Unit 3 Environmental Protection Reading and Thinking分层作业-【上好课】高二英语同步高效课堂（人教版选择性必修第三册）

Unit 3 Environmental Protection Reading and Thinking分层作业 基础巩固 一、词性转换 1． n.居住地；栖息地→　 adj. 适合居住的 2． vt.维持；遭受；承受住→　 adj.可持续的；合理利用的 3． v.理解；领悟；懂→　 n.理解力→ adj.全部的；所有的；详尽的 4． adj. 经常的；规律的→ adv. 频繁地；经常 5． vt. 限制；限定；束缚→ n.限制规定；限制法规；约束 【答案】1． habitat habitable 2． sustain sustainable 3． comprehend comprehension comprehensive 4． frequent frequently 5． restrict restriction 【解析】1．名词“居住地；栖息地”是habitat，形容词“适合居住的”是habitable，故填habitat，habitable。 2．动词“维持；遭受；承受住”是sustain，形容词“可持续的；合理利用的”是sustainable，故填sustain，sustainable。 3．动词“理解；领悟；懂”是comprehend，名词“理解力”是comprehension，形容词“全部的；所有的；详尽的”是comprehensive，故填comprehend，comprehension，comprehensive。 4．形容词“经常的；规律的”是frequent，副词“频繁地；经常”是frequently，故填frequent，frequently。 5．动词“限制；限定；束缚”是restrict，名词“限制规定；限制法规；约束”是restriction，故填restrict，restriction。 二、单句语法填空 6．To the (frequent) asked questions, “What’s your favorite film?”my answer is Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. 【答案】frequently 【详解】考查副词。句意：对于经常被问到的问题，“你最喜欢的电影是什么？”我的答案是《卧虎藏龙》。空格处修饰下文的动词asked，应该用副词frequently意为“经常”作状语。故填frequently。 7．It is the love and support of his family (sustain) him during his time in prison that should be greatly appreciated. 【答案】sustaining 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：应该深深感激的是，在入狱期间他的家人给予的支撑他的爱和鼓励。“________ (sustain) him during his time in prison”作后置定语，sustain(支持，支撑)是非谓语动词，与其逻辑主语the love and support of his family之间是主动关系，用现在分词表主动。故填sustaining。 8．Thanks to Wi-Fi, we no longer have to be restricted the Internet with cables. 【答案】to 【详解】考查介词。句意：多亏了Wi-Fi，我们再也不用受限于用电缆上网了。be restricted to是固定短语，意为“被限制在……范围内”，因此空格处用介词to，故填to。 9．One winter, Qaanaaq’s hunters found themselves without sufficient food to feed their (starve) dogs. 【答案】starving 【详解】考查形容词。句意：一个冬天，Qaanaaq的猎人发现他们没有足够的食物来喂他们饥饿的狗。空格处用形容词作定语，修饰名词dogs，此处表示“饥饿的”，形容词是starving。故填starving。 10．The house that is being built should be (habit) by the new year. 【答案】habitable 【详解】考查形容词。句意：正在建造的房子到新年时应该可以住人了。结合“that is being built”可知，空处描述主语的性质，应用形容词habitable，意为“可居住的，适于居住的”，作表语。故填habitable。 11．Environmental groups want a substantial reduction in the (emit) of greenhouse gases. 【答案】emission 【详解】考查名词。句意：环保组织希望大幅减少温室气体的排放。空格处用名词作宾语，emit的名词是emission，意为“排放”，是不可数名词，故填emission。 12．Therefore, let’s take the (responsible) to make it a low-carbon city by riding bicycles. 【答案】responsibility 【详解】考查名词。句意：因此，让我们通过骑自行车来承担起建设低碳城市的责任。空处作take的宾语，用名词，responsible意思为：负责任的，对应的名词为responsibility。故填responsibility。 13．I’d like to talk about the (originate) of Mother’s Day before the new lesson! 【答案】origination 【详解】考查名词。句意：我想在新课开始前谈谈母亲节的由来！结合空前的“the”可知，空处应填名词作宾语，origination“起源”，名词，故填origination。 14．Firstly, I hold the firm belief that I am competent to meet your (require). 【答案】requirements 【详解】考查名词复数。句意：首先，我坚信我有能力满足你的要求。此处用于形容词性物主代词your之后，应用名词requirement表示“要求”，为可数名词，此处应用复数形式表示泛指，作动词meet的宾语。故填requirements。 15．Soon after his father’s release prison, Dickens got a better job in a law office. 【答案】from 【详解】考查介词。句意：父亲出狱后不久，狄更斯在一家律师事务所找到了一份更好的工作。release from prison是固定用法，意为“从监狱释放”，因此空格处的介词from，故填from。 三、根据汉语提示填单词 16．We can provide you with a (全面的) guide to local hotels and restaurants. 【答案】comprehensive 【详解】考查形容词。句意：我们可以为您提供当地酒店和餐馆的全面指南。“全面的”应用形容词comprehensive，作修饰guide的定语。故填comprehensive。 17．He urged us to (抓住) this splendid opportunity to develop our movie industry. 【答案】grasp/grab/seize 【详解】考查动词。句意：他敦促我们抓住这个大好机会发展我们的电影工业。“抓住”为grasp/grab/seize，urged us to do意思为：敦促我们做某事。故填grasp/grab/seize。 18．The concert will (播送) live tomorrow evening. (根据汉语提示填空) 【答案】be broadcast/ be broadcasted 【详解】考查被动语态。句意：音乐会将于明晚现场直播。“播送”为broadcast，此处的主语为“concert”，所以为“被播送”，所以需要使用被动语态，句子中已经有will，所以用一般将来时的被动语态；broadcast的过去分词为broadcast或broadcasted。故填be broadcast或者be broadcasted。 19．She erupted into tears, (发泄；释放) all her pent-up emotions. 【答案】releasing 【详解】考查现在分词。句意：她突然哭了起来，释放了所有压抑的情绪。“发泄；释放”为release；句子中有谓语动词erupted，所以需要填入非谓语动词；release与其逻辑主语She之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。故填releasing。 20．The increase in temperature had an impact on Earth’s (生态学). 【答案】ecology 【详解】考查名词。句意：温度的升高对地球的生态产生了影响。“生态，生态学”ecology，不可数名词，名词形式作介词on的宾语。故填ecology。 四、根据首字母提示填单词 21．Her travels through various countries s her curiosity about other cultures, leading her to study anthropology. 【答案】sustained/ustained 【详解】考查动词。句意：她在不同国家的旅行保持了她对其他文化的好奇心，这促使她学习人类学。根据首字母提示及句意，用动词sustain，表示“保持”之意。陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。故填sustained。 22．Laws have been passed that the speed is r to 30 mph in towns. 【答案】restricted/estricted 【详解】考查动词。句意：法律已通过，规定城镇内限速为每小时30英里。根据首字母提示和句意可知，空处是表示“限制”的动词restrict，主语the speed与restrict之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，故空处应填过去分词形式restricted，与空前is构成一般现在时的被动语态。故填restricted。 23．Do you tend to follow the t when you make a decision. （根据首字母单词拼写） 【答案】trend/rend 【详解】考查名词。句意：当你做决定时，你是否倾向于随波逐流？空前是定冠词，所以空处应填名词作宾语，根据句意和所给首字母，应是trend意为“趋向”符合语境。故填trend。 24．