Unit4Never too old to learn【速记清单】-2024-2025学年高二英语单元速记•巧练（译林版2019选择性必修第四册）

Unit 4 Never too old to learn (选择性必修第四册) Unit1 核心词汇 1.　bound　 adj.一定会，很可能会；有义务（做某事） 2.　resolve　 vt.&vi.解决；表决；决心，决定n.决心，坚定的信念 3.　qualify　 vt.使合格，使具备资格 vi.取得资格（或学历），合格 4.　prospect　 n.成功的机会，前景；可能性 5.　motor　 adj.机动车的，汽车的 n.发动机，马达 6.　drill　 vt.& vi.培训，训练；钻（孔） n.练习，训练；钻，钻头 7.　competence　 n.能力，胜任 8.　random　 adj.随机的；辨认不出的；不合常理的 9.　tablet　 n.平板电脑；药片 10.　certificate　 n.文凭，结业证书；证明，证明书 11.　breast　 n.胸部；胸脯 12.　curtain　 n.幕，帷幕；窗帘；帘，幔；覆盖物 13.　mature　 adj.明白事理的，成熟的 vi.成熟，长成；有判断力 14.　essay　 n.文章，短文 15.　paragraph　 n.段，段落 16.　sneeze　 vi.打喷嚏n.喷嚏，喷嚏声 17.　drawer　 n.抽屉 18.　bounce　 vt.（向某人）试探地透露（主意） vi.跳动 n.弹跳；活力 19.　beard　 n.胡须，络腮胡子 20.　carriage　 n.（火车的）客车厢；（旧时载客的）四轮马车 21.　kettle　 n.壶，水壶 阅读词汇 1.Confucius n.　孔子　 2.objective adj.　客观的，客观存在的；宾格的　 n.　目标，目的　 3.concrete adj.　确实的，具体的；有形的，实在的　 n.　混凝土　 4.cease vi.& vt.　（使）停止，终止，结束　 5.reasoning n.　推理，理性的观点，论证　 6.abstract adj.　抽象的，纯理论的　 vt.　把……抽象出，提取　 7.domain n.　领域，范围；领土；域　 8.institution n.　机构；风俗习惯，制度　 9.circuit n.　电路，线路；环行；赛车道　 10.recreation n.　娱乐，消遣　 11.statistic n.　统计数字，统计资料　 12.circus n.　热闹场面；马戏团　 13.geometry n.　几何（学）；几何形状　 14.draft n.　草稿，草案，草图　 vt.　起草，草拟　 15.cafeteria n.　自助餐厅，自助食堂　 短语 1.　be bound to　 　　一定会，很可能会 2.　keep pace with sb/sth　　与……步调一致，与……并驾齐驱 3.　subscribe to　 　　订阅；定期订购（或订阅等）；同意，赞成 4.　in a flash　 　　转瞬间，立即 5.　bounce ideas off sb　　　向某人试探地透露主意 6.　be exposed to　 　　接触到；暴露于 7.　stay up　　　 熬夜 8.　hold on to　 　　抓住……不放；坚持 9.　fit in　 　　　　适应 10.　point out　　　指出 11.　take advantage of　　　利用 12.　come up with　 　　提出，想出 13.　stick to　　　坚持，遵守 14.　be confident about　　　对……充满自信 15.　compose oneself　　　使自己镇定下来 16.　be impressed on/upon sb　　　给某人留下深刻印象 17.　dawn on sb　　　使开始明白，使渐渐领悟；使开始理解 句型 1.句型公式：what引导主语从句 教材原句：New knowledge is constantly being generated and what you already know is being revised all the time， to the extent that it can be difficult to keep pace with the latest developments. 1.重要的是我从你那里学到了很多，而且我们成了好朋友。 　What’s important　 is that I gained a lot from you and we became good friends. 2.句型公式：否定词置于句首引起的部分倒装 教材原句：Little did I know that I was about to experience the best four years of my life. 2.我很少发现他对在院子里跑来跑去快乐玩耍的孩子们不耐烦。 Rarely 　have I found him impatient with the children　 who ran around the yard playing happily. 3.句型公式：动词-ing短语作主语 教材原句：“Completing the course has given me such a sense of achievement，” he says. 3.跳舞是保持活力和社交的好方法。 　Dancing is a great way　 to stay active and socialize. 语法 复杂句分析 知识点01 重点词汇、短语 1．blank adj.空白的；空的，无图画(或标记、装饰)的；无表情的，木然的　n．空白处，空格 blankly adv. 茫然地；没有表情地 go blank (脑子里)突然一片空白；出现空白(指没有图像、文字等) a blank check 空白支票 a blank form 空白表格 a blank page 空白页 a blank tape 空磁带 a blank expression/look 木然的表情 a blank face 茫然的面孔 blank eyes 茫然的眼睛 fill in the blanks 在空白处填写 ◎单句语法填空 ①She stared ________ (blank) into space, not knowing what to say next. ②I was trying to blank ________ previous situations from my mind. ③For a minute they remained staring ________ (blank) at one another. ④Read the short passage and fill in the ________ (blank) in the proper form of the words. 答案:①blankly　②out　③blankly　④blanks 2.composition n．构图；构成，成分；作品；作曲艺术　compose v．作曲；构成，形成；写作，创作；使镇静　composer n．作曲家 be composed of 由……组成/构成 compose oneself 使某人镇静 [学法点拨]“由……组成/构成”的其他表达：consist of，be made up of。 Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen. 水由氢与氧化合而成。 ◎单句语法填空 ①Around 15% of our diet ________ (compose) of protein. ②It was the fortieth anniversary of the death of the ________ (compose)． ③He played a piece of music of his own ________ (compose)． ④Adam was nervous at first but soon composed ________ (him)． ◎同义句转换 ⑤All living things are made up of cells. →________________________________________________________________________ 答案：①is composed　②composer　③composition　④himself　⑤All living things are composed of cells./All living things consist of cells. 3．bound adj.一定会，很可能会；有义务(做某事)；准备前往(某地) be bound to do sth. 一定会/很可能会做某事 be bound to be＋n./adj. 肯定是…… a Paris-bound plane 飞往巴黎的飞机 be bound for 前往…… a plane bound for Dublin 开往都柏林的飞机 ◎单句语法填空 ①The takeover of the company is bound ________ (mean) more job losses. ②In the morning the wagon trains left from Lanham, Nebraska, bound ________ Oregon and California. ◎完成句子 ③There ________________________ (一定会有变化) when the new system is introduced. ④The flight has taken off at 8：01 from Newark, N. J．， ____________________ (飞往) San Francisco. 答案：①to mean　②for　③are bound to be changes　④bound for 4．resolve vt. & vi.解决；表决；决心，决定；分解　n．决心，坚定的信念　resolved adj.下定决心的；断然的　　　 (1)resolve a dispute 解决争端 resolve a conflict 解决冲突 resolve a problem 解决问题 fail to resolve 解决未果 (2)resolve to do sth. 决定做某事 resolve on sth./on doing sth. 决心/决定(做)某事 be resolved to do sth. 决心做某事 resolve...into... 把……变成……/把……分解为…… resolve that... 决定…… (3)make a resolve to do sth. 下定决心做某事 ◎单句语法填空 ①Many students resolve ________ studying abroad after graduation. ②This chemical substance can be resolved ________ an acid and oxygen. ③The Supreme Council resolved ________ (resume) control over the national press. ◎完成句子 ④The director __________________________________ (已经决定了一项计划) to save the firm. ⑤He ____________________________ (决心) go on a journey early in the next morning. 答案：①on　②into　③to resume　④has resolved on a plan ⑤made a resolve to 5．objective adj.客观的；客观存在的；宾格的　n．目标，目的　objectively adv.客观地 (1)the main/chief/primary objective 主要目标 the economic/military/political objective 经济/军事/政治目标 objective reality/world 客观现实/世界 with the objective of 目的是．..... (2)an objective analysis/assessment/report 客观的分析/评价/报告 (3)objectively speaking 客观地说 view the situation objectively 客观地看待情况 ◎单句语法填空 ①Our main ________ (object) was the recovery of the child safe and well. ②We simply want to inform people ________ (objective) about events. ③Their company brought in advanced technology ________ the objective of improving the output. ④________ (objective) speaking, the situation is not too bad. 答案：①objective　②objectively　③with　④Objectively 6．concrete adj.确实的，具体的；有形的，实在的　n．混凝土 a concrete floor 混凝土地面 concrete evidence/proposals/proof 确凿的证据/具体的建议/确实的证明 concrete figures/problems/thoughts 具体数字/问题/想法 in the concrete 实际上；具体来说 [词语辨析]concrete与specific concrete指通过感官能看到、听到、触碰到的具体东西，其反义词是abstract。 specific侧重于修饰具体的细节，与general(一般)，vague(模糊)相对。 ◎完成句子 ①We should ____________________________ (具体分析) of each specific question. ②I understand the general idea. But ____________________________ (具体来说), what do you actually plan to do? ◎辨析填空：concrete与specific ③She declined to be more ________ about the reasons for the separation. ④He nowhere offers ________ historical background to support his arguments. 答案：①make a concrete analysis　②in the concrete　③specific　④concrete 7.comprehension n．理解力，领悟能力；理解练习　comprehend vt.理解，领悟；包括　 comprehensive adj.全面的；综合性的；详尽的　　　 (1)have good comprehension 理解能力强 have no comprehension of 不明白/不理解…… speech and comprehension 说话能力和理解力 listening/reading comprehension 听力/阅读理解练习 beyond (one's) comprehension 超出(某人的)理解能力；令人费解 (2)comprehensive treatment/quality/income/knowledge 综合治疗/素质/收入/知识 ◎单句语法填空 ①How he managed it is ________ my comprehension. ②Streaming within ________ (comprehend) schools is common practice. ③They turned to one another with the same expression of dawning ________ (comprehend), surprise, and relief. ◎完成句子 ④She ______________________________ (不理解) her teacher's problems. 答案：①beyond　②comprehensive　③comprehension　④had no comprehension of 8．reasoning n．推理，理性的观点，论证　reason n．原因，理由；理智；理性　v．推论；推理 reasonable adj.