内容正文:
专题二 完形填空-议论文
【复习目标】
1. 考点归纳
(1) 完形填空议论文的做题技巧和方法;
(2)推断完形填空议论文的写作目的和观点态度。
2. 易错易混点归纳
词汇在具体语境下准确运用;联系上下文和句意和句子成分进行分析。
二:【重点易错易混点注释】
(1) 考点详解
议论文是一种剖析事理、论述事物、发表见解或提出主张的说理性文章。议论文分为两种,一种是夹叙夹议型,另一种是纯议论型。议论文的目的不仅是客观地解释事物,还力图说服读者相信并接受某一观点。议论文是高考完形填空题中较难的一种体裁,它一般由三个要素组成:论点、论据和结论。做好这类题的关键在于要抓住作者的论点。
(2) 提出论点的三种形式
1. 开门见山,直接提出论点
在有些议论文中作者开头就提出论点,通过论证,最后提出自己的看法,或提出另一个话题供大家讨论。一般来说,这种形式的议论文作者态度明确,我们也能很容易地把握作者对某一件事的看法。
2. 导入式提出论点
在有些议论文中,作者并不是直接提出自己的观点,而是通过对某一现象的论述来赞扬或批评某一事物,进而提出自己的观点,然后再用具体的论据去证明自己的观点。
3. 水到渠成式得出结论
在有些议论文中作者开头只是列举一系列生活中的现象,而不是表明自己的观点,通过对具体现象的分析,最后自然得出结论,而此结论就是文章的论点。
(三)解题技巧及技法点拨
解题技巧:1. 从首尾句入手,抓住中心
议论文的写作思路一般为:提出问题→分析问题→解决问题。因此,文章的第一、二句话通常为文章的主题句,而文章的结尾句常为文章的结论。由此可见,我们必须充分利用文章的首尾句,推测出文章的中心,从而理解全文。
2. 紧扣信息词,把握作者观点
考生要弄清文章的行文逻辑,如转折关系、因果关系、递进关系、对比关系、让步关系、指代关系等。有时文章的第一、二段并不是作者的观点,而是对某个事物的介绍或描述,然后用信息词,如but,however,yet等将自己的观点引出,因此,阅读时一定要特别留意这些信息词。
3. 从语境入手,确定逻辑关系
句与句之间总要反映出因果、假设、条件、类推等逻辑关系。这些逻辑关系常常通过on the one hand, on the other hand, as a result, as a consequence, on the contrary, above all, first of all, secondly, finally, in case等单词或短语表达出来。但有时作者并不使用这些单词或短语,而是将逻辑关系暗含于文章中,这就需要考生根据语境来确定逻辑关系。
4. 理清文章的论点、论据和结论
如果我们连论点、论据、结论都没把握住的话,只能是漫无目的地选择答案了。一般说来,能说明论点的答案可以在论据里得到印证,且作为论点的某些答案也可以与论据有机地结合起来,使论点与论据相辅相承,从而使整篇文章上下一致。如果我们所选的答案前后矛盾,论点与论据相悖,最后的结论与论点自相矛盾,那就说明我们对文章的把握缺乏条理性和系统性,我们就需重新来理顺文章的各部分,直到条理清楚为止,然后再根据自己对文章的把握及各部分的逻辑关系选出答案。
技法点拨:①技法--巧排除,降难度
在掌握文章大意和细节的前提下,考生可以通过试填试题中的选项选出最吻合语境、最衔接语义的选项,这种解题方法被称为“排除错项”。
【真题体验一】(2020·浙江) ...the tractor heading towards the 44.motorway.I ran desperately but failed to 45 .It crashed through a wooden fence and disappeared.
45.A.take off B.catch up C.hold back D.get out
②技法 由熟词,知生义
一词多义和熟词生义是近几年高考不断出现的词汇活用现象。备考时应注意单词本义以及根据词根推断单词生僻意义。
【真题体验二】(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)So 45. instead of tying him up,I just kept a close eye on him.It 46 —he didn’t end up in the creek.My three-year-old,however,did.