At that time, people would s if food was difficult to find, especially during the cold winter months. 【答案】starve/tarve 【详解】考查动词。句意：在那个时候，如果食物很难找到，人们就会挨饿，尤其是在寒冷的冬季。根据“if food was difficult to find, especially during the cold winter months”及单词首字母可知，应填动词starve(挨饿)，would后接动词原形，故填starve。 25．The Amazon rainforest breathes life into the planet by fixing c and producing over 20 percent of all the Earth’s oxygen. 【答案】carbon/arbon 【详解】考查名词。句意：亚马逊雨林通过固定碳和生产地球上超过20%的氧气，为地球注入活力。根据句意和首字母可知，空处填不可数名词carbon作宾语。故填carbon。 五、选词填空 along with, according to, in order to, have an impact on, refer to, lead to, huge amounts of, take measures to, take responsibility for, and so on 26． the timetable, the train gets in at 8: 27. 27．Hot and delicious food was delivered three times a day. Every day a different variety fruit, yogurt or juice was served. 28．Traditional Chinese painting ink-wash painting. 29．They have to have a basic understanding of computers use the advanced technology. 30．What happens across the globe each and every one of us. 31．We discussed everything—when to go, what to see . 32．The server is designed to store data. 33．His carelessness his failure in the examination. 34．We need to looking after our own health. 35．Many countries have begun reduce obesity which not only affects the population’s health, but the country’s economy. 【答案】 26．According to 27．along with 28．refers to 29．in order to 30．has an impact on 31．and so on 32．huge amounts of 33．led to 34．take responsibility for 35．taking measures to 【解析】26．考查固定短语。句意：根据时刻表，火车8点27分进站。根据后文“the timetable, the train gets in at 8: 27”以及句意“根据”可知短语为according to，首字母大写。故填According to。 27．考查固定短语。句意：又热又好吃的食物一天送三次。每天都有不同的品种和水果、酸奶或果汁一起供应。根据后文“fruit, yogurt or juice”以及句意“和……一起”可知短语为along with，故填along with。 28．考查固定短语。句意：中国画是指水墨画。根据后文“ink-wash painting”以及句意“指的是”可知短语为refer to，陈述客观事实用一般现在时，主语为Traditional Chinese painting，谓语用三单形式。故填refers to。 29．考查固定短语。句意：为了使用先进的技术，他们必须对计算机有一个基本的了解。根据后文“use the advanced technology”以及句意“为了”可知短语为in order to，故填in order to。 30．考查固定短语。句意：全球发生的事情影响着我们每一个人。根据后文“each and every one of us”以及句意“影响”可知短语为have an impact on，结合happens可知为一般现在时，主语为主语从句，谓语用三单形式。故填has an impact on。 31．考查固定短语。句意：我们讨论了一切——什么时候去，看什么等等。根据上文“when to go, what to see”以及句意“等等”可知短语为and so on，故填and so on。 32．考查固定短语。句意：服务器被设计用来存储大量的数据。根据后文“data”以及句意“大量的”可知短语为huge amounts of，故填huge amounts of。 33．考查固定短语。句意：他的粗心导致他考试不及格。根据后文“his failure in the examination”以及句意“导致”可知短语为lead to，描述过去发生的事情用一般过去时。故填led to。 34．考查固定短语。句意：我们需要对照顾自己的健康负责。根据后文“looking after our own health”以及句意“负责”可知短语为take responsibility for，且为短语need to do sth.。故填take responsibility for。 35．考查固定短语。句意：许多国家已经开始采取措施减少肥胖，这不仅影响人口的健康，也影响国家的经济。根据后文“reduce obesity”以及句意“采取措施”可知短语为take measures to，且为短语begin doing sth.。故填taking measures to。 六、七选五 As global warming heats up, humans will suffer from rising temperatures. 36 . In recent years, scientists have found links between human-caused climate change and heat stress. This can lower milk production. The researchers studied 48 Holstein cows. 37 Over the course of two weeks, half of the cows were exposed to approximately 98-degree heat. The other half were housed in neutral conditions (中性条件). All of the cows were milked twice a day. The researchers tracked everything from their vital signs to their weight, feed intake and milk yields. 38 The research was published in the Journal of Dairy Science. 39 The heat-stressed cows had higher insulin (胰岛素) levels. They ate and drank less, too. The researchers also analyzed blood samples from the cows. The heat-stressed cows developed leaky gut (肠子) within just three days. The condition occurs when bacteria and other material “leak’s” trough weakened parts of the intestinal wall (肠壁). This can cause inflammation in cows. 40 When they fed them a special mix of organic acids and pure botanicals, their guts became less permeable. The cows ate more. Thy produced more milk. That dietary solution could help prevent some of the billions of dollars in comic losses related to heat stressed cows. The research could eventually lead to changes in feed formulations. A．But the researchers also found a way to help cows deal with heat. B．As predicted, the warm cows’ milk production declined. C．But how will climate change affect cows? D．When exposed to heat, the cows ate less and drank less. E．Heat stress can also lead to diseases and other issues in dairy cows. F．They housed them in temperature-controlled stalls. G．However, there are many measures we can take to deal with the problem. 【答案】36．C 37．F 38．B 39．E 40．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了气候变化对奶牛的奶产量所产生的影响，气温越高，牛奶产量越低。 36．根据空前的“As global warming heats up, humans will suffer from rising temperatures.(随着全球变暖的加剧，人类将受到气温升高的影响)”可知，全球变暖导致人类受到影响，根据下文中的“In recent years, scientists have found links between human-caused climate change and heat stress. This can lower milk production.(近年来，科学家们发现了人类引起的气候变化和热应激之间的联系。