合理的；公道的；适当的；合乎情理的 (1)reasoning ability 推理能力 a reasoning process 推理过程 (2)reason from 根据……进行推论 reason out 通过推理得出结论 ◎单句语法填空 ①We would not reason ________ where we were because of the mist. ②What is a ________ (reason) standard for one family is not applicable to another. ③His argument does not rest on ________ (reason) or on experiment, but on authority. ④In the absence of such data, we must reason ________ more indirect evidence. 答案：①out　②reasonable　③reasoning　④from 9.abstract adj.抽象的，纯理论的　vt.把……抽象出；提取；转移(注意力等)　n．摘要，摘录　abstraction n．抽象，抽象概念；心不在焉　abstracted adj.心不在焉的 abstract ideas/concepts/paintings/principles 抽象观念/概念/画/原理 abstract...from... 从……提取；摘录……的要点 make an abstract of 把……的要点摘录下来 in the abstract 抽象地；在理论上 ◎单句语法填空 ①Andrew noticed her ________ (abstract) and asked: “What's bothering you？” ②In the end he abstracted the most important points ________ his long speech. ③Meg was so ________ (abstract) that she scarcely noticed that the train had stopped. 答案：①abstraction　②from　③abstracted 10．assumption n．假定，假设　assume v．认为；假定，假设　assuming conj.假定，假设 (1)make an assumption 做出假设 on the assumption that... 假定…… (2)assume sb./sth. to be 认为某人/某物是…… assume (that)．.. 认为…… Let us/Let's assume (that)．..让我们/咱们假设…… It is generally/usually assumed that...普遍/通常认为…… assuming (that)．.. 假定…… ◎单句语法填空 ①The theory is based on a series of wrong ________ (assume)． ②I assume him ________ (be) the cleverest boy in this class. ③We are working ________ the assumption that everyone invited will turn up. ④________ (assume) that you are chosen to be a volunteer at the Olympic Games, what will you do? ◎完成句子 ⑤________________________ (我们认为) a large brain makes huge advantages. ⑥__________________________ (普遍认为) a student's daily life is as important as his learning experience. 答案：①assumptions　②to be　③on　④Assuming　⑤We assume that　⑥It is generally assumed that 11.occupation n．工作，职业；消遣；侵占，占领期；使用　occupy v．占用，占领；任职；使忙于(做某事)　occupied adj.被占领的；忙于 change one's occupation 换工作 choose an occupation 选择职业 a full-time occupation 全职工作 (be) under occupation 在占领下，被占领 occupy oneself (in) doing sth./with sth. 忙于做某事 occupy oneself (in) making money 忙于赚钱 [词语辨析]occupation与profession occupation可以泛指各种职业。 profession指必须受过相当高的教育或专门训练才能从事的知识性职业，如律师、医生、建筑师等。 She got a sideline occupation.她从事第二职业。 She left her teaching profession and became a secretary.她放弃教书的职业改行当了秘书。 ◎单句语法填空 ①The statesman is much occupied ________ affairs of his state. ②You will be asked to fill in a form with details of your birth and ________ (occupy)． ③Some students were ________ (occupy) with reviewing their lessons. ④He returned from Paris and found his office was ________ someone else's occupation. ◎辨析填空：occupation, profession ⑤She is a nurse by ________ and now runs a counselling service for women. ⑥Please state your name, age and ________. 答案：①with　②occupation　③occupied　④under ⑤profession　⑥occupation 12．prospect n．成功的机会，前景；可能性；景色　prospective adj.预期的；潜在的　 (1)the prospect of.. ……的前景；……的展望；……的可能性 have good prospects 有好的前景 in prospect (of) 可以预料到；有希望；有可能 career prospects 事业前途 market prospect 市场前景 bright prospect 光明的前景 There's no prospect of... 无望…… (2)prospective markets 潜在的市场 prospective buyers 可能的买主 prospective oil 石油储量 ◎单句语法填空 ①A major change of the political climate is not ________ prospect. ②It has good ________ (prospect) on condition that the two sides cooperate willingly. ③When his ________ (prospect) employers learned that he smoked, they said they wouldn't hire him. ◎完成句子 ④He doesn't like __________________________ (……的可能性) having to live alone. ⑤Farmers plough and sow ____________________________ (有……希望 ) the coming harvest. 答案：①in　②prospects　③prospective　④the prospect of ⑤in prospect of 13.circuit n．电路，线路；环行；赛车道　circuitry n．电路；电路系统　　　 an electrical circuit 电路 an integrated circuit 集成电路 a closed/short circuit 闭/短路 a circuit board/diagram 电路板/图 do/make a circuit of 巡游…… the lecture circuit of 巡回讲学…… make a circuit of the sun 绕太阳运行一周 ◎完成句子 ①The commanding officer ________________(巡游) the camp. ②If the exposed wires connect, we shall have ________________________ (短路)． ③He retired this year after over ten years on ________________________ (网球巡回赛)． 答案：①made a circuit of　②a short circuit　③the tennis circuit 14.competence n．能力，胜任　competent adj.有能力的；足以胜任的　competently adv.有能力地；称职地　　　　　 (1)competence in 在……的本领；在……的能力 beyond one's competence 超出某人的能力范围 within the competence of 在……能力范围内 linguistic/communicative competence 语言/交际能力 professional/technical competence 专业/技术能力 (2)a competent lawyer/teacher 称职的律师/教师 feel/be competent to do sth. 有能力做某事 be competent in (doing) sth. 有能力做某事 [词语辨析]competence与ability competence正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作的要求。 ability普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。 The young surgeon showed exceptional competence. 这位年轻的外科医生表现了非凡的能力。 She did the work to the best of her ability. 她已尽了全力去做好那份工作了。 ◎单句语法填空 ①These are matters ________ the competence of the court. ②Make sure the firm is competent ________ (carry) out the work. ③The movie is well acted and very ________ (competent) filmed. ④I believe I am competent ________ this job, and have wonderful performance beyond your expectations. ⑤I'm only worried about his attitude to the job; his ________ (competent) is not in question. ⑥This experience can enrich my knowledge and make me ________ (competence) in my future job. 答案：①within/beyond　②to carry　③competently　④in ⑤competence　⑥competent 15.reference n．参考；提到；推荐信；推荐人　vt.查阅，参考　refer vi.参考；谈及；咨询　vt.把……提交；把……归因；归类　 (1)reference books 参考书 for future reference 供日后参考 in/with reference to 关于 without reference to 不管，不论；无关；与……无关 (2)refer to 提到；参考；涉及；指的是；适用于 refer...to... 把……介绍/引荐给…… refer oneself to 依赖；求助于 ◎单句语法填空 ①You should refer this matter ________ the head office for a decision. ②However, a pocket dictionary doesn't contain enough entries to be adequate for college ________ (refer) homework. ③Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize—which is often referred to ________ the Nobel Prize in architecture—on February 28. ④The emergency nurse can treat minor injuries ________ reference to a doctor. ◎写出句中refer (...) to的含义 ⑤You can refer to a dictionary if necessary.____________ ⑥If he gives any more trouble you refer him to me.____________ ⑦She referred to the subject several times during her speech.____________ 答案：①to　②reference　③as　④without　⑤参考　⑥把……介绍给　⑦提及 16.draft n．草稿，草案，草图　vt.起草，草拟；征召入伍 (1)the first draft 初稿 the final draft 最终稿，定稿 a rough draft 草稿；底子 (2)draft out 起草 be drafted into 征召入伍 drafting rooms 绘图室；制图室 ◎单句语法填空 ①Since time is limited, I drafted ________ my speech in 10 minutes. ②Elvis' musical life was cut short when he ________ (draft) into the army in 1958. ③I was 20 years old when I was drafted ________ the Army in October 1942. 答案：①out　②was drafted　③into 17.presentation n．幻灯片演示；提交，授予；展示会：演出　present n．礼物；现在　adj.出席的；存在的；现在的，当前的　v．提交；赠送；颁发　　 (1)an oral presentation 口头报告；口头陈述 a presentation skill 演讲技巧；表达技巧 give a presentation of 对……做陈述 (2)at present＝at the present time 现在，目前 the present situation 目前的形势 the people present 在场的人 be present at the elections 出席选举 present sth. to sb.＝present sb. with sth. 向某人颁发某物 ◎单句语法填空 ①Members will be admitted on ________ (present) of a membership card. ②The little girl presented a bunch of flowers ________ the soldier. ③He was presented ________ the watch on the occasion of his retirement. ④There is no way ________ present of predicting which individuals will develop the disease. ⑤I was asked to give a short ________ (present) on the aims of the plan. 