暗中有任何智慧生物存在，我们不要假设他们是种族灭绝的捕食者。打个招呼也不会有什么坏处)”可知，作者认为我们不应假定外星人是会进行种族灭绝的掠夺者，和他们打个招呼也无妨。由此可推断，作者对与外星人接触的态度是乐观的，故选D项。 第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分） 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 How to Overcome Procrastination (拖延) Have you ever procrastinated? Don’t worry — we all have. Procrastination is not laziness — it’s stress! Putting off tackling a project has long been known to cause stress, but more recent studies show that stress itself is a cause of procrastination. Often when I start a project, everything seems to be swirling around me. ____35____ Such chaos is stressful and while stress and your stress response can be energizing, they can also prevent you from moving forward. That stress induced inactiveness can make you procrastinate, and that feeds into a dangerous cycle that makes you feel more stressed and stalls you even more. So, what can you do if you feel that way? Just beginning a task, no matter how tiny the bite, will get you over the inactiveness and get you going. That tiny bit helps you get in control and reduces the paralyzing stress that stops you from moving forward. ____36____ Set a do-able goal for yourself. If it’s your files that are worrying you, start by choosing one drawer, or even half a drawer to reorganize. When you’ve accomplished your goal for the day, stop! You will feel energized simply because you’ve begun. Is starting a writing project or a report your problem? A wise mentor one told me to start by creating the title page of a paper. That alone feels like an accomplishment. ____37____ The name of the game is to take baby steps towards whatever your goal is. ____38____ If you’ve been a couch potato for months, perhaps due to excessive work or having been ill, don’t try to run a marathon — start small. Do some marching steps while watching an old movie, or dance to a favorite tune. Do some kicks while sitting in a chair. You’ll feel energized from the exercise and from the fact that you’ve actually gotten off that couch! You may also let it marinate — do something completely different and come back to the project after you take a break. Take a walk, preferably in nature, and mindfully savor all the things you see and hear and smell. Go for a swim. Try a micro-meditation. Gaze out the window. Cook something for yourself or loved ones. Do it all with a friend or buddy, or in a program designed to help. ____39____ Connecting with friends enhances social support and buffers stress. All these activities will help reduce that stress block and get you energized to begin to tackle your daunting task. A. Chaos stops me in my tracks. B. I find myself in the midst of a sort of chaos. C. Doing some adequate exercise helps as well. D. The same strategy applies to exercise as well. E. Sharing the burden makes it easier to tackle the work. F. It reduces your stress and helps dissolve the writer’s block. G. Break the situation down into its smallest controllable parts. 【答案】35. B 36. G 37. F 38. D 39. E 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了拖延并非懒惰而是压力所致，并给出了克服拖延的方法。 【35题详解】 根据上文“Often when I start a project, everything seems to be swirling around me.(通常当我开始一个项目时，我感觉一切都在围着我打转)”以及下文“Such chaos is stressful and while stress and your stress response can be energizing, they can also prevent you from moving forward(这样的混乱是充满压力的，而压力以及你对压力的反应虽然可以激发动力，但它们也可能阻碍你前进)”可知，此处描述的是一种混乱的状态，B项“I find myself in the midst of a sort of chaos.(我发现自己处于一种混乱之中)”与上文表述一致，故选B项。 【36题详解】 根据上文“That tiny bit helps you get in control and reduces the paralyzing stress that stops you from moving forward.这一小步有助于你掌控局面，减少阻碍你前进的麻痹性压力)”以及下文“Set a do - able goal for yourself.(为自己设定一个可行的目标)”可知，此处说的是要设定可行的目标，确保你能掌控局面，与G项“Break the situation down into its smallest controllable parts.(将情况分解成最小的可控制部分)”表达的含义一致，故选G项。 【37题详解】 根据上文“A wise mentor one told me to start by creating the title page of a paper. That alone feels like an accomplishment.(一位睿智的导师曾告诉我从创建论文的标题页开始。单是这一点就感觉像是一种成就)”可知，设定可行的目标并开始行动使得作者感觉像是一种成就，可推理出此处应继续阐述这种做法的好处，F项“It reduces your stress and helps dissolve the writer’s block.(它能减轻你的压力，有助于消除写作障碍)”符合语境，故选F项。 【38题详解】 根据上文“The name of the game is to take baby steps towards whatever your goal is.(关键是朝着你的目标迈出小步)”以及下文“If you’ve been a couch potato for months, perhaps due to excessive work or having been ill, don’t try to run a marathon - start small. Do some marching steps while watching an old movie, or dance to a favorite tune. Do some kicks while sitting in a chair. You’ll feel energized from the exercise and from the fact that you’ve actually gotten off that couch!(如果你已经几个月没运动了，可能是因为工作过度或者生病，不要试图去跑马拉松——从小事做起。在看老电影的时候做一些踏步动作，或者随着喜欢的曲子跳舞。坐在椅子上的时候踢踢腿。你会因为运动以及你已经从沙发上站起来这个事实而感到精力充沛)”可知，上文说的是要朝着你的目标迈出小步，下文说的是从不剧烈的运动开始做起，可推理出空白处表示的是这种策略同样适用于锻炼，D项“The same strategy applies to exercise as well.(同样的策略也适用于锻炼)”符合语境，故选D项。 【39题详解】 根据上文“Do it all with a friend or buddy, or in a program designed to help.(和朋友或伙伴一起做这些事，或者参加一个旨在提供帮助的项目)”以及下文“Connecting with friends enhances social support and buffers stress.