这会降低产奶量。)”可知，温度升高会降低奶牛的奶产量，由此可知，此空应引出下文中谈论气温上升对奶牛有影响，C选项“But how will climate change affect cows?(但是气候变化将如何影响奶牛呢？)”呼应空前的内容且引出下文话题，符合语境。故选C项。 37．根据空前的“The researchers studied 48 Holstein cows.(研究人员研究了48头荷斯坦奶牛。)”以及空后的“Over the course of two weeks, half of the cows were exposed to approximately 98-degree heat. The other half were housed in neutral conditions (中性条件). All of the cows were milked twice a day.(在两周的时间里，一半的奶牛暴露在大约98度的高温下。另一半则被安置在中性条件中。所有的奶牛一天挤两次奶。)”可知，本段描述了研究的过程和方法，F选项“They housed them in temperature-controlled stalls.(研究人员们把奶牛安置在控制温度的牛棚里。)”仍然在谈论研究方法，符合语境。故选F项。 38．根据空前“Over the course of two weeks, half of the cows were exposed to approximately 98-degree heat. The other half were housed in neutral conditions (中性条件). All of the cows were milked twice a day. The researchers tracked everything from their vital signs to their weight, feed intake and milk yields.(在两周的时间里，一半的奶牛暴露在大约98度的高温下。另一半则被安置在中性环境中。所有的奶牛一天挤两次奶。研究人员追踪了从它们的生命体征到体重、采食量和产奶量的一切。)”可知，此处描述了研究的过程和方法，结合空后的“The research was published in the Journal of Dairy Science.(这项研究发表在《乳品科学杂志》上。)”可知，该项研究发表在相应的杂志上，由此可推断，此空讲述的应与研究发现相关，B选项“As predicted, the warm cows’ milk production declined.(正如预测的那样，温暖条件下的奶牛的产奶量下降了。)”讲述的是研究的结果，符合语境。故选B项。 39．分析语篇可知，此空为本段的主题句，根据空后的“The heat-stressed cows had higher insulin (胰岛素) levels. They ate and drank less, too. The researchers also analyzed blood samples from the cows. The heat-stressed cows developed leaky gut (肠子) within just three days.(热应激奶牛的胰岛素水平更高。它们也少吃少喝。研究人员还分析了奶牛的血液样本。热应激的奶牛在短短三天内就出现了肠漏。)”可知，研究表明热应激会导致牛的胰岛素更高，而且奶牛在三天内还会出现肠漏，由此可知，本段主要讲述的是热应激导致的一些问题。E选项“Heat stress can also lead to diseases and other issues in dairy cows.(热应激也会导致奶牛的疾病和其他问题。)”概括了本段讲述的内容，为本段落的总起句，符合语境。故选E项。 40．分析语篇可知，此空为本段的主题句，根据空后的“When they fed them a special mix of organic acids and pure botanicals, their guts became less permeable.(当研究人员给他们喂食有机酸和纯植物的特殊混合物时，他们的肠道变得不那么容易渗透。)”可知，给奶牛喂食有机酸和纯植物的特殊混合物时，牛的肠道就不容易渗透，由此可知，本段讲述的事研究人员找到了一种帮助奶牛处理热量的方法，A选项“But the researchers also found a way to help cows deal with heat.(但研究人员也发现了一种帮助奶牛应对高温的方法。)”讲述的内容与上文为转折关系，且概括了本段要讲述的内容，符合语境。故选A项。 能力提升 一、阅读理解 A Earlier this year extremely cold Arctic air and severe winter weather swept southward into much of the US. Tens of millions of people were affected by dangerously cold temperatures. These severe cold events occur when the polar jet stream — the familiar jet stream of winter that runs along the boundary between Arctic and more temperate air-dips deeply southward, bringing the cold Arctic air to regions that don’t often experience it. After Earth just experienced its hottest year on record, it may seem surprising to set so many cold records. But does this cold snap (寒流) contradict human-caused global warming? Absolutely and surely, it does not. No single weather event can prove or disprove global warming. Many studies have shown that the number of extreme cold events is clearly decreasing with global warming, as predicted and understood from physical reasoning. Whether global warming may, contrary to expectations, be playing some supporting role in the intensity of these events is an open question. Some research suggests it does. There is evidence suggesting that Arctic changes connected with global warming have increased the likelihood of such vortex disruptions (涡旋破坏). The effects of the strengthened high latitude (纬度)warming known as Arctic amplification on regional snow cover and sea ice may build up the weather patterns that, in turn, result in a stretched polar vortex. More recently, we have shown that while the number of these severe cold events is clearly decreasing — as expected with global warming — it does not appear that their intensity is correspondingly decreasing, despite the rapid warming in their Arctic source regions. So, while the world can expect fewer of these severe cold events in the future, many regions need to remain prepared for exceptional cold when it does occur. A better understanding of the pathways of influence between Arctic surface conditions, the stratospheric (平流层) polar vortex and mid-latitude winter weather would improve our ability to predict these events and their severity. 1．Which question is still up in the air? A．What is the polar jet stream. B．Whether cold contradicts global warming. C．Whether globe warming worsens extreme cold. D．What may have led to this polar vortex being stretched. 2．What can we know about the weather from the text? A．The strength of cold is not reducing. B．The strength of heat is not decreasing. C．The threat of global warming is disappearing. D．The number of severe cold events is increasing. 3．What is suggested in the text? A．Being ready for the unusual cold. B．Recording the hottest years in Arctic. C．Paying a visit to the USA and Arctic. D．Learning high-latitude winter weather. 4．Which column of a newspaper is the text probably taken from? A．Culture and History. B．