内容正文:
学习风格。 因此,阅读活动应当具有多样性,以适应不同学习风格的学生的需求和特点。 例
如,在读前导入活动中,教师可采用多媒体辅助教学,吸引学生的注意力,同时为语言学习创
设情境;读中理解活动除了常见的问题引导式,教师还可设计匹配连线、文本结构梳理、思维
导图、填空、表格填写等活动;读后巩固应用活动可以采用提问、讨论、辩论的形式,也可以进
行角色扮演、演讲、书面或口头总结全文,还可以做海报设计、画图等。 在课堂活动形式方
面,教师可以充分利用小组合作和同伴互助的优势,尽量多设计小组合作、同伴结对的组织
形式,确保每一位学生都能够充分参与课堂教学活动,最终都能够理解文本。 总之,教师要
尊重学生的主体性,并在活动设计中充分体现这一原则。
思考题:如何在阅读教学中突出学生的主体地位?
搭建支架原则 学生理解一篇文章需要一定的语言基础、策略知识和图式知识,因此在
阅读的各个阶段,教师都应根据学生的实际情况为阅读理解搭建支架。 例如,为较陌生的阅
读话题提供背景知识,以帮助理解文章;或者提前教授单词,减少阅读障碍。 在涉及阅读策
略时,教师还要确保学生知道如何选择及使用恰当的阅读策略。 在输入环节,教师要注重输
入的量,在语言和文本信息方面都要给学生搭建足够的支架,做好充分的铺垫,还要保证输
入知识和输出任务要求的一致性,从而为学生的输出“架桥铺路”。
思考题:阅读教学中,教师如何为学生搭建支架?
第四节 阅读教学活动设计
问题导入:
(1)如何进行读前导入?
(2)读中和读后可以开展哪些教学活动?
通常情况下,阅读教学的过程可以分为读前(Pre⁃reading)、读中(While⁃reading)及读后
(Post⁃reading)三个阶段。 不同的阅读教学阶段有不同的教学活动。
1. 读前活动(Pre⁃reading Activities)
读前活动是学生在阅读前所做的准备活动。 该阶段的活动通常是为了激发学生的阅读
兴趣、创设阅读情境、建立阅读动机、表达对话题的态度、激活背景图式、熟悉文本语言知识
等。 读前活动主要包括预测、头脑风暴、讨论、读前关键词汇教学等。
预测 要求学生根据文章标题、小标题、插图等预测文本内容、文章结构及文本信息呈
现顺序等。
例 1 Read the title and look at the pictures. What do you think the text is about?
Title:
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(选自人民教育出版社普通高中教科书《英语》必修第二册 Unit 1)
例 2 The possible type of writing of the topic “On Freedom” could be .
A. narration B. exposition C. argumentation D. description
例 3 Look at the following pictures and predict what the coming story is like by putting them
in order. Then read the text to check your prediction.
(选自重庆大学出版社普通高中教科书《英语》必修第三册 Unit 2)
头脑风暴 该活动的目的是激活学生的图式知识,主要是教师提出与阅读话题相关的
问题,要求学生自由联想并在规定时间内写下或说出可能的回答或者相关联的词汇。 例如:
Write as many words, related to “harvest celebrations”, as you can think of.
使用 KWL 图表 KWL 图表包含三项内容,K(What I Know)代表学生已有的知识,W
(What I Want to Know)代表学生想知道的知识,L(What I Learned)代表学生学到的知识。
教师应要求学生在阅读前思考并完成 K 和 W 两项内容,在读后阶段完成 L 这一项。 使
用 KWL 图表可以引入目标话题,引起学生的注意,同时,还可以激活图式知识,分享学习目
标,监控学生的学习过程等。
例如 View the title of the passage called “Harvest Celebrations Around the World(重庆
大学出版社普通高中教科书《英语》必修第三册 Unit 1)” and try to finish the following chart.
K(What I know) W(What I want to know) L(What I learned)
In China:
The Mid⁃Autumn Festival;
On the 15th day of the 8th lunar
month;
Reunion and peace;
Eating moon cakes
In other counties:
Who celebrates harvest?
Why do they celebrate it?
When and where do they
have the celebrations?
How?
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•高中英语新课程教学设计与案例分析•
话题讨论 在读前,教师可给出与话题相关的观点要求学生思考讨论是否认同,并给出
理由;或给出相关问题要求学生谈论作答。 同伴之间的讨论可以迅速吸引学生的注意力,激
发学生的阅读动力。
例如 Think about the following questions and share your experiences in pairs.