(与朋友联系能增强社会支持并缓解压力)”可知上文提到了与朋友或者伙伴一起做，下文提到了缓解压力，可推理出此处应是说分担负担对处理工作有益，E项“Sharing the burden makes it easier to tackle the work.(分担负担使处理工作更容易)”符合语境，故选E项。 第三部分：书面表达（共两节，32分） 第一节 阅读表达（共4小题；第40、41小题各2分，第42小题3分，第43小题5分，共12分） 阅读短文，并按照题目要求用英语回答问题。 Air travel has entered an especially fraught place in the public consciousness lately, mostly due to a recent series of incidents in which Boeing planes have caught fire. While no part of the plane may generally be the safest, you might believe that there is probably a best spot to be sitting when specific incidents happen. The common wisdom has long been that the back of a plane is the safest spot to sit. Reporting from Time magazine analyzed 35 years of crash data up to 2015 and found that statistically fewer people who were sitting in the back died in plane crashes. Trouble is, those findings come from somewhat incomplete data. The victims’ seat positions aren’t always included in crash reports, so the data cannot paint a full picture of which zones are safest. The middle section of the plane has a lot going for it in the event of a bumpy flight. However, it’s not necessarily ideal for a catastrophic situation. After all, the middle section is typically where the fuel cells are positioned, meaning if a fire is involved, you’re right on top of the gas tank. Even if you have decided the row, there are again advantages and disadvantages of each seat option. Sitting in the aisle gets you closer to whatever exit you might need to head to in an emergency but also leaves you more vulnerable to getting hit by falling luggage. Sitting by the window lets you see what’s going on outside, giving you a situational advantage, but it leaves you pinned against the wall and waiting until the other people in your row squeeze out first. Occupying the middle gives you a couple of human shields on either side of you to cushion any potential blows, but the middle sea t is uncomfortable and an unpopular first choice. Tricky questions, right? If you’ve got aviation anxiety, all this back-and-forth of trying to figure out the perfect spot to sit is likely to only cause you more inner upset. Frankly, it’s probably not worth the worry. Airplane accidents are ridiculously rare. In fact, compared to just about any other methods it is one of the least deadly means of transit ever created. Airplane crashes are so rare that getting worked up about which seat is the safest one to plop your butt into is likely going to cause you more mental suffering than it’s worth. After all, when accidents do happen, each one is a little different and will affect the plane in different ways. Ultimately, your chances of making it through an emergency in flight has less to do with where you happen to sit and more with how well trained your flight crew is and how closely you listen to their instructions. 40. What is the problem of the common wisdom that the back of a plane is the safest spot to sit? ______________________________________________________________ 41. Why is trying to figure out the perfect spot to sit not worth the worry? ______________________________________________________________ 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Each accident affects the plane in different ways, and when it happens, your survival has a lot to do with where you happen to sit. ______________________________________________________________ 43. In what other way (s) can you deal with an unexpected disaster? (In about 40 words) ______________________________________________________________ 【答案】40. The problem is that the findings come from somewhat incomplete data, and the victims’ seat positions aren’t always included in crash reports, so the data cannot paint a full picture of which zones are safest. 41. Because airplane accidents are ridiculously rare, and getting worked up about which seat is the safest is likely to cause more mental suffering than it’s worth. 42. Each accident affects the plane in different ways, and when it happens, your survival has a lot to do with where you happen to sit. Because your chances of making it through an emergency in flight has less to do with where you happen to sit and more with how well trained your flight crew is and how closely you listen to their instructions. 43. When unexpected disasters happen, we should first protect our heads and vital organs, then focus on following crew instructions attentively, staying calm, familiarizing yourself with emergency exits before takeoff, and practicing quick evacuation procedures to enhance safety during unexpected disasters. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了不同座位位置在航空事故中的利弊，包括飞机后部、中部、靠窗、过道等位置。同时提到飞机事故非常罕见，过于纠结座位安全性可能会带来不必要的精神痛苦，强调在紧急情况下听从机组人员指示更为重要。 【40题详解】 考查细节理解。根据第二段中“The common wisdom has long been that the back of a plane is the safest spot to sit. Reporting from Time magazine analyzed 35 years of crash data up to 2015 and found that statistically fewer people who were sitting in the back died in plane crashes. Trouble is, those findings come from somewhat incomplete data. The victims’ seat positions aren’t always included in crash reports, so the data cannot paint a full picture of which zones are safest.