Science and Nature. C．The Making of a Nation. D．Health and Education News. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。今年早些时候，极冷的北极空气和恶劣的冬季天气向南席卷了美国的大部分地区。相关研究表明，极寒与全球变暖并不矛盾。严重寒冷事件的数量明显减少，但它们的强度似乎并没有相应减少。我们要为异常寒冷的发生做好准备。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段“Many studies have shown that the number of extreme cold events is clearly decreasing with global warming, as predicted and understood from physical reasoning. Whether global warming may, contrary to expectations, be playing some supporting role in the intensity of these events is an open question.(许多研究表明，正如预测和物理推理所理解的那样，随着全球变暖，极端寒冷事件的数量明显减少。与预期相反，全球变暖是否在这些事件的强度中发挥了某种辅助作用，这是一个悬而未决的问题。一些研究表明确实如此)”可知，全球变暖是否会加剧极端寒冷的问题还悬而未决。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“More recently, we have shown that while the number of these severe cold events is clearly decreasing — as expected with global warming — it does not appear that their intensity is correspondingly decreasing, despite the rapid warming in their Arctic source regions.(最近，我们已经表明，虽然这些严重寒冷事件的次数明显减少——正如全球变暖所预期的那样——但它们的强度似乎并没有相应减少，尽管它们的北极源头地区正在迅速变暖)”可知，寒冷的强度似乎并没有相应减少。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“So, while the world can expect fewer of these severe cold events in the future, many regions need to remain prepared for exceptional cold when it does occur.(因此，尽管世界预计未来这种严重寒冷事件的次数会减少，但许多地区需要为异常寒冷的发生做好准备)”可知，这篇文章暗示了为不寻常的寒冷做好准备。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Earlier this year extremely cold Arctic air and severe winter weather swept southward into much of the US. Tens of millions of people were affected by dangerously cold temperatures. These severe cold events occur when the polar jet stream — the familiar jet stream of winter that runs along the boundary between Arctic and more temperate air-dips deeply southward, bringing the cold Arctic air to regions that don’t often experience it.(今年早些时候，极度寒冷的北极空气和严酷的冬季天气向南席卷了美国的大部分地区。数千万人受到寒冷天气的影响。当极地急流——人们熟悉的冬季急流沿着北极和温带空气之间的边界向南深深下沉，将北极冷空气带到不常经历它的地区时，就会发生这些严重的寒冷事件)”以及文章主要说明了全球极寒天气并没有因为全球变暖而减少，我们要为异常寒冷的发生做好准备。故本文最可能出现在“科学与自然”版块。故选B。 B You might think as climate change warms the tundra (冻原) — melting surface snow and ice and thawing permafrost (冻土) — there should be more surface water. Existing lakes should be expanding because of this extra water, and new ones should also be making their appearance. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking lakes but lakes that have completely disappeared. A paper published this year in Nature Climate Change found widespread lake loss across the Arctic over the past 20 years. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost thawed (融化), lakes would at first expand because of the increased meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers projected, progressive warming during the 21st and 22ⁿᵈ centuries would dry out the Arctic. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century or more sooner than they were predicted to. What is causing this to happen? Basically, the ground is becoming more permeable (有渗透性的). We talk about “solid ground”, but its particles of rock, mineral and organic matter actually have spaces between them. Outside the Arctic, those spaces are filled with air or water; surface water drains into them. Arctic landscapes are different. In permafrost, the spaces are filled with solid ice, so liquid water cannot readily penetrate through them. But when the permafrost thaws, water can flow downward. So these far northern lakes are disappearing because surface water can drain rapidly into the subsurface as the permafrost warms up. Why did scientists miss this? One reason is that most climate models assume that permafrost thaw is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests that rainfall is now contributing substantially to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the models included such processes. This is a good example of why — no matter how sophisticated models are or may one day become—we will still need to continue making direct observations of the natural world. Lakes make up as much as 40 percent of the Arctic’s lowlands, where they provide crucial freshwater for Indigenous communities and critical habitats for a wide range of plants and animal life. The loss of marshy (湿地的) areas that accompany these lakes can also lead to an increase in wildfires, which, in turn, only serves to melt more permafrost. This permafrost hold a huge amount of methane, which could end up dramatically accelerating global warming. 1．What surprised scientists according to the first two paragraphs? A．The quicker disappearance of Arctic lakes. B．The appearance of new lakes in the Arctic. C．The expansion of existing lakes in the Arctic. D．The widespread lake shrinkage across the Arctic. 2．What is causing the widespread lake loss in the Arctic? A．The downward flow of surface water in lakes. B．