专题08 阅读理解（说明文及议论文）-【好题汇编】2025年高考英语一模试题分类汇编

专题08 阅读理解之说明文及议论文（原卷版） （一） （2025·浙江杭州·一模） （1） “Growing fruit trees is a very simple way to stay in love with our world,” says Vivian Keh, playwright and daughter of immigrants, holding a basket of persimmons (柿子) she’s cultivated to feel connected to her Korean ancestors. Keh is just one of the 50 remarkable subjects in naturalist writer Amy Stewart’s The Tree Collectors: Tales of Arboreal Obsession, a collection of portraits of people transformed by their love of trees. Initially, trees struck Stewart as an odd thing to collect. Intrigued by this community of enthusiasts, she discovered educators, preservationists and visionaries, all drawn to a kind of curation, motivated by reasons diverse as their projects. They plant trees in public and private spaces both modest and expansive, nurturing (培育) their collections to honor beloved dead, attract wildlife, preserve rare species’ connect to history, invest in the future, grow food and create beauty. Steward categorizes these tree collectors according to their sense of purpose. Kenneth Hoegh, one of the book’s “ecologists”, tests which cold-loving species might grow in a warming and historically treeless Greenland. “Healer” Joe Hamilton plants loblolly pines on a parcel of land he got from his enslaved ancestors with an eye toward long-term sustainable forestry which he hopes will establish a source of generational wealth for his family. Reagan Wytsalucy has a plan to restore traditional peach orchards on Navajo land as one of the “community builders” who seek to bring people together. Adding to the book’s charm are Stewart’s watercolor’ illustrations — she gives Us a look at each of her human subjects while also cataloging the most wonderful qualities of featured trees, such as Seussian eucalyptus seed pods and delicate camellia blossoms. After spending time in this varied commonwealth, you’ll undoubtedly experience an intense desire to rest under the shade of a leafy oak. But something even deeper is happening here: by creating a space for people to talk about something they love. “How often do any of us get a chance to pour our hearts out to a stranger?” she writes. “Somehow, talking about trees made it possible.” 24．What does the underlined word “curation” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Connection. B．Collection. C．Treatment. D．Transformation, 25．What purpose of planting trees is mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To preserve rare species. B．To honor beloved dead. C．To develop new varieties. D．To strengthen social bonds. 26．What does the quote in the last paragraph suggest about discussing trees? A．It inspires new ideas. B．It rarely happens in public. C．It allows deep emotional sharing. D．It helps resolve environmental issues. 27．What does the writer think of the book? A．Complicated. B．Conventional. C．Inspiring. D．Intense. （2） For many, travel isn’t just about the destination — it’s about making the most of the journey. However, for a lot of people, the journey is often ruined by an uncomfortable experience often accompanied by vomiting, known as motion sickness. If you’ve ever felt the unwelcome urge to vomit while reading or using your device in a moving vehicle, you’re not alone. Recognizing this common issue, Apple has stepped up to offer a revolutionary solution; the Vehicle Motion Cues feature for iPhones and iPads. Motion sickness occurs when there is a disconnect between what your eyes see and what your body feels. When you’re in a moving vehicle, your body senses motion through its vestibular system (the inner ear), but if your eyes are focused on a still screen that doesn’t reflect this movement, the brain receives mixed signals. This sensory conflict can lead to dizziness, nausea, and overall discomfort - symptoms all too familiar to motion sickness sufferers. Apple’s new Vehicle Motion Cues feature is designed to bridge this gap and bring relief to those likely to experience motion sickness. This revolutionary feature works by displaying animated dots, around the edges of your screen, which move at the same time and speed as the motion of your vehicle. These moving cues help keep the motion your body feels in line with what your eyes see, effectively reducing the sensory mismatch that causes motion sickness. The magic lies in the simplicity and effectiveness. The animated dots move in consistency with the vehicle’s motion, providing a visual representation of the movement your body is experiencing. By matching the visual input with the physical sensations of motion, your brain is less likely to experience the confusion that leads to sickness. Early reports and user feedback indicate that Vehicle Motion Cues is receiving high praise for its effectiveness. So next time you embark on a journey, whether short or long, remember that Apple’s got your back — or rather, your brain - helping you make the most of every mile with ease and comfort. 28．Which type of people can be interested in Vehicle Motion Cues? A．Frequent travelers. B．Book lovers. C．Vehicle operators. D．Sport scientists. 29．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The principle of Apple’s new design. B．The cause of motion sickness. C．The functions of Apples new design. D．The symptoms of motion sickness. 30．By displaying animated dots around the screen, Apple’s Vehicle Motion Cues is able to_____. A．ease sensory conflicts in the brain B．tell the mismatched physical sensations C．balance the movement of our eyes and body D．increase the effectiveness of vehicle motion 31．Which can be the best title of the passage? A．Make the Most of Your Journey： Apple Bridges the. Gap B．Find the Magic of a Moving Vehicle: Apple’s Got! Your Back C．Enjoy Your Reading: Apple Offers a Revolutionary Solution D．Say Goodbye to Motion Sickness: Apple Introduces Its New Design （3） A few days ago, I watched a video of myself talking in perfect Chinese. I’ve been studying the language on and off for only a few years, and I’m far from fluent. But there I was, pronouncing each character just as a native speaker would. “My favorite food is sushi,” I said — wo zui xihuan de shiwu shi shousi. I’d created the video using software from a Los Angeles-based artificial-intelligence start-up called HeyGen. The technology, which only needs a single selfie and a script to generate deepfake videos of real people “saying” almost anything, is a testament (证明) to the advancements in AI language tools. This got me thinking about the declining interest in language learning with fewer students enrolling in foreign language courses and the decrease of English proficiency among young people in some places. AI translation, integrated into social media and messaging platforms, seems to be everywhere. Even language-learning apps are using AI-generated content in their marketing. However, language translation is an art rather than a science. Something enormous will be lost in exchange for that convenience. As Anne, a Chinese translator said, “Building a ladder between widely different languages, such as Chinese and English, is sometimes as difficult as a doctor building a bridge in a patient’s heart,” Language learning fosters cultural competency, a skill that AI cannot simply copy. Learning a different way to speak, read, and write helps people discover new ways to see the world. No machine can replace such a profoundly human experience. Deborah Cohn, a language professor, emphasizes that language learning is actually about understanding and connecting with different cultures; Instead of abandoning language courses in favor of AI, some educators advocate for emphasizing the intercultural aspects of language learning. Paula Krebs of the MLA points out that even with a “universal translator”, sometimes, the greater meaning of people’s utterance (言辞) remains a mystery. In essence, while AI language tools offer convenience, they lack the depth and cultural insight that comes from human language learning. The challenge and beauty of learning a language are in understanding the cultural tapestry (织锦) that weaves through words, something AI has yet to achieve. 32．Why does the author give the example in paragraph 1? A．To promote the language software. B．To show off his Chinese language skills. C．To prove learning a language is a wasted effort. D．To encourage critical thinking about AI language tools. 33．What can we learn from paragraph 3? A．AI translation deserves more attention. B．Language apps play a key role in marketing. C．Language translation is far beyond technology. D．Learning a different language is an uphill battle. 34．What is the key benefit of learning a language according to the passage? A．Better digital literacy. B．Improved translation skills. C．Deeper cultural confidence. D．Effective intercultural interaction. 35．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．AI language tools offer convenience. B．AI facilitates language learning in terms of culture. C．AI is far from perfect in helping language understanding. D．AI has achieved success in the development of language learning tools. （二） （2025·浙江金华·一模） （1） Last winter I enjoyed a brief adventure in Guatemala. Over a period of 12 days, I explored through the jungle to watch the sunrise and danced in the street during the holiday parade. But looking back on that trip, what I remember most vividly is a New Year’s Eve in Guatemala City, at a lifeless hotel. Rather than a countdown to midnight, I counted down the hours until my departure. Nothing special happened during that night. Rather, the big role this hotel plays in my memories can be explained by a psychological principle called the recency effect. “The recency effect helps to account for our tendency to remember the ending part of a sequence of events with far more clarity than the rest, ” said Dr. Mary Poffenroth, a biopsychologist. She says it arises from our short-term memory’s inability to hold on to more than a small amount of information at once. So while there is no magic formula to create lovely travel memories, employing the recency effect can turn a good trip into an unforgettable one. Dr. Stephanie, a Neuroscientist, says that while you can strategically set off the recency effect at a trip’s end, you may have multiple opportunities to create lasting memories all along the way by breaking it up into smaller chunks. Keep in mind that the recency effect can also backfire. “Ending an amazing trip with stressful flight delays, lost luggage or feeling unwell might be enough to overshadow the entire experience, resulting in remembering the trip as awful instead of joyful, ” Stephanie said. To avoid disproportionately (不成比例地)spotlighting the final days, Poffenroth has created a trick: She amplifies (增强) earlier days in a trip to keep her memories well-rounded. “I collect little bits that will remind me of that day: a subway ticket, a seashell, a cardboard drink with a pub’ s logo on it. ” Then, as she is packing on the last day, “I go through all my little found treasures and spend a few moments recalling each one, ” she said. “This gives me a sense of closure for that chapter of travel and makes the experience memorable. ” 28．How did the author feel about the New Year’s Eve in Guatemala City? A．It was boring. B．It was eventful. C．It was relaxing. D．It was cheerful. 29．What do we know about the recency effect from paragraph 2? A．It is based on a psychological principle. B．It is widely used to create lovely memories. C．It highlights the final part of a series of events. D．It makes up for the inability of short-term memory. 30．What does the underlined word “backfire” mean in paragraph 4? A．Be avoided to some extent. B．Be applied extensively. C．Produce undesirable consequences. D．Pose unexpected challenges. 31．According to Poffenroth, which of the following may help travelers have good memories? A．Share travel experiences. B．Recall the final days of a journey. C．Purchase as many souvenirs as possible. D．