(长期以来，人们普遍认为飞机的后部是最适合乘坐的位置。《时代》杂志的一篇报道分析了截至2015年35年间的坠机数据，发现统计数据显示，坐在飞机后部的乘客在空难中的死亡率较低。问题在于，这些结论是基于并不完整的数据得出的。因为并非所有的空难报告都包含受害者的座位信息，所以这些数据无法全面反映哪个区域是最安全的)”可知，人们普遍认为飞机后部是最安全的座位，这一观点存在的问题是这些发现来自于一些不完整的数据。受害者的座位位置并不总是包含在事故报告中，因此这些数据无法全面反映哪些区域是最安全的，故填The problem is that the findings come from somewhat incomplete data, and the victims’ seat positions aren’t always included in crash reports, so the data cannot paint a full picture of which zones are safest。 【41题详解】 考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“Airplane accidents are ridiculously rare. In fact, compared to just about any other methods it is one of the least deadly means of transit ever created. Airplane crashes are so rare that getting worked up about which seat is the safest one to plop your butt into is likely going to cause you more mental suffering than it’s worth(飞机事故极为罕见。事实上，与几乎所有其他交通方式相比，坐飞机是最安全的出行方式之一。飞机失事的概率微乎其微，以至于纠结于哪个座位最安全实在是得不偿失，反而可能会让你承受更多的精神痛苦)”可知，试图找出飞机上最完美的座位位置是得不偿失的，因为飞机事故非常罕见，而过于纠结哪个座位最安全可能会给你带来更多的精神痛苦，故填Because airplane accidents are ridiculously rare, and getting worked up about which seat is the safest is likely to cause more mental suffering than it’s worth。 【42题详解】 考查细节理解。句子“Each accident affects the plane in different ways, and when it happens, your survival has a lot to do with where you happen to sit(每次事故对飞机的影响各不相同，事故发生时，你的生存几率很大程度上取决于你的座位位置)”的错误部分为“your survival has a lot to do with where you happen to sit(你的生存几率很大程度上取决于你的座位位置)”，根据最后一段中的“Ultimately, your chances of making it through an emergency in flight has less to do with where you happen to sit and more with how well trained your flight crew is and how closely you listen to their instructions(最终，你在飞行中应对紧急情况的几率，与你坐在何处关系较小，而更多地取决于机组人员的培训程度以及你对他们指示的遵从程度)”可知，你在飞行中应对紧急情况的几率，更多地取决于机组人员的培训程度以及你对他们指示的遵从程度，与你坐在何处关系较小，所以“your survival has a lot to do with where you happen to sit(你的生存几率很大程度上取决于你的座位位置)”表达是错误的，故填Each accident affects the plane in different ways, and when it happens, your survival has a lot to do with where you happen to sit. Because your chances of making it through an emergency in flight has less to do with where you happen to sit and more with how well trained your flight crew is and how closely you listen to their instructions. 【43题详解】 开放性试题。要言之有理，注意词数限制。根据最后一段中的“Ultimately, your chances of making it through an emergency in flight has less to do with where you happen to sit and more with how well trained your flight crew is and how closely you listen to their instructions(最终，你在飞行中应对紧急情况的几率，与你坐在何处关系较小，而更多地取决于机组人员的培训程度以及你对他们指示的遵从程度)”可知，你在飞行中应对紧急情况的几率，更多地取决于机组人员的培训程度以及你对他们指示的遵从程度，所以当意外灾难发生时，我们应首先保护头部及重要器官，然后专注地听从机组人员指示，保持冷静，熟悉起飞前的紧急出口位置，并练习快速疏散程序，以在意外灾难中提高安全系数，故填When unexpected disasters happen, we should first protect our heads and vital organs, then focus on following crew instructions attentively, staying calm, familiarizing yourself with emergency exits before takeoff, and practicing quick evacuation procedures to enhance safety during unexpected disasters。 第二节（20分） 44. 假定你是校学生会主席李华，为了提高学生安全意识，学校决定于下周一开展紧急疏散演练。请你用英语写一份活动通知，告知学校的留学生，内容包括： 1. 活动安排； 2. 注意事项。 提示词：疏散演练evacuation drill 注意：1. 词数100左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 NOTICE ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Student Un 【答案】NOTICE Dear international students, In order to enhance students’ safety awareness, our school has decided to conduct an emergency evacuation drill next Monday. The drill will start at 9:00 a.m. When the alarm rings, please quickly and calmly leave the classroom and follow the teachers’ instructions to evacuate to the playground. Line up in your class order on the playground. During the drill, please pay attention to the following: First, do not panic and keep calm. Second, do not run or push others to avoid accidents. Third, bring nothing unnecessary with you. Finally, follow the guidance of the teachers and staff who will be with you throughout the process. Let’s work together to ensure the success of this evacuation drill and improve our safety skills. Student Union 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生写一份活动通知，告知学校的留学生关于下周一开展的紧急疏散演练的活动安排和注意事项。 【详解】1.词汇积累 决定：decide→ arrive at a conclusion 快速地：quickly→ promptly 听从：follow → comply with 注意：pay attention to → give thought to 2.句式拓展 同义句改写 原句：When the alarm rings, please quickly and calmly leave the classroom. 拓展句：When the alarm sounds, please exit the classroom promptly and composedly. 【点睛】【高分句型1】In order to enhance students’ safety awareness, our school has decided to conduct an emergency evacuation drill next Monday.（使用了不定式短语作目状语） 【高分句型2】Finally, follow the guidance of the teachers and staff who will be with you throughout the process.（使用了以关系代词who为引导词的定语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 北大附中2025届寒假阶段检测 英语 本试卷共8页，100分。考试时长90分钟。考生务必将答案作答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束，试卷和答题卡一并收回。 第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分） 第一节 完形填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。 