46. A.worked B.happened C.mattered D.Changed
【真题体验三】(2023·浙江卷1月) Reaching them to get the honey is difficult—and often 43.dangerous. ...
49.Finally,__Ziyad got close to the hive which was around 20 metres above the ground. Sitting on a branch, he __50__ towards it and blew smoke from his torch into a tiny hole in the hive. Suddenly, Ziyad let out a sharp cry. Within seconds, he'd 51.slid__down the trunk and was back on the ground.
50.A.backed B.dived C.shouted D.inched
三:【典例探究】
A famous theorist once said,“I don’t divide the world into the weak and the strong, or the successes and the failures ...I divide the world into the learners and the non-learners.”
What on earth would make someone a non-learner?Everyone is born with an intense 1 to learn. Babies rise to the learning challenge daily. Not just for 2 tasks,but the most difficult ones of a lifetime, like learning to walk and talk. They never decide it’s too hard or not worth the 3 . Babies don’t worry about making mistakes or 4 themselves. They walk, they fall, and they 5 .
What puts an end to this fearless learning?A fixed mindset. As soon as children become able to evaluate themselves, some of them become 6 of challenges. They worry about not being 7 . My research team have studied thousands of people from preschoolers on,and it’s breathtaking how many 8 an opportunity to learn.
We offered four-year-olds a 9 :They could redo an easy jigsaw (拼图) or try a harder one. Even at this young age, children with a fixed mindset stuck with the 10 one. They believe smart kids don’t make 11 .
Children with a growth mindset,however,thought it was a 12 choice. Why would anyone want to keep doing the same puzzle 13 ?They chose increasingly difficult ones instead.
Believing that success is about learning, children with a growth mindset seized the chance. But those with a fixed mindset didn’t want to expose their 14 . This is how a fixed mindset makes people into 15 .
1.A.fear B.drive C.competition D.concentration
2.A.crucial B.mental C.ordinary D.particular
3.A.attention B.effort C.interest D.time
4.A.confusing B.behaving C.punishing D.hurting
5.A.get up B.give up C.show up D.shut up
6.A.afraid B.ashamed C.confident D.ignorant
7.A.adorable B.curious C.modest D.smart
8.A.seize B.ruin C.reject D.require
9.A.lesson B.choice C.gift D.game
10.A.challenging B.interesting C.new D.simple
11.A.decisions B.jigsaws C.mistakes D.predictions
12.A.strange B.promising C.profitable D.difficult
13.A.repeatedly B.unwillingly C.automatically D.properly
14.A.secrets B.thoughts C.preferences D.weaknesses
15.A.theorists B.perfectionists C.non-learners D.risk-takers
四:训练检测
Cloze 1
(2022·全国乙卷改编)Young children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek. For them, there's something highly exciting about __41__ someone else's glance and making oneself unable to be seen.
However, we all witness that preschool children are remarkably __42__ at hiding. They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies __43__.
For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was __44__ as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures. But our __45__ research results in child developmental psychology contradicted that idea.
We brought young children aged 24 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. Each __46__ sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or ears. We then asked the child if she could see or hear the adult. Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn't. The same __47__ happened when the adult covered her own mouth: Now children said that they couldn't __48__ to her.
A number of __49__ ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked. The results were clear: Our young subjects __50__ the questions and knew __51__ what was asked of them. Their __52__ to the questions reflected their true belief that “I can see you only if you can see me, too.” They simply __53__ mutual (相互的) recognition and regard. Our __54__ suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism. In fact, children consider this method __55__ when others use it.
