专题5 动词及动词时态(考点精讲)-【中职专用】2025年技能高考英语二轮复习专项突破(湖北专用)

2025-02-20
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专题05:动词、动词时态 一、动词 考点分析 考点分析 会分析由实义动词(及物动词和不及物动词)、系动词、助动词、构成的不同结构的句子,并能正确运用大纲上的动词。 考点 掌握每一种动词的用法以及用它们构成的句子的结构,掌握常考动词的用法。 备考方法 动词与介词搭配的不同结构、 用法上的差异。 易混点是相近动词的不同用法。方法是记忆并多做练习 考试题型 单项选择题、完形填空 考点精讲 一、定义:动词 (Verb)是表示动作或描述动作中的状态的词,用 v.代替。 二、动词的种类 按照功能(即能否作谓语)来划分,动词可分为两大类:谓语动词和非谓语动词。谓语动词用来表示主语的动作或状态,它又分为行为动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词四种。非谓语动词是动词的一种非限定形式或非谓语形式其具体用法详见本专辑的专题8。 三、动词的基本形式 动词有五种基本形式:原形、第三人称单数现在式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。 (一)过去式和过去分词的变化规则 动词过去式和过去分词的构成可分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。 1.规则变化 (1)一般情况下词尾直接加-ed。 如: work—worked—worked, laugh—laughed—laughed, talk—talked— talked。 (2)以元音字母 e 结尾的动词后加-d。 如: live—lived—lived, close—closed—closed, like—liked—liked。 (3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词变 y为i,再加-ed。 如: try—tried—tried, study—studied—studied, carry— carried—carried。 (4)以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,先双写此辅音字母,再加-ed。 如:stop—stopped—stopped, permit—permitted—permitted, refer—referred—referred。 2.不规则变化 (1)原形、过去式、过去分词同形。 如 put—put—put, let—let—let, cost—cost—cost, hurt—hurt—hurt, cut—cut—cut, hit—hit—hit。 (2) 原形、 过去分词同形。 如: come—came—come, become—became—become, run—ran—run。 (3)过去式、过去分词同形。 如: buy—bought—bought, dig—dug—dug, catch—caught—caught, sit—sat—sat。 (4)原形、过去式、过去分词形式都不同。 如: write—wrote—written, begin—began—begun, draw—crew—drawn, swim—swam—swum。 (二)现在分词的变化规则 1.一般情况下词尾直接加-ing。 如: go—going, learn—learning, fly—flying。 2.以元音字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ing。 如: leave—leaving, write—writing, ride—riding。 3.以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,先双写此辅音字母,再加-ing。如:sit—sitting,begin—beginning, forget—forgetting。 4.以 ie结尾的动词,变 ie为y,再加-ing。 如: lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying。 5.以 oe, ee和 ye结尾的动词,直接加-ing。 如: see—seeing, agree—agreeing, flee—fleeing。 四、动词的用法 (一)行为动词 根据动词后是否要跟宾语,行为动词又分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.)。动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类: 分类 用法 缩写形式 及物动词 (Transitive Verb) 可带宾语的动词 vt. 不及物动词 (Intransitive Verb) 不可带宾语的动词 vi. (1)及物动词后面必须跟宾语。 主要结构:①“主+谓+宾”; ②“主+谓+双宾”; ③“主+谓+宾+宾补”。 例如: They reached Canada yesterday.他们昨天到达加拿大。 Please hand me the salt over there. 请递给我那边的盐。 The teacher asked us to finish the homework before 11 o’ clock. 老师要我们11点前完成作业。 用法类似的动词: buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell等。 (2)不及物动词后面不接宾语,只能用“主+谓”结构。 He didn't leave until his mother came back. 直到妈妈回来后, 他才离开。 用法类似的动词: agree, go, work, listen, look, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, come, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, hurry, fail, succeed… (3)既可以用作及物动词又可以用作不及物动词,但意义不变。 如 begin“开始”: The class begins at 8 o’clock every day.(不及物动词) 这堂课每天8点开始。 Now let's begin our class. (及物动词) 让我们开始上课。 用法类似的动词: start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve等。 (4)既可以用作及物动词又可以用作不及物动词,但意义完全不同。 这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义,作及物动词时是另一个意义。 以动词 live为例: She lives a happy life. 她过着幸福的生活。(live用作 vt.,过着……的生活) She lives in London. 她住在伦敦。(live用作 vi., 住在, 居住) 用法类似的动词见下表: vi. vt. vi. vt. lift 指烟雾的消散 升高;举起 beat 跳动 敲;打 grow 生长 种植 play 玩耍 打 (牌、球),演奏 smell 发出 (气味) 嗅 ring (电话、铃)响 打电话 speak 讲话 说 (语言) hang 悬挂 绞死 operate 动手术 操作 live 住在,居住 过着……的生活 (二)连系动词 连系动词词义不完整,必须和其后的表语构成系表结构一起作复合谓语。最常见的连系动词是 be动词。 He is a teacher. 他是名教师。 We are good parents. 我们是家长。 除 be 动词之外,还有一些实义动词也可作连系动词,常见的有: 1. 表状态,这类词有 look、seem、feel、keep、sound、smell、taste等。 The egg smells terrible. 这蛋闻起来糟糕。 His voice sounds very comfortable! 他的嗓音听起来很舒适! 2. 表结果或转变,这类词有 become、turn、get、go等。 The cake goes sour within one day. 蛋糕一天就会变质。 The weather gets cloudy soon. 天气很快变多云了。 (三)助动词 助动词是“辅助性”动词,它本身没有实际的意义,不能单独作谓语。助动词的使用是为了帮助其他词构成否定句、疑问句,以及不同的时态、语态、语气等。助动词本身虽没有词义,但有人称和数的变化。 常见的助动词有: be(am、is、are、was、were、being、been), have(has、had), do(does、did), shall(should), will(would)等。助动词的作用主要有以下几方面: 1.帮助行为动词构成否定句或疑问句。 He didn’t speak yesterday. 昨天他没有发言。 Did he speak yesterday? 他昨天发言了吗? 2.帮助行为动词构成各种时态。 She has done her homework. 她做完了作业。 I asked her where she would spend her holiday. 我问她将会在什么地方度假。 3.帮助行为动词构成被动语态。 Talking is not allowed in the reading room. 阅览室里禁止讲话。 His phone was stolen a week ago. 一星期前他的手机被偷了。 4.帮助动词构成各种语气。 Ben does enjoy playing games. 本确实喜欢打游戏。(陈述语气,表示强调) Don't be ridiculous.别犯傻。 (祈使语气) 5.代替上文出现的动词,以避免重复。 — Did he run yesterday? —他昨天跑步了吗? — Yes, he did.—是的,他跑了。 (四)常见动词词义辨析 三个“到达” get get to+地点名词 reach 及物动词,后面可直接跟地点名词 arrive in+大地点 (名词) at+小地点 (名词) 三个“借” borrow 短暂性动词, 表示主语“借入”, 常用搭配 borrow sth. from sb. lend 短暂性动词, 表示主语“借出”, 常用搭配 lend sth. to sb. keep 延续性动词,表示“长时间地借” 三个“穿” dress dress sb. 给某人穿衣服; dress sb. up装扮某人 put on “穿上、戴上”,表示动作 wear “穿着、戴着”,表示状态 四个“看” see “看见”,表示结果 look “看”,表示动作,是不及物动词,后面需加介词才能跟宾语 watch “观看 (比赛,电视)” read “看 (书、报)”,表示阅读 四个“拿” bring “带来,拿来”,表示““靠近说话人的地方” take “拿去,带走”,表示““拿到远离说话人的地方” carry “提,拿,搬”,多指用力移动,没有方向 fetch “去取,去拿”,表示““往返拿东西” 续表 四个“说” speak 作及物动词时后常接表示语言的名词 say 常跟直接引语或间接引语,表示说的内容 talk 不及物动词,常跟介词 to或 with,意为“同……谈话”,也表示具有说话的能力 tell 意为“告诉”,与 story连用,意为“讲述”“告诉” 四个“花费” spend 人作主语, 表示花费时间或金钱, 后接 on sth. 或 (in) doing sth. cost 物作主语,表示“某物花费多少钱” take 可用于固定句型“It+ takes/ took+一段时间+ to do sth.”表示花费一段时间做某事 pay 人作主语,上与介词 for 连用 两个“找” look for 强调寻找的过程 find 强调寻找的结果 两个“听” listen to listen为不及物动词,与 to组成固定搭配,强调听的动作 hear 强调听的结果 四个有关“赢, 输” lose 意为“输”, 常用搭配为 lose to sb. fail 意为“失败”或“未做成某事” beat 意为“打败”,后接 sb.或某支队伍 win 意为“赢得”,如赢得荣誉、地位、比赛等 三个“参加” join 一般指加入“党派”或“组织”,如参军、入党等 take part in 指参加聚会或活动 attend 一般指出席会议 四个“变化” turn 一般用于颜色的变化 get 天变黑、变长或变短 become 天气变暖或变冷等,表示渐变 grow 形状变大或变小 (五)常见动词短语 take up 占据 put up搭建, 张贴 get to 到达 take away带走, 拿走 put on 穿上, 上演 get up 起床, 起来 take off起飞, 脱掉 put off 推迟 get over克服 take down写下, 记下 put out 熄灭 get on 进展 take out获得 put away 把……收起来 get off 离开 take place发生 put down写下, 记下 get together 相聚 take care of 照顾 put up with 容忍 get ready for…为……做准备 take part in 参加 keep out留在外面 go on 继续 look for 寻找 keep off使……不接近, 回避某话题 go back 回到 look at看 keep up with并驾齐驱, 跟上 go away走开 look after 照顾 keep away from 远离 go by (时间) 流逝 look up 查阅 keep in touch 保持联系 go over仔细检查 look through 浏览 keep healthy 保持健康 go off爆炸 look around 环顾 come on加油 turn on 打开 give up 放弃 come out出现, 出版 turn off关闭 give in 屈服, 让步 come over来访 turn up 开大, 调高 give away赠送, 泄露 come along一起来, 快点, 来吧 turn down 调低, 关小 give off 发出 (光、热) turn in 上交 make a decision 做决定 be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事, to 是介词, 后用 v. - ing形式 turn out结果是 make a mistake 犯错 used to do sth. 过去常常做某事 make a living 谋生 be used to do sth. 被用来做某事 make up组成, 构成 (六)动词短语辨析 agree with ①表示同意某人或某人的意见、想法、分析、解释等(持同一观点) I don't agree with you.我不同意你的意见。 They agreed with this idea.他们同意这个想法。 I agree with what you say. 我同意你说的。 ②表示“ (食物、天气、工作等)对……适宜” The weather does not agree with me.这种天气对我不适宜。 Hard work does not agree with him.艰苦的工作对他不适宜。 ③表示“与……一致” A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. 动词必须和它的主语在人称和数方面保持一致。 What he does not agree with what he says.他言行不一。 续表 agree to ①主要用来表示一方提出一项建议、安排、计划等,另一方同意协作 We agreed to their arrangement.我们同意了他们的安排。 She agreed to marriage.她同意结婚。 有时 agree to 也可用来表示“答应”一件自己不愿做的事: I was forced to agree to it, but at heart I didn't quite agree with it. 我被迫答应,但内心并不完全同意。 ②后接 suggestion, plan, proposal等名词时, 与 accept同义 Do you think he will agree to (= accept) my suggestion? 