When I was a child, after bedtime I would often get out of my bed in my pajamas, go to the window and stare at the stars. I had so many questions. How far away were those tiny points of ___1___? Did space go on forever and ever? When I grew up, I became a professional astrophysicist (天体物理学家), but these questions continued to challenge and ___2___ me in my scientific research, causing me to live on bread and no sleep for days at a time while I was ___3___ with a science problem. Einstein once wrote that “the most beautiful experience we can have is the mysterious. It is the fundamental emotion which ___4___ true art and true science.” What did Einstein mean by “the mysterious?” I don’t think he meant that science is full of unknowable forces. I think that he meant a sense of ___5___, a sense that there are things larger than us, that we do not have all the answers at this moment. A sense that we can stand right at the boundary between the known and the unknown and gaze into the ___6___and be joyful rather than frightened. Scientists are happy, of course, when they find answers to questions. But scientists are also happy when they become ___7___, when they discover interesting questions that they cannot answer. Because that is when their imaginations and creativity are ___8___ on fire. That is when the greatest progress occurs. One of the ultimate goals in physics is to find the so-called “theory of everything”: the final theory that will ___9___ all the essential laws of nature. However, I hope that we never find that final theory. I hope that there are always things that we don’t know—about the physical world as well as about ourselves. I believe in the creative ______10______ of the unknown. I believe in the joy of standing at the boundary between the known and the unknown. I believe in the unanswered questions of children. 1. A. color B. light C. information D. difference 2. A. consume B. limit C. drive D. approve 3. A. concerned B. delighted C. strict D. obsessed 4. A. releases B. limits C. distinguishes D. nurtures 5. A. awe B. achievement C. urgency D. belonging 6. A. future B. mystery C. distance D. space 7. A. admirable B. realistic C. competitive D. stuck 8. A. lighted B. set C. found D. built 9. A. cover B. question C. evaluate D. innovate 10. A. writing B. expression C. power D. enthusiasm 第二节 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分） 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。 After she ____11____ (lay) off as a Seattle city planner, Erin was looking for fun at-home projects when an iPhone box caught her eye. “If you took the plastic tray that held the phone and flipped it upside down, it looked just like a camera,” says Erin, an arts-and-design talent ____12____ tooled with that box until she made a working 35mm pinhole camera out of it. ____13____ Erin’s stack (大量) of these cameras grew, she started posting some of them on the online crafter’s paradise Etsy for around $200 each. B 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。 Over the years, the volume of information students need to learn and remember ____14____ (grow), as claimed by various studies. The post-pandemic educational systems, in particular, have experienced a shift toward including streaming of everyday lectures ____15____ our daily lives, allowing various playback speed options. Research has explored how adjusting playback speed affects ____16____ (concentrate). It often finds it beneficial to increase playback speed (1.5x to 2x) when ____17____ (deal) with extensive lecture recordings. However, a notable drop in performance is observed when the speed exceeds 2x. C 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。 The concept of the law of reversed effort was defined by writer and philosopher Aldous Huxley. He explained the ____18____ (hard) we try with the conscious will to do something, the less we shall succeed. Effort ___19___ (become)a paradox (悖论). It is like swimming against the current in a river. We can swim upstream, using all our might ____20____ (fight) the rushing water and still not get close to where we need to be. Or we can let the current take us downstream and find a different spot to get out of the water. 第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38分） 第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。 