专题一 攻略(二)妙招(四) 两根据——解“写作手法题”（课件PPT）-【正禾一本通】2025年高考英语高三二轮专题复习高效讲义（新教材）

高三二轮专题复习高效讲义 英 语 阅读理解 专 题 一 答题 ——掌握8大解题妙招，快速答题 攻略二 妙招(四) 两根据——解“写作手法题” 真题示例 2020·浙江7月卷阅读C ONTENT CONTENT 谢谢观看！ 写作手法题主要考查两个方面的内容：一是文章的结构或组织方式(如总—分—总)；二是全文或某个段落行文所运用的写作手法。近几年高考的设问方式： (2020·浙江卷阅读C篇) 29.How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4？ (2016·四川卷阅读D篇) 35.How does the author support the theme of the text？ 　判断文章、某个段落或者某个细节的写作手法可以运用以下两种方法来确定。 1．根据文章体裁来判断 文章类型 常用写作手法 记叙文 多采用以时间为序、以空间为序、以故事情节发展为序等叙事方式进行写作。 说明文 往往采用下定义、举例子、列数字、作对比等方式使说明更清晰或更具说服力。 议论文 大多通过举例子、列数字、引名言、作对比使得观点更可信、更有权威性。 2.根据原文标志词来判断 先根据题干来判断是具体某段的还是全文的写作手法，然后寻找标志词，进而找到答案。 原文标志词 常用写作手法 for example, for instance，take...as an example/instance by giving/presenting examples 通过举例说明 as a result，as a consequence，consequently等 by analyzing causes通过分析原因 that is to say，that is，namely等 by giving definitions通过下定义 具体数字，如5000，two thousand and twenty­two by listing data/statistics通过列数字/数据 原文标志词 常用写作手法 时间词，如in 1920，in the 1940s，nowadays by following time order 遵循时间顺序 表示对比的词，如while，but，on the contrary by making comparisons/contrast 通过对比 表示分类的词，如first, next, then by making classifications 通过分类 引用名言或者别人的话，如as sb puts it... by citing/quoting famous sayings/sb's remarks引用名言/别人的话 “This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study.“After a long run, you may feel like you're in pain, you may feel tired.But it makes you fit．After a long day at work—sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy.” 29．How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4? A．By using an expert's words. B．By making a comparison. C．By referring to another study. D．By introducing a concept. √ 【解题分析】 第一步：寻找原文标志词 阅读本段发现，段中but表示转折对比。 第二步：依据内容确定答案 根据本段中Francisca Then说的话“This works just like physical exercise”及接下来进一步解释“长跑后人就会感到痛苦和疲惫，但它确实能强身健体。工作一天下来会感到劳累，但这也使你的大脑处于健康状态”可知，Francisca Then是通过与“身体锻炼”作比较来解释他的发现的。故选B项。 A (2024·杭州高三质检)Any schoolchild knows that a whale breathes through its blowhole.Fewer know that a blowhole is a nostril (鼻孔) slightly changed by evolution into a form more useful for a mammal that spends its life at sea.And only a dedicated expert would know that while toothed whales, such as sperm whales, have one hole, baleen (鲸须) whales, such as humpback and Rice's whales, have two. Even among the baleen whales, the place of those nostrils differs.In some species they are close together.In others, they are much further apart.In a paper published in Biology Letters, Conor Ryan, a marine biologist at the Scottish Association for Marine Science, suggests why that might be.Having two nostrils, he argues, helps whales smell in stereo (立体声). Many types of baleen whales eat tiny animals known as zooplankton (浮游动物), which they catch by filtering (过滤) them from seawater using the sheets of fibrous baleen that have replaced teeth in their mouths.But to eat something，you first have to find it.Toothed whales do not hunt by scent.In fact，the olfactory bulb—the part of the brain that processes smell—is absent in such creatures.But baleen whales still have olfactory bulbs，which suggests smell remains important.And scent can indeed give zooplankton away.Zooplankton like to eat other tiny creatures called phytoplankton (浮游植物).When these are under attack，they release a special gas called dimethyl sulphide，which in turn attracts baleen whales. Most animals have stereoscopic senses.Having two eyes，for instance，allows an animal to compare the images from each in order to perceive depth.Having two ears lets them locate the direction from which a sound is coming.Dr Ryan theorized that paired blowholes might bring baleen whales the same sorts of benefits. The further apart the sensory organs are，the more information can be extracted from the animal that bears them.The researchers used drones to photograph the nostrils of 143 whales belonging to 14 different species.Sure enough，baleen whales that often eat zooplankton，such as the North Atlantic right whale，have nostrils that are further apart than those do，such as humpback whales，that eat zooplankton occasionally.Besides allowing them to breathe，it seems that some whales use their blowholes to determine in which direction dinner lies. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了鲸鱼呼吸孔的数目、分布位置以及呼吸孔在捕食中发挥的作用等。 1．What do we know about whales' nostrils according to the first two paragraphs? A．They are adapted ones. B．They are developed merely for smell. C．They are not easy to detect. D．They are fixed universally in numbers. A　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“a blowhole is a nostril (鼻孔) slightly changed by evolution into a form more useful for a mammal that spends its life at sea”可知，鲸鱼的呼吸孔其实是鼻孔，它通过进化略微变成一种对在海上生活的哺乳动物更有用的形态。由此可知，鲸鱼的呼吸孔是进化而来的，故A项正确。B项“它们的形成仅仅是为了嗅觉”；C项“它们不容易被发现”；D项“它们在数量上是普遍固定的”。] √ 2．What plays a role when baleen whales hunt zooplankton? A．