你认为他会同意 (接受)我的建议吗? ③其后既可接动词原形(此时 to是不定式符号),也可接动名词(一般有逻辑主语,此时 to是介词) He agreed to go with us.他同意和我们一起去。 I never agreed to Mary marrying him.我从来没同意玛丽嫁给他。 续表 agree on(upon) ①主要指双方通过协商而取得一致意见或达成协议 We agreed on the price. 我们就价格达成了一致意见。 Both sides agreed on these terms.双方都同意这些条件。 ②后接动名词(= agree to do sth) He agreed on lending (= to lend) us some money. 他同意借给我们一些钱。 Mary agreed on coming/ to come on Monday. 玛丽同意星期一来。 care for ①like= be fond of 喜爱 = be willing to do sth. = wish to do sth. = like to do sth. (常用于否定句及疑问句,尤其与 would 连用更常见) She doesn't care for that colour. 她不喜欢那种颜色。 She did not care for him. 她不喜欢他。 ②take care of; look after 照顾 As an orphan, he is cared for by the local authorities. 他是个孤儿,受到当地政府的照顾。 He spent years caring for his sick mother. 他数年中一直在照顾生病的母亲。 续表 care about “担心, 接近”, 等于 be worried, be concerned or interested, 指忧虑、担心、关心、惦念 Do not you care about anybody? 你难道谁也不关心吗? I really care about my work.我真的关心我的工作。 carry out 执行、实行 The group of soldiers carried out a secret military action the other day. 几天前,这群士兵执行了一次秘密的军事行动。 carry on 表示“ (继续)进行、进行下去”,强调坚持 Comrades in Germany were carrying on a heroic fight against war under conditions of fascism at that time. 那时,在德国的同志正在法西斯的统治区进行一场英勇的反战斗争。 die of 死于…… (疾病,感情,饥寒) die of a heart attack/ lung cancer/ hunger/ grief die from 死于…… (事故,外伤) die from the habit of smoke/ smoking/ an accident/ wounds/ polluted air (七)常考动词 prefer 作及物动词使用,意思是“更喜欢,宁愿” ①prefer + 名词/动名词/不定式 I prefer some apples. I prefer having (to have)some apples.我更喜欢吃苹果。 ②prefer somebody to do something 宁愿某人做某事 My daddy prefers me not to swim in that river because it's too dangerous. 我爸爸希望我不要去那条河里游泳,因为太危险了。 ③prefer A to B, 在 A 和 B 中更喜欢 A 注意这个用法中肯定的是前者,A和B必须在形式上保持一致,即要么都是名词,要么都是动名词,没有使用不定式的用法 I prefer green tea to coffee. 绿茶和咖啡比较起来我更喜欢绿茶. I prefer cooking myself to eating out. 我宁愿自己做饭也不愿出去吃. ④prefer to do something rather than... 这个用法类似于用法③,不过 rather than 后面可以是不定式、名词、动名词或动词原形 注意: 这里 rather than后面可以用 going out 或 to go out, 而且 rather than 也可以放在句子开头 I prefer to stay at home rather than go out in the heavy rain. Rather than go out in the heavy rain, I prefer to stay at home. 我宁愿待在家里也不想冒这么大的雨出去。 I think I should prefer fish rather than meat. 我想我还是要鱼,不要肉。 注意: prefer to do后面会接一个比较结构(如 rather than do), prefer to do 中的 to 为动词不定式;除此之外的情况就用 prefer doing, doing为动名词 【典型例题】 1. Cathy many presents on her 16th birthday. She was very happy. A. heard B. caught C. received D. made 2. The price of vegetables so quickly these days. A. rushes B. adds C rises D. raises 3. His aunt forgot to the tap(水龙头), so there was water all over the floor. A. cut off B. put off C. take off D. turn off 4. — Mom, did you go to the airport to my sister? — No, she came back by taxi. A. make up B. give up C. take up D. pick up 5. Oh, it so nice. How beautiful the music is! A. smells B. sounds C. tastes D. looks 二、动词时态 考点分析 考点解析 能正确运用动词的八种时态即一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般过去将来时、一般将来时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时 考点 掌握每一种时态的基本用法与特殊用法 备考方法 记忆固定句型的时态。难点是现在完成时和过去完成时,特别是瞬间动词变延续性动词或结构的部分。易混点是几种用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来的情况。方法是多做题 考试题型 单项选择题 完形填空 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权,侵权必究!1 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 考点精讲 一、概述: 动词时态的种类:英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示,这种表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词时态。时间有四个主要部分,即现在、过去、将来和过去将来。动作方面也有四种,即一般、完成、进行和完成进行。这些时间与动作组合在一起就构成16种时态。重点掌握以下几种时态(以work为例)。不同形式见下表(以learn 为例): 一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时 现在 learn/ learns am/ is/ are learning have/ has learned have/has been learning 过去 learned was/ were learning had learned had been learning 一般将来 shall/ will learn shall/ will be learning shall/ will have learned shall/ will have been learning 过去将来 should/ would learn should/ would be learning should/ would have learned should/would have been learning 二、动词时态的用法 (一)一般现在时 1.一般现在时的构成 肯定式 主语+v.原形第三人称单数形式 (与名词单数变复数方法相同) 否定式 主语+ don' t/doesn't +v. 疑问式 Do/ Does+主语+v.…? 注:①be 动词在一般现在时中的用法。 肯定式 主+ be (am, is, are) +… 否定式 主+ be (am, is, are) + not+… 疑问式 Be (Am, Is, Are) +主+…? ②当主语是第三人称单数时,肯定句中谓语动词后需接-s/-es;构成否定句和疑问 句时要借助于助动词 does。 He reads English every day. 他每天都朗读英语。 Does Tina work hard? 蒂娜学习努力吗? She doesn't like dancing. 她不喜欢跳舞。 【补充说明】一般现在时的谓语动词主要用动词原形表示。当主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词形式变化规则如下: (1)一般情况加-s。 如: work—works, eat—eats, like—likes等。 (2)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,变 y 为 i 再加-es。 如: study—studies, satisfy—satisfies, fly—flies等。 (3)以s, x, sh, ch, o结尾的动词后加-es。 如: discuss—discusses, fix—fixes, finish—finishes, watch— watches, go—goes等。 (4)不规则变化。如: be—— is, have—— has等。 2.一般现在时的用法 ①表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态,或日常的、习惯性的行为动作。通常与表频度的时间状语连用。 时间状语: always, often, usually, every day/ week, never, sometimes, on Monday, twice a week, from time to time等, 有时时间状语可以不表示出来。 I always get up at six thirty. 我总是六点半起床。 They often go to the cinema at weekends. 他们经常周末去看电影。 Where do you study? 你在哪儿上学? ②表示现在的情况或状态,或表示特征或能力。 I do my homework every day. 我每天做作业。 He watches TV every day. 他每天看电视。 I have lunch every day. 我每天吃午餐。 He likes animals. 他喜欢小动物。 ③表客观事实,普遍真理、格言、警句等。 The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国的东部。 Sharp tools make good work. 工欲善其事, 必先利其器。 ④在剧本、新闻标题、动作解说、戏剧性描绘时大量使用一般现在时。 ⑤一般现在时可用于表示将来的时态,主要有以下几种用法。 a. 句型一: 在I hope, I bet等后面的 that分句中。 I hope you enjoy yourselves here. 希望你们能在这儿玩得愉快。 I bet it snows tomorrow. 我打赌明天会下雪。 b. 句型二: see (to it) / make sure/ make certain+ that从句。 I'll see (to it) / make sure/ make certain (that) you don't lose your way. 我要确定你不会迷路。 c.句型三:是由 if/when引导的条件状语从句和时间状语从句,主句用一般将来时,从句应该使用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go out for a picnic. 如果明天不下雨,我们就去野餐。 Will you go and help me to get in the wheat when the harvest time comes? 秋收的时候你能来帮我收麦子吗? d.列入日程的动作用一般现在时表将来。 表示位置移动的动词用一般现在时表示事先安排好的动作;如 come,go,arrive,leave, start, sail, move。 The plane takes off at 3 p. m. 飞机下午 3 点起飞。 The next train to Beijing leaves at eleven. 下一班去北京的火车11点出发。 ⑥一般现在时亦可以表示现在时刻发生的动作或存在的状态,以及完成的动作。 What time is it now by your watch? 请问现在几点了? (此刻) What is Linda like now? 琳达现在是什么样子?(此刻) Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。(此刻) ⑦be 和 have有时用一般现在时表示将来,强调未来的事实或已经规定的事情。抽象地谈论未来时,由于时间概念很弱,也用一般现在时。 Tomorrow is Monday. 明天是周一。 Final victory belongs to us. 最后的胜利是我们的。 Our future is bright. 我们的前途一片光明。 (二)一般过去时 1.一般过去时的构成 肯定式 主语+ v. - ed 否定式 主语+ didn't +v. 原形 疑问式 Did+主语+v. 原形? 注:①在一般过去时中 be动词的用法。 肯定式 主语+ be (was, were) +… 否定式 主语+ be (was, were) + not+… 疑问式 Be (Was, Were) +主+…? ②动词过去式的构成。 一般在动词原形后直接加-ed look— looked; wash— washed 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,直接加-d live— lived; like— liked 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,先双写末尾字母, 再加-ed stop— stopped; plan— planned; beg— begged 不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆 take— took; buy— bought等 2.一般过去时的用法 ①表示过去某一特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示明确的过去时间状语连用。 时间状语: a. last night, then, at that time, just now, last month, in 1968, yesterday, in those days, in the past, some days ago等。 We didn't go to school yesterday because of the heavy fog. 由于大雾,昨天我们没有去上学。 b. 与 when,while引导的表示过去的时间状语从句连用。 I learned swimming when I lived in the countryside with my grandpa. 我跟爷爷住在乡下的时候,我学会了游泳。 ②表示过去的习惯性动作或经常发生的动作。 时间状语: a. 