内容正文:
专 题 04 构词法
二轮复习讲练测
英
语
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考情透视·目标导航
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知识导图·思维引航
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04
题型特训·命题预测
目录
CONTENTS
核心精讲·题型突破
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01 考情透视·目标导航
考情分析 考点分布 构词法是英语学习的重要内容,主要涉及单词的构成方式,包括转化法、派生法、合成法等。在中考英语中,构词法的考点主要分布在词汇拼写、单选、阅读理解和综合填空等题型中。
题型分布 1. 词汇拼写:直接考查学生对构词法的理解和应用,如通过加前后缀构成新词。2. 单选:在单选题中,可能会给出一个派生词或合成词,要求学生选出正确的词义或词性。3. 阅读理解:在阅读理解中,构词法有助于学生根据上下文推测生词的含义,从而更好地理解文章。4. 综合填空:综合填空题中,可能会要求学生根据构词法知识填写合适的单词形式。
考法与比重 近年来,中考英语对构词法的考查比重逐年上升。这既体现在词汇拼写和综合填空等直接考查构词法的题型中,也体现在阅读理解和单选等间接考查构词法的题型中。构词法的考查通常与语境紧密结合,要求学生在理解文章或句子的基础上,运用构词法知识解答问题。
命题规律 语境化 构词法的考查越来越注重语境化,即要求学生在特定的语境中理解和应用构词法知识。这有助于学生更好地掌握词汇的用法和含义。
综合化 中考英语构词法的考查呈现综合化的趋势,即多种构词法知识可能会在同一道题目中出现,要求学生综合运用所学知识解答问题。
高频化 一些常见的构词法,如派生法和合成法,在中考英语中的考查频率较高。学生需要重点掌握这些构词法的基本规则和常见例词。
生活化 中考英语构词法的考查内容越来越贴近学生的生活实际,如通过构词法知识理解网络新词、科技术语等。这有助于学生将所学知识应用于实际生活中,提高英语应用能力。
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02
02 知识导图·思维引航
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03 核心精讲·题型突破
考查否定意义前缀
考点一 派生法
1.(2024·江苏无锡·一模)Don’t eat too much at a time, or you’ll feel____________ (comfortable).
句意:一次不要吃太多,否则你会觉得不舒服。根据“Don’t eat too much at a time,”可知,如果一次吃太多,你会觉得不舒服,空处用形容词uncomfortable“不舒服的”,作表语。故填uncomfortable。
uncomfortable
2.(2024·上海长宁·二模)People in that city prepared to their houses after the terrible flood. (build)
rebuild
考查re-前缀表示又、再
句意:那场可怕的洪水过后,那个城市的人们准备重建他们的房屋。由“People in that city prepared to…their houses after the terrible flood”可知,此处指重建房屋,rebuild“重建”;prepare to do sth.“准备做某事”,固定短语,故应用动词原形。故填rebuild。
考查加后缀改变词性
3.(2024·江苏泰州·一模)Before Giant Panda Fu Bao returned to China, thousands of (tour) came to Everland Park to say goodbye to Fu Bao.
tourists
句意:在大熊猫福宝回到中国之前,成千上万的游客来到爱宝乐园与福宝告别。tour“旅游”,名词;根据“thousands of...came to Everland Park to say goodbye to Fu Bao.”可知,应是游客来跟福宝告别,应用tourist“游客”;“thousands of”后接复数名词。故填tourists。
4.(2024·江苏无锡·二模)In Zhuhai Park, you can enjoy the natural beauty, or_________ (simple) breathe the fresh air.