答案：①presentation　②to　③with　④at　⑤presentation 18．extension n．(为非全日制学生开设的)进修部，进修课；扩大，延伸；延长期　extend v．延伸；延长；伸展；扩展；使竭尽全力　extensive adj.广泛的；广大的；大量的；广阔的 (1)file extension 文件扩展名 extension number 分机号码 telephone extension 电话分机 (2)extensive reading 泛读 extensive research 广泛研究 extensive repair work 大规模的修缮工作 have an extensive knowledge of sth. 对某事物具有广博的知识 ◎单句语法填空 ①Experts believe that the coming drought will be ________ (extend)． ②The country decided to have an ________ (extend) of government control on the market. ③His right arm ________ (extend) up beside his head, still holding on to a coffee cup. 答案：①extensive　②extension　③was extended 19．keep pace with与……步调一致，与……并驾齐驱 She found it hard to keep pace with him as he strode off.他大步走开了，她感到很难跟上他。 In this age of information, those who can't use a computer can't keep pace with the times.在这个信息时代，不会用电脑的人就跟不上时代步伐。 put sb. through sb.'s paces 测试某人的能力 pace up and down 走来走去 set the pace 领先；起领头作用；定速度 ◎单句语法填空 ①The coach spent the whole morning putting the newcomer ________ his paces. ②If you ask the fast runner to set ________ pace, then most of them will be left behind. ③The earnings of the average American have failed to keep pace ________ the rate of inflation. ◎完成句子 ④The captain ______________________ (领先) for most of the course in this year's marathon. ⑤She ______________________ (与……步调一致) the tide and is always dressed in the latest fashion. 答案：①through　②the　③with　④set the pace　⑤keeps pace with 20．in a flash转瞬间，立即 In a flash he remembered everything and a plan began to form in his mind.刹那间，他记起了一切，脑子里开始形成一个计划。 Suddenly it started raining but it was over in a flash.突然开始下雨，但马上雨就停了。 flash across 闪现，掠过；一闪而过 flash back 回想；反射 flash by 一闪而过 flash up 举起，亮出，晃出 ◎单句语法填空 ①The film suddenly flashed ________ to the heroine's youth. ②They brought back to my mind, ________ a flash, the three jugglers. ③Days and months flash ________ as quickly as a weaver's shuttle. ④The idea that he was in trouble suddenly flashed ________ my mind. ⑤The traveler flashed ________ a sign to show passing motorists where he wanted to go. 答案：①back　②in　③by　④across　⑤up 21．dawn on sb.使开始明白，使渐渐领悟，使开始理解 It dawned on me that it was only a dream. 我渐渐明白那只是一个梦。　　　 (1)It dawns on sb. that... 某人突然意识到…… Sth. dawn(s) on sb. 某人突然意识到某事。 (2)It hits/strikes sb. that... 某人突然想到…… It occurs to sb. that... 某人突然想到…… A(n) thought/idea...hits/strikes sb.某人突然想到一个主意…… A(n) thought/idea...occurs to sb.某人突然想到一个主意…… It hit me that the boss was behaving pretty strangely.我突然意识到老板的行为相当奇怪。 An idea occurred to me that I would have a try. 我突然有个我要试试的念头。 ◎单句语法填空 ①The consequences of your actions will dawn ________ you sooner or later. ②It gradually dawned on me ________ I still had talent and ought to run again. ◎完成句子 ③__________________________ (我渐渐明白) I still loved what I did. ④__________________________ (他突然想起了一个好主意) that he would get us out of our difficulty. 答案：①on　②that　③It dawned on me that　④An good idea occurred to him 22.compose oneself使自己镇定下来 The driver quickly composed himself as the car started off. 车一上路，司机就很快让自己平静了下来。 She was nervous at first but soon composed herself.她起初很紧张，但很快就镇静下来。 compose a novel 创作小说 compose a piece of music 作曲 compose one's thoughts 保持头脑冷静 be composed of＝be made up of/consist of 由……组成 ◎单句语法填空 ①The houses in my hometown ________ (compose) of wood in the past. ②Emma frowned, making an effort to compose ________ (her)． ◎完成句子 ③She wiped her tears and ____________________________ (使她自己镇定下来)． ④The committee __________________________ (由……组成) professors and engineers. 答案：①were composed　②herself　③composed herself　④is composed of/is made up of/consists of 知识点02 重点句型 1．It is certain that...可以肯定的是…… [教材原句]It is certain that educational institutions and companies will continue to advocate vocational education and training. 可以肯定的是，教育机构和企业将继续倡导职业教育和培训。 [句式分析] It's certain that we will succeed.(√) It's sure that we will succeed.(×) sure的主语只能是人。 [归纳拓展] be certain/sure of/about对……有把握 be certain/sure to do sth.对做某事有把握 be certain/sure that...对……有把握 be certain/sure who/what/how... 对谁/什么/怎样……有把握 make certain/sure that/of... 弄清楚……，确保…… for certain/sure确定，无疑 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①It is certain ________ Mr. Black will support your plan. ②This complete but brief historical collection is certain ________ (entertain) readers young and old... ③Are you absolutely certain ________ this? ④I do not know, ________ certain, what they mean. ⑤You'll have to leave soon to make certain ________ getting there on time. 答案：①that　②to entertain　③about　④for　⑤of 2．as引导非限制性定语从句 [教材原句]As can be seen from the graph/chart，...从图表中可以看出…… [句式分析](1)as can be seen...中的as表示“正如，正像”，引导非限制性定语从句。 (2)①as引导非限制性定语从句的几个常用固定句式： as is known to all as we can see (from his accent) as can be seen from... as you know as is mentioned above ②as引导状语从句有如下用法： as引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时”，强调主句谓语动词表示的动作与从句谓语动词表示的动作的同时性。 As our car approached Mount Huang, it slowed down.我们的车接近黄山时，速度慢了下来。 as引导原因状语从句，意为“因为，由于”。通常表示附加说明的理由，而且是双方都已经知道的原因。 It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payments may affect your credit.按时缴纳电费很重要，因为晚缴可能影响你的信用。 as引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然，即使”(从句须倒装)。 Cold as it is, my elder brother wears only a shirt.尽管天气冷，我哥哥只穿了一件衬衫。 as引导方式状语从句，意为“正如；按照”。 They did as I had asked.他们是按照我的要求做的。 as引导比较状语从句，意为“像……一样”。 John came as early as Mary did. 约翰和玛丽来的一样早。 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①________ you know, playing ping-pong can not only build up your body but also shape your character. ②Just ________ the saying goes, “One tree doesn't make a forest.” Our success is based on/upon cooperating with others. ③Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book ________ she waits for her salad. ④According to Professor Johnson, we don't have to read the book if we don't want to, ________ it is optional. ⑤Enviable ________ the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences. ⑥Child ________ he is, he knows a lot about space exploration. 答案：①As　②as　③as　④as　⑤as　⑥as 3．do/does/did用于强调谓语动词 [教材原句]．..and they do take a genuine interest in their students' intellectual development. ……并且他们的确真心实意地关心学生的智力发展。 [句式分析] (1)强调谓语动词要用“do/does/did＋动词原形”，do/does/did在句中要重读。这种结构只能用于一般现在时或一般过去时的肯定句中。 I do hope that you will visit us next year. 我真的希望你明年能来看我们。 My daughter does like pop music. 我女儿确实喜欢流行音乐。 He did go to the airport to meet you. 他确实去机场接你了。 (2)在祈使句中使用“do＋动词原形”形式，往往不表示命令，而表示强烈的请求，有时表达更加客气的语气。 Do come on time next time.下次请务必准时来。 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①It ________ point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time. ②I ________ hope that you could join us because the park is such a fun place to relax and surely we will have a great time. ③However, when something ________ interest me, I could become absorbed. 答案：①does　②do　③did 4．过去完成进行时(had been doing...) [教材原句]I had been waiting with my fellow graduating students for the moment when I would walk out onto the stage to receive my degree certificate. 我和我的同学们一直在等待着我走上台领取学位证书的那一刻。 [句式分析]had been waiting是过去完成进行时态，其构成是had been doing。过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一“过去”时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以这一“过去”时间为前提。 A man had been waiting for the bus at the bus stop.一个男子一直在公交车站等公交车。 