表频度的副词——often, usually, seldom等 b. when引导的过去时间状语从句 When I was young, I often flew a kite in the field. 当我小的时候,我经常去田野里放风筝。 注:表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,还可以用 used to do (过去常常做某事)以及would do (总是, 会)。 She used to go for a walk after supper, but she prefers to stay at home with her children. 她以前晚饭后都会去散步,但是现在更喜欢和孩子们待在家里。 When I stayed at Mr. Black's, he would tell me many interesting stories. 当我住在布兰克先生家时,他总是会给我讲许多有趣的故事。 ③在条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。前提是主句是过去将来时。 He said he would come to see me if he had time. 他说如果他有时间会来看我。 He said he wouldn't go out if it rained. 他说如果下雨的话, 他就不会出去。 ④用于 since从句中。主句的谓语动词常用一般现在时或现在完成时,since从句用一般过去时。 It has been a long time since we separated last year. 自从去年分开后我们已经好久没见了。 We have been good friends since we were children. 当我们还是孩子的时候我们就是好朋友了。 ⑤强调“刚才……,原先……”用一般过去时。 例如: I didn't know you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。(现在时刻说的话,在此之前不知道) — Oh, it's you! I didn't recognize you. 是你啊, 我刚刚没有认出来。 (刚才没认出来) — I've just had my hair cut. 我刚剪了头发。 (三)一般将来时 一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,它的构成及用法如下: (1)一般将来时的用法。 ①一般将来时表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。通常与表示将来的时间状语连用。 时间状语: soon, next week, tomorrow, next year, in three weeks, the day after tomorrow, in the future等。 例如: My grandfather will come back next week. 我爷爷下周回来。 We will visit the Great Wall the day after tomorrow. 我们后天去参观长城。 — What time is it? —I have no idea. But just a minute, I it for you. A. check B. checked C. will check D. would check 注: 也可以和 now, today, tonight等时间状语连用。例如: I’ll do it now. 当上下文意思清楚时,时间状语可以省略。 例如: You can go ahead, we’ll catch up. 你可以先走, 我们将赶上来。 ②表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性动作。 We shall come and study in this school every year. 我们将每年都来这所学校学习。 (2)一般将来时的表达法 (动词原形以 do为例) will + do 表示客观上将要发生或临时做出的决定 It will be my twenty-year-old birthday next week. 下周将是我的20岁生日。 — The light is still on. Is there anyone in the room? —房间的灯还亮着。屋里还有人吗? — Oh, there is nobody in it. I'll go to turn it off at once. —噢,没人了。我马上去把灯关掉。 续表 be going to+ do ①表示打算、计划、决定要做某事或者肯定要发生的事。 ②表示说话人根据已有的事实迹象,认为某事即将、肯定或者可能发生。 — What are you going to do this weekend, Mary ? 玛丽, 周末你要去干什么? —I'm going to visit my old friend. 我要去拜访我的老朋友。 Look at the clouds. It's going to rain. 看那些云, 要下雨了。 be coming 用进行时表将来:表示按照计划或安排即将发生的动作。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。常用于以下动词。 ①表示位置转移的动词: come, go, leave, start, move, arrive等。 ②stay, sleep, meet, join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear等。 I'm leaving for Beijing next month. 下个月我要去北京。 They are arriving tomorrow morning. 明天早上他们就到了。 be about to do 表示打算或者根据安排即将发生的动作。意思是“即将,刚要,正打算”。 注: ①用于一般将来时,不与表示时间的副词或者其他时间状语连用。 The party is about to start. 聚会就要开始了。 The ship is about to sail. 船就要起航了。 ②用于过去将来时, 常与 when引导的过去时间状语连用: be about to... when...意思是“正要做某事……,突然……” I was about to get on the bus, when someone called me behind. 我正要上车,突然有人在后面喊我。 be to do 一般用于现在时,表示一种必然趋势。 ①表示安排、约定的或按计划要发生的动作。 She is to be married next week. 她将于下周结婚。 ②表示按职责或义务要发生的动作: a. 相当于 should, ought to——表示“应该” You are to report to the police. 你应该报警。 b. 相当于 must, have to——表示“必须” You are to finish your homework before you watch TV. 看电视之前你得先做完作业。 c. 相当于 intend, want——表示“想, 打算” If we are to be there on time, we'll have to go now. 如果我们想要准时到达那儿,我们现在就得动身。 d. 相当于 may, can——表示“可以, 可能” The news is to be found in China Daily. 这条消息可以在《中国日报》上看到。 e. 用于否定句, 相当于“mustn't”——表示“禁止” The books in the library are not to be taken outside. 图书馆的书不得带出室外。 f.用于第一人称疑问句,表示征求对方意见。 What are we to do next? 我们下一步该怎么办? Am I to go on with the work? 我要继续做这项工作吗? (四)过去将来时 1.过去将来时的结构。 过去将来时通常由“would/ should+动词原形”或“was/ were going to+动词原形”构成。表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 2.过去将来时的用法。 (1)表示从过去某时开始将要发生的动作或存在的状态。多用于主句谓语动词是一般过去时的宾语从句中。 He thought he would become the best player of his team. 他原以为他会成为他们队里最好的球员。 My mother said that he would come to see me next weekend. 我妈妈说她下周末要来看我。 (2)表示过去的某种行为习惯。 The woman would stand at the gate of the village, waiting for her son back. 那位女士总是在村口站着等她儿子回来。 (五)现在进行时 1.现在进行时的构成 肯定式 主语+ am/ is/ are+ v. - ing... 否定式 主语+ am/ is/ are+ not +v. - ing... 疑问式 Am/ Is/ Are+主语+v. - ing+… 2.现在进行时的用法 ①表示说话者说话时正在进行的动作,常与表示“此刻”的时间状语连用。 时间状语: now, at this moment, at present He is repairing his old bike now. 他正在修理他的旧自行车。 — What are you doing, Tom? 汤姆, 你在干什么呢? —I'm playing the computer games. 我正在玩电脑游戏。 ②表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作(但此时此刻即说话时并不一定正在进行)。常与表一段时间的时间状语连用。 时间状语: this week, these days He is writing a book about environment protection these days. 他这些日子正在写一本关于环境保护的书。 He is learning French at college this term. 这个学期他在大学里学习法语。 ③在时间状语从句中需要强调两个动作同时进行,两部分都可以用现在进行时。 The girls are skipping rope while the boys are playing basketball. 女孩子们在跳绳,而男孩子们在打篮球。 ④现在进行时表示一般将来时。 表示位置移动的动词如 go, come, leave, arrive, stay, start等, 用现在进行时表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作。 When are you leaving? 你什么时候动身啊? I am starting a new job next month. 下个月我将开始做一份新工作。 ⑤现在进行时与 always, constantly, forever, instantly, continually, continuously等频度副词连用,表达说话人的某种感情,如厌恶、厌烦、赞扬、抱怨等。 He is always making noises at night. 他一到晚上就制造噪声。 She is always working hard. 她工作一直很努力。 (六)过去进行时 1.过去进行时的构成 肯定式 主语 + was/ were + v. - ing 否定式 主语 + was/ were not + v. - ing 疑问式 Was/ Were + 主语 + v. - ing ? 2.过去进行时的用法 ①表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。动作发生的时间常用表示过去的时间状语或时间状语从句来表明。 I was having dinner with my friends at 5 p. m. yesterday. 昨天下午5点我正在和我的朋友们一起吃饭。 When I came in, they were quarreling. 当我进来的时候他们正在吵架。 ②表示在过去某段时间正在进行的动作。 Mr. Brown was writing a novel those days, but I don't know whether he has finished it 布朗先生那些日子在写一本小说,但是我不知道他写完没有。 ③含有时间状语从句的复合句中。 a.延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时——说明动作发生的背景;另一个动作用一般过去时。 My wallet dropped on the ground when I was walking along the road in the park. 当我沿着公园的道路散步的时候,我的钱包掉在了地上。 b.强调两个延续性动作在过去某一时刻同时进行时,不考虑动作发生的先后与时间的长短——主句和从句都可以用过去进行时。 I was reading a magazine while he was writing his report. 我看杂志的时候他正在写他的报告。 ④用过去进行时代替过去将来时。 表示位置移动的动词如 go, come, leave, arrive, stay, start等, 用过去进行时表示过去某时按计划、安排将要发生的动作。 He asked me when I was going for a holiday. 他问我什么时候去度假。 ⑤过去进行时可用来申述原因或用作借口,这种用法多用于口语中。 — Have you finished your homework? — No, I was helping my sister repair her toy car. ——你的作业做完了吗? ——没有,因为我在帮妹妹修她的玩具车。 ⑥过去进行时也可与 always, constantly, forever, instantly, continually, continuously等频度副词连用,表达说话人的某种感情,如厌恶、厌烦、赞扬、抱怨等。 He was always complaining about something. 他总是爱抱怨。 (七)将来进行时 1、将来进行时的构成。 肯定式 主语+ will/ shall be +v. - ing 否定式 主语+ will/ shall not be +v. - ing 疑问式 Will/ Shall+主语+v. - ing? 2、将来进行时的用法。 表示将来某时间正在进行的动作。将来进行时只限于表示动作的动词,着重于将要发生的动作本身,不带有情感意义。 What will you be doing from 6 to 7 tomorrow morning? 明早6点到7点你将会干什么? 这种形式表达语气比较婉转、客气,常用于口语中进行提问。 When will you be giving us a speech? 你什么时候给我们做一次演讲? We will be watching the football match at nine tonight. 今晚9点我们将会观看足球比赛。 (八)现在完成时 1、现在完成时的构成 肯定式 主语+ have/ has+ v. - ed 否定式 主语+ have/ has not+ v. - ed 疑问式 Have/ Has+主语+v. - ed? 动词的过去分词的构成:规则动词变化同过去式的变化规则;不规则动词特殊记忆。 2、现在完成时的用法。 ①现在完成时的“完成用法”:表示动作发生在过去某一时刻并且已经结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,或者与现在的情况具有因果关系。 I have lent you 100 dollars. Why do you borrow again? 我已经借给你100美元了,为什么你还要借呢? a. 表示不确定的过去时间状语: recently, just, yet, already, before等; b. 频度时间状语: never, ever, once, always, many times等; c. 包括现在时刻在内的时间状语: this morning/ month/ year…, today等。 不可以和表示明确的过去时间状语如 when, in 1990, yesterday, last month等连用。 