The outward flowing water from melting snow. C．The drainage of water through holes in the solid ground. D．The rapid disappearance of lake water due to the warming air. 3．Why did scientists fail to make correct prediction about the Arctic lakes? A．They didn’t employ sophisticated enough models. B．They made their predictions based on insufficient data. C．They didn’t get a close-up look at the natural world at all. D．They didn’t consider the effect of rainfall on permafrost thaw. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The major contributors to global warming. B．The side effects of the Arctic lake loss. C．The role of permafrost in controlling global warming. D．The measures being taken to fight against Arctic lake loss. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了全球气候变暖北极冻土融化反而导致当地湖泊含水量不增反减，甚至逐渐消失的原因。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking lakes but lakes that have completely disappeared. (然而，最近科学家们发现，湖泊不仅在萎缩，而且已经完全消失。)”和第二段“But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century or more sooner than they were predicted to. (但现在看来，北极湖泊的消失似乎比预计的要早一个世纪或更早。)”可知，两段主要讲述在全球气候变暖冻土融化的条件下，北极湖泊没有出现理论上的扩大，反而不断消失，故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“So these far northern lakes are disappearing because surface water can drain rapidly into the subsurface as the permafrost warms up. (所以这些遥远的北部湖泊正在消失，因为随着永久冻土变暖，地表水会迅速流入地下。)”可知，湖泊消失的原因在于随着冻土的融化，地表的水不断渗透到地下，所以导致了湖泊水位的下降，甚至是消失，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“New evidence suggests that rainfall is now contributing substantially to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the models included such processes. (新的证据表明，现在降雨在很大程度上导致了永久冻土的流失。)”可知，雨水落下会将高温带进地下，导致冻土的融化，而冻土融化后会导致地表水向下渗透，从而影响科学家对地表水量的预测。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“The loss of marshy (湿地的) areas that accompany these lakes can also lead to an increase in wildfires, which, in turn, only serves to melt more permafrost. This permafrost hold a huge amount of methane, which could end up dramatically accelerating global warming. (与这些湖泊相伴随的沼泽地区的减少也会导致野火的增加，而野火反过来只会融化更多的永久冻土。这些永久冻土中含有大量的甲烷，最终可能会极大地加速全球变暖。)”可知，最后一段主要介绍了北极湖泊减少的副作用。故选B。 二、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, which poses serious threats to ecosystems. It’s reported that global temperatures 1 (rise) by approximately 1.1℃ since the late 1800s. The global average temperature rise 2 (expect) to reach 1.5℃ within the next few decades. Many animal and plant species are struggling to adapt to the rapidly changing climate. 3 deserves to be noted is that some coastal cities around the world may face severe flooding if global warming remains 4 (check). However, those future effects depend on 5 amount of carbon dioxide we emit. More greenhouse gas emissions will lead to more climate 6 (extreme) and widespread damaging effects across our planet. In fact, modern humans have never before seen the observed changes in our global climate, some of 7 are irreversible over the next hundreds to thousands of years. Fortunately, there 8 (be) hope, governments, organizations, and individuals around the world are making joint efforts to ease the effects of climate change. Renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower are being developed to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. 9 (addition), technological innovations - such as carbon capture and storage - are helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 10 immediate and large-scale efforts to reduce emissions, the effects of climate change will only become more severe in the coming decades. 【答案】 1．have risen 2．is expected 3．What 4．unchecked 5．the 6．extremes 7．which 8．being 9．Additionally 10．Without 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了全球气候变暖对环境的影响。 1．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：据报道，自19世纪末以来，全球气温上升了大约1.1摄氏度。此处是谓语动词，根据后面的时间状语“since the late 1800s”，可知用现在完成时，主语global temperatures，谓语用复数形式。故填have risen。 2．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：在接下来的几十年里，全球平均气温升高预计会达到1.5摄氏度。此处是谓语动词，描述预计会发生的事情，用一般现在时，主语和谓语之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，主语The global average temperature rise，谓语第三人称单数，故填 is expected。 3．考查主语从句。句意：值得注意的是，如果全球变暖得不到控制，世界各地的一些沿海城市可能面临严重的洪水。设空处引导主语从句，从句中缺少主语，指物，应用连接代词what引导，句首单词首字母大写。故填What。 4．考查形容词。句意：同上。设空处接在系动词remains后，作表语，应用形容词，表示“未受抑制的”。故填unchecked。 5．考查冠词。句意：不过，这些未来的影响取决于我们排放的二氧化碳的量。设空处修饰名词amount，后面有限定，表特指，所以应用定冠词。故填the。 6．考查名词。句意：更多的温室气体排放将导致更多的极端气候，并在我们的星球上产生广泛的破坏性影响。根据空前的more和and后面的effects可知，此处用所给词名词复数形式作宾语，“climate extremes”意为“极端气候事件”。故填extremes。 7．考查定语从句。句意：事实上，现代人类从未见过我们所观察到的全球气候变化，其中一些变化在未来几百到几千年是不可逆转的。此处是“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，前面句中的changes是先行词，应用which。故填which。 8．考查独立主格结构。句意：幸运的是，希望还在，世界各国政府、组织和个人正在共同努力，缓解气候变化的影响。本句已有谓语，因此前半句为there be句型的独立主格形式。故填being。 9．考查副词。句意：此外，碳捕获和储存等技术创新也有助于减少温室气体排放。