simply
考查加后缀改变词性
句意:在珠海公园,你可以享受自然美景,或者只是呼吸新鲜空气。分析句子结构可知,此处应用形容词simple的副词形式simply“仅仅,只是”作状语,修饰动词breathe。故填simply。
在一个单词前面或后面加上一个词缀构成新词,这种构词法叫作派生法。加在单词前的词缀叫前缀,加在单词后的词缀叫后缀。
考向1 前缀(前缀一般只改变词的意思而不改变其词性)1.表否定意义的前缀
前缀 示例
un- able→unable usual→unusual happy→unhappy
in- correct→incorrect expensive→inexpensive
im- polite→impolite patient→impatient possible→impossible
dis- like→dislike appear→disappear agree→disagreehonest→dishonest
non- smoker→non-smoker native→non-native
2.其他
前缀 含义 示例
mis- 错误 understand→misunderstand lead→mislead
re- 再;又,重复 view→review build→rebuild write→rewrite
inter- 相互;交互在一起 net→Internet national→international
a- 处于……状态或过程中 live→alive wake→awake
en- 使可能 rich→enrichable→enable courage→encourage
tele- 远的;电视的;电话的 control→telecontrol phone→telephone vision→television
考向2 后缀(后缀多数改变词性)
类型 后缀 示例
名词→形容词 -y rain→rainy luck→lucky health→healthy wealth→wealthy
-ly love→lovely friend→friendly
-ous danger→dangerous humor→humorous
-ful use→useful care→careful help→helpful
-less词义与加-ful时相反 use→useless care→careless
-ern west→western south→southern
-en gold→golden wood→wooden
-al nation→national tradition→traditional
-ish fool→foolish child→childish
名词→名词 -ist art→artistpiano→pianisttour→touristscience→scientist
-hood child→childhoodneighbor→neighborhood
-ship leader→leadership friend→friendship
-ese China→Chinese Japan→Japanese
-n, -an, -ian Australia→Australian Europe→European music→musician
动词→名词 -er, -or, -(r)ess teach→teacher win→winner act→actor visit→visitor wait→waitress
-ing paint→painting build→building cross→crossing
-ment develop→development
-(t)ion/-sion/去e加-ation invite→invitation decide→decision discuss→discussion
类型 后缀 示例
动词→形容词 -able comfort→comfortable enjoy→enjoyable
(去e加)-(t)ive act→active create→creative
-(e)d surprise→surprised interest→interested
(去e加)-ing interest→interesting excite→exciting
形容词→名词 -ty safe→safety
-ness ill→illness sad→sadness kind→kindness happy→happiness
(-le变)-(il)ity able→ability real→reality possible→possibility
-ce(以t结尾去t再加-ce) important→importance silent→silence different→difference
-th true→truth warm→warmth
-(e)r foreign→foreigner strange→stranger
类型 后缀 示例
形容词→副词 -ly real→really final→finally
以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i再加-ly happy→happily angry→angrily heavy→heavily
以“辅音字母+le”结尾,去掉e再加-y simple→simply terrible→terribly comfortable→comfortably
以ll结尾,只加y full→fully
少数以e结尾,要去掉e再加-ly true→truly
类型 后缀 示例
1.(2024·甘肃定西·一模)His brother is ________ boy. He is very handsome.A.a 18 years old B.an 18-year-old C.an 18-years-old D.an 18 year old
考查合成词结构
考点二 合成法
考查复合不定代词用法
句意:他的弟弟是一个18岁的男孩。他很帅。考查不定冠词及复合形容词的用法。空格处应作定语修饰boy,所以用复合形容词18-year-old表示“十八岁的”,且此处表示泛指,所以要用不定冠词修饰,结合18-year-old以元音音素开头,所以此处用不定冠词an。故选B。
2.(2023·江苏南京·一模)Which word is formed in the same way as “weekend”?A.unable B.invention C.helpless D.noticeboard
句意:哪一个单词的构成方式与“weekend”的构成方式相同?考查构词法。unable不能,由able加否定前缀构成;invention发明,由invent加名词后缀构成;helpless无助的,由help加形容词后缀构成;noticeboard通知栏,由notice“通知”和board“板”构成。题中的weekend“周末”是由week“周”和end“结束”构成。由此可知weekend和noticeboard构词法相同,为合成词,其他均为派生词。故选D。
3.(22年九年级上·江苏苏州·期中)Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A.helpless B.wartime C.hard-working D.blackboard
考查合成词结构
句意:下列哪一个不是复合词?考查复合词。helpless是由动词help和形容词否定后缀less构成,属于派生词;hard-working是由副词hard和动名词working构成;blackboard是由形容词black和名词board构成;wartime是由名词war和名词time构成,意为“战时”。故选A。
4.(2021·江苏南京·二模)Which of the following words is created in the same way as “blackboard”?A.careless B.impolite C.happiness D.bookshop