He has already finished his homework. 他已经做完他的家庭作业了。 I have been to Beijing twice. 我已经去过北京两次了。 The shop has sold about 800 air—conditioners this month. 这家店这个月已经卖了 800 台空调了。 ②现在完成时的“未完成用法”表示动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或者还可能延续下去。 例如: The old lady has lived here since 2005. 这位老太太从 2005年就住在这里了。 时间状语:a.表示一段时间的时间状语,如: since +时间点从句 (动词必须可延续); for + 时间段。 b. 表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语: so far, up to now, in the past/ last few month等。 例如: Great changes have taken place in China in the past 50 years. 在过去的50年中,中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。 I have been in the army for two years. 我参军两年了。 I have heard nothing from my son up to now. 直到现在我都没有我儿子的消息。 I have met her many times since I lived here. 自从我住在这里, 我见过她很多次。 常见的短暂性动词变延续性动词如下: 1.短暂性动词变延续性动词 (1) have arrived at/ in sw. got to/ reached sw. come/ gone/ moved to sw. →have been in sw. / at…相应的介词 (2) have come/ gone back/returned → have been back (3) have come/ gone out→have been out (4) have become → have been (5) have closed/opened→ have been closed/ open (6) have got up → have been up (7) have died → have been dead (8) have left sw.→ have been away from sw. (9) have fallen asleep/ got to sleep → have been asleep (10) have finished/ ended/completed → have been over (11) have married → have been married (12) have started/ begun to do sth. → have done sth. (13) have begun → have been on (14) have borrowed/bought →have kept/ had (15) have lost → haven't had (16) have put on →have worn (17) have caught/ get a cold→ have had a cold (18) have got to know → have known (19) have/ has gone to → have been in (20) have joined/ have taken part in the league/ the Party/ the army →have been a member of/ have been in/ have been the Party's member/ the league member/the soldier (21) buy→have had (22) borrow → keep/ have 2.用“be+形容词”代短暂性动词 3.用“be+副词”代短暂性动词 (1) be+ married 代 marry (2) be+ ill 代 fall(get) ill (3) be+ dead 代 die (4) be+ asleep代 fall(get) asleep (5) be+ awake 代 wake/ wake up (6) be+ gone代 lose, die, sell, leave (7) be+ open代 open (8) be closed 代 close/ shut (9) be+ missing (gone, lost) 代 lose (1) be+ on代 start, begin (2) be+ up 代 get up (3) be+ back (to) 代 return to, come back to, go back to (4) be here (there) 代 come (arrive, reach, get) here 或 go (arrive, reach, get)there 等 4.用“be+介词短语”代短暂性动词 (1) be in/ at +地点 代替 go to/ come to/ move to (2) be in the army 代替 join the army 例如:玛丽加入英语俱乐部两个月了。 Mary has joined the English club for two months. (×) Mary has been in the English club for two months. (✔) Mary joined the English club two months ago. (✔) It is two months since Mary joined the English club. (✔) 我两年没有见到她了。 I haven't met her for two years. (meet 不延续, 否定形式可延续)(✔) ③现在完成时用在 It is the first/ second… time that 从句的结构中。that 从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时,表达到说话时为止动作已经发生过几次。 It is the second time that I have been invited to his birthday party. 我已经是第二次被邀请参加他的生日聚会了。 ④结构 have been to/ in 与 have gone to 的区别 have been to/ in表示曾经到过, 说明有过某种经历; have gone to 表示“已去某地”,在途中或已到目的地。 He has been to Japan twice. 他去过日本两次了。 He has gone to Japan. 他去了日本。 (九)过去完成时 1.过去完成时的构成 肯定式 主语+ had +v. - ed 否定式 主语+ had not +v. - ed 疑问式 Had+主语+v. - ed? 2.过去完成时的用法。 ①表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作,也就是说该动作发生在“过去的过去”。(类似于现在完成时的“完成用法”) 时间状语: a. by, before等介词短语; b.过去的时间状语从句; c.用过去的动作来表示过去的时间; d.通过上下文来表示。 例如: I had learned three foreign languages by the end of last year. 到去年年底为止我已经学习了三门外语。 When it started raining, the peasants had got in all their crops. 天开始下雨的时候,农民已经把他们的庄稼都收割了。 He came to realize the mistakes he had made. 他已经意识到他犯的错误了。 She found the book that she had lost. 她找到了她丢失的书。 ②表示从过去某一时间开始,一直持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。 (类似于现在完成时的“未完成用法”) 时间状语: a. since + 时间点; b. for + 时间段; c. when, than, before等引导的一般过去时的从句。 I had been to Beijing three times when I was young. 我小的时候去过北京三次。 He said he had lived in that village since 1976. 他说自从1976年他就住在那个村子里了。 ③过去完成时用于以下固定句型。(以do为例) a. 刚一……就……; 几乎来不及……就…… Hardly/Scarely + had+主语+ done… when+主语+ did… No sooner+ had+主语+ done… than+主语+ did… 例如: No sooner had he left the office than the telephone began to ring. 他刚离开办公室电话铃就响了。 Hardly had the parents left when the child began to cry. 孩子的父母刚一离开他就开始哭了。 b.已经是某人第某次做某事了。 在 It was/ is the first/ second… time结构中, be是 was时, that从句结构中, 谓语动词用过去完成时,表达到过去某一时刻为止,动作已经发生过几次。be是 is 时,用现在完成时。 例如: It was the second time that he had been away from school that year. 那已经是他那年第二次逃学了。 ④用在一般过去时之后的间接引语中。 He said he had cleaned the kitchen by himself. 他说他自己已经把厨房打扫好了。 She told me that she had visited the museum. 她告诉我说她已经参观了那个博物馆了。 ⑤动词 think, hope, want, mean, intend, expect, plan等表示主观想法的动词,用过去完成时可以表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算、意图等,意为“本来想……”。 He had intended to finish the homework, but time did not permit. 他本来想完成作业,但时间不允许。 They had wanted to help, but they could not get there in time. (十)将来完成时 将来完成时由“will/shall+ have+过去分词”构成。主要表示将来某时之前或某动作发生之前已经完成或持续的动作。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。 I will have learned 4,000 words by next year. 到明年的时候我就会学4000单词了。 (十一)现在完成进行时 1. 现在完成进行时的构成。 肯定式 主语+ have/ has been+ v. - ing 否定式 主语+ have/ has not been+ v. - ing 疑问式 Have/ Has+主语+ been+ v. - ing? 2. 现在完成进行时的用法。 现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始发生,一直延续到现在,现在仍在进行中,可能还要继续下去。通常与表示一段时间的状语连用。 时间状语: for hours, since, all this time, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等。 What have you been doing recently? 你最近一直在忙些什么? I have been teaching English since I came to this school. 自从我到这个学校以来,一直在教英语。 【典型例题】 1. — May I borrow your new-bought book The Diary of a Young Girl? —I'm afraid not. I only half of it, and I'll try to finish it this weekend. A. read B. am reading C. have read D. will read 2.Mr. Brown usually to the park by car on Sundays. But today he goes to the park foot. A. takes; in B. goes; on C. drives; by D. go; of 3. Mr. Li his wallet now, but he can’ t it. A. finds; look for B. is looking for; find C. looks for; finds D. looks for; finding 4. Mr. Li a question with his students. You can call back in half an hour. A. was discussing B. discussed C. is discussing D. discusses 5. — Why was Jenny so happy this morning? — Because the policeman her lost bike. A. finds B. found C. looks for D. looked for $$ 专题05:动词、动词时态 一、动词 考点分析 考点分析 会分析由实义动词(及物动词和不及物动词)、系动词、助动词、构成的不同结构的句子,并能正确运用大纲上的动词。 考点 掌握每一种动词的用法以及用它们构成的句子的结构,掌握常考动词的用法。 备考方法 动词与介词搭配的不同结构、 用法上的差异。 易混点是相近动词的不同用法。方法是记忆并多做练习 考试题型 单项选择题、完形填空 考点精讲 一、定义:动词 (Verb)是表示动作或描述动作中的状态的词,用 v.代替。 二、动词的种类 按照功能(即能否作谓语)来划分,动词可分为两大类:谓语动词和非谓语动词。谓语动词用来表示主语的动作或状态,它又分为行为动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词四种。非谓语动词是动词的一种非限定形式或非谓语形式其具体用法详见本专辑的专题8。 三、动词的基本形式 动词有五种基本形式:原形、第三人称单数现在式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。 (一)过去式和过去分词的变化规则 动词过去式和过去分词的构成可分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。 1.规则变化 (1)一般情况下词尾直接加-ed。 如: work—worked—worked, laugh—laughed—laughed, talk—talked— talked。 (2)以元音字母 e 结尾的动词后加-d。 如: live—lived—lived, close—closed—closed, like—liked—liked。 (3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词变 y为i,再加-ed。 如: try—tried—tried, study—studied—studied, carry— carried—carried。 (4)以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,先双写此辅音字母,再加-ed。 如:stop—stopped—stopped, permit—permitted—permitted, refer—referred—referred。 2.不规则变化 (1)原形、过去式、过去分词同形。 