41.A.following B.taking C.escaping D.directing
42.A.clever B.bad C.scared D.quick
43.A.exposed B.examined C.untouched D.imbalanced
44.A.supported B.guaranteed C.imagined D.interpreted
45.A.disappointing B.mixed C.surprising D.desired
46.A.parent B.child C.researcher D.doctor
47.A.event B.thing C.action D.accident
48.A.speak B.listen C.turn D.wave
49.A.instructions B.descriptions C.experiments D.assumptions
50.A.comprehended B.predicted C.explored D.ignored
51.A.partly B.honestly C.vaguely D.exactly
52.A.responses B.approaches C.contribution D.sensitivity
53.A.hold back B.relate to C.insist on D.make up
54.A.limitations B.requirements C.theories D.findings
55.A.tentative B.impressive C.creative D.effective
Cloze 2
Is a Science-Based Education the Way to Go?
In this present age when we are heavily dependent on science and technology, a science-based education system naturally becomes prevalent to equip the young with knowledge of the 31 of our world around them. The various disciplines of science, such as biology and astronomy, certainly help us to grasp not only the 32 of Earth, but also the significance of human beings in the universe. Moreover, as people naturally have an inborn desire to control the environment, a science-based education seems to be well 33 to humanity’s inquisitive nature. 34 , it remains questionable whether a science-based education is able to paint a complete picture of the world.
Certainly, it equips us with the knowledge of 35 which is necessary for us to make sense of the world. By laying the foundation of the skills in students, they will be equipped with the necessary skills to discover the world as 36 by science today. A classic example is Gregor Mendel’s famous pea plant experiment. Without this, we would not have understood the 37 of our genes, nor the reasons why offspring may look strikingly similar to their parents.
Additionally, the scientific method highlights the importance of 38 , which is instrumental in the acquisition of knowledge. In a typical science-based educational system, students are taught to objectively analyze empirical data and derive scientific principles. Besides, a science-based education empowers us to 39 preconceived(预想的) concepts instead of merely accepting “facts” at face value.
Despite its 40 , a science-based education does not always enlighten us about certain aspects of the world that can’t be rationalized through the scientific method. Though it explains how the world works, it is lacking as it does not 41 much about why things happen. For example, science can provide a neurological explanation on how we perceive breathtaking scenery, but it can’t explain what constitutes beauty or why we are so innately drawn to it. Thus, to 42 , the Arts offer us insightful perspectives on the role of science and the world at large.