考查合成词结构
句意:下列哪个单词和“blackboard”的构词法相同?考查构词法。careless粗心的,它是由care+后缀less构成的形容词;impolite无礼貌的,它是由前缀im (表示否定)+polite构成的形容词;happiness幸福,它是由happy(把y变 i)+后缀ness构成的名词;bookshop书 店,它是由book+shop构成的合成词;blackboard黑板,它是由black+board构成的合成词。因此“bookshop”与“blackboard”的构词法相同。故选D。
用两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法叫作合成法。
类型 合成方式 示例
形容词+动词 dryclean 干洗
名词+动词 sleepwalk梦游 sightsee观光
副词+动词 overcome克服
合成名词 名词+名词 basketball篮球 bookshop书店
名词+动词 haircut理发 sunrise日出
动词+副词 get-together (非正式的)聚会,联欢会
形容词+名词 greenhouse温室 blackboard黑板
介词+名词 afternoon下午
合成形容词 名词+形容词 snow-white雪白的
名词/形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted热心的
介词+名词 underground地下的
名词+动词-ing形式 English-speaking说英语的
形容词/副词+动词过去分词 ready-made现成的 newborn新生的
形容词/副词+动词-ing形式 good-looking漂亮的 hard-working工作努力的
名词+动词过去分词 man-made人造的 heart-broken心碎的
数词+名词 second-hand 二手的
数词+名词+形容词 10-metre-long10米长的
动词+副词 take-away外卖的
合成副词 副词+名词 upstairs在楼上 downstairs在楼下
合成介词 介词+名词 outside在……外面 inside在……里面
介词+副词 without没有 throughout自始至终;遍及
类型 合成方式 示例
考点三 转化法
英语中,把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性,这种构词法叫作转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。常见的转化形式如下:
类型 示例
名词→动词 book(n.)书→(v.)预订hand(n.)手→(v.)上交water(n.)水→(v.)浇水land(n.)陆地→(v.)着陆name(n.)名字→(v.)命名score(n.)分数→(v.)得分
动词→名词 cook(v.)烹饪→(n.)厨师rain(v.)下雨→(n.)雨walk(v.)散步,走→(n.)散步break(v.)打破→(n.)休息stop(v.)停止→(n.)车站lift(v.)举起→(n.)电梯
形容词→动词 clean(adj.)干净的→(v.)打扫open(adj.)开放的→(v.)打开last(adj.)最后的→(v.)持续tidy(adj.)整洁的→(v.)使整洁
形容词→名词 right(adj.)正确的→(n.)正确wrong(adj.)错误的→(n.)错误back(adj.)后面的→(n.)背部,后面light(adj.)明亮的→(n.)灯
04 题型特训·命题预测
1.Don’t be with your son, after all he is only seven years old. (patient)2.The fisherman’s wife said to him, “Why can’t we live in a new house? It’s unfair.” (happy)3.Don’t make much noise in public. It’s (polite).4.He was an actor several years ago, but now he becomes famous. (know)5.Sometimes they strongly (agree) with each other, so they need to communicate more often.6.Of the four seasons in Chongqing, spring is the most (usual) one, because people are wearing all kinds of clothes. For example, you can see sweaters and T-shirt s at the same time.7.The__________never dreamed of having a chance for him to win the first prize in the 100-meter race. (compete)8.Mr Zhang, your is excellent! Have you ever studied abroad? (pronounce)9.My father asked me to my homework because of my poor handwriting. (write)10.I like shopping at 9 a. m. because the supermarket is (crowd) at that time.
impatient
unhappily
impolite
unknown
disagree
unusual
competitor
rewrite
pronunciation
uncrowded
11.Reading aloud is (help) to the students who want to improve their English.12.Experience is a wealth of knowledge and a symbol of . (wise)13.This chair really makes me (comfortable), so I need another one.14.The magazine is a great success and it’s quite popular with these . (read)15.Nowadays WeChat is used among people of different ages. (wide)16.The (invent) from the university spent much of their time developing a new type of energy.17.I am sure she failed in the competition because of the look on her face. (happy)18.Scientists say some animals will soon because of the serious pollution. (appear)19.The boy____________(careless) put the cup on the table and it fell down.20.I hope all my _____________are helpful to you. (suggest)
helpful
wisdom
uncomfortable
readers
widely
inventors
unhappy
disappear
carelessly
suggestions
THE END
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