如 put—put—put, let—let—let, cost—cost—cost, hurt—hurt—hurt, cut—cut—cut, hit—hit—hit。 (2) 原形、 过去分词同形。 如: come—came—come, become—became—become, run—ran—run。 (3)过去式、过去分词同形。 如: buy—bought—bought, dig—dug—dug, catch—caught—caught, sit—sat—sat。 (4)原形、过去式、过去分词形式都不同。 如: write—wrote—written, begin—began—begun, draw—crew—drawn, swim—swam—swum。 (二)现在分词的变化规则 1.一般情况下词尾直接加-ing。 如: go—going, learn—learning, fly—flying。 2.以元音字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ing。 如: leave—leaving, write—writing, ride—riding。 3.以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,先双写此辅音字母,再加-ing。如:sit—sitting,begin—beginning, forget—forgetting。 4.以 ie结尾的动词,变 ie为y,再加-ing。 如: lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying。 5.以 oe, ee和 ye结尾的动词,直接加-ing。 如: see—seeing, agree—agreeing, flee—fleeing。 四、动词的用法 (一)行为动词 根据动词后是否要跟宾语,行为动词又分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.)。动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类: 分类 用法 缩写形式 及物动词 (Transitive Verb) 可带宾语的动词 vt. 不及物动词 (Intransitive Verb) 不可带宾语的动词 vi. (1)及物动词后面必须跟宾语。 主要结构:①“主+谓+宾”; ②“主+谓+双宾”; ③“主+谓+宾+宾补”。 例如: They reached Canada yesterday.他们昨天到达加拿大。 Please hand me the salt over there. 请递给我那边的盐。 The teacher asked us to finish the homework before 11 o’ clock. 老师要我们11点前完成作业。 用法类似的动词: buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell等。 (2)不及物动词后面不接宾语,只能用“主+谓”结构。 He didn't leave until his mother came back. 直到妈妈回来后, 他才离开。 用法类似的动词: agree, go, work, listen, look, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, come, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, hurry, fail, succeed… (3)既可以用作及物动词又可以用作不及物动词,但意义不变。 如 begin“开始”: The class begins at 8 o’clock every day.(不及物动词) 这堂课每天8点开始。 Now let's begin our class. (及物动词) 让我们开始上课。 用法类似的动词: start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve等。 (4)既可以用作及物动词又可以用作不及物动词,但意义完全不同。 这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义,作及物动词时是另一个意义。 以动词 live为例: She lives a happy life. 她过着幸福的生活。(live用作 vt.,过着……的生活) She lives in London. 她住在伦敦。(live用作 vi., 住在, 居住) 用法类似的动词见下表: vi. vt. vi. vt. lift 指烟雾的消散 升高;举起 beat 跳动 敲;打 grow 生长 种植 play 玩耍 打 (牌、球),演奏 smell 发出 (气味) 嗅 ring (电话、铃)响 打电话 speak 讲话 说 (语言) hang 悬挂 绞死 operate 动手术 操作 live 住在,居住 过着……的生活 (二)连系动词 连系动词词义不完整,必须和其后的表语构成系表结构一起作复合谓语。最常见的连系动词是 be动词。 He is a teacher. 他是名教师。 We are good parents. 我们是家长。 除 be 动词之外,还有一些实义动词也可作连系动词,常见的有: 1. 表状态,这类词有 look、seem、feel、keep、sound、smell、taste等。 The egg smells terrible. 这蛋闻起来糟糕。 His voice sounds very comfortable! 他的嗓音听起来很舒适! 2. 表结果或转变,这类词有 become、turn、get、go等。 The cake goes sour within one day. 蛋糕一天就会变质。 The weather gets cloudy soon. 天气很快变多云了。 (三)助动词 助动词是“辅助性”动词,它本身没有实际的意义,不能单独作谓语。助动词的使用是为了帮助其他词构成否定句、疑问句,以及不同的时态、语态、语气等。助动词本身虽没有词义,但有人称和数的变化。 常见的助动词有: be(am、is、are、was、were、being、been), have(has、had), do(does、did), shall(should), will(would)等。助动词的作用主要有以下几方面: 1.帮助行为动词构成否定句或疑问句。 He didn’t speak yesterday. 昨天他没有发言。 Did he speak yesterday? 他昨天发言了吗? 2.帮助行为动词构成各种时态。 She has done her homework. 她做完了作业。 I asked her where she would spend her holiday. 我问她将会在什么地方度假。 3.帮助行为动词构成被动语态。 Talking is not allowed in the reading room. 阅览室里禁止讲话。 His phone was stolen a week ago. 一星期前他的手机被偷了。 4.帮助动词构成各种语气。 Ben does enjoy playing games. 本确实喜欢打游戏。(陈述语气,表示强调) Don't be ridiculous.别犯傻。 (祈使语气) 5.代替上文出现的动词,以避免重复。 — Did he run yesterday? —他昨天跑步了吗? — Yes, he did.—是的,他跑了。 (四)常见动词词义辨析 三个“到达” get get to+地点名词 reach 及物动词,后面可直接跟地点名词 arrive in+大地点 (名词) at+小地点 (名词) 三个“借” borrow 短暂性动词, 表示主语“借入”, 常用搭配 borrow sth. from sb. lend 短暂性动词, 表示主语“借出”, 常用搭配 lend sth. to sb. keep 延续性动词,表示“长时间地借” 三个“穿” dress dress sb. 给某人穿衣服; dress sb. up装扮某人 put on “穿上、戴上”,表示动作 wear “穿着、戴着”,表示状态 四个“看” see “看见”,表示结果 look “看”,表示动作,是不及物动词,后面需加介词才能跟宾语 watch “观看 (比赛,电视)” read “看 (书、报)”,表示阅读 四个“拿” bring “带来,拿来”,表示““靠近说话人的地方” take “拿去,带走”,表示““拿到远离说话人的地方” carry “提,拿,搬”,多指用力移动,没有方向 fetch “去取,去拿”,表示““往返拿东西” 续表 四个“说” speak 作及物动词时后常接表示语言的名词 say 常跟直接引语或间接引语,表示说的内容 talk 不及物动词,常跟介词 to或 with,意为“同……谈话”,也表示具有说话的能力 tell 意为“告诉”,与 story连用,意为“讲述”“告诉” 四个“花费” spend 人作主语, 表示花费时间或金钱, 后接 on sth. 或 (in) doing sth. cost 物作主语,表示“某物花费多少钱” take 可用于固定句型“It+ takes/ took+一段时间+ to do sth.”表示花费一段时间做某事 pay 人作主语,上与介词 for 连用 两个“找” look for 强调寻找的过程 find 强调寻找的结果 两个“听” listen to listen为不及物动词,与 to组成固定搭配,强调听的动作 hear 强调听的结果 四个有关“赢, 输” lose 意为“输”, 常用搭配为 lose to sb. fail 意为“失败”或“未做成某事” beat 意为“打败”,后接 sb.或某支队伍 win 意为“赢得”,如赢得荣誉、地位、比赛等 三个“参加” join 一般指加入“党派”或“组织”,如参军、入党等 take part in 指参加聚会或活动 attend 一般指出席会议 四个“变化” turn 一般用于颜色的变化 get 天变黑、变长或变短 become 天气变暖或变冷等,表示渐变 grow 形状变大或变小 (五)常见动词短语 take up 占据 put up搭建, 张贴 get to 到达 take away带走, 拿走 put on 穿上, 上演 get up 起床, 起来 take off起飞, 脱掉 put off 推迟 get over克服 take down写下, 记下 put out 熄灭 get on 进展 take out获得 put away 把……收起来 get off 离开 take place发生 put down写下, 记下 get together 相聚 take care of 照顾 put up with 容忍 get ready for…为……做准备 take part in 参加 keep out留在外面 go on 继续 look for 寻找 keep off使……不接近, 回避某话题 go back 回到 look at看 keep up with并驾齐驱, 跟上 go away走开 look after 照顾 keep away from 远离 go by (时间) 流逝 look up 查阅 keep in touch 保持联系 go over仔细检查 look through 浏览 keep healthy 保持健康 go off爆炸 look around 环顾 come on加油 turn on 打开 give up 放弃 come out出现, 出版 turn off关闭 give in 屈服, 让步 come over来访 turn up 开大, 调高 give away赠送, 泄露 come along一起来, 快点, 来吧 turn down 调低, 关小 give off 发出 (光、热) turn in 上交 make a decision 做决定 be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事, to 是介词, 后用 v. - ing形式 turn out结果是 make a mistake 犯错 used to do sth. 过去常常做某事 make a living 谋生 be used to do sth. 被用来做某事 make up组成, 构成 (六)动词短语辨析 agree with ①表示同意某人或某人的意见、想法、分析、解释等(持同一观点) I don't agree with you.我不同意你的意见。 They agreed with this idea.他们同意这个想法。 I agree with what you say. 我同意你说的。 ②表示“ (食物、天气、工作等)对……适宜” The weather does not agree with me.这种天气对我不适宜。 Hard work does not agree with him.艰苦的工作对他不适宜。 ③表示“与……一致” A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. 动词必须和它的主语在人称和数方面保持一致。 What he does not agree with what he says.他言行不一。 agree to ①主要用来表示一方提出一项建议、安排、计划等,另一方同意协作 We agreed to their arrangement.我们同意了他们的安排。 She agreed to marriage.她同意结婚。 有时 agree to 也可用来表示“答应”一件自己不愿做的事: I was forced to agree to it, but at heart I didn't quite agree with it. 我被迫答应,但内心并不完全同意。 ②后接 suggestion, plan, proposal等名词时, 与 accept同义 Do you think he will agree to (= accept) my suggestion? 你认为他会同意 (接受)我的建议吗? ③其后既可接动词原形(此时 to是不定式符号),也可接动名词(一般有逻辑主语,此时 to是介词) He agreed to go with us.他同意和我们一起去。 I never agreed to Mary marrying him.我从来没同意玛丽嫁给他。 续表 agree on(upon) ①主要指双方通过协商而取得一致意见或达成协议 We agreed on the price. 我们就价格达成了一致意见。 Both sides agreed on these terms.双方都同意这些条件。 ②后接动名词(= agree to do sth) He agreed on lending (= to lend) us some money.他同意借给我们一些钱。Mary agreed on coming/ to come on Monday. 玛丽同意星期一来。 care for ①like= be fond of 喜爱 = be willing to do sth. = wish to do sth. = like to do sth.(常用于否定句及疑问句,尤其与 would 连用更常见) She doesn't care for that colour. 她不喜欢那种颜色。 She did not care for him. 她不喜欢他。 ②take care of; look after 照顾 As an orphan, he is cared for by the local authorities. 他是个孤儿,受到当地政府的照顾。 He spent years caring for his sick mother. 他数年中一直在照顾生病的母亲。 care about “担心, 接近”, 等于 be worried, be concerned or interested, 指忧虑、担心、关心、惦念 Do not you care about anybody? 你难道谁也不关心吗? I really care about my work.我真的关心我的工作。 carry out 执行、实行 The group of soldiers carried out a secret military action the other day. 几天前,这群士兵执行了一次秘密的军事行动。 carry on 表示“ (继续)进行、进行下去”,强调坚持 Comrades in Germany were carrying on a heroic fight against war under conditions of fascism at that time. 那时,在德国的同志正在法西斯的统治区进行一场英勇的反战斗争。 