Purposely gather reminders of a journey. （2） In the video game Space Invaders Extreme 2, a player has to fire weapons to destroy aliens (外星人) attacking Earth. These aliens move fast, raining down from the top of the screen and claiming a player’s “life” if they reach the bottom. A study in Nature suggests that while destroying digital aliens might seem unrelated to distinguishing between words, such action video games may help children at risk for developmental dyslexia—a genetic (遗传的, 基因的) language disorder that makes processing words difficult—by improving their ability to perceive spoken words and sounds. In the study, 79 prereading children with family histories of dyslexia took several language tests, including listening for differences in made-up words—a task that can be challenging for dyslexic people. The kids were then split into four groups. One played Space Invaders Extreme 2, a second played a non-action video game, a third attended speech therapy (疗法), and a fourth received no intervention. Gamers played four times a week for 45 minutes each over a month and a half, and those in speech therapy attended 45-minute sessions twice weekly over about four months. By the end of the trial more than 80 percent of the Space Invaders players were significantly better at the word-identification task than before, and they showed greater improvements than any of the other three groups. The researchers aren’t sure why scores on the other language tests did not improve notably—but they say that this finding could be valuable. “If we can target these small cognitive (认知的) functions before children are older and lose some brain plasticity, then perhaps we can treat aspects of dyslexia before they’ve fully formed, ” says Simone Gori, co-author of the study. Dyslexia often goes untreated in Italy’s overburdened public health and school systems, says Marilu Tempini, a behavioral neurologist at the University of California. She hopes to see larger future studies conducted in other languages as well. “Eyes are an extension of the brain, ” she says, “so when we play video games, it's directly connected to our cognitive function—and there is so much research potential there. ” 32．The author describes Space Invaders Extreme 2 in paragraph 1 to show the game is ________. A．violent B．skill-based C．action-packed D．entertaining 33．According to Simone Gori, what is the significance of the finding? A．It proves that children with dyslexia can be cured. B．It offers hope that the public health system in Italy will be improved. C．It suggests that video games can replace the traditional speech therapy. D．It indicates that action video games can be used for early intervention of dyslexia. 34．What is Marilu Tempini’s attitude towards the study? A．Doubtful. B．Favorable. C．Dismissive. D．Conserved. 35．Which of the following might be a suitable title for the text? A．Secrets Behind Dyslexia Revealed B．Action Video Games Advance Word Awareness C．The Most Effective Coping Strategy for Dyslexia D．Video Games Designed to Improve Cognitive Function （三） （2025·浙江宁波·一模） （1） Among bearing a reputation for various characteristics ranging from the good to the bad, millennials(千禧一代) have notably been labeled the “job-hopping” generation. A Deloitte survey revealed that 49% of millennials might quit their jobs within the next two years. While some from older generations may interpret this as a sign of laziness, a deeper look suggests more complex motivations. At first glance, there are a variety of reasons and circumstances that may lead a person to job hop occasionally. However, beyond the conventional reasons like obtaining better salaries or greater job stability, many millennials have been increasingly motivated by value-driven goals. Surveys show that some go to the extent of suffering pay cuts to pursue positions that provide better learning opportunities. Additionally, some even quit their positions for companies which are aligned with their value system better. In response to such a trend, employers are taking steps to improve workplace culture and to pay more attention to the professional growth and development of individuals. Visibly, Millennials’ boldness in pursuing new job opportunities is also shaped by emerging economic trends and novel business models, such as the gig economy, where self-employed and temporary work caters to those who value flexibility and work-life balance. Additionally, social media has created new career paths, from blogging to content creation, leading more millennials to leave traditional desk jobs for unconventional careers. Hence, one can’t say for certain that job-hopping indicates laziness. Instead, it shows millennials’ wandering off the beaten track to explore new opportunities and development. However, job-hopping remains controversial. Some employers appreciate the diversity in experience and skills job-hopping brings about, while others view it negatively, seeing it as a lack of commitment. There is concern that millennials, raised in relatively prosperous times, may possess less patience and resilience. Yet, at a materialistic society, millennial generation’s pursuit of meaning in their careers offers inspiration. They should never be discouraged to define new horizons of success when their career decisions are driven by healthy ambition and an appetite for upskilling. 28．What phenomenon does the first paragraph describe? A．Millennials switch jobs frequently. B．Millennials are reluctant to seek jobs. C．Millennials have fewer job opportunities. D．Millennials are particular about their jobs. 29．The underlined phrase “are aligned with” in Paragraph 2 can be replaced by . A．go beyond B．correspond to C．conflict with D．compete against 30．The emerging gig economy attracts Millennials in that it allows for . A．decent income B．high social status C．definite freedom D．self-paced schedule 31．What is the author’s view on the job-hopping generation? A．They are characterized by laziness. B．They lack diverse work experience. C．They prioritize individual fulfillment. D．They should bear more responsibility. （2） For thousands of years, the Taklamakan Desert preserved more than the bodies of those buried in China’s Tarim Basin. Archaeologists found pebble-sized pieces of a yellowish substance: the world’s oldest cheese, scattering around the necks of some bodies in Xiaohe, a Bronze Age cemetery. A recent study, published in Cell, analyzes the DNA of this ancient dairy, shedding light on how it was made and how its production spread. In a previous study, researchers took tiny samples of the 3,500-year-old cheese attached to the mummies’ necks. An analysis of proteins in those bits unveiled the presence of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, a microbe (发酵菌) used to produce a type of fermented cheese called kefir. “That was really amazing”, says Qiaomei Fu, a scientist at Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Having worked with ancient human DNA, she wanted to study the microbe’s DNA．However, extracting complete DNA from such ancient samples proved challenging, as it broke down over time and mixed with genetic information from the environment. In 2014, Fu began designing special molecules (分子) that could efficiently capture the microbe’s ancient DNA from the cheese. After years of work, Fu and her team managed to reconstruct 92 percent of the ancient microbe’s DNA． From this microbe’s DNA, the team could explore the history of the cheese’s production. Kefir is made by mixing milk with an existing microbe, and as it spread, so did the microbes used to make it. By comparing the DNA from the Xiaohe cheese with that of others, two branches emerged: one from Europe and the Pacific Islands, and the other from Tibet and East Asia, which suggests a possible route for kefir’s spread from Xinjiang to East Asia, possibly through migration. The DNA analysis also pointed to the interaction of ancient peoples. It uncovered that samples from cows and goats were found. Interestingly, the goat DNA resembled that of other ancient Central Asian goats, suggesting the mixing of population in Xinjiang with other Bronze Age populations. Researchers anticipate that further analysis of microbes in the cheese, along with other biological samples, could provide deeper insights into interactions between ancient populations. 32．What’s the significance of the DNA analysis of the ancient cheese? A．It reflects the civilization of the Bronze Age. B．It proves China to be the first to produce dairy products. C．It uncovers the mysterious buried bodies in Xiaohe cemetery. D．It reveals production methods and transmission routes of the cheese. 33．What obstacle did Fu’s team encounter in their study? A．The complete set of DNA was hard to obtain. B．The team lacked working experience with DNA． C．The previous study proved the absence of a microbe. D．The cheese samples were resistant to DNA extraction methods. 34．What can be inferred from the research findings? A．Ancient people migrated typically with cows and goats. B．Cheese played an essential role in ancient people’s diets. C．Kefir originated in Europe and spread to Tibet and East Asia. D．Kefir was possibly exchanged between peoples across different regions. 35．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．What’s in the Oldest Cheese? B．Can DNA Tell Secrets of Ancient Diets? C．Did Ancient Civilizations Perfect Cheese-Making? D．How Did the Oldest Cheese Connect with Cultural Exchange? （四） （2025·浙江台州·一模） （1） The spring dance is in two weeks, and my friend Lisa needs help choosing a dress. She shows me her phone, filled with lots of pretty dresses, not one over $20. After some thought, she settles on an attractive gown with elaborated details on the top. But two weeks after the dance, the dress ends up in the trash, worn just once. Welcome to the world of fast fashion. Fast fashion, popularized in the 1990s, offers trendy, cheaply-priced, poorly-made clothes on a weekly basis to match the quick pace at which fashion trends move. With the fast development of modern technology, consumers have gradually shifted from traditional fast fashion brands to new online-only retailers (零售商). These fast fashion newcomers have thrived because of their unique business models. They exist entirely online, allowing them to ship the thousands of new styles they release daily to consumers directly from their warehouses, avoiding import duties in the process. Meanwhile, cheap overseas labor and synthetic (合成的) textiles keep prices irresistibly low. These practices, however, are hurting the Earth more than ever before, because these retailers rely only on international shipping to move their products, which increases the annual billion tons of greenhouse gases released by shipping. Virtually all of these brands sell clothes made from oil-based synthetic fibers like polyester and nylon. During their lifetime, these fibers are responsible for 35 percent of the micro-plastics polluting our oceans and can subsequently take centuries to break down in landfills. Though fast fashion represents an understandably desirable combination of style and savings, now, more than ever, we simply can not quantify the true cost of our clothing with a price tag. When consumers want to update their wardrobes, they can do so sustainably by reworking old garments clothing or researching environmentally conscious brands. For now, I’ll be at my next school dance rocking the same dress I wore last year. 24．Why is Lisa’s e-purchase experience mentioned? A．To note the poor quality of pretty dresses. B．To stress the negative impact of fast fashion. C．To show the great convenience of online shopping. D．To display the extensive variety of clothing choices. 25．What is the distinctive characteristic of fast fashion? A．Even-paced launches of new trends. B．Cost-saving measures via local labor. C．Full-scale reliance on online operation. D．Limited-edition production at high prices. 26．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The lifespans of fast fashion business. B．The fibers used in fast fashion industry. C．The pollution from fast fashion shipments. D．The harm caused by fast fashion practices. 27．What does the author suggest for consumers? A．Explore updated items regularly. B．Redesign existing clothes sustainably. C．Refresh wardrobes with current styles. D．