设空处修饰后面整个句子作状语，应用副词形式，addition的副词形式为additionally，句首单词首字母大写。故填Additionally。 10．考查介词。句意：如果不采取及时且大规模的减排措施，那么在接下来的几十年里，气候变化带来的影响将会越来越严重。设空后为名词，应用介词，表示“如果没有”，用介词without，句首单词首字母大写，故填Without。 三、书信写作 全球变暖是目前人类面临的一个严重的环境问题。假定你是李华，请你根据以下要点给某英语报编辑写一封信，为应对全球变暖献计献策。 1. 全球变暖的危害； 2. 你的具体建议； 3. 你的期望。 注意： 1. 词数80左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 3. 参考词汇：全球变暖global warming 二氧化碳carbon dioxide Dear editor, _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 【答案】One possible version: Dear editor, Nowadays, global warming is becoming serious. I am writing to put forward my suggestions on fighting global warming. Global warming has many harmful effects, such as the rise of sea levels, many natural disasters and so on. Therefore, it’s time to take measures to make a difference. First of all, we should save energy. Secondly, we should plant more trees to absorb carbon dioxide. Finally and most importantly, we should raise people’s awareness of the importance of protecting the environment. I hope that through our joint efforts, we can deal with global warming effectively. Yours, Li Hua 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生以李华的身份，给某英语报编辑写一封信，为应对全球变暖献计献策，应首先点明全球变暖的危害，然后详细介绍自己的建议，最后表达美好的期望。 【详解】1. 词汇积累 严重的：serious → severe 提出：put forward →come up with 采取行动：take measures → take steps 意识：awareness → consciousness 2. 句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Global warming has many harmful effects, such as the rise of sea levels, many natural disasters and so on. 拓展句：Global warming has many harmful effects, which include the rise of sea levels, many natural disasters and so on. 【点睛】[高分句型1] I am writing to put forward my suggestions on fighting global warming. (运用了动名词作宾语) [高分句型2] I hope that through our joint efforts, we can deal with global warming effectively. (运用了that引导宾语从句) 2 / 18 1 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 3 Environmental Protection Reading and Thinking分层作业 基础巩固 一、词性转换 1． n.居住地；栖息地→　 adj. 适合居住的 2． vt.维持；遭受；承受住→　 adj.可持续的；合理利用的 3． v.理解；领悟；懂→　 n.理解力→ adj.全部的；所有的；详尽的 4． adj. 经常的；规律的→ adv. 频繁地；经常 5． vt. 限制；限定；束缚→ n.限制规定；限制法规；约束 二、单句语法填空 6．To the (frequent) asked questions, “What’s your favorite film?”my answer is Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. 7．It is the love and support of his family (sustain) him during his time in prison that should be greatly appreciated. 8．Thanks to Wi-Fi, we no longer have to be restricted the Internet with cables. 9．One winter, Qaanaaq’s hunters found themselves without sufficient food to feed their (starve) dogs. 10．The house that is being built should be (habit) by the new year. 11．Environmental groups want a substantial reduction in the (emit) of greenhouse gases. 12．Therefore, let’s take the (responsible) to make it a low-carbon city by riding bicycles. 13．I’d like to talk about the (originate) of Mother’s Day before the new lesson! 14．Firstly, I hold the firm belief that I am competent to meet your (require). 15．Soon after his father’s release prison, Dickens got a better job in a law office. 三、根据汉语提示填单词 16．We can provide you with a (全面的) guide to local hotels and restaurants. 17．He urged us to (抓住) this splendid opportunity to develop our movie industry. 18．The concert will (播送) live tomorrow evening. (根据汉语提示填空) 19．She erupted into tears, (发泄；释放) all her pent-up emotions. 20．The increase in temperature had an impact on Earth’s (生态学). 四、根据首字母提示填单词 21．Her travels through various countries s her curiosity about other cultures, leading her to study anthropology. 22．Laws have been passed that the speed is r to 30 mph in towns. 23．Do you tend to follow the t when you make a decision. （根据首字母单词拼写） 24．At that time, people would s if food was difficult to find, especially during the cold winter months. 25．The Amazon rainforest breathes life into the planet by fixing c and producing over 20 percent of all the Earth’s oxygen. 五、选词填空 along with, according to, in order to, have an impact on, refer to, lead to, huge amounts of, take measures to, take responsibility for, and so on 26． the timetable, the train gets in at 8: 27. 27．Hot and delicious food was delivered three times a day. Every day a different variety fruit, yogurt or juice was served. 28．Traditional Chinese painting ink-wash painting. 29．They have to have a basic understanding of computers use the advanced technology. 30．What happens across the globe each and every one of us. 31．We discussed everything—when to go, what to see . 32．The server is designed to store data. 33．His carelessness his failure in the examination. 34．We need to looking after our own health. 35．Many countries have begun reduce obesity which not only affects the population’s health, but the country’s economy. 六、七选五 As global warming heats up, humans will suffer from rising temperatures. 