die of 死于…… (疾病,感情,饥寒) die of a heart attack/ lung cancer/ hunger/ grief die from 死于…… (事故,外伤) die from the habit of smoke/ smoking/ an accident/ wounds/ polluted air (七)常考动词 prefer 作及物动词使用,意思是“更喜欢,宁愿” ①prefer + 名词/动名词/不定式 I prefer some apples. I prefer having (to have)some apples.我更喜欢吃苹果。 ②prefer somebody to do something 宁愿某人做某事 My daddy prefers me not to swim in that river because it's too dangerous. 我爸爸希望我不要去那条河里游泳,因为太危险了。 ③prefer A to B, 在 A 和 B 中更喜欢 A 注意这个用法中肯定的是前者,A和B必须在形式上保持一致,即要么都是名词,要么都是动名词,没有使用不定式的用法 I prefer green tea to coffee. 绿茶和咖啡比较起来我更喜欢绿茶. I prefer cooking myself to eating out. 我宁愿自己做饭也不愿出去吃. ④prefer to do something rather than... 这个用法类似于用法③,不过 rather than 后面可以是不定式、名词、动名词或动词原形 注意: 这里 rather than后面可以用 going out 或 to go out, 而且 rather than 也可以放在句子开头 I prefer to stay at home rather than go out in the heavy rain. Rather than go out in the heavy rain, I prefer to stay at home. 我宁愿待在家里也不想冒这么大的雨出去。 I think I should prefer fish rather than meat. 我想我还是要鱼,不要肉。 注意: prefer to do后面会接一个比较结构(如 rather than do), prefer to do 中的 to 为动词不定式;除此之外的情况就用 prefer doing, doing为动名词 【典型例题】 1. Cathy many presents on her 16th birthday. She was very happy. A. heard B. caught C. received D. made 【答案】C 【解析】考查动词。句意:凯西16岁生日时收到了很多礼物。她非常高兴。heard 听到;caught 赶上; received 收到; made制作。根据“many presents on her 16th birthday”可知,此处表示生日收到了许多礼物,应用 received。故选 C。 2. The price of vegetables so quickly these days. A. rushes B. adds C rises D. raises 【答案】C 【解析】考查动词。句意:这些日子,蔬菜的价格上涨得如此快。 rushes冲;adds加;rises上升; raises 提升。根据“The price of vegetables”可知,应是蔬菜的价格上涨。而 raise 是及物动词,后接宾语,空处后无宾语。故选C。 3. His aunt forgot to the tap(水龙头), so there was water all over the floor. A. cut off B. put off C. take off D. turn off 【答案】D 【解析】考查动词短语。句意:他的阿姨忘了关水龙头,所以地板上到处都是水。cutoff切断; put off 推迟; take off 脱下,起飞; turn off关闭。 根据“so there was water all over the floor”可知,地板上都是水,因为忘记关水龙头了。故选 D。 4. — Mom, did you go to the airport to my sister? — No, she came back by taxi. A. make up B. give up C. take up D. pick up 【答案】D 【解析】考查动词短语。句意:—妈妈,你去机场接我妹妹了吗?—不,她坐出租车回来的。make up 编造; give up放弃; take up 占据; pick up(开车)接。根据“No, she came back bytaxi.”可知是乘坐出租车回来的,没有开车去接。故选 D。 5. Oh, it so nice. How beautiful the music is! A. smells B. sounds C. tastes D. looks 【答案】B 【解析】考查动词。句意:哦,听起来真好。音乐多么美妙! smells闻起来;sounds 听起来;tastes 尝起来; looks看起来。根据“How beautiful the music is!”可知是音乐听起来很美妙。故选 B。 二、动词时态 考点分析 考点解析 能正确运用动词的八种时态即一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般过去将来时、一般将来时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时 考点 掌握每一种时态的基本用法与特殊用法 考试题型 单项选择题 完形填空 备考方法 记忆固定句型的时态。难点是现在完成时和过去完成时,特别是瞬间动词变延续性动词或结构的部分。易混点是几种用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来的情况。方法是多做题 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权,侵权必究!1 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 考点精讲 一、概述: 动词时态的种类:英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示,这种表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词时态。时间有四个主要部分,即现在、过去、将来和过去将来。动作方面也有四种,即一般、完成、进行和完成进行。这些时间与动作组合在一起就构成16种时态。重点掌握以下几种时态(以work为例)。不同形式见下表(以learn 为例): 一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时 现在 learn/ learns am/ is/ are learning have/ has learned have/has been learning 过去 learned was/ were learning had learned had been learning 一般将来 shall/ will learn shall/ will be learning shall/ will have learned shall/ will have been learning 过去将来 should/ would learn should/ would be learning should/ would have learned should/would have been learning 二、动词时态的用法 (一)一般现在时 1.一般现在时的构成 肯定式 主语+v.原形第三人称单数形式 (与名词单数变复数方法相同) 否定式 主语+ don' t/doesn't +v. 疑问式 Do/ Does+主语+v.…? 注:①be 动词在一般现在时中的用法。 肯定式 主+ be (am, is, are) +… 否定式 主+ be (am, is, are) + not+… 疑问式 Be (Am, Is, Are) +主+…? ②当主语是第三人称单数时,肯定句中谓语动词后需接-s/-es;构成否定句和疑问 句时要借助于助动词 does。 He reads English every day. 他每天都朗读英语。 Does Tina work hard? 蒂娜学习努力吗? She doesn't like dancing. 她不喜欢跳舞。 【补充说明】一般现在时的谓语动词主要用动词原形表示。当主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词形式变化规则如下: (1)一般情况加-s。 如: work—works, eat—eats, like—likes等。 (2)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,变 y 为 i 再加-es。 如: study—studies, satisfy—satisfies, fly—flies等。 (3)以s, x, sh, ch, o结尾的动词后加-es。 如: discuss—discusses, fix—fixes, finish—finishes, watch— watches, go—goes等。 (4)不规则变化。如: be—— is, have—— has等。 2.一般现在时的用法 ①表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态,或日常的、习惯性的行为动作。通常与表频度的时间状语连用。 时间状语: always, often, usually, every day/ week, never, sometimes, on Monday, twice a week, from time to time等, 有时时间状语可以不表示出来。 I always get up at six thirty. 我总是六点半起床。 They often go to the cinema at weekends. 他们经常周末去看电影。 Where do you study? 你在哪儿上学? ②表示现在的情况或状态,或表示特征或能力。 I do my homework every day. 我每天做作业。 He watches TV every day. 他每天看电视。 I have lunch every day. 我每天吃午餐。 He likes animals. 他喜欢小动物。 ③表客观事实,普遍真理、格言、警句等。 The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国的东部。 Sharp tools make good work. 工欲善其事, 必先利其器。 ④在剧本、新闻标题、动作解说、戏剧性描绘时大量使用一般现在时。 ⑤一般现在时可用于表示将来的时态,主要有以下几种用法。 a. 句型一: 在I hope, I bet等后面的 that分句中。 I hope you enjoy yourselves here. 希望你们能在这儿玩得愉快。 I bet it snows tomorrow. 我打赌明天会下雪。 b. 句型二: see (to it) / make sure/ make certain+ that从句。 I'll see (to it) / make sure/ make certain (that) you don't lose your way. 我要确定你不会迷路。 c.句型三:是由 if/when引导的条件状语从句和时间状语从句,主句用一般将来时,从句应该使用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go out for a picnic. 如果明天不下雨,我们就去野餐。 Will you go and help me to get in the wheat when the harvest time comes? 秋收的时候你能来帮我收麦子吗? 注: 这里的 doesn't rain 和 comes不能改用 will not rain 和 will come。 d.列入日程的动作用一般现在时表将来。 表示位置移动的动词用一般现在时表示事先安排好的动作;如 come,go,arrive,leave, start, sail, move。 The plane takes off at 3 p. m. 飞机下午 3 点起飞。 The next train to Beijing leaves at eleven. 下一班去北京的火车11点出发。 ⑥一般现在时亦可以表示现在时刻发生的动作或存在的状态,以及完成的动作。 What time is it now by your watch? 请问现在几点了? (此刻) What is Linda like now? 琳达现在是什么样子?(此刻) Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。(此刻) ⑦be 和 have有时用一般现在时表示将来,强调未来的事实或已经规定的事情。抽象地谈论未来时,由于时间概念很弱,也用一般现在时。 Tomorrow is Monday. 明天是周一。 Final victory belongs to us. 最后的胜利是我们的。 Our future is bright. 我们的前途一片光明。 (二)一般过去时 1.一般过去时的构成 肯定式 主语+ v. - ed 否定式 主语+ didn't +v. 原形 疑问式 Did+主语+v. 原形? 注:①在一般过去时中 be动词的用法。 肯定式 主语+ be (was, were) +… 否定式 主语+ be (was, were) + not+… 疑问式 Be (Was, Were) +主+…? ②动词过去式的构成。 一般在动词原形后直接加-ed look— looked; wash— washed 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,直接加-d live— lived; like— liked 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,先双写末尾字母, 再加-ed stop— stopped; plan— planned; beg— begged 不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆 take— took; buy— bought等 2.一般过去时的用法 ①表示过去某一特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示明确的过去时间状语连用。 时间状语: a. last night, then, at that time, just now, last month, in 1968, yesterday, in those days, in the past, some days ago等。 We didn't go to school yesterday because of the heavy fog. 由于大雾,昨天我们没有去上学。 b. 与 when,while引导的表示过去的时间状语从句连用。 I learned swimming when I lived in the countryside with my grandpa. 我跟爷爷住在乡下的时候,我学会了游泳。 ②表示过去的习惯性动作或经常发生的动作。 时间状语: a. 表频度的副词——often, usually, seldom等 b. when引导的过去时间状语从句 When I was young, I often flew a kite in the field. 当我小的时候,我经常去田野里放风筝。 注:表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,还可以用 used to do (过去常常做某事)以及would do (总是, 会)。 She used to go for a walk after supper, but she prefers to stay at home with her children. 她以前晚饭后都会去散步,但是现在更喜欢和孩子们待在家里。 When I stayed at Mr. Black's, he would tell me many interesting stories. 