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①How would you feel if you discovered that the people closest to you ________________ (hide) the truth from you? ②Jane, who ________ (play) the violin in her room, hurried to the living room. 答案：①had been hiding　②had been playing 5．Little did I know...(否定词位于句首的部分倒装语序) [教材原句]Little did I know that I was about to experience the best four years of my life. 我一点儿也不知道我即将经历人生中最美好的四年。 [句式分析] (1)否定词little位于句首，句子用部分倒装。其结构为：little＋助动词/情态动词/be动词＋主语＋主要谓语动词＋其他成分。 (2)当含有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时，句子须用部分倒装，即把助动词、情态动词、be动词移至主语之前。这样的词或短语有never，neither，nor，not，seldom, little, hardly, rarely, scarcely，at no time, by no means, in no way等。 Never have I seen such an amazing performance.我从没见过如此惊人的表演。 In no way shall I give up.我决不放弃。 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①Little ________ (do) I know what drove me to behave as I did, for usually I just sat there in silence. ②Never before ________ (have) he earned so much money in his life. ③Seldom ________ (do) it occur to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what's around them. 答案：①did　②had　③did 英语句子分类 英语句子分为: 简单句、并列句、复合句 简单句 1. 英语的基本句型 （1）主语 ＋谓语（不及物动词） She came．/ My head aches. 主谓结构的句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。但也可以加介词跟宾语：“主＋谓+介词+宾语”。We go to school everyday. （2）主语 ＋谓语（及物动词）＋ 宾语 She likes English. （3） 主语 ＋谓语（双宾动词）＋ 间宾＋直宾 可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise等。 he gave John a book． She bought a book for me. （4）主语 ＋谓语（宾补动词）＋ 宾语＋宾补 She makes her mother angry． The teacher asked me to read the passage. 可接复合宾语的常见动词有：ask, tell, find, help, like, allow, take, make, let, have（使得）, force（强迫）, call, advise, persuade（劝服）, watch, see, hear, feel（认为，觉得）, consider（认为）, choose, elect（选）等。 （5）主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 She is happy． （6）There +be There lies a book on the desk. 2. 简单句的扩展：基本句型 + 附属成分（定语、状语） She likes oranges imported from the USA. John gave Mary many books，which are full of picturess． She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. As he was ill, he didn’t come to class yesterday. 并列句 并列句由两个或者两个以上独立分句并列在一起构成，起基本结构是分句加并列连词加分句。 在并列句中， 除了使用并列连词以外还可以使用并列连词词组， 或者连接副词来连接分句，有时甚至不用并列连词， 只用逗号. 分号. 冒号等把分句隔开。 常用的并列连词有：and , but , or, for, so , neither, nor … 并列连词词组有：either…or, neither…nor, both…and, as well as, not only…but also… 连接副词有：besides, furthermore, moreover … 1. 表示联合关系 常用and , neither…nor, not only…but also 等连词 There was a big storm after midnight and the rain poured down. I can neither write songs nor play the guitar. 2. 表示选择关系 常用or, either …or 等连词 We cook a dinner together, or we go for a long walk. …either one of his daughters replaces him as a prisoner in the castle, or he will die. … 3. 表示转折和对比关系 常用yet，but，however，while 等 but表示完全转折，语气较强。while主要表示对比。however在使用时必须用逗号把它和句子其他成分隔开。yet既可以用作并列连词也可以用作连接副词。 Some sports are done indoors, while others are done outdoors. They wanted to charge ﹩5,000 for the car, but we managed to bring the price down. In some places women are expected to earn money while men work at home and raise their children. One can not see wind, however, it does exist. I’d like to go with you ; however , my hands are full. The essay is good; it could be improved ,however. He worked hard, yet he failed .(并列连词) It is strange, and yet it is true. (连接副词) 4. 表示因果关系 常用so，for，therefore等连接词 I didn’t get enough sleep so I didn’t feel very well this morning. It was raining, therefore we had to stay at home. He found it increasingly difficult to read , for his eyesight was brginning to fail. 5. 表示条件或者结果 常用and或者or等连词 Simply raise your hand , and a taxi appears in no time. Don’t drive too fast or you will have an accident . Stand over there and you will see the oil painting better. You have to move out of the way or the truck can’t get past. 6. 表示递进关系 常用besides， furthermore，moreover等连接副词。 Television is entertaining; besides/furthermore/moreover, it is instructive. 并列句固定句型 1.包含并列连词的特殊句式。 (1)祈使句，and/or＋主谓结构。 (2)名词短语，and＋主谓结构。 (3).be about to...when...正要……这时突然…… Climb to the top of the mountain，and you'll get a good view of the city. Hurry up，or you'll be late. Another five minutes，and I'll finish the composition. A few minutes and they went away. He was about to go out when it began to rain heavily. 2.however，but，while的用法比较。 however另起新句,有逗号与句子隔开。but不需另起新句。while既表示对比，又表转折。 He was ill，but he still kept on working. What she said sounded reasonable，Mr. Green，however，didn't believe her. 她说得有道理，然而，格林先生就是不信她。 There is plenty of rain in the south while there is little rain in the north. 南方多雨而北方少雨。 3.(1) so不能与because连用。 (2)but，while不与although连用，但yet，still可与although连用 并列句易错点 误区一　并列连词的缺失或误用 (1)【误】We bought her a birthday present, she liked it very much. 【正】We bought her a birthday present, and she liked it very much. [分析]　分析句式可知，两个分句之间缺少连词，结合句意“我们给她买了生日礼物，而且她很喜欢”可知，前后分句之间是并列关系，故在she前加and。 (2)【误】Everyone in the town knew him, we had no trouble finding his house. 【正】Everyone in the town knew him, so we had no trouble finding his house. [分析]　分析句式可知，两个分句之间缺少连词，结合句意“镇上谁都认识他，因此我们毫不费力就找到了他的家”可知，前后分句之间是因果关系，故在we前加so。 (3)【误】Come a little earlier next time, and you'll miss the best part of the TV play. 【正】Come a little earlier next time, or/otherwise you'll miss the best part of the TV play. [分析]　此句是“祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句”句型。 [注意]　导致以上错误的原因主要在于两方面：①用逗号连接两个简单句；②不清楚句意或句式区别造成连词误用。要记住，逗号前后不能为两句话，要么其中一个是从句，要么有连词连接，这才符合语法规则。另外，还应注意避免机械地排列简单句，这也是书面表达中不能取得高分的原因之一，如： I believe I am fit for it. I'm writing to apply for the position. 如果我们把这两个意义相关的句子用适当的连词连接起来，可得到下面的句子： I believe I am fit for it， so I'm writing to apply for the position. 比较一下，同学们是不是感觉后者要优于前者呢？并列连词的使用可增强句子之间的逻辑性和美感，使句子之间显得更加紧凑。 高考模拟试题 一、单项选择 1．（23-24广东深圳·一模）Not only ________my skills of communication but also ________me to know more about our traditional culture. A．the activity trained; it allowed B．did the activity train; did it allow C．did the activity train; it allowed D．the activity trained; did it allow 【答案】C 【详解】考查倒装句。句意：这次活动不仅锻炼了我的沟通技巧，还让我更多地了解了我们的传统文化。not only...but also...为固定结构，意为“不仅……而且……”，可以连接并列句，且not only位于句首时，前面分句应用部分倒装，即将情态动词、助动词或be动词提到主语之前，后面分句仍用陈述句语序。结合选项可知，第一空应用did the activity train，使用了倒装结构，助动词did提前；第二空应用it allowed，使用了陈述语序。故选C。 2．（2024·山东济南·二模）— A subway will be built in our hometown before 2022. — ______! Will it pass my house? A．What an excited news B．What exciting news C．How an excited news D．How exciting news 【答案】B 【详解】考查感叹句。句意：——2022年前，我们家乡将修建一条地铁。——多么令人兴奋的消息！它会经过我家吗？感叹句的句型：How +形容词+ a(n) +单数可数名词+（主语+谓语）!What + a(n) +形容词+单数可数名词+（主语+谓语）!What +形容词+可数名词复数或不可数名词+（主语+谓语）!news为不可数名词，故用句型What +形容词+可数名词复数或不可数名词+（主语+谓语）!故选B项。 3．（2024·山东烟台·二模）John, read the text for us, ______? A．does he B．will he C．do you D．will you 【答案】D 【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：约翰，给我们读课文好吗？A. does he他会吗；B. will he他会吗；C. do you你会吗；D. will you你会吗。这是向对方提建议或命令对方做某事，空格前面是动词原形read开头的祈使句的肯定句，反义疑问句的疑问部分用will you。故选D。 4．（2024·山东·临沂三模）______ polite to others, and you will find it easy to get on well with them. A．Being B．Doing C．Be D．Do 【答案】C 【详解】考查祈使句，句意：对别人有礼貌，你会发现很容易与他们相处融洽。句子为：祈使句+and+陈述句，固定句型，祈使句应以动词原形开头，be polite to sb.对某人有礼貌，固定短语，故选C。 5．（2024·山东日照·三模）—Can you tell me ______ he will come back? —In two weeks. A．how long B．how far C．how soon D．how much 【答案】C 【详解】考查疑问词。句意：——你能告诉我他多久能回来吗?——两周后。A. how long多长时间；B. how far多远；C. how soon多久；D. how much 多少钱。How soon是一个常用的疑问词，它的意思是“多久”，特别是用来对从某个基本时间到将来某动作结束或某动作发生这段时间提问。它常用在一般将来时态的句子中，其答语通常是“in+一段时间”。故选C项。 6．（2024·山东济南·二模）It’s fine today. Let’s go a walk, ______? A．do you B．