What did you do on your first day at senior high? How did you feel?
建构背景知识 教师为学生提供理解文章必需的语境知识。 背景知识通常可以以视
频、图片、文字等形式呈现。
例如 Watch the video about Longji Rice Terraces and answer the following questions:
Where are Longji Rice Terraces located in? Who built them? When were they built?
(选自外语教学与研究出版社普通高中教科书《英语》必修第一册 Unit 6)
读前关键词汇教学 教师在读前精心挑选文章中影响学生理解的关键词汇并设计词汇
教学活动。 单词的数量取决于文章的长度和学生的英语水平。 为了避免打击学生,所教词
汇一般不超过 6 个。 读前的词汇教学可以增加学生的阅读信心,使学生获得积极的阅读
体验。
例如 读前词汇测试
Look at the following words and try to match them with its designated meaning.
2. 读中活动(While⁃reading Activities)
读中活动的目的是训练阅读策略和技能。 在阅读的过程中,学生要根据阅读任务,综合
运用所学知识,选择运用恰当的阅读策略及技能获取文章信息、剖析文章结构,在此基础上,
进一步理解文章所表达的内涵意义(鲁子问,2019)。 在此阶段,教师应该鼓励学习者积极主
动地参与阅读活动。 读中主要活动包括下面几项。
确定主旨大意 确定主旨大意通常可以通过主旨大意或者标题的选择、拟定等方式进
行。 分析作者的写作目的及判断语篇来源也可以考查学生对文章主旨大意的理解(王笃勤,
2012)。 另外,主旨大意的考查还涉及段落与段落大意的匹配或者为段落确定适当的小标
题等。
例 1 Read the passage and find out what it is about?
A. An introduction to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
B. The story behind Night⁃Shining White.
C. The famous artist Han Gan.
(选自外语教学与研究出版社普通高中教科书《英语》必修第三册 Unit 4)
例 2 Skim the article and select the appropriate study habits from the box to fill the numbered
blanks.
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How to Improve Your Study Habits?
Set a goal that you want to achieve in one week or by the end of this term. When you keep it
in mind, it will motivate you to learn. You may find you can work harder when you focus on a
target. Make sure that your goal is realistic and that you keep working towards it. Whatever you
decide to do, never give up!
A. Setting a goal. B. Taking notes. C. Planning your time. D. Going over your notes.
(选自重庆大学出版社普通高中教科书《英语》必修第一册 Challenging Yourself A)
获取细节信息 该活动要求学生根据阅读任务扫读全文,将注意力集中在要获取的相
关信息上,忽略与阅读任务不相关的信息。 细节信息包括事实信息和态度观点信息,教师通
常可以通过问答、选择题、图文匹配、排序等方式帮助学生获取细节信息。
例如 Read the passage again and sort out the information according to the timeline.
WHAT’S IN A NAME?
The United Kingdom has a long and interesting history to explore,The first group, the
Romans, came in the first century. Some of their great achievements included building towns and
roads. Next, the Anglo⁃Saxons arrived in the fifth century. They introduced the beginnings of the
English language, and changed the way people built houses. The Vikings came in the eighth
century, left behind lots of new vocabulary, and also the names of many locations across the UK.
The last group were the Normans. They conquered England after the well⁃known Battle of Hastings
in the 11th century. They had castles built all around England, and made changes to the legal
system, The Normans were French, so many French words slowly entered into the English
language.
When? What happened? What changed?
Romans arrived.
The Anglo⁃Saxons came.
The Vikings came.
11th century
(选自人民教育出版社普通高中教科书《英语》必修第二册 Unit 4)
推断隐含意义 推理是一种重要的阅读能力,它要求读者使用背景知识或文本信息来
推断字里行间隐含的深层意义。 通常教师可以设置选择、填空、问答等常见活动来测试学生
是否理解文本的隐含意义。 除此以外,教师还可以设置匹配文章中的论据信息与结论的活
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•高中英语新课程教学设计与案例分析•
动,即教师事先给出论据和结论,要求学生阅读文章并将论据与结论进行匹配。
例如 What kind of person was Wilma according to the passage? Note down some facts from
the article and generalise your opinions.