A Do you have a teenager who loves to throw parties? Would he or she like to learn the ins and outs of planning a great party? With this curriculum, your teen will learn what it takes to plan a great party from beginning to end! $9 for a Limited Time! Click Here! WHAT WE COVER Other party planning books give “ready-to-go-party plans” created by the author along with a short list of random tips. This book teaches teens HOW to plan their own party… no matter the theme, size or occasion. They will learn real party planning skills that will carry them through life! Party Purpose What is the celebration? Is it to celebrate a sports season, a holiday or just a chance to get friends together? Selecting a theme We’ll brainstorm how to pick a theme and describe the feeling he/ she wants at the party. Following a Budget We don’t want to spend more than we have. We’ll look at how to create a budget and track spending as well as discuss needs vs. wants. Activities & Entertainment We’ll get creative for games and activities as well as share options for entertainment. Planning for Problems No party is perfect. We’ll share what to do when things go wrong. … COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS ●Can I buy this book in print? Not currently. The product is sold as a PDF but we encourage you to print the book yourself. You can put it in a 3-ring binder or take the printed copy to Office Max to bind in a spiral notebook for less than $5. ●What are the discount codes so I can buy multiple copies? Two copies: Save 30% with code SAVEON 2 Three or more copies: Save 40% with code SAVEON 3+ 21. What can be learnt from the book? A. Parties always follow the same pattern. B. Teens should hold perfect parties at any cost. C. Teens needn’t prepare for unexpected situations. D. Party planning skills are useful beyond hosting events. 22. What is true about the format of the book? A. It is sold as a bound spiral notebook. B. It is a digital file that can be printed and bound. C It does not allow printing due to copyright protection. D. It can be bought as a physical copy from the publisher. 23. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To introduce a practical book to teenagers. B. To review a book about party planning skills. C. To encourage parents to buy a book for teens. D. To explain benefits of learning party planning skills. B There was a girl named Sabrina who suffered from a severe peanut allergy. This condition, characterized by symptoms like severe itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing upon exposure to peanuts, could have been fatal if not detected and managed early. Fortunately her allergy was identified at a young age. With the help of doctors and strict dietary measures, she was able to control her symptoms and lead a normal life. However, this experience had a profound impact on her, and she became passionate about helping others with the same suffering of chronic diseases like her. Sabrina realized that early detection was crucial for many such conditions. She decided to focus her studies on this area and eventually got admitted to the medical school of the Yale where she specialized in the early detection of chronic diseases. During her studies, she encountered various chronic diseases with specific symptoms. One such disease was diabetes, characterized by high blood sugar levels, fatigue, frequent urination, and increased thirst. Another was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which caused persistent coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Nothing can get in the way of a strong-willed heart. Sabrina also studied heart diseases like coronary artery disease (冠心病), which often presented with chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. She learned that early detection of these diseases through regular screenings and lifestyle modifications could significantly improve patients’ quality of life and reduce the risk of severe complications. At Yale, Sabrina conducted research on developing more effective screening methods for these chronic diseases. Her work focused on identifying biomarkers and genetic factors that could predict the happening of these conditions, allowing for earlier intervention and better management. This little girl’s dedication and research have contributed significantly to the field of chronic diseases management. Her work has helped develop new screening tools and improved treatment strategies, bringing hope to countless individuals living with these conditions. Through her story and efforts, Sabrina has shown that early detection and intervention are key to overcoming the challenges posed by chronic diseases. 24. What life experience left the young girl a far-reaching influence? A. Her allergy to peanuts. B. Severe symptoms and pain. C. Simple and controlled dietary. D. Timely detection and early intervention. 25. About Sabrina’s learning life in the medical school, what can we learn? A. She majored in chronic diseases and their prevention. B. She found early cure can reduce the risk of these diseases. C She is obsessed with identifying biomarkers and genetic aspects. D. She is expert in heart disease and diabetes relating to shortness of breath. 26. Which kind of traits can we summarize about Sabrina from her story? A. Insight and toughness. B. Openness and diligence. C. Passion and self-discipline. D. Integrity and kindness. 