Investigate brands through price labels. （2） After spending 62 years above the Hudson River, the Tappan Zee Bridge’s heritage lives on below the water’s surface. The bridge was fully torn down, after which its huge chunks of metal and concrete were cleaned and then dropped into the Atlantic Ocean to start a new life as an artificial reef. Coral reefs are varied marine ecosystems, often dubbed as the rainforests of the sea. When coral reefs are stressed by changes in conditions, such as temperature, light or nutrients, they expel the algae that live in their tissues, without which corals’ tissues become transparent, showing their white structures, a phenomenon known as bleaching. This largely attributes to the sharp decline of coral reefs. It is reported that we’ve lost 14 percent of the world’s coral reefs in the last decade, an equivalent of losing the whole Great Barrier Reef in 10 years. It is clear that natural coral reefs are now in trouble. That’s why people are finding ways to build them from artificial materials. Artificial reefs aren’t made of coral. They are created by placing large objects on the ocean floor. Sometimes, these objects are built to be used as reefs. They are often made of steel and concrete. A structure can also be recycled as a reef. That’s what happened with the Tappan Zee Bridge. Of all the artificial marine reefs in the world, those made of submerged shipwrecks are the most common. In 2005, Jim Walsh helped turn a ship called the Carthaginian II into a reef, The Carthaginian II landed on the ocean floor more than a decade ago, Back then, it was just a chunk of metal on a bare patch of sand. Now the ship is a home to at least 75 marine animal species. “It’s amazing to see how much life is on that ship,” Walsh says. While artificial reefs bring benefits in many ways, they aren’t perfect for all situations, as they can damage natural habitats if not carefully constructed and potentially lead to a sharp increase in tourism activity that spills over into surrounding areas, including natural reefs. 28．Which is closest in meaning to “expel” in paragraph 2? A．Capture. B．Absorb. C．Contain. D．Release. 29．What can we learn about the Carthaginian II? A．It was initially discovered by Jim Walsh. B．It is a new habitat repurposed for marine life. C．It was specially created as a tourist attraction. D．It is a sunken ship recycled into a natural reef. 30．What is the author’s attitude toward artificial reefs? A．Cautious. B．Dismissive. C．Favorable. D．Doubtful. 31．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Oceanic Wonders: From Structures to Treasures. B．Tappan Zee Bridge: A New Life Beneath the Sea. C．Artificial Reefs: Solutions to Biodiversity Decline. D．Underwater Homes: Balancing Dynamic Ecosystems. （3） Are you clever and funny? Of course, just like me. But wouldn’t it be terrible if we were mistaken? Psychologists suggest that we are often blind to our own shortcomings. This might explain why some incompetent people seem annoying and also teach us modesty about our own abilities. Justin Kruger and David Dunning from Cornell University tested whether those lacking skills also failed to recognize their limitations. They recruited professional comedians to rate the funniness of 30 jokes and then asked65 undergraduates to do the same. The students’ ratings were compared to the professionals’, revealing how well each undergraduate’s sense of humor matched with expert judgment. Participants also estimated how they performed compared to that of the average person. As anticipated, most students believed their humor judgement was above average. Interestingly, those slightly above average in rating jokes were accurate in their self-assessments, while the best performers modestly rated themselves only slightly above average. Conversely, the poorest performers not only misjudged humor but also overestimated their abilities. The researchers also repeated their experiments with tests of logical reasoning and grammar. In each case, those who performed worst were also the worst at estimating their own capabilities, Even when given feedback on others’ performance, the least competent still couldn’t recognize their own shortcomings, Kruger and Dunning’s interpretation is that accurately assessing skill level relies on some of the same core abilities as actually performing that skill, so the least competent suffer a double inadequacy. Not only are they incompetent, but they lack the mental tools to judge their own incompetence. Further, when poor performers were trained in logical reasoning tasks, their self- assessments improved. Other research confirms this “unskilled and unaware” effect in real-life scenarios, not just in labs. For instance, hunters with the least firearm knowledge misjudge their expertise the most, and doctors with poor patient-interview skills fail to recognize their inadequacies. This phenomenon, known as the Dunning-Kruger effect, exemplifies metacognition - thinking about thinking. It’s a humbling reminder that we too might overlook our own ignorance, despite our self-beliefs. So, before feeling smug (沾沾自喜的), consider: you could have potential blind spots, too. 32．How did Kruger and Dunning conduct their study? A．By assessing subjects’ funniness. B．By repeating identical joke cases. C．By observing students’ responses. D．By comparing distinct humor ratings. 33．Which aspect of the experiments is mainly discussed in paragraph 3? A．Estimation tools. B．Test processes. C．Participant analyses. D．Research findings. 34．What can improve performers’ self-assessments according to the study? A．Live performing skills. B．Immediate peer feedback. C．Logical thinking exercises. D．Adequate judging guidance. 35．What does the Dunning-Kruger effect imply? A．The richer knowledge we have, the humbler we stay. B．The less capable we are, the smarter we think we are. C．The stronger self-beliefs we hold, the better we behave. D．The more skilled we are, the fewer blind spots we have. （五） （2025·浙江温州·一模） （1） Have you ever noticed how the email icon (图标) on many computers and smartphones is of an envelope? Or how camera phones make the sound of a real camera clicking when you take a photo, even though there’s no shutter to open or close? These are examples of skeuomorphs, which is when new things take on the appearance or sound of the object they’ve replaced. Why would new things want to look like something old? It’s all to do with human psychology. Psychologist James Gibson says one of the ways people understand the world is through affordances — objects whose shape tells you how to use them. When creating new digital technologies, inventors like Steve Jobs of Apple used skeuomorphs so people would know how to use their products. By showing people an image of something they already knew how to use, it made using a computer or smartphone easier. However, as people became more familiar with modern technology, some designers argued that skeuomorphs were no longer necessary. Indeed, the younger generation don’t need visual references to older items they’ve never used. This led to something called flat design, where computer desktops and smartphone home screens started to do away with skeuomorphism. Skeuomorphs made a comeback, though, with smart watches. Many smart watches took on the appearance of an old fashioned watch, with a clock face. This was to encourage people who didn’t like digital watches to consider buying a smart watch. While these are the ways skeuomorphs are used today, that doesn’t mean it’s only a modern phenomenon. In fact, the word was first used in 1899 by the archaeologist Henry Colley March, who realized that some ancient artefacts (人工制品) kept the appearance of older objects, even though there was no practical reason for them to do so. When ancient Greek builders moved from using wood to stone, they recreated some of the characteristics of wooden buildings. From ancient Greek architecture to 21st century technology, skeuomorphs have been a key feature of scientific progress. So, when you wonder about the objects of the future, take a look around. Chances are that they will look a lot like the objects of the past. 28．Which of the following is an example of skeuomorphs? A． B． C． D． 29．How would people feel about skeuomorphs? A．User-friendly. B．Safety-centered. C．Energy-saving. D．Cost-effective. 30．Why did some designers think skeuomorphs unnecessary? A．Users became accustomed to technology. B．These products were expensive to design. C．Young people rejected traditional designs. D．The existing standards had been updated. 31．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．The prediction about future objects. B．The key feature of scientific progress. C．The design philosophies of skeuomorphism. D．The ever-lasting presence of skeuomorphs. （2） In 2017, the University of Waterloo created the PhD job shadow program to help PhDs explore their career options beyond a tenure-track faculty position(终身教职). The program achieved this by having PhD students shadow non-faculty (非教师) staff or hosts who work in departments such as graduate studies and postdoctoral affairs and the centre for teaching excellence. The students would write up a case study relevant to the staff members’ department, including projects like designing a survey or creating a report based on document review. In 2023, the program was improved to give students greater agency when choosing a host based on student, host and program staff feedback who all found that student-host matching didn’t always meet student needs or expectations. Students were asked to create a list containing up to five staff of their choice and then paired with the staff chosen from their submitted lists. This active effort to find common ground with their hosts created a more meaningful relationship and allowed for higher satisfaction with the interactions during the program. Choosing their host and doing research around their role allowed students to be better prepared to contribute to a specific department through the case study. One student claimed:“So I found that in general it was a direct match... There are parts that I would have to learn, but the background structure of what I’ve been doing directly translates.” This is particularly relevant since PhD students may finish their program feeling prepared for academia, but most PhD programs do not provide support or training for jobs outside of tenure-track positions. Mistakenly, the tenure-track is considered by many as the only way to successfully conclude a path in academia and any other paths are“plan B”, which can give feelings of being a “failure”. When students get the opportunity of experiencing what they enjoy about their research in other non-academic or research-related role, finding an equally meaningful career outside of faculty roles becomes clearer and more possible. As one student commented:“It made me realize that the administrative aspect of academia is deeper, richer and more meaningful than what a lot of people assume.” 32．What did the PhD Students do in the job shadow program? A．They experienced non-faculty jobs. B．They interviewed tenure-track faculty. C．They worked as teaching assistants. D．They helped students with career choices. 33．How did the program change in 2023? A．It limited the number of hosts. B．It narrowed down its subjects. C．It raised its standards for hosts. D．It increased the PhDs’autonomy. 34．What benefit did the program bring to PhDs? A．Expansion of career exploration. B．Preparation for future research. C．Familiarity with academic settings. D．Satisfaction with the chosen careers. 35．What may the PhDs agree with according to the last paragraph? A．Plan B leaves much to be desired. B．Non-academic positions are also valuable. C．The administrative positions are better choices. D．Explorations beyond their capabilities are meaningful. （六） （2025·浙江嘉兴·一模） （1） An 85-year-old hugged a younger woman she hadn’t seen for months, and she chanted (吟唱) some questions in the special routine of her ancestors in Burundi, “How are you? How is your husband? How are the kids?” Namukobwa paused to permit the younger woman Nzeyimana to answer. Nzeyimana, the visiting daughter of a former neighbour, replied over and over in the local Kirundi language. A group of neighbours watched in amazement. Many were seeing their first performance of the traditional form of musical greeting, known to Burundians as akazehe. It is performed only by women on a range of occasions. However, akazehe is disappearing, despite its unique status (地位) in this central African country. That’s according to cultural officials, teachers and others who say it is worth preserving. They mentioned the threat from public health measures that discourage unnecessary contact during disease outbreaks, in addition to the perceived failure to promote akazehe among school-going youth. A custom such as akazehe should be preserved because of its role in protecting families, said Nikobiba, an anthropologist (人类学家) in Bujumbura. Among communities that practise it, women could tell elder women about any problems at home. Nikobiba explained, “Normally, before starting a home in traditional Burundi, the girl would first receive advice from her father’s sister. She would tell the girl, ‘I will come to greet you after a certain time.’” Such support from elders would help them develop better mental health for the young family, he added. Ntakirutimana was among the women who gathered to watch Namukobwa greeting Nzeyimana. She said she grew up in a farming community where no mother could perform akazehe. After watching, she wanted to learn akazehe herself. “I feel better,” Ntakirutimana said, “and I saw it was good.” 24．