The teeth that baleen whales have. B．The smell that phytoplankton send. C．The sound waves that zooplankton create. D．The chemical signals that zooplankton give off. B　[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Zooplankton like to eat other tiny creatures called phytoplankton (浮游植物).When these are under attack，they release a special gas called dimethyl sulphide，which in turn attacts baleen whales”可知，浮游动物喜欢吃叫作浮游植物的微小生物。当浮游植物受到攻击时，它们会释放一种叫作二甲硫的特殊气体，从而吸引须鲸。由此可知，浮游植物释放的气体吸引须鲸捕食浮游动物，故B项正确。] √ 3．How is the concept of stereoscopic senses explained in Paragraph 4? A．By quoting a theory. B．By using examples. C．By making contrast. D．By making inferences. B　[写作手法题。根据第四段中的“for instance”可知，本段是通过举例来说明“stereoscopic senses”的，故选B。A项“通过引用理论”；C项“通过对比”；D项“通过推理”。] √ 4．What is the position of nostrils related to according to the last paragraph? A．The sense of smell. B．The possibility to attract food. C．The ability to locate food. D．The ability to communicate. C　[细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“baleen whales that often eat zooplankton...have nostrils that are further apart than those do...eat zooplankton occasionally...some whales use their blowholes to determine in which direction dinner lies”可知，经常吃浮游动物的须鲸的呼吸孔比偶尔吃浮游动物的鲸鱼的呼吸孔间隔更远，一些鲸鱼似乎还用它们的呼吸孔来确定晚餐的方向。由此可知，呼吸孔的位置与找到食物的能力相关，故C项正确。] √ B (2024·沈阳高三质检)Nanako Hama was holding a light envelope.When she tore it open with care, locks of hair emerged.Many strangers send Hama locks of their hair, hoping to recycle it. People generate a huge amount of hair waste.Nearly all of that waste ends up in landfill, where it can release harmful greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.But hair possesses useful qualities that it's a shame to simply throw it away.That's why people all around the world, like Hama, have been collecting hair and finding innovative ways to recycle it, including making mats (垫子) out of it for removing oil leaks in the ocean. Hama is part of the nonprofit Matter of Trust (MoT) members working at more than 60 centers dotted across 17 countries, using machines to make hair donated from local salons and individuals into square mats, which are then used to clean up the floating oil.“Hair is particularly well­suited for this，” says MoT co­founder Lisa Gautier.“That's because its rough sort of outer layer lets oil stick to it.”MoT's mats have been used in major oil leaks, including the 2010 Deepwater Horizon and 2007 Cosco Busan incidents. In a 2018 study, Murray, an environmental scientist at the University of Technology Sydney in Australia found that mats made of recycled human hair could absorb 0.84 grams of oil onto its surface for every gram of hair—significantly more than polypropylene (聚丙烯), a type of plastic that's typically used to clean up the floating oil.Besides, hair is also useful as fertilizer (化肥).Hair contains relatively high nitrogen (氮), a chemical element crucial for plant growth, and each lock of hair is made of roughly 16 percent of this essential nutrient.Last year, more than 560 gallons of liquid fertilizer made from human hair was sold to farmers in northern Tanzania and the feedback from the farmers has been very encouraging. “It's just a great way to use hair in a productive way.Hair is an answer literally hanging in front of our eyes—for oil and soil，” Hama says. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章以Nanako Hama收到了陌生人寄来的头发这一场景引入话题——头发的神奇功能。它不仅可以清除海上泄漏的石油，还可以被当作肥料来用。 5．How does the author introduce the topic? A．By presenting a scene. B．By detailing the background. C．By describing the usage of hair. D．By praising an environmentalist. A　[写作手法题。根据第一段内容可知，Hama握着一个薄薄的信封，她小心地打开信封，几缕头发出现了。许多陌生人寄头发给她，希望头发能够被回收利用。由此可知，作者是通过描述一个场景来引出本文话题的。故选A项。A项“通过展现一种场景”，B项“通过详细地描述背景”，C项“通过描述头发的用处”，D项“通过表扬一个环保人士”。] √ 6．What can the mat made of human hair do? A．Improve soil. B．Prevent oil leaks. C．Take in harmful gases. D．Clear the sea of oil. D　[细节理解题。根据第三段的“Hama is part of the nonprofit...which are then used to clean up the floating oil”可知，Hama是一个非营利组织的成员，使用机器把当地的理发店和个人捐赠的头发制成正方形的垫子，这些垫子可以用来清除漂浮的石油。故选D项。D项中的“Clear”和原文中的“clean up”为同义转换。] √ 7．Which qualities of hair contribute to its innovative use? A．Its color and strength. B．Its length and amount. C．Its weight and flexibility. D．Its structure and component. D　[推理判断题。根据第三段的“Hair is particularly well­suited for this...oil stick to it”可知，头发特别适合清除漂浮的石油，这是头发粗糙的外层能够让石油黏附在其表面；再结合第四段中的“Besides, hair is also useful as...this essential nutrient”可知，头发作为化肥也很有用，它的氮含量相对较高，氮是对植物生长很重要的一种化学成分。所以可推测是头发的结构和成分让人们对它有了创新性的使用方法。故选D项。] √ 8．Which best describes the future of hair waste as fertilizer? A．Uncertain. B．Promising. C．Doubtful. D．Worrying. B　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Last year, more than...has been very encouraging”可知，去年，由人类头发制作的560多加仑的液体化肥被出售给坦桑尼亚北部的农民，农民的反馈很鼓舞人心。由此可知，头发废物作为化肥是很有前景的。故选B。] √ $$