let we C．shall we D．does it 【答案】C 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：今天天气很好。我们去散步吧，好吗？该题为“let's”开头的祈使句的反意疑问句，应使用shall we。故选C项。 7．（2024·山东济南·二模）-- ______? --Yes, a bit cold, though. A．Freezing, isn't it B．Nice day, isn't it C．Bad weather, don't you think D．Cold weather, isn't it 【答案】B 【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：--天气不错吧？ --是的，不过有点冷。根据答句“不过有一点冷”可知存在转折关系，可推知问句是表示好天气。故选B项。 8．（2024·山东青岛·一模）__________advice the teacher gave us! A．What B．What a C．What an D．How 【答案】A 【详解】考查感叹句。句意：老师给了我们多么好的建议啊！本句考查感叹句，how修饰形容词或副词；what修饰名词，advice是不可数名词，故应用what。故选A项。 9．（2024·山东·一模）Adams never has breakfast, __________ he? A．does B．doesn’t C．has D．hasn’t 【答案】A 【详解】考查反义疑问句，时态和主谓一致。句意：亚当斯从来不吃早餐，是吗？空格处是反义疑问句，遵循前肯后否的原则，never has是否定，空格处用肯定，由has可知，时态是一般现在时，主语he是第三人称单数，因此空格处是does。故选A。 10．（2024·山烟台·一模）Work hard, __________you will have a bright future. A．and B．or C．since D．but 【答案】A 【详解】考查连词词义辨析和固定句型。句意：努力工作，你会有一个光明的未来。A. and然后；B. or或者；C. since自从；D. but但是。由Work hard和you will have a bright future可知，句子表示“努力工作，你会有一个光明的未来”，句子是“祈使句+and you will...”固定句式，因此空格处是and，故选A。 11．（2024·北京·高考真题）In any unsafe situation, simply ________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need. A．press B．to press C．pressing D．pressed 【答案】A 【详解】考查祈使句。句意：在任何不安全的情况下，仅仅摁一下这个按钮，一个训练有素的特工就会使你得到你需要的帮助。and是连词，连接并列结构，and后面是一个句子，那么，前面也应是句子，选项中只有动词原形可以构成祈使句，其余的都是非谓语动词，无法构成句子。故A选项正确。 点睛：祈使句+and/or+陈述句是一种常见结构。当前后两部分间为承接关系时，用and；前后意思为相反关系时，用or。该句式中的陈述句部分常用一般将来时态。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 4 Never too old to learn (选择性必修第四册) Unit1 核心词汇 1.__________ adj.一定会，很可能会；有义务（做某事） 2.___________ vt.&vi.解决；表决；决心，决定n.决心，坚定的信念 3.___________ vt.使合格，使具备资格 vi.取得资格（或学历），合格 4.___________ n.成功的机会，前景；可能性 5.___________ adj.机动车的，汽车的 n.发动机，马达 6.__________ vt.& vi.培训，训练；钻（孔） n.练习，训练；钻，钻头 7.___________ n.能力，胜任 8.___________ adj.随机的；辨认不出的；不合常理的 9.___________ n.平板电脑；药片 10.___________ n.文凭，结业证书；证明，证明书 11.___________ n.胸部；胸脯 12.___________ n.幕，帷幕；窗帘；帘，幔；覆盖物 13.___________ adj.明白事理的，成熟的 vi.成熟，长成；有判断力 14.___________ n.文章，短文 15.____________ n.段，段落 16.____________ vi.打喷嚏n.喷嚏，喷嚏声 17.____________ n.抽屉 18.____________ vt.（向某人）试探地透露（主意） vi.跳动 n.弹跳；活力 19.___________ n.胡须，络腮胡子 20.___________ n.（火车的）客车厢；（旧时载客的）四轮马车 21.___________ n.壶，水壶 阅读词汇 1.Confucius n.__________ 2.objective adj._________________ n.______________ 3.concrete adj.____________________________ n.____________ 4.cease vi.& vt.__________________________________ 5.reasoning n.___________________________________ 6.abstract adj._________________ vt._______________________ 7.domain n.__________________________ 8.institution n._______________________ 9.circuit n.___________________________ 10.recreation n.____________________ 11.statistic n.____________________________ 12.circus n.______________________ 13.geometry n.______________________ 14.draft n._______________ vt._______________ 15.cafeteria n._____________________________ 短语 1._____________________ 　　一定会，很可能会 2._____________________　与……步调一致，与……并驾齐驱 3.________________ 　　订阅；定期订购（或订阅等）；同意，赞成 4.______________ 　　转瞬间，立即 5.___________________　　向某人试探地透露主意 6.__________________ 　　接触到；暴露于 7.________________　　 熬夜 8.________________ 　　抓住……不放；坚持 9._______________　　　　适应 10._______________　　指出 11.________________　　利用 12._______________ 　　提出，想出 13.________________　　坚持，遵守 14.________________　　对……充满自信 15.__________________　　使自己镇定下来 16.__________________　　给某人留下深刻印象 17.________________　　使开始明白，使渐渐领悟；使开始理解 句型 1.句型公式：what引导主语从句 教材原句：New knowledge is constantly being generated and what you already know is being revised all the time， to the extent that it can be difficult to keep pace with the latest developments. 1.重要的是我从你那里学到了很多，而且我们成了好朋友。 _____________________ is that I gained a lot from you and we became good friends. 2.句型公式：否定词置于句首引起的部分倒装 教材原句：Little did I know that I was about to experience the best four years of my life. 2.我很少发现他对在院子里跑来跑去快乐玩耍的孩子们不耐烦。 Rarely ____________________________________ who ran around the yard playing happily. 3.句型公式：动词-ing短语作主语 教材原句：“Completing the course has given me such a sense of achievement，” he says. 3.跳舞是保持活力和社交的好方法。 ___________________________ to stay active and socialize. 语法 复杂句分析 知识点01 重点词汇、短语 1．blank adj.空白的；空的，无图画(或标记、装饰)的；无表情的，木然的　n．空白处，空格 blankly adv. 茫然地；没有表情地 go blank (脑子里)突然一片空白；出现空白(指没有图像、文字等) a blank check 空白支票 a blank form 空白表格 a blank page 空白页 a blank tape 空磁带 a blank expression/look 木然的表情 a blank face 茫然的面孔 blank eyes 茫然的眼睛 fill in the blanks 在空白处填写 ◎单句语法填空 ①She stared ________ (blank) into space, not knowing what to say next. ②I was trying to blank ________ previous situations from my mind. ③For a minute they remained staring ________ (blank) at one another. ④Read the short passage and fill in the ________ (blank) in the proper form of the words. 2.composition n．构图；构成，成分；作品；作曲艺术　compose v．作曲；构成，形成；写作，创作；使镇静　composer n．作曲家 be composed of 由……组成/构成 compose oneself 使某人镇静 [学法点拨]“由……组成/构成”的其他表达：consist of，be made up of。 Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen. 水由氢与氧化合而成。 ◎单句语法填空 ①Around 15% of our diet ________ (compose) of protein. ②It was the fortieth anniversary of the death of the ________ (compose)． ③He played a piece of music of his own ________ (compose)． ④Adam was nervous at first but soon composed ________ (him)． ◎同义句转换 ⑤All living things are made up of cells. →________________________________________________________________________ 3．bound adj.一定会，很可能会；有义务(做某事)；准备前往(某地) be bound to do sth. 一定会/很可能会做某事 be bound to be＋n./adj. 肯定是…… a Paris-bound plane 飞往巴黎的飞机 be bound for 前往…… a plane bound for Dublin 开往都柏林的飞机 ◎单句语法填空 ①The takeover of the company is bound ________ (mean) more job losses. ②In the morning the wagon trains left from Lanham, Nebraska, bound ________ Oregon and California. ◎完成句子 ③There ________________________ (一定会有变化) when the new system is introduced. ④The flight has taken off at 8：01 from Newark, N. J．， ____________________ (飞往) San Francisco. 4．resolve vt. & vi.解决；表决；决心，决定；分解　n．决心，坚定的信念　resolved adj.下定决心的；断然的　　　 (1)resolve a dispute 解决争端 resolve a conflict 解决冲突 resolve a problem 解决问题 fail to resolve 解决未果 (2)resolve to do sth. 决定做某事 resolve on sth./on doing sth. 决心/决定(做)某事 be resolved to do sth. 决心做某事 resolve...into... 把……变成……/把……分解为…… resolve that... 决定…… (3)make a resolve to do sth. 下定决心做某事 ◎单句语法填空 ①Many students resolve ________ studying abroad after graduation. ②This chemical substance can be resolved ________ an acid and oxygen. ③The Supreme Council resolved ________ (resume) control over the national press. ◎完成句子 ④The director __________________________________ (已经决定了一项计划) to save the firm. ⑤He ____________________________ (决心) go on a journey early in the next morning. 5．objective adj.客观的；客观存在的；宾格的　n．目标，目的　objectively adv.客观地 (1)the main/chief/primary objective 主要目标 the economic/military/political objective 经济/军事/政治目标 objective reality/world 客观现实/世界 with the objective of 目的是．..... (2)an objective analysis/assessment/report客观的分析/评价/报告 (3)objectively speaking 客观地说 view the situation objectively 客观地看待情况 ◎单句语法填空 ①Our main ________ (object) was the recovery of the child safe and well. ②We simply want to inform people ________ (objective) about events. ③Their company brought in advanced technology ________ the objective of improving the output. ④________ (objective) speaking, the situation is not too bad. 6．concrete adj.确实的，具体的；有形的，实在的　n．混凝土 a concrete floor 混凝土地面 concrete evidence/proposals/proof 确凿的证据/具体的建议/确实的证明 concrete figures/problems/thoughts 具体数字/问题/想法 in the concrete 实际上；具体来说 [词语辨析]concrete与specific concrete指通过感官能看到、听到、触碰到的具体东西，其反义词是abstract。 