What was Namukobwa doing according to paragraph 1? A．Practising a song. B．Sharing a story. C．Teaching a language. D．Performing a custom. 25．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The status of akazehe in Burundi. B．The difficulty in promoting akazehe. C．The reasons for the decline of akazehe. D．The impact of akazehe on public health. 26．Nikobiba thinks that the role of akazehe lies in ___________. A．building an active community B．maintaining traditional customs C．bringing comfort to elders in a family D．providing psychological support for women 27．Why does the writer mention Ntakirutimana in the last paragraph? A．To praise the politeness of Burundians. B．To show the influence of cultural practices. C．To stress the importance of careful observation. D．To indicate the necessity of learning how to greet. （2） The Malagasy baobab trees, a typical feature of Madagascar’s landscape, should have disappeared long ago due to the extinction of its former seed-distributing animals. However, it did not. Seheno Andriantsaralaza at the University of Antananarivo in Madagascar and Onja Razafindratsima at the University of California, Berkeley, now think they may know the reason. Together with their colleagues, the scientists monitored 15 trees to find new baobab seed-distributing animals in a western Madagascar region. They also set up camera traps around seed-containing fruits, and searched any feces (粪便) along the way for the presence of seeds. They report in the journal Biotropica that a native rat was caught on camera handling whole fruits on four occasions. Although there was no record of the rat breaking the fruits open, the team found 13 fruits that had been chewed into and had their seeds removed. Though the bite marks were not clear enough to identify a culprit (肇事者), this was clear evidence that a seed-distributing animal was out there. They then found convincing evidence: baobab seeds in seven different piles of bush-pig faces. The discovery is not without irony (讽刺). Scientists believe bush pigs were brought to Madagascar by humans sometime between 1,000 and 5,000 years ago, just as the former seed-distributing animals were going extinct. Their arrival was a lucky break for the baobabs, especially as scientists have determined a seed’s journey through the pig-like digestive system doesn’t reduce its ability to grow. While the finding is important in its own right, it also provides valuable evidence that introduced species may not be entirely harmful. Madagascar’s pigs, for example, though not native, have made themselves essential to the survival of truly native species. Similar relationships are suspected to hold in South America between rabbits native to Europe and plants with no seed distributors. For Dr. Andriantsaralaza, that suggests the full ecological role of introduced species should be considered before talk of extinction begins. 28．What is the study aimed at? A．Monitoring endangered baobab trees. B．Discovering why baobab trees still exist. C．Preserving the landscape of Madagascar. D．Investigating how animals distribute seeds. 29．What led the scientists to identify the real culprit? A．The clear bite marks on the fruits. B．The number of fruits broken open. C．Where the removed baobab seeds lay. D．How a native rat handled whole fruits. 30．What is the writer’s attitude towards introduced species? A．Dismissive. B．Conventional. C．Enthusiastic. D．Fair. 31．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Species Savers: Malagasy Bush Pigs. B．Seed Distributors: Malagasy Baobabs. C．Ecological Role of Seed-containing Fruits. D．Disappearance of Seed-distributing Animals. （3） Most people in the Netherlands are convinced that their consumption patterns affect the environment. Many of them are looking for ways to reduce their footprint. However, the reality is more complicated, according to a research by Leiden PhD candidate Levon Amatuni, who studied car sharing and the reuse of phones. He used his background in computer science and mathematics to model and measure the benefits of such practices. His research shows users of car-sharing platforms reduce their impact by only 3 to 18 percent — much less than 51 or 37 percent claimed in previous research. This is caused by so-called “rebound effects”, which are rarely accounted for by companies or even researchers. For example, shared vehicles are replaced with new models more frequently than private cars. Additionally, the introduction of sharing schemes (方案) can encourage people to drive when they would have otherwise taken public transport. These rebound effects turn out to be highly influential. Amatuni also found users of sharing platforms don’t significantly reduce their driving. “And if they do, they often take buses and trains, which aren’t emission-free,” he says. While public transport is usually a better option, its impact is not negligible. So, this data must be included to make an accurate assessment. Similarly, Amatuni discovered that a second-hand phone only offsets (抵消) about one-third of a new phone’s production. Rebound effects are the cause. If people couldn’t sell their old devices, they would use them for longer. In other words, reuse both extends the lifetime of a device — by giving it a new owner — but also shortens it, as people tend to sell their newly bought devices sooner. Amatuni doesn’t want people to conclude taking small steps towards sustainability is pointless. “Our intentions are still what’s most important,” he says, “but meanwhile, people need to realise there’re no easy fixes.” He recommends prioritising overall consumption reduction rather than continuing current habits while trying to make them more efficient. 32．What is the focus of Amatuni’s research? A．The ways of reducing people’s footprint. B．The benefits of car sharing and phone reuse. C．The damage of public transport to the environment. D．The knowledge of computer science and mathematics. 33．What does the underlined word “negligible” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Small. B．Permanent. C．Direct. D．Immediate. 34．Which of the following represents a phone rebound effect? A．Buying new phones often. B．Keeping old phones in use. C．Taking care of new phones. D．Selling used phones cheaply. 35．What is Amatuni’s suggestion on promoting sustainability? A．Stop eco-friendly habits. B．Increase production efficiency. C．Reduce total resource use. D．Seek easy solutions to eco-crisis. （七） （2025·浙江绍兴·一模） （1） It would be difficult to overemphasize the importance of cooperation, not only because it was fundamental to the success of our species through evolution, but because it is fundamental to the success of almost all modern social interactions and relationships. Let’s start by defining what cooperation actually means. Although definitions vary, cooperation has been defined as working or acting together for mutual benefit. It requires two or more people to act in the best interest of their collective rather than acting for selfish benefit. During task-related communication, cooperation can be expressed in terms of proposing a fair distribution of resources or equal outcomes. If we consider the dangerous environments that our ancestors grew up in, where around every corner was a potential predator (捕食者), it’s no surprise that cooperation was encouraged. Having strong social relationships provided a helping hand when sick or injured, and helped gather food as well as warnings about what to avoid eating. As a result, modern humans are hard-wired to find cooperation rewarding. Researchers have demonstrated that cooperating with others is associated with increased reward-related activity in the brain compared to engaging in non-cooperative exchanges, even when the physical rewards obtained from such exchange remain the same. Evidently, it is in our nature to want to cooperate, and this is why our relationships thrive when we do. When we consider the needs of others and put the goals of the collective above the desire for selfish gain during decision making, we lay the groundwork for a strong trusting relationship to be built. But it’s not just in our personal lives that cooperation allows us to thrive, the same goes for our professional lives. In business, when we work collaboratively with others, be it at an individual level (between employees) or an industry level (between organizations), the shared resources and shared ideas enable innovation to flourish. It is exactly this cooperative approach of “two heads are better than one” that is at the heart of project success throughout academia and the private sector. 28．Which statement best defines cooperation according to paragraph 2? A．Acting together for common interests. B．Working individually for personal gains. C．Building strong relationships within a team. D．Associating with each other in an equal way. 29．Why does the author mention dangerous environments in human history? A．To show the cooperative ability of our ancestors. B．To explain the link between cooperation and reward. C．To highlight the role of cooperation in human survival. D．To illustrate the research of reward-related brain activity. 30．How does cooperation contribute to success in professional settings? A．It promotes innovations by sharing ideas and resources. B．It creates profit opportunities for organizations. C．It ensures fair competition among employees. D．It enables individuals to satisfy their desire. 31．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Cooperation leads to the boost of business. B．Cooperation strengthens personal relationships. C．Cooperation is a key driver of human development. D．Cooperation is a vital factor for professional success. （2） The pollutants jamming our skies aren’t just a health risk; they also cause ugly stains on buildings and other structures. To combat this, chemists have been working for years on a special type of paint that not only can clean itself but also may remove pollutants from the air. In a recent study, researchers have developed a new paint that works using UV rays from ordinary sunlight, making its self-cleaning properties easier to activate. They’ve also shown they can effectively produce this paint from recycled materials. “We do this by using waste material from industry and also using fallen leaves, which are organic waste.” says Qaisar Maqbool, a chemist at the Vienna University of Technology. In the working process, UV light stimulates the electrons in the titanium oxide nanoparticles (二氧化钛纳米颗粒), which interact with airborne water molecules to produce highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (烃基自由基). These unstable chemicals attack pollutants that come in contact with the paint, converting them into less harmful substances such as carbon dioxide and water. The research team added some necessary elements to the nanoparticles’ structure, which reduced the amount of energy needed to spark the reaction and let it work via ordinary sunlight. In laboratory tests, these modified nanoparticles removed up to 96 percent of tested pollutants added to the paint’s surface. “It’s better to be able to use solar light to activate, as the paint can work passively, by itself,” says Antonio Nieto-Márquez Ballesteros, a chemist at the Technical University of Madrid. But a real-world setting would probably reduce its effectiveness, he adds. “Under laboratory conditions, it’ s a very small scale, and everything is very well controlled, such as temperature, humidity or the concentration of pollutants, but you will never get those results at a real scale.” The study authors stress that this work is just an initial step in their research. “I think it’s a very fundamental study,” says co-author Günther Rupprechter. “We don’t claim that we can remove all contamination from air,” he says, “but overall, it looks promising.” 