At the age of thirteen, she began to enter races, but she came in last in every race. Everyone
begged her to quit. One day, however, she came in next to last. Then there came a day when she
won a race. From then on, Wilma Rudolph won every race that she entered.
Facts: She never gave up even though she came in last in every race.
Opinion: Wilma is persistent.
(选自重庆大学出版社普通高中教科书《英语》必修第一册 Challenging Yourself B)
信息转换 该活动主要是将书面文本转换为图表、表格或流程图等。 这类图可以直观
地显示文本的逻辑结构,帮助读者组织文本信息,了解文本结构,理解行文顺序。 信息转换
活动可以用来显示文本的各种行文顺序与结构。 例如,时间或过程性顺序(Chronological or
Process Sequence)、整体与细节(General / Specific)、问题与解决方案(Problem / Solution)、因果
(Cause and Effect)、分类(Classification)、对比(Comparison / Contrast)等。 在活动形式上,可
以有填写图表、选择或绘制文本思维导图等。
例 Change the written information into “cause⁃effect” flow chart.
They have found out that the monarch is able to tell the time of day. It uses its eyes to
measure the position of the sun. These two pieces of information⁃the time of day and the point
where the sun is in the sky⁃allow the butterfly to determine the way to go. Eventually, it manages
to reach the places where it will spend the winter.
(选自外语教学与研究出版社普通高中教科书《英语》必修第一册 Unit 5)
拼图阅读 拼图阅读(Jigsaw Reading)是利用信息差,让小组成员之间合作,共同完成阅
读任务的一种协作式阅读方法。 该活动可以训练学生的合作学习能力和交流能力。 完成该
活动通常需要以下几个步骤:
步骤 1:教师介绍拼图阅读的步骤及阅读主题;
步骤 2:将学生分组(Home Group),小组内学生的阅读水平要有差异;
步骤 3:将阅读材料划分为若干部分,分发给学生,要求组内每个学生阅读不同的部分;
步骤 4:学生完成阅读后,再次分组(Expert Group)。 Expert Group 的成员由 Home Group
成员中阅读同一部分内容的学生组成。 学生可以在小组内讨论,比如对未理解
的信息互相询问解答,最终确保 Expert Group 的每个成员都理解所读片段,成为
解释这部分材料的“专家”。
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步骤 5:解散 Expert Group 的学生,让他们回到本组(Home Group),和本组的其他同学进
行交流。 因为 Expert Group 中的每个人都深入地理解了所读片段,所以他们可
以向其他组员汇报相关信息,最终使组内成员理解文章。
3. 读后活动(Post⁃reading Activities)
读后活动通常侧重检查学生在读中阶段的阅读效果,引导学生运用、巩固所学语言知
识,使学生能够在获得阅读知识的基础上将阅读材料相关的主题、观点和所学语言知识结合
起来进行语言输出(戴军熔 等,2013)。 读后阶段为了加深学生对所学内容的理解,也会进
行拓展性阅读,输入更多话题相关的内容。 读后活动主要包括下面几项。
讨论 讨论是最常见的读后活动形式。 学生可以讨论阅读文本中存在争议的话题,也
可以在讨论中表达观点,分享亲身经历。 教师还可以利用阅读后的讨论活动进一步拓展阅
读材料,以加深学生对阅读内容的理解。
例如 Work in groups to discuss the following questions.
1. Among the harvest festivals mentioned in the text, which impresses you most? Why?
2. Do you know any customs in China that are somewhat similar to the one of throwing the old
yams away? What do these customs suggest?
3. Do you enjoy Chinese traditional festivals? Why or why not?
4. Should we celebrate Western festivals? Why or why not?
(选自重庆大学出版社普通高中教科书《英语》必修第三册)
角色扮演 角色扮演要求学生扮演不同角色并从角色的视角出发来表达观点。 角色扮
演可以激发学生学习、运用语言的兴趣;同时与同伴的共同活动能够减轻学生的心理与学习
压力。 角色扮演在促使学生使用新学知识的同时还为其提供了一定的创造空间,对于语言
教学有非常重要的作用(王蔷,2006)。
为了保证该活动在课堂上有效实施,通常教师要在课前进行精心设计。 设计该活动可
以遵循以下步骤:
步骤 1:定义角色、设置人物目标;
步骤 2:将学生结对或分组,分配角色;
步骤 3:做好扮演前的准备工作,全班首先集体进行头脑风暴,预测可能出现的问题,由
扮演同一角色的学生共同探讨,商议解决方案;
步骤 4:学生组内表演;
步骤 5:班内展示;
步骤 6:教师给予评价与反馈。
例如 Imagine you are a journalist who is interviewing some people from U. S. / U. K. /
China / West Africa / South India about their harvest celebrations. Act out the interview with your
partner(s).