specific侧重于修饰具体的细节，与general(一般)，vague(模糊)相对。 ◎完成句子 ①We should ____________________________ (具体分析) of each specific question. ②I understand the general idea. But ____________________________ (具体来说), what do you actually plan to do? ◎辨析填空：concrete与specific ③She declined to be more ________ about the reasons for the separation. ④He nowhere offers ________ historical background to support his arguments. 7.comprehension n．理解力，领悟能力；理解练习　comprehend vt.理解，领悟；包括　 comprehensive adj.全面的；综合性的；详尽的　　　 (1)have good comprehension 理解能力强 have no comprehension of 不明白/不理解…… speech and comprehension 说话能力和理解力 listening/reading comprehension 听力/阅读理解练习 beyond (one's) comprehension 超出(某人的)理解能力；令人费解 (2)comprehensive treatment/quality/income/knowledge 综合治疗/素质/收入/知识 ◎单句语法填空 ①How he managed it is ________ my comprehension. ②Streaming within ________ (comprehend) schools is common practice. ③They turned to one another with the same expression of dawning ________ (comprehend), surprise, and relief. ◎完成句子 ④She ______________________________ (不理解) her teacher's problems. 8．reasoning n．推理，理性的观点，论证　reason n．原因，理由；理智；理性　v．推论；推理 reasonable adj.合理的；公道的；适当的；合乎情理的 (1)reasoning ability 推理能力 a reasoning process 推理过程 (2)reason from 根据……进行推论 reason out 通过推理得出结论 ◎单句语法填空 ①We would not reason ________ where we were because of the mist. ②What is a ________ (reason) standard for one family is not applicable to another. ③His argument does not rest on ________ (reason) or on experiment, but on authority. ④In the absence of such data, we must reason ________ more indirect evidence. 9.abstract adj.抽象的，纯理论的　vt.把……抽象出；提取；转移(注意力等)　n．摘要，摘录　abstraction n．抽象，抽象概念；心不在焉　abstracted adj.心不在焉的 abstract ideas/concepts/paintings/principles 抽象观念/概念/画/原理 abstract...from... 从……提取；摘录……的要点 make an abstract of 把……的要点摘录下来 in the abstract 抽象地；在理论上 ◎单句语法填空 ①Andrew noticed her ________ (abstract) and asked: “What's bothering you？” ②In the end he abstracted the most important points ________ his long speech. ③Meg was so ________ (abstract) that she scarcely noticed that the train had stopped. 10．assumption n．假定，假设　assume v．认为；假定，假设　assuming conj.假定，假设 (1)make an assumption 做出假设 on the assumption that... 假定…… (2)assume sb./sth. to be 认为某人/某物是…… assume (that)．.. 认为…… Let us/Let's assume (that)．..让我们/咱们假设…… It is generally/usually assumed that...普遍/通常认为…… assuming (that)．.. 假定…… ◎单句语法填空 ①The theory is based on a series of wrong ________ (assume)． ②I assume him ________ (be) the cleverest boy in this class. ③We are working ________ the assumption that everyone invited will turn up. ④________ (assume) that you are chosen to be a volunteer at the Olympic Games, what will you do? ◎完成句子 ⑤________________________ (我们认为) a large brain makes huge advantages. ⑥__________________________ (普遍认为) a student's daily life is as important as his learning experience. 11.occupation n．工作，职业；消遣；侵占，占领期；使用　occupy v．占用，占领；任职；使忙于(做某事)　occupied adj.被占领的；忙于 change one's occupation 换工作 choose an occupation 选择职业 a full-time occupation 全职工作 (be) under occupation 在占领下，被占领 occupy oneself (in) doing sth./with sth. 忙于做某事 occupy oneself (in) making money 忙于赚钱 [词语辨析]occupation与profession occupation可以泛指各种职业。 profession指必须受过相当高的教育或专门训练才能从事的知识性职业，如律师、医生、建筑师等。 She got a sideline occupation.她从事第二职业。 She left her teaching profession and became a secretary.她放弃教书的职业改行当了秘书。 ◎单句语法填空 ①The statesman is much occupied ________ affairs of his state. ②You will be asked to fill in a form with details of your birth and ________ (occupy)． ③Some students were ________ (occupy) with reviewing their lessons. ④He returned from Paris and found his office was ________ someone else's occupation. ◎辨析填空：occupation, profession ⑤She is a nurse by ________ and now runs a counselling service for women. ⑥Please state your name, age and ________. 12．prospect n．成功的机会，前景；可能性；景色　prospective adj.预期的；潜在的　 (1)the prospect of.. ……的前景；……的展望；……的可能性 have good prospects 有好的前景 in prospect (of) 可以预料到；有希望；有可能 career prospects 事业前途 market prospect 市场前景 bright prospect 光明的前景 There's no prospect of... 无望…… (2)prospective markets 潜在的市场 prospective buyers 可能的买主 prospective oil 石油储量 ◎单句语法填空 ①A major change of the political climate is not ________ prospect. ②It has good ________ (prospect) on condition that the two sides cooperate willingly. ③When his ________ (prospect) employers learned that he smoked, they said they wouldn't hire him. ◎完成句子 ④He doesn't like __________________________ (……的可能性) having to live alone. ⑤Farmers plough and sow ____________________________ (有……希望 ) the coming harvest. 13.circuit n．电路，线路；环行；赛车道　circuitry n．电路；电路系统　　　 an electrical circuit 电路 an integrated circuit 集成电路 a closed/short circuit 闭/短路 a circuit board/diagram 电路板/图 do/make a circuit of 巡游…… the lecture circuit of 巡回讲学…… make a circuit of the sun 绕太阳运行一周 ◎完成句子 ①The commanding officer ________________(巡游) the camp. ②If the exposed wires connect, we shall have ________________________ (短路)． ③He retired this year after over ten years on ________________________ (网球巡回赛)． 14.competence n．能力，胜任　competent adj.有能力的；足以胜任的　competently adv.有能力地；称职地　　　　　 (1)competence in 在……的本领；在……的能力 beyond one's competence 超出某人的能力范围 within the competence of 在……能力范围内 linguistic/communicative competence 语言/交际能力 professional/technical competence 专业/技术能力 (2)a competent lawyer/teacher 称职的律师/教师 feel/be competent to do sth. 有能力做某事 be competent in (doing) sth. 有能力做某事 [词语辨析]competence与ability competence正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作的要求。 ability普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。 The young surgeon showed exceptional competence. 这位年轻的外科医生表现了非凡的能力。 She did the work to the best of her ability. 她已尽了全力去做好那份工作了。 ◎单句语法填空 ①These are matters ________ the competence of the court. ②Make sure the firm is competent ________ (carry) out the work. ③The movie is well acted and very ________ (competent) filmed. ④I believe I am competent ________ this job, and have wonderful performance beyond your expectations. ⑤I'm only worried about his attitude to the job; his ________ (competent) is not in question. ⑥This experience can enrich my knowledge and make me ________ (competence) in my future job. 15.reference n．参考；提到；推荐信；推荐人　vt.查阅，参考　refer vi.参考；谈及；咨询　vt.把……提交；把……归因；归类　 (1)reference books 参考书 for future reference 供日后参考 in/with reference to 关于 without reference to 不管，不论；无关；与……无关 (2)refer to 提到；参考；涉及；指的是；适用于 refer...to... 把……介绍/引荐给…… refer oneself to 依赖；求助于 ◎单句语法填空 ①You should refer this matter ________ the head office for a decision. ②However, a pocket dictionary doesn't contain enough entries to be adequate for college ________ (refer) homework. ③Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize—which is often referred to ________ the Nobel Prize in architecture—on February 28. ④The emergency nurse can treat minor injuries ________ reference to a doctor. ◎写出句中refer (...) to的含义 ⑤You can refer to a dictionary if necessary.____________ ⑥If he gives any more trouble you refer him to me.____________ ⑦She referred to the subject several times during her speech.____________ 16.draft n．草稿，草案，草图　vt.起草，草拟；征召入伍 (1)the first draft 初稿 the final draft 最终稿，定稿 a rough draft 草稿；底子 (2)draft out 起草 be drafted into 征召入伍 drafting rooms 绘图室；制图室 ◎单句语法填空 ①Since time is limited, I drafted ________ my speech in 10 minutes. ②Elvis' musical life was cut short when he ________ (draft) into the army in 1958. ③I was 20 years old when I was drafted ________ the Army in October 1942. 