32．What is the purpose of working on the new paint? A．To clean up pollutants from the air. B．To reuse waste materials from industry. C．To reduce the health risk from sunlight. D．To increase the amount of nanoparticles. 33．What is essential in the working process of the paint? A．Recycled water. B．UV light. C．Stable chemicals. D．Carbon dioxide. 34．What do the researchers think of the paint? A．It holds an uncertain marketing prospect. B．Its effectiveness may fall short in real world. C．Its working conditions remain to be confirmed. D．It deserves immediate application on a large scale. 35．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．This Paint Can Clean Both Itself and the Air B．New Paint Is Being Applied to Real-world Setting C．Recycled Materials Contribute to a Promising Paint D．Laboratory Research Unveils Ground-breaking Innovation （八） （2025·浙江嵊州·一模） （1） The experiments sound like something out of a horror movie. Sew two mice together so that they share blood in a single circulatory system. This procedure has led to new discoveries in the study of aging. Studies using the procedure, called parabiosis, suggest that pumping blood from young mice into old mice can make the old mice act young again. But scientists are still testing “young blood” and debating whether it really holds the secret to turning back time. In the 2000s, Thomas Rando, a neurologist at Stanford University in California, conducted an experiment using parabiosis. He found that the young mouse blood caused certain cells in older mice to help repair damaged muscles. But the blood from old mice also affected young mice in negative ways. Rando’s experiment also hinted at some growth of new brain cells. This really interested Tony Wyss-Coray, a neuroscientist at Stanford University. In 2011, Wyss-Coray and his graduate student Saul Villeda found that if old mice received blood from young mice, they experienced a burst of cell growth in the hippocampus — as many as three to four times more new cells than mice that did not receive young blood. And if young mice received old blood, this slowed cell growth, making the mice old before their time. This was partly due to a high level of a protein called CCL11 in old blood. CCL11 blocks the growth of new brain cells. These results stirred a great deal of excitement. What if young blood could help Alzheimer’s patients improve their memories? This is exactly what Wyss-Coray set out to learn. Michael and Irina Conboy, research scientists at UC Berkeley who worked with Thomas Rando have conducted a blood-exchange experiment. The Conboys noted that although young blood had some positive effects on older mice, it’s not so much that young blood has magical age-defying properties. Instead, it just helps filter out or dilute some of the “bad stuff” in old blood. “Science is the process of refining the questions we have, ” Conboy says. Researchers are hopeful that, one day science will finally unlock the secrets of aging. 28．Why might young mice receiving old blood become older according to Wyss-Coray? A．Cell growth in the hippocampus. B．Age-defying properties. C．Repaired muscles during Parabiosis. D．High amount of CCL11. 29．What does the underlined word “dilute” mean in paragraph 5? A．Identify. B．Weaken. C．Intensify. D．Locate. 30．What do the researchers think of the prospects of the experiments? A．Unconvincing. B．Skeptical. C．Promising. D．Unclear. 31．What is the best title of the passage? A．Overturning Old Age B．Regaining Lost Memories C．Maintaining Healthy Cells D．Uncovering Alzheimer’s Disease （2） Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. Indeed, many students will engage in intensive revision just before a test — in the belief that essential subject facts and figures will be memorized ready for exam day. However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study. Now known as the Zeigarnik effect, it was found that interruption during a task that requires focus can in fact improve a person’s ability to remember it afterwards. The psychologist Bluma Zeigarmik observed the effect of interruption on memory processing in 1927. In the experiment, she asked each participant to complete a series of separate tasks, such as solving a puzzle or assembling a flat-pack box. During around half of the assignments, participants were subtly interrupted by the experiment supervisor, while during the remaining tasks, they were allowed time to complete them uninterrupted. Following the experiment, Zeigarnik interviewed each participant, asking them to recall details of each task that they had attempted. Zeigarnik’s initial findings revealed that participants were able to recall details of interrupted tasks around 90% better than those who had been able to complete undisturbed. These results suggest that a desire to complete a task can cause it to be retained in a person’s memory until it has been completed, and that the finality of its completion enables the process of forgetting it to take place. One way of employing the Zeigarnik effect when attempting to memorize a detailed piece of information, such as a long phone number, or when revising a subject, might be to avoid trying to remember it in its entirety in one sitting. Take a look at the information, familiarize yourself with it, then “interrupt yourself” — look away from where it is written for a few moments and think of something else, before returning a few more times to remember chunks of the number. Finally, piece these chunks together and attempt to recall the number in its entirety. 32．What does the underlined phrase “this commonly held wisdom” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Remembering essential subject facts guarantees success in exams. B．Interruption on memory processing generates unexpected results. C．Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision. D．Revision with full concentration boosts long-term memory. 33．How did Zeigarnik measure the effect of interruption on participants’ memory? A．By conducting brain scans. B．By rating participants’ memory. C．By enquiring about task details. D．By observing physical reactions. 34．Which strategy should be used to avoid forgetting when revising a subject? A．Repeated writing and recalling. B．Entire remembering in one sitting. C．Rapid memorization without breaks. D．Breaks in review and repeating in chunks. 35．What is the passage mainly about? A．The origin of the Zeigarnik Effect. B．The discovery of the Zeigarnik Effect. C．The evaluation of the Zeigarnik Effect. D．The application of the Zeigarnik Effect. （九） （2025·浙江湖州、丽水、衢州·一模） （1） The oak tree has been in southern England continuously for 12,000 years. But does it have a future? By 2050, London’s weather could resemble that of Barcelona, with long stretches of summer drought. These ancient trees were not designed to thrive in such conditions. Around the world, millions of creatures facing unprecedented temperatures and habitat loss are on the move. We do not tend to think of trees as migratory: they are slow-growing and rooted to the ground. Faced with this problem, the ecologist Charlie Gardner is one of a growing number proposing a radical, controversial solution: we help the trees on their march. Some scientists advocate moving individual species hundreds of kilo-metres north, within the country and from abroad. Others say entire ecosystems should be trans-located, moving multiple species at once. The “assisted migration” is divisive. Conservationists have long argued against introducing non-native species. They have concerns about unintended consequences of assisted migration. “Large-scale moving of ecosystems can’t be undone (撤销), so should be very much a last choice,” said Andrew Allen from the Woodland Trust. Allen believes we should prioritise helping native trees adapt to changes by encouraging natural regeneration, expanding and connecting existing woodlands. But others say those arguments fail to deal with speed or size of change caused by the climate crisis. “Earlier in my career the narrative was all about restoring past baselines, and then, as I got more independent in my research, I realised that’s impossible. We are changing the climate so much, so we have to be a little more inventive. When we have examples of assisted migration, it’s often with species which are absolutely on the edge of extinction and have run out of other options,” said Sarah Dalrymple, a conservation ecologist from Liverpool University, who is part of the task force. She wants to see assisted migration explored earlier, working with species before their populations become so small. “You can never get rid of all the risks, but there is also risk in inaction,” she said. “The risk of inaction is increasing every day.” 28．What is the problem facing ancient trees in London? A．Long summer. B．Habitat destruction. C．Extreme weather. D．Slow growth. 29．Which of the following statements may Andrew Allen agree with? A．Large-scale moving of ecosystems is impossible. B．Assisted migration may contribute to bad results. C．Non-native species are beneficial to ecosystems. D．Native species can survive changes by themselves. 30．What does Sarah Dalrymple urge people to do in the last paragraph? A．Stop changing the climate. B．Have more options to help species. C．Help native trees to adapt to climate changes. D．Take action earlier to prevent species’ extinction. 31．What might be the author’s attitude towards assisted migration? A．Supportive. B．Cautious. C．Objective. D．Doubtful. （2） In a study published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, researchers found that people tend to turn down offers of “free money,” as well as unusually high salaries or suspiciously cheap services, because they seem “too good to be true.” In the initial experiment, nearly 40 percent of participants ate a cookie offered freely – compared with about 20 percent of those offered $5 as well. Nine further experiments, involving more than 4,000 participants, used online questionnaires to present other scenarios. These included being offered money to accept a ride home, extremely high construction-job wages and surprisingly cheap flights. In each case, past a certain point, higher potential monetary gain reduced participants’ likelihood of accepting the offer. The study lead author Vonasch says it illustrates that contrary to the “standard economic model,” which supposes humans always seek to maximize gains, transactions need to also be understood as social interactions between people trying to understand each other’s minds. If someone seems to break accepted rules, such as self-interest, without any explanation, we assume they have hidden motives  and  infer there will be  “phantom costs” –  imagined consequences that reduce what Vonasch calls an offer’s “psychological value.” Factors beyond the present moment may come into play. “Understanding that others’ perceived over-generosity may put us in their debt could also help explain people’s reluctance,” says Rachel McCloy, a psychologist at England’s University of Reading. The researchers also showed how to mitigate the effect: simply provide a reason for the deal. The “cheap flights” experiment included a condition where the seats were revealed to be very uncomfortable. “Uncomfortable seats aren’t typically a selling point,” Vonasch says. “But telling people the seats were uncomfortable made them more willing to take them because it was sufficient explanation.” The scientists are now experimenting with whether phantom costs play into humans’ interactions with robots and artificial intelligence. “If AI is overly generous, will people imagine phantom costs?” Vonasch says. “People tend to treat AI as if they have a mind, when obviously they don’t.” 32．According to paragraph 2, the experiments mainly focus on people’s . A．Thinking method. B．Decision making. C．Financial condition. D．Potential ability. 33．Why does the author mention “standard economic model”? A．To explain the experiments further. B．To clarify a psychological concept. C．To provide evidence for the study. D．To express doubt on the experiments. 34．What does the underlined word “mitigate” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Analyse. B．Improve. C．Measure. D．Lessen. 35．