Moreover, science may have great emphasis on progress that may come at a great 43 to the world. A science-based education that focuses solely on the latest scientific breakthroughs may well 44 the study of ethical controversies and significant historical events. For instance, it remains to be seen whether cloning is morally acceptable.
In conclusion, a science-based education coupled with adequate exposure to ethics, values and the humanities would 45 students with a deeper insight into the complex nature of the world.
31.A.mechanics B.inventions C.truths D.objectives
32.A.significance B.evolution C.composition D.prospect
33.A.subjected B.reduced C.entitled D.tailored
34.A.Nevertheless B.Moreover C.Instead D.Therefore
35.A.doubt B.suspicion C.inquiry D.consultation
36.A.framed B.explained C.assessed D.justified
37.A.dependence B.burst C.consciousness D.function
38.A.objectivity B.illustration C.curiosity D.inquiry
39.A.deny B.challenge C.dismiss D.highlight
40.A.margins B.expenses C.initiatives D.virtues
41.A.worry B.care C.reveal D.enclose
42.A.draw a parallel B.make ends meet C.strike a balance D.make a comparison
43.A.cost B.advantage C.discount D.angle
44.A.underline B.prioritize C.further D.neglect
45.A.assist B.furnish C.occupy D.engage
完形填空———议论文答案
【真题体验一】答案 B 解析 根据上文的“ran desperately”和下文的拖拉机冲过一个木栅栏然后就不见了可知,作者没能追上(catch up)它。take off起飞;hold back抑制;get out出去。
【真题体验二】答案 A 解析 work起作用;happen发生;matter事关紧要;change改变。根据下文“he didn’t end up in the creek”可推知,此处指作者的办法起作用了,15个月大的孩子没有掉进小溪里。work熟义为“工作”,此处为生义“起作用,奏效”。
【真题体验三】答案 D 本题可以利用“经由熟词,可知生义”的原则解答。根据上文中的“Reaching them to get the honey is difficult—and often 43.dangerous.”可知,采集蜂蜜是困难且危险的工作,这要求采蜂人靠近蜂巢时要小心翼翼。inch通常作名词,表示较小的长度单位“英寸”;分析句子结构并根据选项中的inched可知,此处inch为熟词生义,用作动词,意为“谨慎移动”。
三:【典例探究】
语篇解读:本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了导致习得者和非习得者之间区别的原因,并告诉我们固定型思维模式导致了非习得者的形成。
解析:B 根据下文Babies rise to the learning challenge daily.可知,婴儿每天都面临学习挑战,有挑战就有动力,因此人们生来就有强烈的学习动力。
解析:C 上下文出现连词Not just ...but,意为“不仅……而且”,表示并列关系,下半句提到了“最困难的事”,因此该空与“困难的”是同一范畴的词。
解析:B 根据上文可知,婴儿生来就会学习,他们不会意识到这些任务是不是太难或者值不值得花费精力去完成。
解析:D 根据or表示并列可知,该题的动词是婴儿主动发出的而且结果是消极的;再根据下文的They walk, they fall可知,他们在学习的过程中可能会受伤。
解析:A 根据常识和该句子的顺承逻辑可知,此处指婴儿走路、跌倒,然后再站起来。
解析:A 根据上文可知,婴儿一开始是不害怕学习的,但是后来一些孩子开始害怕挑战。
解析:D 根据上文可推断,孩子们开始评估自己,下一段提到他们把自己与聪明孩子作对比,因此他们担心自己不够聪明。
解析:C 根据上文可推断,一些孩子开始害怕挑战,因此拒绝学习的机会。