17.presentation n．幻灯片演示；提交，授予；展示会：演出　present n．礼物；现在　adj.出席的；存在的；现在的，当前的　v．提交；赠送；颁发　　 (1)an oral presentation 口头报告；口头陈述 a presentation skill 演讲技巧；表达技巧 give a presentation of 对……做陈述 (2)at present＝at the present time 现在，目前 the present situation 目前的形势 the people present 在场的人 be present at the elections 出席选举 present sth. to sb.＝present sb. with sth. 向某人颁发某物 ◎单句语法填空 ①Members will be admitted on ________ (present) of a membership card. ②The little girl presented a bunch of flowers ________ the soldier. ③He was presented ________ the watch on the occasion of his retirement. ④There is no way ________ present of predicting which individuals will develop the disease. ⑤I was asked to give a short ________ (present) on the aims of the plan. 18．extension n．(为非全日制学生开设的)进修部，进修课；扩大，延伸；延长期　extend v．延伸；延长；伸展；扩展；使竭尽全力　extensive adj.广泛的；广大的；大量的；广阔的 (1)file extension 文件扩展名 extension number 分机号码 telephone extension 电话分机 (2)extensive reading 泛读 extensive research 广泛研究 extensive repair work 大规模的修缮工作 have an extensive knowledge of sth. 对某事物具有广博的知识 ◎单句语法填空 ①Experts believe that the coming drought will be ________ (extend)． ②The country decided to have an ________ (extend) of government control on the market. ③His right arm ________ (extend) up beside his head, still holding on to a coffee cup. 19．keep pace with与……步调一致，与……并驾齐驱 She found it hard to keep pace with him as he strode off.他大步走开了，她感到很难跟上他。 In this age of information, those who can't use a computer can't keep pace with the times.在这个信息时代，不会用电脑的人就跟不上时代步伐。 put sb. through sb.'s paces 测试某人的能力 pace up and down 走来走去 set the pace 领先；起领头作用；定速度 ◎单句语法填空 ①The coach spent the whole morning putting the newcomer ________ his paces. ②If you ask the fast runner to set ________ pace, then most of them will be left behind. ③The earnings of the average American have failed to keep pace ________ the rate of inflation. ◎完成句子 ④The captain ______________________ (领先) for most of the course in this year's marathon. ⑤She ______________________ (与……步调一致) the tide and is always dressed in the latest fashion. 20．in a flash转瞬间，立即 In a flash he remembered everything and a plan began to form in his mind.刹那间，他记起了一切，脑子里开始形成一个计划。 Suddenly it started raining but it was over in a flash.突然开始下雨，但马上雨就停了。 flash across 闪现，掠过；一闪而过 flash back 回想；反射 flash by 一闪而过 flash up 举起，亮出，晃出 ◎单句语法填空 ①The film suddenly flashed ________ to the heroine's youth. ②They brought back to my mind, ________ a flash, the three jugglers. ③Days and months flash ________ as quickly as a weaver's shuttle. ④The idea that he was in trouble suddenly flashed ________ my mind. ⑤The traveler flashed ________ a sign to show passing motorists where he wanted to go. 21．dawn on sb.使开始明白，使渐渐领悟，使开始理解 It dawned on me that it was only a dream. 我渐渐明白那只是一个梦。　　　 (1)It dawns on sb. that... 某人突然意识到…… Sth. dawn(s) on sb. 某人突然意识到某事。 (2)It hits/strikes sb. that... 某人突然想到…… It occurs to sb. that... 某人突然想到…… A(n) thought/idea...hits/strikes sb.某人突然想到一个主意…… A(n) thought/idea...occurs to sb.某人突然想到一个主意…… It hit me that the boss was behaving pretty strangely.我突然意识到老板的行为相当奇怪。 An idea occurred to me that I would have a try. 我突然有个我要试试的念头。 ◎单句语法填空 ①The consequences of your actions will dawn ________ you sooner or later. ②It gradually dawned on me ________ I still had talent and ought to run again. ◎完成句子 ③__________________________ (我渐渐明白) I still loved what I did. ④__________________________ (他突然想起了一个好主意) that he would get us out of our difficulty. 22.compose oneself使自己镇定下来 The driver quickly composed himself as the car started off. 车一上路，司机就很快让自己平静了下来。 She was nervous at first but soon composed herself.她起初很紧张，但很快就镇静下来。 compose a novel 创作小说 compose a piece of music 作曲 compose one's thoughts 保持头脑冷静 be composed of＝be made up of/consist of 由……组成 ◎单句语法填空 ①The houses in my hometown ________ (compose) of wood in the past. ②Emma frowned, making an effort to compose ________ (her)． ◎完成句子 ③She wiped her tears and ____________________________ (使她自己镇定下来)． ④The committee __________________________ (由……组成) professors and engineers. 知识点02 重点句型 1．It is certain that...可以肯定的是…… [教材原句]It is certain that educational institutions and companies will continue to advocate vocational education and training. 可以肯定的是，教育机构和企业将继续倡导职业教育和培训。 [句式分析] It's certain that we will succeed.(√) It's sure that we will succeed.(×) sure的主语只能是人。 [归纳拓展] be certain/sure of/about对……有把握 be certain/sure to do sth.对做某事有把握 be certain/sure that...对……有把握 be certain/sure who/what/how... 对谁/什么/怎样……有把握 make certain/sure that/of... 弄清楚……，确保…… for certain/sure确定，无疑 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①It is certain ________ Mr. Black will support your plan. ②This complete but brief historical collection is certain ________ (entertain) readers young and old... ③Are you absolutely certain ________ this? ④I do not know, ________ certain, what they mean. ⑤You'll have to leave soon to make certain ________ getting there on time. 2．as引导非限制性定语从句 [教材原句]As can be seen from the graph/chart，...从图表中可以看出…… [句式分析](1)as can be seen...中的as表示“正如，正像”，引导非限制性定语从句。 (2)①as引导非限制性定语从句的几个常用固定句式： as is known to all as we can see (from his accent) as can be seen from... as you know as is mentioned above ②as引导状语从句有如下用法： as引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时”，强调主句谓语动词表示的动作与从句谓语动词表示的动作的同时性。 As our car approached Mount Huang, it slowed down.我们的车接近黄山时，速度慢了下来。 as引导原因状语从句，意为“因为，由于”。通常表示附加说明的理由，而且是双方都已经知道的原因。 It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payments may affect your credit.按时缴纳电费很重要，因为晚缴可能影响你的信用。 as引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然，即使”(从句须倒装)。 Cold as it is, my elder brother wears only a shirt.尽管天气冷，我哥哥只穿了一件衬衫。 as引导方式状语从句，意为“正如；按照”。 They did as I had asked.他们是按照我的要求做的。 as引导比较状语从句，意为“像……一样”。 John came as early as Mary did. 约翰和玛丽来的一样早。 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①________ you know, playing ping-pong can not only build up your body but also shape your character. ②Just ________ the saying goes, “One tree doesn't make a forest.” Our success is based on/upon cooperating with others. ③Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book ________ she waits for her salad. ④According to Professor Johnson, we don't have to read the book if we don't want to, ________ it is optional. ⑤Enviable ________ the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences. ⑥Child ________ he is, he knows a lot about space exploration. 3．do/does/did用于强调谓语动词 [教材原句]．..and they do take a genuine interest in their students' intellectual development. ……并且他们的确真心实意地关心学生的智力发展。 [句式分析] (1)强调谓语动词要用“do/does/did＋动词原形”，do/does/did在句中要重读。这种结构只能用于一般现在时或一般过去时的肯定句中。 I do hope that you will visit us next year. 我真的希望你明年能来看我们。 My daughter does like pop music. 我女儿确实喜欢流行音乐。 He did go to the airport to meet you. 他确实去机场接你了。 (2)在祈使句中使用“do＋动词原形”形式，往往不表示命令，而表示强烈的请求，有时表达更加客气的语气。 Do come on time next time.下次请务必准时来。 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①It ________ point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time. ②I ________ hope that you could join us because the park is such a fun place to relax and surely we will have a great time. ③However, when something ________ interest me, I could become absorbed. 4．过去完成进行时(had been doing...) [教材原句]I had been waiting with my fellow graduating students for the moment when I would walk out onto the stage to receive my degree certificate. 