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Phantom costs: Where “standard economic model” doesn’t work. B．Phantom costs: Whether people’s likelihood of accepting an offer reduces. C．Phantom costs: Why “too good to be true” scares people off. D．Phantom costs: How imagined consequences prevent hidden motives. 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题08 阅读理解之说明文及议论文（解析版） （一） （2025·浙江杭州·一模） （1） “Growing fruit trees is a very simple way to stay in love with our world,” says Vivian Keh, playwright and daughter of immigrants, holding a basket of persimmons (柿子) she’s cultivated to feel connected to her Korean ancestors. Keh is just one of the 50 remarkable subjects in naturalist writer Amy Stewart’s The Tree Collectors: Tales of Arboreal Obsession, a collection of portraits of people transformed by their love of trees. Initially, trees struck Stewart as an odd thing to collect. Intrigued by this community of enthusiasts, she discovered educators, preservationists and visionaries, all drawn to a kind of curation, motivated by reasons diverse as their projects. They plant trees in public and private spaces both modest and expansive, nurturing (培育) their collections to honor beloved dead, attract wildlife, preserve rare species’ connect to history, invest in the future, grow food and create beauty. Steward categorizes these tree collectors according to their sense of purpose. Kenneth Hoegh, one of the book’s “ecologists”, tests which cold-loving species might grow in a warming and historically treeless Greenland. “Healer” Joe Hamilton plants loblolly pines on a parcel of land he got from his enslaved ancestors with an eye toward long-term sustainable forestry which he hopes will establish a source of generational wealth for his family. Reagan Wytsalucy has a plan to restore traditional peach orchards on Navajo land as one of the “community builders” who seek to bring people together. Adding to the book’s charm are Stewart’s watercolor’ illustrations — she gives Us a look at each of her human subjects while also cataloging the most wonderful qualities of featured trees, such as Seussian eucalyptus seed pods and delicate camellia blossoms. After spending time in this varied commonwealth, you’ll undoubtedly experience an intense desire to rest under the shade of a leafy oak. But something even deeper is happening here: by creating a space for people to talk about something they love. “How often do any of us get a chance to pour our hearts out to a stranger?” she writes. “Somehow, talking about trees made it possible.” 24．What does the underlined word “curation” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Connection. B．Collection. C．Treatment. D．Transformation, 25．What purpose of planting trees is mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To preserve rare species. B．To honor beloved dead. C．To develop new varieties. D．To strengthen social bonds. 26．What does the quote in the last paragraph suggest about discussing trees? A．It inspires new ideas. B．It rarely happens in public. C．It allows deep emotional sharing. D．It helps resolve environmental issues. 27．What does the writer think of the book? A．Complicated. B．Conventional. C．Inspiring. D．Intense. 【答案】24．B 25．D 2 6．C 27．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了自然主义作家艾米·斯图尔特的作品The Tree Collectors: Tales of Arboreal Obsession，该书描绘了50位因对树木的热爱而改变的人物。 24．词句猜测题。由文章第二段“Initially, trees struck Stewart as an odd thing to collect. Intrigued by this community of enthusiasts, she discovered educators, preservationists and visionaries, all drawn to a kind of curation, motivated by reasons diverse as their projects.(起初，斯图尔特觉得收集树木很奇怪。被这个爱好者群体所吸引，她发现了教育工作者、保护主义者和梦想家，他们都被这一种 所吸引，其动机与他们的项目不同)”可知，这里curation应指前一句中所提及的收集，所以猜测curation表“收集”的意思。故选B项。 25．推理判断题。由文章第三段“‘Healer’ Joe Hamilton plants loblolly pines on a parcel of land he got from his enslaved ancestors with an eye toward long-term sustainable forestry which he hopes will establish a source of generational wealth for his family. Reagan Wytsalucy has a plan to restore traditional peach orchards on Navajo land as one of the ‘community builders’ who seek to bring people together.(‘治疗师’乔·汉密尔顿在他从被奴役的祖先那里获得的一块土地上种植火炬松，着眼于长期可持续的林业，他希望这将为他的家庭建立一代人的财富来源。Reagan Wytsalucy计划恢复纳瓦霍土地上的传统桃园，作为寻求将人们聚集在一起的‘社区建设者’之一)”可知，第3段提到植树是可以加强社会联系的。故选D项。 26．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“‘How often do any of us get a chance to pour our hearts out to a stranger?’ she writes. ‘’Somehow, talking about trees made it possible.’(她写道：‘我们中有多少人有机会向陌生人倾诉心声？不知何故，和树聊天可以使这成为可能。’)”可知，和树聊天可允许人们进行深度的情感分享。故选C项。 27．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“After spending time in this varied commonwealth, you’ll undoubtedly experience an intense desire to rest under the shade of a leafy oak. But something even deeper is happening here: by creating a space for people to talk about something they love. (在这个多样化的联邦度过一段时间后，你无疑会强烈渴望在绿树成荫的橡树下休息。但这里正在发生更深层次的事情：为人们创造一个谈论他们喜欢的事情的空间)”以及上下文可知，作者认为这本书鼓舞人心，会让读者爱上树以及向往书里的生活。故选C项。 （2） For many, travel isn’t just about the destination — it’s about making the most of the journey. However, for a lot of people, the journey is often ruined by an uncomfortable experience often accompanied by vomiting, known as motion sickness. If you’ve ever felt the unwelcome urge to vomit while reading or using your device in a moving vehicle, you’re not alone. Recognizing this common issue, Apple has stepped up to offer a revolutionary solution; the Vehicle Motion Cues feature for iPhones and iPads. Motion sickness occurs when there is a disconnect between what your eyes see and what your body feels. When you’re in a moving vehicle, your body senses motion through its vestibular system (the inner ear), but if your eyes are focused on a still screen that doesn’t reflect this movement, the brain receives mixed signals. This sensory conflict can lead to dizziness, nausea, and overall discomfort - symptoms all too familiar to motion sickness sufferers. Apple’s new Vehicle Motion Cues feature is designed to bridge this gap and bring relief to those likely to experience motion sickness. This revolutionary feature works by displaying animated dots, around the edges of your screen, which move at the same time and speed as the motion of your vehicle. These moving cues help keep the motion your body feels in line with what your eyes see, effectively reducing the sensory mismatch that causes motion sickness. The magic lies in the simplicity and effectiveness. The animated dots move in consistency with the vehicle’s motion, providing a visual representation of the movement your body is experiencing. By matching the visual input with the physical sensations of motion, your brain is less likely to experience the confusion that leads to sickness. Early reports and user feedback indicate that Vehicle Motion Cues is receiving high praise for its effectiveness. So next time you embark on a journey, whether short or long, remember that Apple’s got your back — or rather, your brain - helping you make the most of every mile with ease and comfort. 28．Which type of people can be interested in Vehicle Motion Cues? A．Frequent travelers. B．Book lovers. C．Vehicle operators. D．Sport scientists. 29．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The principle of Apple’s new design. B．The cause of motion sickness. C．The functions of Apples new design. D．The symptoms of motion sickness. 30．By displaying animated dots around the screen, Apple’s Vehicle Motion Cues is able to_____. A．ease sensory conflicts in the brain B．tell the mismatched physical sensations C．balance the movement of our eyes and body D．increase the effectiveness of vehicle motion 31．Which can be the best title of the passage? A．Make the Most of Your Journey： Apple Bridges the. Gap B．Find the Magic of a Moving Vehicle: Apple’s Got! Your Back C．Enjoy Your Reading: Apple Offers a Revolutionary Solution D．Say Goodbye to Motion Sickness: Apple Introduces Its New Design 【答案】28．A 29．B 30．A 31．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍苹果公司新设计的Vehicle Motion Cue功能解决了人们晕车的问题。 28．推理判断题。由文章第一段“However, for a lot of people, the journey is often ruined by an uncomfortable experience often accompanied by vomiting, known as motion sickness. If you’ve ever felt the unwelcome urge to vomit while reading or using your device in a moving vehicle, you’re not alone. Recognizing this common issue, Apple has stepped up to offer a revolutionary solution; the Vehicle Motion Cues feature for iPhones and iPads.(然而，对于很多人来说，旅途往往会被一种不舒服的体验所破坏，这种体验通常伴随着呕吐，被称为晕车。如果你曾经在阅读或在行驶的车辆中使用设备时感到不受欢迎的呕吐冲动，那么你并不孤单。认识到这一共同问题，苹果公司已经加紧提供革命性的解决方案；iPhone和iPad的Vehicle Motion Cue功能。)”可知，iPhone和iPad的Vehicle Motion Cue功能主要解决旅途中有晕动病，所以经常旅行的人可能会对Vehicle Motion Cue功能感兴趣。故选A项。 29．主旨大意题。由文章第二段“Motion sickness occurs when there is a disconnect between what your eyes see and what your body feels. When you’re in a moving vehicle, your body senses motion through its vestibular system (the inner ear), but if your eyes are focused on a still screen that doesn’t reflect this movement, the brain receives mixed signals. This sensory conflict can lead to dizziness, nausea, and overall discomfort - symptoms all too familiar to motion sickness sufferers.(当你的眼睛看到的和你的身体感觉之间出现脱节时，就会发生晕动病。当你在移动的车辆中时，你的身体通过前庭系统（内耳）感知运动，但如果你的眼睛聚焦在一个没有反映这种运动的静止屏幕上，大脑会收到混合信号。这种感官冲突会导致头晕、恶心和整体不适——这些症状对晕车患者来说太熟悉了。)”可知，本段主要讲晕车的原因。故选B项。 30．细节理解题。由文章第三段“Apple’s new Vehicle Motion Cues feature is designed to bridge this gap and bring relief to those likely to experience motion sickness. This revolutionary feature works by displaying animated dots, around the edges of your screen, which move at the same time and speed as the motion of your vehicle. These moving cues help keep the motion your body feels in line with what your eyes see, effectively reducing the sensory mismatch that causes motion sickness.(苹果公司新的Vehicle Motion Cue功能旨在弥合这一差距，并为那些可能患有晕动病的人带来缓解。这一革命性功能的工作原理是在屏幕边缘显示动画点，这些点与车辆的运动同时以相同的速度移动。这些移动的线索有助于使你的身体感觉与你的眼睛所看到的保持一致，有效地减少了导致晕车的感官不匹配)”可知，通过在屏幕周围显示动画点，苹果公司的Vehicle Motion Cues能够缓解大脑中的感官冲突。故选A项。 31．主旨大意题。由文章第一段“However, for a lot of people, the journey is often ruined by an uncomfortable experience often accompanied by vomiting, known as motion sickness. If you’ve ever felt the unwelcome urge to vomit while reading or using your device in a moving vehicle, you’re not alone. Recognizing this common issue, Apple has stepped up to offer a revolutionary solution; the Vehicle Motion Cues feature for iPhones and iPads.(然而，对于很多人来说，旅途往往会被一种不舒服的体验所破坏，这种体验通常伴随着呕吐，被称为晕车。如果你曾经在阅读或在行驶的车辆中使用设备时感到不受欢迎的呕吐冲动，那么你并不孤单。认识到这一共同问题，苹果公司已经加紧提供革命性的解决方案；iPhone和iPad的Vehicle Motion Cue功能)”以及下文可知，文章介绍苹果公司的Vehicle Motion Cue功能能解决人们晕车问题。所以D项Say Goodbye to Motion Sickness: Apple Introduces Its New Design(告别晕车：苹果推出新设计)符合语境。故选D项。 （3） A few days ago, I watched a video of myself talking in perfect Chinese. I’ve been studying the language on and off for only a few years, and I’m far from fluent. But there I was, pronouncing each character just as a native speaker would. “My favorite food is sushi,” I said — wo zui xihuan de shiwu shi shousi. I’d created the video using software from a Los Angeles-based artificial-intelligence start-up called HeyGen. The technology, which only needs a single selfie and a script to generate deepfake videos of real people “saying” almost anything, is a testament (证明) to the advancements in AI language tools. This got me thinking about the declining interest in language learning with fewer students enrolling in foreign language courses and the decrease of English proficiency among young people in some places. AI translation, integrated into social media and messaging platforms, seems to be everywhere. Even language-learning apps are using AI-generated content in their marketing. However, language translation is an art rather than a science. Something enormous will be lost in exchange for that convenience. As Anne, a Chinese translator said, “Building a ladder between widely different languages, such as Chinese and English, is sometimes as difficult as a doctor building a bridge in a patient’s heart,” Language learning fosters cultural competency, a skill that AI cannot simply copy. Learning a different way to speak, read, and write helps people discover new ways to see the world. No machine can replace such a profoundly human experience. Deborah Cohn, a language professor, emphasizes that language learning is actually about understanding and connecting with different cultures; Instead of abandoning language courses in favor of AI, some educators advocate for emphasizing the intercultural aspects of language learning. Paula Krebs of the MLA points out that even with a “universal translator”, sometimes, the greater meaning of people’s utterance (言辞) remains a mystery. In essence, while AI language tools offer convenience, they lack the depth and cultural insight that comes from human language learning. The challenge and beauty of learning a language are in understanding the cultural tapestry (织锦) that weaves through words, something AI has yet to achieve. 