解析:B 根据下文They could redo an easy jigsaw (拼图) or try a harder one.可知,研究团队在实验过程中提供了一个选择:让孩子们做简单的或者困难的拼图任务。下文中的thought it was a 12 choice也是提示。
解析:D 根据下一段内容可推出,成长型思维模式的孩子会选择困难的拼图任务,因此固定型思维模式的孩子会选择简单的任务。
解析:C 根据上下文可推断,固定型思维模式的孩子由于害怕自己犯错误而选择简单的任务,所以他们会认为聪明的孩子不会犯错误。
解析:A 根据下文的问句可推断,成长型思维模式的孩子会选择困难的拼图任务,他们不明白为什么要重复做相同的拼图任务,也就是说他们觉得没必要做简单的拼图任务,所以对为什么有这两种选择而感到奇怪。
解析:A 根据上文keep doing the same puzzle可知,此处指重复做同样的事情。
解析:D 根据上文children with a growth mindset seized the chance以及But表示转折可知,固定型思维模式的孩子不愿抓住学习的机会,是因为他们害怕犯错,不想暴露自己的弱点。
解析:C 根据第一段内容与第二段首句可知,通篇文章讲述了导致习得者和非习得者之间区别的原因,文章最后一句作出总结:固定型思维模式导致了非习得者的形成。
四:【训练检测】
Clone 1
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。一项实验证明,孩子们之间存在着相互承认与尊重,而非“以自我为中心”。
41.C 解析:根据下文中的“making oneself unable to be seen”可推知,避开(escape)别人的目光,使自己不被人看见,这是一件非常令人兴奋的事情。
42B 解析:根据下文中的“They often cover only...the rest of their bodies ______.”可知,他们常常只是用手遮住自己的眼睛,把身体其他部位暴露(expose)在外,由此可推知,他们非常不擅长(bad)隐藏。
43.A 解析:参见上题解析。
44.D 解析:根据语境可知,这种无效的隐藏方法被认为(interpret)是儿童是完全“以自我为中心”的生物的证据。
45.C 解析:根据语境可知,作者他们在儿童发展心理学方面令人惊奇的(surprising)研究发现反驳了那个观点。
46.B 解析:根据上句中的children及语境可知,此处指每个孩子(child)都与一名成人坐在一起。
47.B 解析:根据语境可知,当成年人捂住自己的嘴时,同样的事情(thing)发生了。
48.A 解析:根据上文中的“the adult covered her own mouth”及语境可推知,此处指孩子们说他们不能与她讲话(speak)。
49.C 解析:根据语境可知,许多实验(experiment)排除了孩子们误解了他们被问到的问题这种可能性。
50.A 解析:根据上文中的“ruled out that the children...were being asked”可知,孩子们理解(comprehend)这些问题,并且确切地(exactly)知道他们被问到了什么。
51.D 解析:参见上题解析。
52.A 解析:根据语境可知,他们对这些问题的回答(response)反映了他们真实的看法:“只有你也能看到我,我才能看到你。”
53.C 解析:根据上文说明的实验结果及语境可知,他们只是坚持(insist on)相互的承认和尊重。
54.D 解析:根据语境可知,作者他们的研究发现(finding)表明,当孩子在头上盖一条毯子“隐藏”时,这并不是自我中心主义的结果。
55.D 解析:根据上文说明的实验结果及语境可知,事实上,当其他人使用这种方法时,孩子们认为它是有效的(effective)。
Clone 2
31.A 32.B 33.D 34.A 35.C 36.B 37.D 38.A 39.B 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.A 44.D 45.B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要说明了以科学为基础的教育是否正确的问题,解释了以科学为基础的教育的优缺点。
31.考查名词词义辨析。句意:在我们严重依赖科学技术的当今时代,以科学为基础的教育体系自然变得普遍,以使年轻人掌握周围世界的机制知识。A. mechanics机械学;B. inventions发明;C. truths真理;D. objectives目标。根据后文“The various disciplines of science, such as biology and astronomy”可知,此处指以科学为基础的教育体系自然变得普遍,以使年轻人掌握周围世界的机制知识。故选A。
32.考查名词词义辨析。句意:科学的各个学科,如生物学和天文学,当然不仅帮助我们掌握地球的进化,而且还帮助我们掌握人类在宇宙中的意义。A. significance重要性;B. evolution进化;C. composition作品;D. prospect预期。根据上文“The various disciplines of science, such as biology and astronomy, certainly help us to grasp not only the”指这些学科帮助学生掌握地球的进化。故选B。
33.考查动词词义辨析。句意:此外,由于人类天生就有控制环境的欲望,以科学为基础的教育似乎很适合人类好奇的天性。A. subjected使遭受;B. reduced减少;C. entitled使享受权利;D. tailored定制,迎合。根据上文“people naturally have an inborn desire to control the environment”可知,人类天生就有控制环境的欲望,以科学为基础的教育似乎很适合人类好奇的天性,tailor此处表示“迎合”符合语境。故选D。