我和我的同学们一直在等待着我走上台领取学位证书的那一刻。 [句式分析]had been waiting是过去完成进行时态，其构成是had been doing。过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一“过去”时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以这一“过去”时间为前提。 A man had been waiting for the bus at the bus stop.一个男子一直在公交车站等公交车。 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①How would you feel if you discovered that the people closest to you ________________ (hide) the truth from you? ②Jane, who ________ (play) the violin in her room, hurried to the living room. 5．Little did I know...(否定词位于句首的部分倒装语序) [教材原句]Little did I know that I was about to experience the best four years of my life. 我一点儿也不知道我即将经历人生中最美好的四年。 [句式分析] (1)否定词little位于句首，句子用部分倒装。其结构为：little＋助动词/情态动词/be动词＋主语＋主要谓语动词＋其他成分。 (2)当含有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时，句子须用部分倒装，即把助动词、情态动词、be动词移至主语之前。这样的词或短语有never，neither，nor，not，seldom, little, hardly, rarely, scarcely，at no time, by no means, in no way等。 Never have I seen such an amazing performance.我从没见过如此惊人的表演。 In no way shall I give up.我决不放弃。 [基础练习]单句语法填空 ①Little ________ (do) I know what drove me to behave as I did, for usually I just sat there in silence. ②Never before ________ (have) he earned so much money in his life. ③Seldom ________ (do) it occur to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what's around them. 英语句子分类 英语句子分为: 简单句、并列句、复合句 简单句 1. 英语的基本句型 （1）主语 ＋谓语（不及物动词） She came．/ My head aches. 主谓结构的句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。但也可以加介词跟宾语：“主＋谓+介词+宾语”。We go to school everyday. （2）主语 ＋谓语（及物动词）＋ 宾语 She likes English. （3） 主语 ＋谓语（双宾动词）＋ 间宾＋直宾 可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise等。 he gave John a book． She bought a book for me. （4）主语 ＋谓语（宾补动词）＋ 宾语＋宾补 She makes her mother angry． The teacher asked me to read the passage. 可接复合宾语的常见动词有：ask, tell, find, help, like, allow, take, make, let, have（使得）, force（强迫）, call, advise, persuade（劝服）, watch, see, hear, feel（认为，觉得）, consider（认为）, choose, elect（选）等。 （5）主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 She is happy． （6）There +be There lies a book on the desk. 2. 简单句的扩展：基本句型 + 附属成分（定语、状语） She likes oranges imported from the USA. John gave Mary many books，which are full of picturess． She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. As he was ill, he didn’t come to class yesterday. 并列句 并列句由两个或者两个以上独立分句并列在一起构成，起基本结构是分句加并列连词加分句。 在并列句中， 除了使用并列连词以外还可以使用并列连词词组， 或者连接副词来连接分句，有时甚至不用并列连词， 只用逗号. 分号. 冒号等把分句隔开。 常用的并列连词有：and , but , or, for, so , neither, nor … 并列连词词组有：either…or, neither…nor, both…and, as well as, not only…but also… 连接副词有：besides, furthermore, moreover … 1. 表示联合关系 常用and , neither…nor, not only…but also 等连词 There was a big storm after midnight and the rain poured down. I can neither write songs nor play the guitar. 2. 表示选择关系 常用or, either …or 等连词 We cook a dinner together, or we go for a long walk. …either one of his daughters replaces him as a prisoner in the castle, or he will die. … 3. 表示转折和对比关系 常用yet，but，however，while 等 but表示完全转折，语气较强。while主要表示对比。however在使用时必须用逗号把它和句子其他成分隔开。yet既可以用作并列连词也可以用作连接副词。 Some sports are done indoors, while others are done outdoors. They wanted to charge ﹩5,000 for the car, but we managed to bring the price down. In some places women are expected to earn money while men work at home and raise their children. One can not see wind, however, it does exist. I’d like to go with you ; however , my hands are full. The essay is good; it could be improved ,however. He worked hard, yet he failed .(并列连词) It is strange, and yet it is true. (连接副词) 4. 表示因果关系 常用so，for，therefore等连接词 I didn’t get enough sleep so I didn’t feel very well this morning. It was raining, therefore we had to stay at home. He found it increasingly difficult to read , for his eyesight was brginning to fail. 5. 表示条件或者结果 常用and或者or等连词 Simply raise your hand , and a taxi appears in no time. Don’t drive too fast or you will have an accident . Stand over there and you will see the oil painting better. You have to move out of the way or the truck can’t get past. 6. 表示递进关系 常用besides， furthermore，moreover等连接副词。 Television is entertaining; besides/furthermore/moreover, it is instructive. 并列句固定句型 1.包含并列连词的特殊句式。 (1)祈使句，and/or＋主谓结构。 (2)名词短语，and＋主谓结构。 (3).be about to...when...正要……这时突然…… Climb to the top of the mountain，and you'll get a good view of the city. Hurry up，or you'll be late. Another five minutes，and I'll finish the composition. A few minutes and they went away. He was about to go out when it began to rain heavily. 2.however，but，while的用法比较。 however另起新句,有逗号与句子隔开。but不需另起新句。while既表示对比，又表转折。 He was ill，but he still kept on working. What she said sounded reasonable，Mr. Green，however，didn't believe her. 她说得有道理，然而，格林先生就是不信她。 There is plenty of rain in the south while there is little rain in the north. 南方多雨而北方少雨。 3.(1) so不能与because连用。 (2)but，while不与although连用，但yet，still可与although连用 并列句易错点 误区一　并列连词的缺失或误用 (1)【误】We bought her a birthday present, she liked it very much. 【正】We bought her a birthday present, and she liked it very much. [分析]　分析句式可知，两个分句之间缺少连词，结合句意“我们给她买了生日礼物，而且她很喜欢”可知，前后分句之间是并列关系，故在she前加and。 (2)【误】Everyone in the town knew him, we had no trouble finding his house. 【正】Everyone in the town knew him, so we had no trouble finding his house. [分析]　分析句式可知，两个分句之间缺少连词，结合句意“镇上谁都认识他，因此我们毫不费力就找到了他的家”可知，前后分句之间是因果关系，故在we前加so。 (3)【误】Come a little earlier next time, and you'll miss the best part of the TV play. 【正】Come a little earlier next time, or/otherwise you'll miss the best part of the TV play. [分析]　此句是“祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句”句型。 [注意]　导致以上错误的原因主要在于两方面：①用逗号连接两个简单句；②不清楚句意或句式区别造成连词误用。要记住，逗号前后不能为两句话，要么其中一个是从句，要么有连词连接，这才符合语法规则。另外，还应注意避免机械地排列简单句，这也是书面表达中不能取得高分的原因之一，如： I believe I am fit for it. I'm writing to apply for the position. 如果我们把这两个意义相关的句子用适当的连词连接起来，可得到下面的句子： I believe I am fit for it， so I'm writing to apply for the position. 比较一下，同学们是不是感觉后者要优于前者呢？并列连词的使用可增强句子之间的逻辑性和美感，使句子之间显得更加紧凑。 高考模拟试题 一、单项选择 1．（23-24广东深圳·一模）Not only ________my skills of communication but also ________me to know more about our traditional culture. A．the activity trained; it allowed B．did the activity train; did it allow C．did the activity train; it allowed D．the activity trained; did it allow 2．（2024·山东济南·二模）— A subway will be built in our hometown before 2022. — ______! Will it pass my house? A．What an excited news B．What exciting news C．How an excited news D．How exciting news 3．（2024·山东烟台·二模）John, read the text for us, ______? A．does he B．will he C．do you D．will you 4．（2024·山东·临沂三模）______ polite to others, and you will find it easy to get on well with them. A．Being B．Doing C．Be D．Do 5．（2024·山东日照·三模）—Can you tell me ______ he will come back? —In two weeks. A．how long B．how far C．how soon D．how much 6．（2024·山东济南·二模）It’s fine today. Let’s go a walk, ______? A．do you B．let we C．shall we D．does it 7．（2024·山东济南·二模）-- ______? --Yes, a bit cold, though. A．Freezing, isn't it B．Nice day, isn't it C．Bad weather, don't you think D．Cold weather, isn't it 8．（2024·山东青岛·一模）__________advice the teacher gave us! A．What B．What a C．What an D．How 9．（2024·山东·一模）Adams never has breakfast, __________ he? A．does B．doesn’t C．has D．hasn’t 10．（2024·山烟台·一模）Work hard, __________you will have a bright future. A．and B．or C．since D．but 11．（2024·北京·高考真题）In any unsafe situation, simply ________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need. A．press B．to press C．pressing D．pressed 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$