32．Why does the author give the example in paragraph 1? A．To promote the language software. B．To show off his Chinese language skills. C．To prove learning a language is a wasted effort. D．To encourage critical thinking about AI language tools. 33．What can we learn from paragraph 3? A．AI translation deserves more attention. B．Language apps play a key role in marketing. C．Language translation is far beyond technology. D．Learning a different language is an uphill battle. 34．What is the key benefit of learning a language according to the passage? A．Better digital literacy. B．Improved translation skills. C．Deeper cultural confidence. D．Effective intercultural interaction. 35．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．AI language tools offer convenience. B．AI facilitates language learning in terms of culture. C．AI is far from perfect in helping language understanding. D．AI has achieved success in the development of language learning tools. 【答案】32．D 33．C 34．D 35．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人工智能语言工具的便利性与语言学习的文化深度之间的差异，作者引导我们对人工智能语言工具进行批判性思考然后得出结论：人工智能在帮助语言理解方面远非完美。 32．推理判断题。由文章第一段“A few days ago, I watched a video of myself talking in perfect Chinese. I’ve been studying the language on and off for only a few years, and I’m far from fluent. But there I was, pronouncing each character just as a native speaker would. ‘My favorite food is sushi,’ I said — wo zui xihuan de shiwu shi shousi.(几天前，我看了一段我自己说一口流利汉语的视频。我断断续续地学习这门语言才几年，还远谈不上流利。但我就这样，每个字的发音就像母语人士一样。‘我最喜欢的食物是寿司，’我说——我最喜欢吃寿司。)”以及下文，尤其是最后一段中“In essence, while AI language tools offer convenience, they lack the depth and cultural insight that comes from human language learning.(从本质上讲，虽然人工智能语言工具提供了便利，但它们缺乏人类语言学习所带来的深度和文化洞察力。)”可知，文章第一段以作者自己的体验引出AI语言工具，然后鼓励对AI语言工具进行批判性思考。故选D项。 33．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“However, language translation is an art rather than a science. Something enormous will be lost in exchange for that convenience.(然而，语言翻译是一门艺术，而不是一门科学。为了换取这种便利，将失去一些巨大的东西。)”以及“Building a ladder between widely different languages, such as Chinese and English, is sometimes as difficult as a doctor building a bridge in a patient’s heart,(在广泛不同的语言（如中文和英文）之间建立一个阶梯，有时就像医生在病人心中架起一座桥梁一样困难，)”可知，语言翻译并不是技术能解决的问题，它远远超出了技术范畴。故选C项。 34．细节理解题。由文章第四段中“Deborah Cohn, a language professor, emphasizes that language learning is actually about understanding and connecting with different cultures; Instead of abandoning language courses in favor of Al, some educators advocate for emphasizing the intercultural aspects of language learning. (语言教授黛博拉·科恩强调，语言学习实际上是关于理解和联系不同的文化；一些教育工作者主张强调语言学习的跨文化方面，而不是放弃语言课程而选择人工智能。)”可知，学习语言的主要好处是有效的跨文化互动。故选D项。 35．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“In essence, while AI language tools offer convenience, they lack the depth and cultural insight that comes from human language learning. The challenge and beauty of learning a language are in understanding the cultural tapestry(织锦)that weaves through words, something AI has yet to achieve.(本质上，虽然人工智能语言工具提供了便利，但它们缺乏人类语言学习的深度和文化洞察力。学习一门语言的挑战和美妙之处在于理解通过单词编织的文化挂毯，这是人工智能尚未实现的。)”可知，作者在最后一段表明人工智能在帮助语言理解方面远非完美，因为人工智能语言工具缺乏人类语言学习的深度和文化洞察力。故选C项。 （二） （2025·浙江金华·一模） （1） Last winter I enjoyed a brief adventure in Guatemala. Over a period of 12 days, I explored through the jungle to watch the sunrise and danced in the street during the holiday parade. But looking back on that trip, what I remember most vividly is a New Year’s Eve in Guatemala City, at a lifeless hotel. Rather than a countdown to midnight, I counted down the hours until my departure. Nothing special happened during that night. Rather, the big role this hotel plays in my memories can be explained by a psychological principle called the recency effect. “The recency effect helps to account for our tendency to remember the ending part of a sequence of events with far more clarity than the rest, ” said Dr. Mary Poffenroth, a biopsychologist. She says it arises from our short-term memory’s inability to hold on to more than a small amount of information at once. So while there is no magic formula to create lovely travel memories, employing the recency effect can turn a good trip into an unforgettable one. Dr. Stephanie, a Neuroscientist, says that while you can strategically set off the recency effect at a trip’s end, you may have multiple opportunities to create lasting memories all along the way by breaking it up into smaller chunks. Keep in mind that the recency effect can also backfire. “Ending an amazing trip with stressful flight delays, lost luggage or feeling unwell might be enough to overshadow the entire experience, resulting in remembering the trip as awful instead of joyful, ” Stephanie said. To avoid disproportionately (不成比例地)spotlighting the final days, Poffenroth has created a trick: She amplifies (增强) earlier days in a trip to keep her memories well-rounded. “I collect little bits that will remind me of that day: a subway ticket, a seashell, a cardboard drink with a pub’ s logo on it. ” Then, as she is packing on the last day, “I go through all my little found treasures and spend a few moments recalling each one, ” she said. “This gives me a sense of closure for that chapter of travel and makes the experience memorable. ” 28．How did the author feel about the New Year’s Eve in Guatemala City? A．It was boring. B．It was eventful. C．It was relaxing. D．It was cheerful. 29．What do we know about the recency effect from paragraph 2? A．It is based on a psychological principle. B．It is widely used to create lovely memories. C．It highlights the final part of a series of events. D．It makes up for the inability of short-term memory. 30．What does the underlined word “backfire” mean in paragraph 4? A．Be avoided to some extent. B．Be applied extensively. C．Produce undesirable consequences. D．Pose unexpected challenges. 31．According to Poffenroth, which of the following may help travelers have good memories? A．Share travel experiences. B．Recall the final days of a journey. C．Purchase as many souvenirs as possible. D．Purposely gather reminders of a journey. 【答案】28．A 29．C 30．C 31．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了心理学中的近因效应原理，即人们倾向于更清晰地记住事件序列的结尾部分。作者通过自己的旅行经历，说明了运用近因效应可以让旅行变得更加难忘。 28．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But looking back on that trip, what I remember most vividly is a New Year's Eve in Guatemala City, at a lifeless hotel. Rather than a countdown to midnight, I counted down the hours until my departure.( 但回想起那次旅行，我印象最深刻的是在危地马拉城的一个新年前夜，在一家毫无生气的酒店里。我没有倒数午夜，而是倒数出发前的几个小时。)” 可知，作者对危地马拉城的那个新年夜感到无聊，因为他在倒数离开的时间而不是新年的到来。故选A。 29．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The recency effect helps to account for our tendency to remember the ending part of a sequence of events with far more clarity than the rest,(近因效应有助于解释为什么我们倾向于比其他部分更清楚地记住一系列事件的结束部分，)”，这句话说明近因效应强调了事件序列结尾部分的记忆清晰度高于其他部分。C选项“It highlights the final part of a series of events.(它突出了一系列事件的最后一部分。)”符合题意。故选C。 30．词义猜测题。根据第五段中划线词后面的内容“Ending an amazing trip with stressful flight delays, lost luggage or feeling unwell might be enough to overshadow the entire experience, resulting in remembering the trip as awful instead of joyful(以紧张的航班延误、行李丢失或感觉不适来结束一次美妙的旅行，可能足以给整个经历蒙上阴影，导致你对旅行的记忆是糟糕的，而不是快乐的。)”可知，如果旅行以令人紧张的航班延误、行李丢失或身体不适等不愉快的事情结束，可能会使整个旅行体验变得糟糕，从而记住的是糟糕的旅行而不是愉快的旅行。因此，此处强调首因效应有时候会产生不良的后果。故划线词“backfire”在这里的意思是“产生不良后果”，C选项“Produce undesirable consequences.(产生不良后果。)”与其为近义词。故选C。 31．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Then, as she is packing on the last day, “I go through all my little found treasures and spend a few moments recalling each one, ” she said. “This gives me a sense of closure for that chapter of travel and makes the experience memorable. ”(然后，在最后一天收拾行李的时候，她说：“我会浏览我所有的小宝贝，花点时间回忆每一件。”“这给了我一种结束旅行的感觉，让我的经历变得难忘。”)”可知，Poffenroth认为故意收集旅行的纪念品，花时间浏览自己的旅游纪念品，能够让作者的经历变得难忘即可以帮助旅行者拥有良好的记忆。因此，选项D“Purposely gather reminders of a journey.(故意收集旅行的纪念品)”有助于游客们拥有美好的旅游记忆。故选D。 （2） In the video game Space Invaders Extreme 2, a player has to fire weapons to destroy aliens (外星人) attacking Earth. These aliens move fast, raining down from the top of the screen and claiming a player’s “life” if they reach the bottom. A study in Nature suggests that while destroying digital aliens might seem unrelated to distinguishing between words, such action video games may help children at risk for developmental dyslexia—a genetic (遗传的, 基因的) language disorder that makes processing words difficult—by improving their ability to perceive spoken words and sounds. In the study, 79 prereading children with family histories of dyslexia took several language tests, including listening for differences in made-up words—a task that can be challenging for dyslexic people. The kids were then split into four groups. One played Space Invaders Extreme 2, a second played a non-action video game, a third attended speech therapy (疗法), and a fourth received no intervention. Gamers played four times a week for 45 minutes each over a month and a half, and those in speech therapy attended 45-minute sessions twice weekly over about four months. By the end of the trial more than 80 percent of the Space Invaders players were significantly better at the word-identification task than before, and they showed greater improvements than any of the other three groups. The researchers aren’t sure why scores on the other language tests did not improve notably—but they say that this finding could be valuable. “If we can target these small cognitive (认知的) functions before children are older and lose some brain plasticity, then perhaps we can treat aspects of dyslexia before they’ve fully formed, ” says Simone Gori, co-author of the study. Dyslexia often goes untreated in Italy’s overburdened public health and school systems, says Marilu Tempini, a behavioral neurologist at the University of California. She hopes to see larger future studies conducted in other languages as well. “Eyes are an extension of the brain, ” she says, “so when we play video games, it's directly connected to our cognitive function—and there is so much research potential there. ” 32．The author describes Space Invaders Extreme 2 in paragraph 1 to show the game is ________. A．violent B．skill-based C．action-packed D．entertaining 33．According to Simone Gori, what is the significance of the finding? A．It proves that children with dyslexia can be cured. B．It offers hope that the public health system in Italy will be improved. C．It suggests that video games can replace the traditional speech therapy. D．It indicates that action video games can be used for early intervention of dyslexia. 34．What is Marilu Tempini’s attitude towards the study? A．Doubtful. B．Favorable. C．Dismissive. D．Conserved. 35．Which of the following might be a suitable title for the text? A．Secrets Behind Dyslexia Revealed B．Action Video Games Advance Word Awareness C．The Most Effective Coping Strategy for Dyslexia D．Video Games Designed to Improve Cognitive Function 【答案】32．C 33．D 34．B 35．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究表明，动作视频游戏如《Space Invaders Extreme 2》可能有助于改善有发展性阅读障碍风险的儿童的语言处理能力。实验中，玩此游戏的儿童在区分词语的任务上表现出了显著的进步，比其他组别包括接受言语治疗的儿童进步更大。这为早期干预阅读障碍提供了新的可能性。 32．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“In the video game Space Invaders Extreme 2, a player has to fire weapons to destroy aliens (外星人) attacking Earth. These aliens move fast, raining down from the top of the screen and claiming a player’s “life” if they reach the bottom. (在视频游戏《太空入侵者极限2》中，玩家必须发射武器来摧毁攻击地球的外星人。这些外星人行动迅速，从屏幕顶部倾泻而下，如果他们到达底部，就会夺走玩家的“生命”。)”可知，在《太空侵略者极限2》这款视频游戏中，需要玩家快速反应并采取行动来击落快速移动的敌人，这表明游戏充满了动作和紧张感。故选C项。 33．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中““If we can target these small cognitive (认知的) functions before children are older and lose some brain plasticity, then perhaps we can treat aspects of dyslexia before they’ve fully formed, ” says Simone Gori, co-author of the study. (该研究的合著者Simone Gori说：“如果我们能在儿童长大并失去一些大脑可塑性之前针对这些小的认知功能，那么也许我们可以在阅读障碍完全形成之前治疗这些方面。”