34.考查副词词义辨析。句意:然而,以科学为基础的教育是否能够描绘出世界的完整图景仍然值得怀疑。A. Nevertheless然而;B. Moreover此外;C. Instead反而;D. Therefore因此。结合前后文语境可知为转折关系,故选A。
35.考查名词词义辨析。句意:当然,它使我们具备探究的知识,这是我们理解世界所必需的。A. doubt怀疑;B. suspicion猜想;C. inquiry探究,询问;D. consultation商讨。后文“A classic example is Gregor Mendel’s famous pea plant experiment.”提出了孟德尔著名的豌豆植物实验,说明以科学为基础的教育让学生学会探究,从而理解世界。故选C。
36.考查动词词义辨析。句意:通过为学生奠定技能基础,他们将具备发现当今科学所解释的世界的必要技能。A. framed制订;B. explained解释;C. assessed评估;D. justified证明。根据上文“discover the world as”此处指当今科学所解释的世界,故选B。
37.考查名词词义辨析。句意:如果没有这一点,我们就无法理解基因的功能,也无法理解后代与父母惊人相似的原因。A. dependence依赖;B. burst爆发;C. consciousness知觉;D. function功能。根据后文“of our genes, nor the reasons why offspring may look strikingly similar to their parents”可知,通过为学生奠定技能基础,他们将具备发现当今科学所解释的世界的必要技能,如果没有这一点,我们就无法理解基因的功能,也无法理解后代与父母惊人相似的原因。故选D。
38.考查名词词义辨析。句意:此外,科学方法强调客观性的重要性,这是获取知识的工具。A. objectivity客观性;B. illustration插图;C. curiosity好奇心;D. inquiry询问。根据后文“In a typical science-based educational system, students are taught to objectively analyze empirical data and derive scientific principles.(在典型的以科学为基础的教育体系中,学生被教导客观地分析经验数据并得出科学原理)”可知,科学方法强调了客观性。故选A。
39.考查动词词义辨析。句意:此外,以科学为基础的教育使我们能够挑战先入为主的观念,而不是仅仅接受表面上的“事实”。A. deny否认;B. challenge挑战;C. dismiss解散;D. highlight突出。根据后文“instead of merely accepting “facts” at face value.”指以科学为基础的教育使我们能够挑战先入为主的观念,而不是仅仅接受表面上的“事实”。故选B。
40.考查名词词义辨析。句意:尽管有其优点,但以科学为基础的教育并不总能让我们了解无法通过科学方法合理化的世界的某些方面。A. margins利润;B. expenses花费;C. initiatives积极性;D. virtues优点。上文主要说明了以科学为基础的教育帮助学生理解世界,发展自身能力,即优点。故选D。
41.考查动词词义辨析。句意:虽然它解释了世界是如何运作的,但它并没有揭示很多事情发生的原因,因此存在不足。A. worry担心;B. care关心;C. reveal揭露;D. enclose包围。根据后文“much about why things happen”指这种教育没有揭示很多事情发生的原因,存在不足。故选C。
42.考查动词短语辨析。句意:因此,为了达到平衡,艺术为我们提供了关于科学和整个世界的角色的深刻见解。A. draw a parallel作比较;B. make ends meet收支平衡;C. strike a balance达到平衡;D. make a comparison进行比较。根据后文“the Arts offer us insightful perspectives on the role of science and the world at large”可知,艺术是为了平衡科学的不足,为我们提供了关于科学和整个世界的角色的深刻见解。故选C。
43.考查名词词义辨析。句意:此外,科学可能非常强调进步,这可能会让世界付出巨大的代价。A. cost花费;B. advantage优势;C. discount打折;D. angle角度。根据后文提到以科学为基础的教育,只关注最新的科学突破,很可能会忽视对伦理争议和重大历史事件的研究,说明科学可能非常强调进步,这可能会让世界付出巨大的代价。故选A。
44.考查动词词义辨析。句意:以科学为基础的教育,只关注最新的科学突破,很可能会忽视对伦理争议和重大历史事件的研究。A. underline强调;B. prioritize优先考虑;C. further促进;D. neglect忽视。根据上文“A science-based education that focuses solely on the latest scientific breakthroughs”可知,只关注最新的科学突破,很可能会忽视对伦理争议和重大历史事件的研究。故选D。
45.考查动词词义辨析。句意:总之,以科学为基础的教育,加上充分接触伦理、价值观和人文学科,将使学生对世界的复杂本质有更深入的了解。A. assist帮助;B. furnish提供,配备家具;C. occupy占据;D. engage参与。根据后文“students with a deeper insight into the complex nature of the world”此处指以科学为基础的教育,加上充分接触伦理、价值观和人文学科,将使学生对世界的复杂本质有更深入的了解。furnish with表示“为……提供”。故选B。
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