当我住在布兰克先生家时,他总是会给我讲许多有趣的故事。 ③在条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。前提是主句是过去将来时。 He said he would come to see me if he had time. 他说如果他有时间会来看我。 He said he wouldn't go out if it rained. 他说如果下雨的话, 他就不会出去。 ④用于 since从句中。主句的谓语动词常用一般现在时或现在完成时,since从句用一般过去时。 It has been a long time since we separated last year. 自从去年分开后我们已经好久没见了。 We have been good friends since we were children. 当我们还是孩子的时候我们就是好朋友了。 ⑤强调“刚才……,原先……”用一般过去时。 例如: I didn't know you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。(现在时刻说的话,在此之前不知道) — Oh, it's you! I didn't recognize you. 是你啊, 我刚刚没有认出来。 (刚才没认出来) — I've just had my hair cut. 我刚剪了头发。 (三)一般将来时 一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,它的构成及用法如下: (1)一般将来时的用法。 ①一般将来时表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。通常与表示将来的时间状语连用。 时间状语: soon, next week, tomorrow, next year, in three weeks, the day after tomorrow, in the future等。 例如: My grandfather will come back next week. 我爷爷下周回来。 We will visit the Great Wall the day after tomorrow. 我们后天去参观长城。 【典型例题】 — What time is it? —I have no idea. But just a minute, I it for you. A. check B. checked C. will check D. would check 【答案】C 【解析】考查动词的时态。句意:——几点了?—— 我不知道。但是等一会儿,我给你查查。根据句意可知用一般将来时。故选 C。 注: 也可以和 now, today, tonight等时间状语连用。例如: I’ll do it now. 当上下文意思清楚时,时间状语可以省略。 例如: You can go ahead, we’ll catch up. 你可以先走, 我们将赶上来。 ②表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性动作。 We shall come and study in this school every year. 我们将每年都来这所学校学习。 (2)一般将来时的表达法 (动词原形以 do为例) will + do 表示客观上将要发生或临时做出的决定 It will be my twenty-year-old birthday next week. 下周将是我的20岁生日。 — The light is still on. Is there anyone in the room? —房间的灯还亮着。屋里还有人吗? — Oh, there is nobody in it. I'll go to turn it off at once. —噢,没人了。我马上去把灯关掉。 续表 be going to+ do ①表示打算、计划、决定要做某事或者肯定要发生的事。 ②表示说话人根据已有的事实迹象,认为某事即将、肯定或者可能发生。 — What are you going to do this weekend, Mary ? 玛丽, 周末你要去干什么? —I'm going to visit my old friend. 我要去拜访我的老朋友。 Look at the clouds. It's going to rain. 看那些云, 要下雨了。 be coming 用进行时表将来:表示按照计划或安排即将发生的动作。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。常用于以下动词。 ①表示位置转移的动词: come, go, leave, start, move, arrive等。 ②stay, sleep, meet, join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear等。 I'm leaving for Beijing next month. 下个月我要去北京。 They are arriving tomorrow morning. 明天早上他们就到了。 be about to do 表示打算或者根据安排即将发生的动作。意思是“即将,刚要,正打算”。 注: ①用于一般将来时,不与表示时间的副词或者其他时间状语连用。 The party is about to start. 聚会就要开始了。 The ship is about to sail. 船就要起航了。 ②用于过去将来时, 常与 when引导的过去时间状语连用: be about to... when...意思是“正要做某事……,突然……” I was about to get on the bus, when someone called me behind. 我正要上车,突然有人在后面喊我。 be to do 一般用于现在时,表示一种必然趋势。 ①表示安排、约定的或按计划要发生的动作。 She is to be married next week. 她将于下周结婚。 ②表示按职责或义务要发生的动作: a. 相当于 should, ought to——表示“应该” You are to report to the police. 你应该报警。 b. 相当于 must, have to——表示“必须” You are to finish your homework before you watch TV. 看电视之前你得先做完作业。 c. 相当于 intend, want——表示“想, 打算” If we are to be there on time, we'll have to go now. 如果我们想要准时到达那儿,我们现在就得动身。 d. 相当于 may, can——表示“可以, 可能” The news is to be found in China Daily. 这条消息可以在《中国日报》上看到。 e. 用于否定句, 相当于“mustn't”——表示“禁止” The books in the library are not to be taken outside. 图书馆的书不得带出室外。 f.用于第一人称疑问句,表示征求对方意见。 What are we to do next? 我们下一步该怎么办? Am I to go on with the work? 我要继续做这项工作吗? (四)过去将来时 1.过去将来时的结构。 过去将来时通常由“would/ should+动词原形”或“was/ were going to+动词原形”构成。表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 2.过去将来时的用法。 (1)表示从过去某时开始将要发生的动作或存在的状态。多用于主句谓语动词是一般过去时的宾语从句中。 He thought he would become the best player of his team. 他原以为他会成为他们队里最好的球员。 My mother said that he would come to see me next weekend. 我妈妈说她下周末要来看我。 (2)表示过去的某种行为习惯。 The woman would stand at the gate of the village, waiting for her son back. 那位女士总是在村口站着等她儿子回来。 (五)现在进行时 1.现在进行时的构成 肯定式 主语+ am/ is/ are+ v. - ing... 否定式 主语+ am/ is/ are+ not +v. - ing... 疑问式 Am/ Is/ Are+主语+v. - ing+… 2.现在进行时的用法 ①表示说话者说话时正在进行的动作,常与表示“此刻”的时间状语连用。 时间状语: now, at this moment, at present He is repairing his old bike now. 他正在修理他的旧自行车。 — What are you doing, Tom? 汤姆, 你在干什么呢? —I'm playing the computer games. 我正在玩电脑游戏。 ②表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作(但此时此刻即说话时并不一定正在进行)。常与表一段时间的时间状语连用。 时间状语: this week, these days He is writing a book about environment protection these days. 他这些日子正在写一本关于环境保护的书。 He is learning French at college this term. 这个学期他在大学里学习法语。 ③在时间状语从句中需要强调两个动作同时进行,两部分都可以用现在进行时。 The girls are skipping rope while the boys are playing basketball. 女孩子们在跳绳,而男孩子们在打篮球。 ④现在进行时表示一般将来时。 表示位置移动的动词如 go, come, leave, arrive, stay, start等, 用现在进行时表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作。 When are you leaving? 你什么时候动身啊? I am starting a new job next month. 下个月我将开始做一份新工作。 ⑤现在进行时与 always, constantly, forever, instantly, continually, continuously等频度副词连用,表达说话人的某种感情,如厌恶、厌烦、赞扬、抱怨等。 He is always making noises at night. 他一到晚上就制造噪声。 She is always working hard. 她工作一直很努力。 (六)过去进行时 1.过去进行时的构成 肯定式 主语 + was/ were + v. - ing 否定式 主语 + was/ were not + v. - ing 疑问式 Was/ Were + 主语 + v. - ing ? 2.过去进行时的用法 ①表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。动作发生的时间常用表示过去的时间状语或时间状语从句来表明。 I was having dinner with my friends at 5 p. m. yesterday. 昨天下午5点我正在和我的朋友们一起吃饭。 When I came in, they were quarreling. 当我进来的时候他们正在吵架。 ②表示在过去某段时间正在进行的动作。 Mr. Brown was writing a novel those days, but I don't know whether he has finished it 布朗先生那些日子在写一本小说,但是我不知道他写完没有。 ③含有时间状语从句的复合句中。 a.延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时——说明动作发生的背景;另一个动作用一般过去时。 My wallet dropped on the ground when I was walking along the road in the park. 当我沿着公园的道路散步的时候,我的钱包掉在了地上。 b.强调两个延续性动作在过去某一时刻同时进行时,不考虑动作发生的先后与时间的长短——主句和从句都可以用过去进行时。 I was reading a magazine while he was writing his report. 我看杂志的时候他正在写他的报告。 ④用过去进行时代替过去将来时。 表示位置移动的动词如 go, come, leave, arrive, stay, start等, 用过去进行时表示过去某时按计划、安排将要发生的动作。 He asked me when I was going for a holiday. 他问我什么时候去度假。 ⑤过去进行时可用来申述原因或用作借口,这种用法多用于口语中。 — Have you finished your homework? — No, I was helping my sister repair her toy car. ——你的作业做完了吗? ——没有,因为我在帮妹妹修她的玩具车。 ⑥过去进行时也可与 always, constantly, forever, instantly, continually, continuously等频度副词连用,表达说话人的某种感情,如厌恶、厌烦、赞扬、抱怨等。 He was always complaining about something. 他总是爱抱怨。 (七)将来进行时 1、将来进行时的构成。 肯定式 主语+ will/ shall be +v. - ing 否定式 主语+ will/ shall not be +v. - ing 疑问式 Will/ Shall+主语+v. - ing? 2、将来进行时的用法。 表示将来某时间正在进行的动作。将来进行时只限于表示动作的动词,着重于将要发生的动作本身,不带有情感意义。 What will you be doing from 6 to 7 tomorrow morning? 明早6点到7点你将会干什么? 这种形式表达语气比较婉转、客气,常用于口语中进行提问。 When will you be giving us a speech? 你什么时候给我们做一次演讲? We will be watching the football match at nine tonight. 今晚9点我们将会观看足球比赛。 (八)现在完成时 1、现在完成时的构成 肯定式 主语+ have/ has+ v. - ed 否定式 主语+ have/ has not+ v. - ed 疑问式 Have/ Has+主语+v. - ed? 动词的过去分词的构成:规则动词变化同过去式的变化规则;不规则动词特殊记忆。 2、现在完成时的用法。 ①现在完成时的“完成用法”:表示动作发生在过去某一时刻并且已经结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,或者与现在的情况具有因果关系。 I have lent you 100 dollars. Why do you borrow again? 我已经借给你100美元了,为什么你还要借呢? 注:现在完成时“完成用法”的特点是动词的动作不延续,只可以与以下时间状语连用: a. 表示不确定的过去时间状语: recently, just, yet, already, before等; b. 频度时间状语: never, ever, once, always, many times等; c. 包括现在时刻在内的时间状语: this morning/ month/ year…, today等。 不可以和表示明确的过去时间状语如 when, in 1990, yesterday, last month等连用。 He has already finished his homework. 他已经做完他的家庭作业了。 I have been to Beijing twice. 我已经去过北京两次了。 The shop has sold about 800 air—conditioners this month. 这家店这个月已经卖了 800 台空调了。 ②现在完成时的“未完成用法”表示动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或者还可能延续下去。 