27. What can we learn from the passage? A. Interest is the Best Teacher. B. Misfortune may be a blessing. C. Experience more, know more. D. Early Bird catches the Worm. C Historically, humans have learned they occupy no special position in the universe. Earth is not the center of the cosmos, nor is the solar system or the Milky Way galaxy. These realizations have been baked into cosmology (宇宙学), in the form of the “cosmological principle”, envisioning a homogenized (同质化的) universe, where, on sufficiently large scales, everything looks similar. Alexia Lopez of the University of Central Lancashire compares this to a beach. “If you put a handful of sand under a microscope, the sand grains would look like the special individuals they are. But if you were to walk across the beach, looking out at the sand dunes, all you would see is a uniform golden beige color.” This simplified principle enables astronomers to extrapolate (外推) local observations to the wider universe. Whether studying dark matter, galaxy formation, or the potential for extraterrestrial life, uniformity provides a baseline for understanding. Yet evidence suggests the universe might not be as consistent as once thought. One example comes from discovering structures like the Giant Are — a string of galaxies stretching 3.3 billion light-years — and the Big Ring, a galaxy torus 1.3 billion light-years across. These vast formations exceed the theoretical size limit of 1.2 billion light-years, beyond which the universe should appear smooth. Other irregularities appear in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), radiation from the Big Bang that permeates the universe. The CMB displays unexpected large-scale fluctuations, hinting an irregularities in the universe’s structure. Dragan Huterer of the University of Michigan notes these patterns remain unexplained and could challenge the principle of homogeneity. Some suggest these discrepancies might result from “cosmic variance”, the statistical uncertainty arising from studying a single observable universe. Perhaps unobserved regions could balance out the apparent irregularities. However, recent calculations suggest cosmic variance alone cannot account for the irregularities seen. Still, most cosmic observations hold up against the cosmological principle very well. So while scientists have enough information to reasonably question the idea’s validity, they aren’t at all ready to abandon it — particularly because no one has a solid alternative schema to replace it. Valerio Marra of the Astronomical Observatory of Trieste suggests that at large scales, different observers might perceive slightly different universes, complicating the idea of an “average”. The unique challenge of cosmology lies in its inability to conduct repeated experiments — we can only study one universe. While recent discoveries highlight potential flaws in the cosmological principle, they lack definitive evidence to overturn it. As Huterer says, “There’s no smoking-gun evidence for the violation of the principle.” For now, the cosmological principle remains a cornerstone, though one facing increasing careful examination as astronomers continue to probe the vast cosmos. 28. Cosmological principle refers to ______. A. the observation of the wider universe B. the exploration of the solar system C. the uniformity of the universe D. the formation of galaxies 29. The author uses Paragraph 3 and Paragraph 4 to ______. A. illustrate the irregularities in the universe’s structure B. present a challenge to the cosmological principle C. showcase the mass radiation from the Big Bang D. highlight the importance of cosmic variance 30. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Solid evidence has shown the violation of universal uniformity. B. Scientists remain hesitant to abandon the cosmological principle. C. The cosmological principle faces strong criticism from the public. D. Astronomers plan to explore more unknown areas of the universe. D Thanks to the popularity of Netflix’s new series “3 Body Problem,” we have a new existential threat to worry about: humanity’s urge to get exposed to the cosmos. Sociologists, game theorists and astrophysicists like Stephen Hawking have been warning for decades against transmitting signals that could reveal humanity’s location to interstellar (星际的) predators. They argue that the only civilizations that survive are the ones smart enough to keep quiet. A species that stands out as soon as it learns to transmit radio signals could fatally attract the attention of an older civilization with much more advanced technology, just as the European discovery of America led to the disaster for the native population. And it’s certainly possible that our technology seems so primitive that the aliens would consider us “savages (野蛮人),” as the European settlers called the natives they displaced. The fear of conquest by aliens rests on the questionable premise that they would greedily crave the natives’ land and resources. But that’s not how civilization is proceeding on Earth as our technology advances. In the past, armies fought wars over access to scarce resources (salt, grain, oil), and 20th-century intellectuals predicted that overpopulation would lead to an “age of scarcity” with catastrophic global shortages of food and energy. But thanks to technological progress, humans today are better nourished and wealthier than ever. Natural