36 . In recent years, scientists have found links between human-caused climate change and heat stress. This can lower milk production. The researchers studied 48 Holstein cows. 37 Over the course of two weeks, half of the cows were exposed to approximately 98-degree heat. The other half were housed in neutral conditions (中性条件). All of the cows were milked twice a day. The researchers tracked everything from their vital signs to their weight, feed intake and milk yields. 38 The research was published in the Journal of Dairy Science. 39 The heat-stressed cows had higher insulin (胰岛素) levels. They ate and drank less, too. The researchers also analyzed blood samples from the cows. The heat-stressed cows developed leaky gut (肠子) within just three days. The condition occurs when bacteria and other material “leak’s” trough weakened parts of the intestinal wall (肠壁). This can cause inflammation in cows. 40 When they fed them a special mix of organic acids and pure botanicals, their guts became less permeable. The cows ate more. Thy produced more milk. That dietary solution could help prevent some of the billions of dollars in comic losses related to heat stressed cows. The research could eventually lead to changes in feed formulations. A．But the researchers also found a way to help cows deal with heat. B．As predicted, the warm cows’ milk production declined. C．But how will climate change affect cows? D．When exposed to heat, the cows ate less and drank less. E．Heat stress can also lead to diseases and other issues in dairy cows. F．They housed them in temperature-controlled stalls. G．However, there are many measures we can take to deal with the problem. 能力提升 一、阅读理解 A Earlier this year extremely cold Arctic air and severe winter weather swept southward into much of the US. Tens of millions of people were affected by dangerously cold temperatures. These severe cold events occur when the polar jet stream — the familiar jet stream of winter that runs along the boundary between Arctic and more temperate air-dips deeply southward, bringing the cold Arctic air to regions that don’t often experience it. After Earth just experienced its hottest year on record, it may seem surprising to set so many cold records. But does this cold snap (寒流) contradict human-caused global warming? Absolutely and surely, it does not. No single weather event can prove or disprove global warming. Many studies have shown that the number of extreme cold events is clearly decreasing with global warming, as predicted and understood from physical reasoning. Whether global warming may, contrary to expectations, be playing some supporting role in the intensity of these events is an open question. Some research suggests it does. There is evidence suggesting that Arctic changes connected with global warming have increased the likelihood of such vortex disruptions (涡旋破坏). The effects of the strengthened high latitude (纬度)warming known as Arctic amplification on regional snow cover and sea ice may build up the weather patterns that, in turn, result in a stretched polar vortex. More recently, we have shown that while the number of these severe cold events is clearly decreasing — as expected with global warming — it does not appear that their intensity is correspondingly decreasing, despite the rapid warming in their Arctic source regions. So, while the world can expect fewer of these severe cold events in the future, many regions need to remain prepared for exceptional cold when it does occur. A better understanding of the pathways of influence between Arctic surface conditions, the stratospheric (平流层) polar vortex and mid-latitude winter weather would improve our ability to predict these events and their severity. 1．Which question is still up in the air? A．What is the polar jet stream. B．Whether cold contradicts global warming. C．Whether globe warming worsens extreme cold. D．What may have led to this polar vortex being stretched. 2．What can we know about the weather from the text? A．The strength of cold is not reducing. B．The strength of heat is not decreasing. C．The threat of global warming is disappearing. D．The number of severe cold events is increasing. 3．What is suggested in the text? A．Being ready for the unusual cold. B．Recording the hottest years in Arctic. C．Paying a visit to the USA and Arctic. D．Learning high-latitude winter weather. 4．Which column of a newspaper is the text probably taken from? A．Culture and History. B．Science and Nature. C．The Making of a Nation. D．Health and Education News. B You might think as climate change warms the tundra (冻原) — melting surface snow and ice and thawing permafrost (冻土) — there should be more surface water. Existing lakes should be expanding because of this extra water, and new ones should also be making their appearance. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking lakes but lakes that have completely disappeared. A paper published this year in Nature Climate Change found widespread lake loss across the Arctic over the past 20 years. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost thawed (融化), lakes would at first expand because of the increased meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers projected, progressive warming during the 21st and 22ⁿᵈ centuries would dry out the Arctic. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century or more sooner than they were predicted to. What is causing this to happen? Basically, the ground is becoming more permeable (有渗透性的). We talk about “solid ground”, but its particles of rock, mineral and organic matter actually have spaces between them. Outside the Arctic, those spaces are filled with air or water; surface water drains into them. Arctic landscapes are different. In permafrost, the spaces are filled with solid ice, so liquid water cannot readily penetrate through them. But when the permafrost thaws, water can flow downward. So these far northern lakes are disappearing because surface water can drain rapidly into the subsurface as the permafrost warms up. Why did scientists miss this? One reason is that most climate models assume that permafrost thaw is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests that rainfall is now contributing substantially to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the models included such processes. This is a good example of why — no matter how sophisticated models are or may one day become—we will still need to continue making direct observations of the natural world. Lakes make up as much as 40 percent of the Arctic’s lowlands, where they provide crucial freshwater for Indigenous communities and critical habitats for a wide range of plants and animal life. The loss of marshy (湿地的) areas that accompany these lakes can also lead to an increase in wildfires, which, in turn, only serves to melt more permafrost. This permafrost hold a huge amount of methane, which could end up dramatically accelerating global warming. 1．What surprised scientists according to the first two paragraphs? A．The quicker disappearance of Arctic lakes. B．The appearance of new lakes in the Arctic. C．The expansion of existing lakes in the Arctic. D．The widespread lake shrinkage across the Arctic. 2．What is causing the widespread lake loss in the Arctic? A．The downward flow of surface water in lakes. B．The outward flowing water from melting snow. C．The drainage of water through holes in the solid ground. D．The rapid disappearance of lake water due to the warming air. 3．Why did scientists fail to make correct prediction about the Arctic lakes? A．They didn’t employ sophisticated enough models. B．They made their predictions based on insufficient data. C．They didn’t get a close-up look at the natural world at all. D．They didn’t consider the effect of rainfall on permafrost thaw. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The major contributors to global warming. B．The side effects of the Arctic lake loss. C．The role of permafrost in controlling global warming. D．The measures being taken to fight against Arctic lake loss. 二、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, which poses serious threats to ecosystems. It’s reported that global temperatures 1 (rise) by approximately 1.1℃ since the late 1800s. The global average temperature rise 2 (expect) to reach 1.5℃ within the next few decades. Many animal and plant species are struggling to adapt to the rapidly changing climate. 3 deserves to be noted is that some coastal cities around the world may face severe flooding if global warming remains 4 (check). However, those future effects depend on 5 amount of carbon dioxide we emit. More greenhouse gas emissions will lead to more climate 6 (extreme) and widespread damaging effects across our planet. In fact, modern humans have never before seen the observed changes in our global climate, some of 7 are irreversible over the next hundreds to thousands of years. Fortunately, there 8 (be) hope, governments, organizations, and individuals around the world are making joint efforts to ease the effects of climate change. Renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower are being developed to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. 9 (addition), technological innovations - such as carbon capture and storage - are helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 10 immediate and large-scale efforts to reduce emissions, the effects of climate change will only become more severe in the coming decades. 三、书信写作 全球变暖是目前人类面临的一个严重的环境问题。假定你是李华，请你根据以下要点给某英语报编辑写一封信，为应对全球变暖献计献策。 1. 全球变暖的危害； 2. 你的具体建议； 3. 你的期望。 注意： 1. 词数80左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 3. 参考词汇：全球变暖global warming 二氧化碳carbon dioxide Dear editor, _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 2 / 18 1 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$