例如: The old lady has lived here since 2005. 这位老太太从 2005年就住在这里了。 时间状语:a.表示一段时间的时间状语,如: since +时间点从句 (动词必须可延续); for + 时间段。 b. 表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语: so far, up to now, in the past/ last few month等。 例如: Great changes have taken place in China in the past 50 years. 在过去的50年中,中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。 I have been in the army for two years. 我参军两年了。 I have heard nothing from my son up to now. 直到现在我都没有我儿子的消息。 I have met her many times since I lived here. 自从我住在这里, 我见过她很多次。 注:短暂性动词的现在完成时在肯定句中不能与时间段连用。由for 或 since引导时,动作必须是延续性动词。若为短暂性动词,需要把短暂性动词转化为延续性动词。短暂性动词的否定形式表达的意义是可延续的。 常见的短暂性动词变延续性动词如下: 1.短暂性动词变延续性动词 (1) have arrived at/ in sw. got to/ reached sw. come/ gone/ moved to sw. →have been in sw. / at…相应的介词 (2) have come/ gone back/returned → have been back (3) have come/ gone out→have been out (4) have become → have been (5) have closed/opened→ have been closed/ open (6) have got up → have been up (7) have died → have been dead (8) have left sw.→ have been away from sw. (9) have fallen asleep/ got to sleep → have been asleep (10) have finished/ ended/completed → have been over (11) have married → have been married (12) have started/ begun to do sth. → have done sth. (13) have begun → have been on (14) have borrowed/bought →have kept/ had (15) have lost → haven't had (16) have put on →have worn (17) have caught/ get a cold→ have had a cold (18) have got to know → have known (19) have/ has gone to → have been in (20) have joined/ have taken part in the league/ the Party/ the army →have been a member of/ have been in/ have been the Party's member/ the league member/the soldier (21) buy→have had (22) borrow → keep/ have 2.用“be+形容词”代短暂性动词 3.用“be+副词”代短暂性动词 (1) be+ married 代 marry (2) be+ ill 代 fall(get) ill (3) be+ dead 代 die (4) be+ asleep代 fall(get) asleep (5) be+ awake 代 wake/ wake up (6) be+ gone代 lose, die, sell, leave (7) be+ open代 open (8) be closed 代 close/ shut (9) be+ missing (gone, lost) 代 lose (1) be+ on代 start, begin (2) be+ up 代 get up (3) be+ back (to) 代 return to, come back to, go back to (4) be here (there) 代 come (arrive, reach, get) here 或 go (arrive, reach, get)there 等 4.用“be+介词短语”代短暂性动词 (1) be in/ at +地点 代替 go to/ come to/ move to (2) be in the army 代替 join the army 例如:玛丽加入英语俱乐部两个月了。 Mary has joined the English club for two months. (×) Mary has been in the English club for two months. (✔) Mary joined the English club two months ago. (✔) It is two months since Mary joined the English club. (✔) 我两年没有见到她了。 I haven't met her for two years. (meet 不延续, 否定形式可延续)(✔) ③现在完成时用在 It is the first/ second… time that 从句的结构中。that 从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时,表达到说话时为止动作已经发生过几次。 It is the second time that I have been invited to his birthday party. 我已经是第二次被邀请参加他的生日聚会了。 ④结构 have been to/ in 与 have gone to 的区别 have been to/ in表示曾经到过, 说明有过某种经历; have gone to 表示“已去某地”,在途中或已到目的地。 He has been to Japan twice. 他去过日本两次了。 He has gone to Japan. 他去了日本。 (九)过去完成时 1.过去完成时的构成 肯定式 主语+ had +v. - ed 否定式 主语+ had not +v. - ed 疑问式 Had+主语+v. - ed? 2.过去完成时的用法。 ①表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作,也就是说该动作发生在“过去的过去”。(类似于现在完成时的“完成用法”) 时间状语: a. by, before等介词短语; b.过去的时间状语从句; c.用过去的动作来表示过去的时间; d.通过上下文来表示。 例如: I had learned three foreign languages by the end of last year. 到去年年底为止我已经学习了三门外语。 When it started raining, the peasants had got in all their crops. 天开始下雨的时候,农民已经把他们的庄稼都收割了。 He came to realize the mistakes he had made. 他已经意识到他犯的错误了。 She found the book that she had lost. 她找到了她丢失的书。 ②表示从过去某一时间开始,一直持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。 (类似于现在完成时的“未完成用法”) 时间状语: a. since + 时间点; b. for + 时间段; c. when, than, before等引导的一般过去时的从句。 I had been to Beijing three times when I was young. 我小的时候去过北京三次。 He said he had lived in that village since 1976. 他说自从1976年他就住在那个村子里了。 ③过去完成时用于以下固定句型。(以do为例) a. 刚一……就……; 几乎来不及……就…… Hardly/Scarely + had+主语+ done… when+主语+ did… No sooner+ had+主语+ done… than+主语+ did… 例如: No sooner had he left the office than the telephone began to ring. 他刚离开办公室电话铃就响了。 Hardly had the parents left when the child began to cry. 孩子的父母刚一离开他就开始哭了。 b.已经是某人第某次做某事了。 在 It was/ is the first/ second… time结构中, be是 was时, that从句结构中, 谓语动词用过去完成时,表达到过去某一时刻为止,动作已经发生过几次。be是 is 时,用现在完成时。 例如: It was the second time that he had been away from school that year. 那已经是他那年第二次逃学了。 ④用在一般过去时之后的间接引语中。 He said he had cleaned the kitchen by himself. 他说他自己已经把厨房打扫好了。 She told me that she had visited the museum. 她告诉我说她已经参观了那个博物馆了。 ⑤动词 think, hope, want, mean, intend, expect, plan等表示主观想法的动词,用过去完成时可以表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算、意图等,意为“本来想……”。 He had intended to finish the homework, but time did not permit. 他本来想完成作业,但时间不允许。 They had wanted to help, but they could not get there in time. (十)将来完成时 将来完成时由“will/shall+ have+过去分词”构成。主要表示将来某时之前或某动作发生之前已经完成或持续的动作。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。 I will have learned 4,000 words by next year. 到明年的时候我就会学4000单词了。 (十一)现在完成进行时 1. 现在完成进行时的构成。 肯定式 主语+ have/ has been+ v. - ing 否定式 主语+ have/ has not been+ v. - ing 疑问式 Have/ Has+主语+ been+ v. - ing? 2. 现在完成进行时的用法。 现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始发生,一直延续到现在,现在仍在进行中,可能还要继续下去。通常与表示一段时间的状语连用。 时间状语: for hours, since, all this time, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等。 What have you been doing recently? 你最近一直在忙些什么? I have been teaching English since I came to this school. 自从我到这个学校以来,一直在教英语。 【典型例题】 1. — May I borrow your new-bought book The Diary of a Young Girl? —I'm afraid not. I only half of it, and I'll try to finish it this weekend. A. read B. am reading C. have read D. will read 【答案】C 【解析】考查动词时态。句意:—我可以借你买的新书《安妮日记》吗?—恐怕不行。我只读了一半,我会尽量在这个周末读完。根据后句“and I’ll try to finish it this weekend”可知,此处应该是已经看了一半,用现在完成时,其结构为 have/has done,read“读”,是动词,过去分词是 read。故选 C。 2.Mr. Brown usually to the park by car on Sundays. But today he goes to the park foot. A. takes; in B. goes; on C. drives; by D. go; of 【答案】B 【解析】考查一般现在时和动词。句意:布朗先生通常在星期天开车去公园。但是今天他步行去公园。takes拿,取; goes去(动词的第三人称单数); drives驾驶; go去(动词原形)。go to the park“去公园”,根据时间状语“on Sundays”可知,此句为一般现在时,主语 Mr. Brown为第三人称单数,故动词用三单形式 goes。on foot“步行”,固定用法。故选 B。 3. Mr. Li his wallet now, but he can’ t it. A. finds; look for B. is looking for; find C. looks for; finds D. looks for; finding 【答案】B 【解析】考查现在进行时和动词。句意:李先生正在找他的钱包,但是他找不到。find找到,强调结果; look for寻找,强调过程。根据“Mr. Li... his wallet now”可知此处表示“正在寻找”,用 look for,且用现在进行时,即 be+现在分词。故选 B。 4. Mr. Li a question with his students. You can call back in half an hour. A. was discussing B. discussed C. is discussing D. discusses 【答案】C 【解析】考查动词时态。句意:李老师正在和他的学生讨论一个问题。你可以半小时后再打来。根据“You can call back in half an hour.”可知,李老师现在没空,正在讨论问题,用现在进行时 am/ is/ are+ doing,主语“Mr. Li”是第三人称单数, be动词用 is。故选 C。 5. — Why was Jenny so happy this morning? — Because the policeman her lost bike. A. finds B. found C. looks for D. looked for 【答案】B 【解析】考查动词时态和动词辨析。句意:— 珍妮今天早上为什么这么高兴?—因为警察找到了她丢失的自行车。finds 动词第三人称单数,找到,强调结果;found 是 find 的过去式;looks for寻找,强调动作,第三人称单数形式;looked for是过去式。根据句意可知,警察找到了 Jenny的自行车,先排除C、D项,对话使用了一般过去时。故选B。 $$

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专题5 动词及动词时态(考点精讲)-【中职专用】2025年技能高考英语二轮复习专项突破(湖北专用)
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专题5 动词及动词时态(考点精讲)-【中职专用】2025年技能高考英语二轮复习专项突破(湖北专用)
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专题5 动词及动词时态(考点精讲)-【中职专用】2025年技能高考英语二轮复习专项突破(湖北专用)
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