resources now matter less to individuals or societies seeking wealth than an intangible resource: knowledge. The modern economy is increasingly dominated by industries that traffic not in physical commodities but in information: software, communications, entertainment, artificial intelligence, education and research. Because of this economic shift, today we wouldn’t react as 16th-century Europeans did to the discovery of a “new world” with less advanced technology. We’d exploit it differently. Sure, there would be oil and mining companies ready to extract resources, but they’d run into fierce opposition from scientists, politicians, and activists determined to preserve and study its ecosystem and native cultures. Why wouldn’t aliens react similarly to the discovery of Earthlings? Why would a civilization with the technological ability to travel across the galaxy and conquer Earth be desperate for food or natural resources? Earth’s farmland and minerals would be far less valuable to the aliens than the knowledge to be gained from studying the strange new life-forms on Earth. Even if they regarded us as primitive creatures, even if they felt no moral obligation to spare an inferior species, they’d be as eager to observe us as we are to watch animals in a zoo. In fact, aliens may already be observing us without making themselves known, a possibility known as the “zoo hypothesis”. In this scenario, the reason we haven’t heard from aliens is that they want to observe the behavior and evolution of Earth’s creatures unaffected by outside influences. METI (Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence) enthusiasts like to think that aliens would generously share their advanced and wondrous technology. But maybe the alien s would rather preserve us in our “natural” state so as not to contaminate the data they’re gathering. If that’s the case, then they would ignore our greetings. On the other hand, maybe alien civilizations have just been waiting for us to become capable of interstellar communication, and would be as curious to communicate with us as we would be with them. It’s always possible, of course, that we’ve heard nothing so far because we really are alone in the universe, or because we’re too far away from anyone else to communicate. But if any intelligent beings are out there in the darkness, let’s not assume they’re genocidal predators. It wouldn’t kill us to say hello. 31. The author writes Paragraph 3 mainly to ______. A. cast doubt on the view that aliens will invade the Earth for food and land B. show that humans are no longer savages thanks to technological progress C. warn against the threat of aliens due to humanity’s technological breakthroughs D. argue that overpopulation will also lead to shortage of resources in modern days 32. What can be inferred about the economic shift mentioned in Paragraph 4? A. It is largely driven by advancements in technology. B. It goes against the need for ecological preservation. C It will lead to reduced opposition to resource extraction. D. It justifies the exploitation and displacement of the natives. 33. According to the zoo hypothesis, aliens may be observing the Earth secretly in order to ______. A. monitor the progress of human evolution B. assess the benefits of sharing their technology C. gain knowledge of humans without interference D. feel a sense of superiority over primitive life-forms 34. The author’s attitude towards contacting aliens can be best described as ______. A. fearful B. cautious C. doubtful D. optimistic 第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分） 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 How to Overcome Procrastination (拖延) Have you ever procrastinated? Don’t worry — we all have. Procrastination is not laziness — it’s stress! Putting off tackling a project has long been known to cause stress, but more recent studies show that stress itself is a cause of procrastination. Often when I start a project, everything seems to be swirling around me. ____35____ Such chaos is stressful and while stress and your stress response can be energizing, they can also prevent you from moving forward. That stress induced inactiveness can make you procrastinate, and that feeds into a dangerous cycle that makes you feel more stressed and stalls you even more. So, what can you do if you feel that way? Just beginning a task, no matter how tiny the bite, will get you over the inactiveness and get you going. That tiny bit helps you get in control and reduces the paralyzing stress that stops you from moving forward. ____36____ Set a do-able goal for yourself. If it’s your files that are worrying you, start by choosing one drawer, or even half a drawer to reorganize. When you’ve accomplished your goal for the day, stop! You will feel energized simply because you’ve begun. Is starting a writing project or a report your problem? A wise mentor one told me to start by creating the title page of a paper. That alone feels like an accomplishment. ____37____ The name of the game is to take baby