(选自重庆大学出版社普通高中教科书《英语》必修第三册 Unit 1)
复述 复述是教师为学生提供关键词及文本结构,由学生复述全文的一种读后活动。
教师也可以要求学生用另一种人称重述故事。
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•高中英语新课程教学设计与案例分析•
例 Retell the text according to the following structure.
总结 总结要求学生口头或者书面总结全文。
写作 写作要求学生根据所阅读的文本进行写作。 以下活动是常见的读后写作任务。
为文本中描述的地方制作旅游手册。
为文本中描述的产品制作广告。
从另一个角色的视角重写故事。
写一段文本,陈述对文中讨论的问题的个人意见。
例如 Now suppose you are holding a class meeting to talk about the importance of “having
a balanced diet” . Write a speech first, improve it after rehearsal and give the speech in class.
(选自重庆大学出版社普通高中教科书《英语》必修第三册 Unit 4)
填空 教师提供课文摘要,设置填空(Gap⁃filling)并要求学生根据原文内容进行填写。
例如 Finish the summary according to the text.
I was sitting in my room with my cat Smartie when . The roof that I felt
. It rained heavily, and the street . was dangerous, but we had
nowhere to go. To make things worse, there was no enough and Smartie disappeared.
But Mom said
思考与练习:
(1)请为以下短文设计一至两个读前活动;
(2)请为以下短文设计一至两个读中活动和一至两个读后活动。
Country Music
Country music is a major kind of American popular music. It was originally produced by white
Southerners in the early 1920s. Although it was originally known as “ hillbilly music”, it has
gained wide international acceptance since it became part of popular music.
Musically speaking, country music has a simple style and is relaxing to listen to; this is why
it is so popular. This basic aspect comes from the fact that it is based mainly on lyrical content
rather than musical content. The main aim of the musical elements of harmony, melody, and
rhythm is to show off the lyrics.
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The lyrics commonly reflect the lives of ordinary, working⁃class Americans and cover such
subjects as love and relationships, loneliness, religion and work. Most lyrics use 150 or fewer
words, and the result is often like a poem.
Country music tends to mirror the concerns, achievements and lifestyles of the times, and
remains an important form of American cultural expression.
(选自重庆大学出版社普通高中教科书《英语》必修第一册 Unit 3)
第五节 阅读教学案例与分析
问题导入:
(1)针对以下教学材料,你的阅读教学目标是什么?
(2)针对你的教学目标,你将设计哪些阅读教学活动?
Stars after the Storm
It’s strange, but I don’t really remember much about the hurricane itself. It all happened so
quickly. I was sitting in my room with my cat, Smartie, on my lap, when the roof just flew off. All
of a sudden, there was sky where the roof had been. I was so frightened that I just froze.
Mom cried to get out quickly, but it was already too late by then. The rain was coming down
so hard and so fast. Our street turned into a river in seconds. We were going nowhere.
At first, I was pleased we could stay at home, but soon it got really tough. Without a roof,
staying inside was too dangerous. There was water everywhere, but we couldn’ t drink any of it
otherwise we’d get really sick. We just had drinking water that was sent to us by helicopter, but it
was never enough. It was August, so it was really, really hot and it smelled so bad everywhere! I
just spent the days watching the boats going up and down the street and looking out for Smartie. He
had disappeared the moment the storm hit.
Living in the open air, we became breakfast, lunch and dinner for the mosquitos. But Mom
said that whatever happens, we should always try to see the good side of things. It was difficult to
stay positive, though. We had lost our home and everything in it, including Smartie. All we had
left were the clothes on our backs. But as Mom kept on reminding us, we were all together and
safe. Mom’ s words made us feel better. I remember us all lying under the midnight sky and
looking up at the stars. Because there were no lights, we could see the Big Dipper, the Little
Dipper and the Milky Way. It was amazing! Even though we had lost a lot, moments like those
gave us hope for the future.
Although it was only a few days before we were rescued, it felt like months. We were taken to
another town in a faraway county. Thankfully, Smartie came home just in time. We were so happy
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