steps towards whatever your goal is. ____38____ If you’ve been a couch potato for months, perhaps due to excessive work or having been ill, don’t try to run a marathon — start small. Do some marching steps while watching an old movie, or dance to a favorite tune. Do some kicks while sitting in a chair. You’ll feel energized from the exercise and from the fact that you’ve actually gotten off that couch! You may also let it marinate — do something completely different and come back to the project after you take a break. Take a walk, preferably in nature, and mindfully savor all the things you see and hear and smell. Go for a swim. Try a micro-meditation. Gaze out the window. Cook something for yourself or loved ones. Do it all with a friend or buddy, or in a program designed to help. ____39____ Connecting with friends enhances social support and buffers stress. All these activities will help reduce that stress block and get you energized to begin to tackle your daunting task. A. Chaos stops me in my tracks. B. I find myself in the midst of a sort of chaos. C. Doing some adequate exercise helps as well. D. The same strategy applies to exercise as well. E. Sharing the burden makes it easier to tackle the work. F. It reduces your stress and helps dissolve the writer’s block. G. Break the situation down into its smallest controllable parts. 第三部分：书面表达（共两节，32分） 第一节 阅读表达（共4小题；第40、41小题各2分，第42小题3分，第43小题5分，共12分） 阅读短文，并按照题目要求用英语回答问题。 Air travel has entered an especially fraught place in the public consciousness lately, mostly due to a recent series of incidents in which Boeing planes have caught fire. While no part of the plane may generally be the safest, you might believe that there is probably a best spot to be sitting when specific incidents happen. The common wisdom has long been that the back of a plane is the safest spot to sit. Reporting from Time magazine analyzed 35 years of crash data up to 2015 and found that statistically fewer people who were sitting in the back died in plane crashes. Trouble is, those findings come from somewhat incomplete data. The victims’ seat positions aren’t always included in crash reports, so the data cannot paint a full picture of which zones are safest. The middle section of the plane has a lot going for it in the event of a bumpy flight. However, it’s not necessarily ideal for a catastrophic situation. After all, the middle section is typically where the fuel cells are positioned, meaning if a fire is involved, you’re right on top of the gas tank. Even if you have decided the row, there are again advantages and disadvantages of each seat option. Sitting in the aisle gets you closer to whatever exit you might need to head to in an emergency but also leaves you more vulnerable to getting hit by falling luggage. Sitting by the window lets you see what’s going on outside, giving you a situational advantage, but it leaves you pinned against the wall and waiting until the other people in your row squeeze out first. Occupying the middle gives you a couple of human shields on either side of you to cushion any potential blows, but the middle sea t is uncomfortable and an unpopular first choice. Tricky questions, right? If you’ve got aviation anxiety, all this back-and-forth of trying to figure out the perfect spot to sit is likely to only cause you more inner upset. Frankly, it’s probably not worth the worry. Airplane accidents are ridiculously rare. In fact, compared to just about any other methods it is one of the least deadly means of transit ever created. Airplane crashes are so rare that getting worked up about which seat is the safest one to plop your butt into is likely going to cause you more mental suffering than it’s worth. After all, when accidents do happen, each one is a little different and will affect the plane in different ways. Ultimately, your chances of making it through an emergency in flight has less to do with where you happen to sit and more with how well trained your flight crew is and how closely you listen to their instructions. 40. What is the problem of the common wisdom that the back of a plane is the safest spot to sit? ______________________________________________________________ 41. Why is trying to figure out the perfect spot to sit not worth the worry? ______________________________________________________________ 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Each accident affects the plane in different ways, and when it happens, your survival has a lot to do with where you happen to sit. ______________________________________________________________ 43. In what other way (s) can you deal with an unexpected disaster? (In about 40 words) ______________________________________________________________ 第二节（20分） 44. 假定你是校学生会主席李华，为了提高学生安全意识，学校决定于下周一开展紧急疏散演练。请你用英语写一份活动通知，告知学校的留学生，内容包括： 1. 活动安排； 2. 注意事项。 提示词：疏散演练evacuation drill 注意：1. 词数100左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 NOTICE ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Student Un 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$