。)”可知，这项研究的发现表明动作类视频游戏可以用于阅读障碍的早期干预。故选D项。 34．推理判断题。 根据文章第五段中“She hopes to see larger future studies conducted in other languages as well. “Eyes are an extension of the brain, ” she says, “so when we play video games, it's directly connected to our cognitive function—and there is so much research potential there. ” (她希望未来也能看到用其他语言进行更大规模的研究。“眼睛是大脑的延伸，”她说，“所以当我们玩电子游戏时，它与我们的认知功能直接相关，而且那里有很大的研究潜力。”)”可知，她对这项研究持积极赞成的态度，并期待未来有更多相关研究。故选B项。 35．主旨大意题。 根据文章第二段中“A study in Nature suggests that while destroying digital aliens might seem unrelated to distinguishing between words, such action video games may help children at risk for developmental dyslexia —a genetic (遗传的, 基因的) language disorder that makes processing words difficult—by improving their ability to perceive spoken words and sounds. (《自然》杂志的一项研究表明，虽然摧毁数字外星人似乎与区分单词无关，但这种动作视频游戏可以通过提高儿童感知口语和声音的能力来帮助有发展性阅读障碍风险的儿童，这是一种遗传性语言障碍，使处理单词变得困难。)”可知，文章主要讨论了动作类视频游戏如何帮助可能患有阅读障碍的儿童提高识别单词的能力，以及这一发现对未来干预措施的潜在价值，因此Action Video Games Advance Word Awareness (动作视频游戏提高词汇意识)是一个合适的标题。故选B项。 （三） （2025·浙江宁波·一模） （1） Among bearing a reputation for various characteristics ranging from the good to the bad, millennials(千禧一代) have notably been labeled the “job-hopping” generation. A Deloitte survey revealed that 49% of millennials might quit their jobs within the next two years. While some from older generations may interpret this as a sign of laziness, a deeper look suggests more complex motivations. At first glance, there are a variety of reasons and circumstances that may lead a person to job hop occasionally. However, beyond the conventional reasons like obtaining better salaries or greater job stability, many millennials have been increasingly motivated by value-driven goals. Surveys show that some go to the extent of suffering pay cuts to pursue positions that provide better learning opportunities. Additionally, some even quit their positions for companies which are aligned with their value system better. In response to such a trend, employers are taking steps to improve workplace culture and to pay more attention to the professional growth and development of individuals. Visibly, Millennials’ boldness in pursuing new job opportunities is also shaped by emerging economic trends and novel business models, such as the gig economy, where self-employed and temporary work caters to those who value flexibility and work-life balance. Additionally, social media has created new career paths, from blogging to content creation, leading more millennials to leave traditional desk jobs for unconventional careers. Hence, one can’t say for certain that job-hopping indicates laziness. Instead, it shows millennials’ wandering off the beaten track to explore new opportunities and development. However, job-hopping remains controversial. Some employers appreciate the diversity in experience and skills job-hopping brings about, while others view it negatively, seeing it as a lack of commitment. There is concern that millennials, raised in relatively prosperous times, may possess less patience and resilience. Yet, at a materialistic society, millennial generation’s pursuit of meaning in their careers offers inspiration. They should never be discouraged to define new horizons of success when their career decisions are driven by healthy ambition and an appetite for upskilling. 28．What phenomenon does the first paragraph describe? A．Millennials switch jobs frequently. B．Millennials are reluctant to seek jobs. C．Millennials have fewer job opportunities. D．Millennials are particular about their jobs. 29．The underlined phrase “are aligned with” in Paragraph 2 can be replaced by . A．go beyond B．correspond to C．conflict with D．compete against 30．The emerging gig economy attracts Millennials in that it allows for . A．decent income B．high social status C．definite freedom D．self-paced schedule 31．What is the author’s view on the job-hopping generation? A．They are characterized by laziness. B．They lack diverse work experience. C．They prioritize individual fulfillment. D．They should bear more responsibility. 【答案】28．A 29．B 30．D 31．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章说明了千禧一代经常换工作，分析了这一现象背后的原因以及影响。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段“Among bearing a reputation for various characteristics ranging from the good to the bad, millennials(千禧一代) have notably been labeled the “job-hopping” generation. A Deloitte survey revealed that 49% of millennials might quit their jobs within the next two years.(千禧一代有着各种各样的特点，从好的到坏的，尤其是被贴上了“跳槽”一代的标签。德勤的一项调查显示，49%的千禧一代可能会在未来两年内辞职)”可知，第一段描述了千禧一代经常换工作。故选A。 29．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Surveys show that some go to the extent of suffering pay cuts to pursue positions that provide better learning opportunities.(调查显示，有些人为了追求能提供更好学习机会的职位，甚至不惜降薪)”以及“Additionally, some even quit their positions for companies which(此外，一些人甚至辞职去了……公司)”以及后文“value system(价值观体系)”可知，千禧一代会为了更好的学习机会不惜降薪，additionally表示递进，推测他们也会辞职去更符合他们价值观体系的公司。故划线词意思是“符合，相当”。故选B。 30．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Visibly, Millennials’ boldness in pursuing new job opportunities is also shaped by emerging economic trends and novel business models, such as the gig economy, where self-employed and temporary work caters to those who value flexibility and work-life balance.(显然，千禧一代大胆追求新工作机会也受到了新兴经济趋势和新商业模式的影响，比如零工经济，在零工经济中，自雇和临时工作迎合了那些重视灵活性和工作与生活平衡的人)”可知，新兴的零工经济吸引了千禧一代，因为它允许自定进度。故选D。 31．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Yet, at a materialistic society, millennial generation’s pursuit of meaning in their careers offers inspiration. They should never be discouraged to define new horizons of success when their career decisions are driven by healthy ambition and an appetite for upskilling.(然而，在一个物质至上的社会里，千禧一代对职业意义的追求给了他们灵感。当他们的职业决定是由健康的抱负和对提高技能的渴望驱动的时候，他们就不应该被阻止去定义成功的新视野。)”可知，作者对跳槽一代的看法是他们优先考虑个人实现。故选C。 （2） For thousands of years, the Taklamakan Desert preserved more than the bodies of those buried in China’s Tarim Basin. Archaeologists found pebble-sized pieces of a yellowish substance: the world’s oldest cheese, scattering around the necks of some bodies in Xiaohe, a Bronze Age cemetery. A recent study, published in Cell, analyzes the DNA of this ancient dairy, shedding light on how it was made and how its production spread. In a previous study, researchers took tiny samples of the 3,500-year-old cheese attached to the mummies’ necks. An analysis of proteins in those bits unveiled the presence of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, a microbe (发酵菌) used to produce a type of fermented cheese called kefir. “That was really amazing”, says Qiaomei Fu, a scientist at Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Having worked with ancient human DNA, she wanted to study the microbe’s DNA．However, extracting complete DNA from such ancient samples proved challenging, as it broke down over time and mixed with genetic information from the environment. In 2014, Fu began designing special molecules (分子) that could efficiently capture the microbe’s ancient DNA from the cheese. After years of work, Fu and her team managed to reconstruct 92 percent of the ancient microbe’s DNA． From this microbe’s DNA, the team could explore the history of the cheese’s production. Kefir is made by mixing milk with an existing microbe, and as it spread, so did the microbes used to make it. By comparing the DNA from the Xiaohe cheese with that of others, two branches emerged: one from Europe and the Pacific Islands, and the other from Tibet and East Asia, which suggests a possible route for kefir’s spread from Xinjiang to East Asia, possibly through migration. The DNA analysis also pointed to the interaction of ancient peoples. It uncovered that samples from cows and goats were found. Interestingly, the goat DNA resembled that of other ancient Central Asian goats, suggesting the mixing of population in Xinjiang with other Bronze Age populations. Researchers anticipate that further analysis of microbes in the cheese, along with other biological samples, could provide deeper insights into interactions between ancient populations. 32．What’s the significance of the DNA analysis of the ancient cheese? A．It reflects the civilization of the Bronze Age. B．It proves China to be the first to produce dairy products. C．It uncovers the mysterious buried bodies in Xiaohe cemetery. D．It reveals production methods and transmission routes of the cheese. 33．What obstacle did Fu’s team encounter in their study? A．The complete set of DNA was hard to obtain. B．The team lacked working experience with DNA． C．The previous study proved the absence of a microbe. D．The cheese samples were resistant to DNA extraction methods. 34．What can be inferred from the research findings? A．Ancient people migrated typically with cows and goats. B．Cheese played an essential role in ancient people’s diets. C．Kefir originated in Europe and spread to Tibet and East Asia. D．Kefir was possibly exchanged between peoples across different regions. 35．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．What’s in the Oldest Cheese? B．Can DNA Tell Secrets of Ancient Diets? C．Did Ancient Civilizations Perfect Cheese-Making? D．How Did the Oldest Cheese Connect with Cultural Exchange? 【答案】32．D 33．A 34．D 35．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于古代奶酪DNA的研究以及研究的有关发现。 32．细节理解题。根据第二段“An analysis of proteins in those bits unveiled the presence of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, a microbe(发酵菌) used to produce a type of fermented cheese called kefir.(对这些碎片中的蛋白质进行的分析揭示了kefiranofaciens乳杆菌的存在，这种微生物用于生产一种名为kefir的发酵奶酪)”以及倒数第二段“From this microbe’s DNA, the team could explore the history of the cheese’s production. Kefir is made by mixing milk with an existing microbe, and as it spread, so did the microbes used to make it.(从这种微生物的DNA中，研究小组可以探索奶酪的生产历史。开菲尔是由牛奶和现有的微生物混合制成的，随着它的传播，用来制作它的微生物也在传播)”可知，古代奶酪的DNA分析揭示了奶酪的生产方法和传播途径。故选D。 33．细节理解题。根据第三段“However, extracting complete DNA from such ancient samples proved challenging, as it broke down over time and mixed with genetic information from the environment.(然而，从如此古老的样本中提取完整的DNA证明是具有挑战性的，因为它会随着时间的推移而分解，并与环境中的遗传信息混合在一起)”可知，傅的团队在他们的研究中发现完整的DNA很难获得。故选A。 34．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Kefir is made by mixing milk with an existing microbe, and as it spread, so did the microbes used to make it. By comparing the DNA from the Xiaohe cheese with that of others, two branches emerged: one from Europe and the Pacific Islands, and the other from Tibet and East Asia, which suggests a possible route for kefir’s spread from Xinjiang to East Asia, possibly through migration.(开菲尔是由牛奶和现有的微生物混合制成的，随着它的传播，用来制作它的微生物也在传播。通过将小河奶酪的DNA与其他奶酪的DNA进行比较，出现了两个分支：一个来自欧洲和太平洋岛屿，另一个来自西藏和东亚，这表明开菲尔可能是通过迁徙从新疆传播到东亚的)”可知，开菲尔可能是在不同地区的人们之间交换的。故选D。 35．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A recent study, published in Cell, analyzes the DNA of this ancient dairy, shedding light on how it was made and how its production spread.(最近发表在《细胞》杂志上的一项研究分析了这种古老乳制品的DNA，揭示了它是如何制造的，以及它的生产是如何传播的)”结合文章主要介绍了关于古代奶酪DNA的研究以及研究的有关发现。可知，A选项“最古老的奶酪里有什么？”最符合文章标题。故选A。 （四） （2025·浙江台州·一模） （1） The spring dance is in two weeks, and my friend Lisa needs help choosing a dress. She shows me her phone, filled with lots of pretty dresses, not one over $20. After some thought, she settles on an attractive gown with elaborated details on the top. But two weeks after the dance, the dress ends up in the trash, worn just once. Welcome to the world of fast fashion. Fast fashion, popularized in the 1990s, offers trendy, cheaply-priced, poorly-made clothes on a weekly basis to match the quick pace at which fashion trends move. With the fast development of modern technology, consumers have gradually shifted from traditional fast fashion brands to new online-only retailers (零售商). These fast fashion newcomers have thrived because of their unique business models. They exist entirely online, allowing them to ship the thousands of new styles they release daily to consumers directly from their warehouses, avoiding import duties in the process. Meanwhile, cheap overseas labor and synthetic (合成的) textiles keep prices irresistibly low. These practices, however, are hurting the Earth more than ever before, because these retailers rely only on international shipping to move their products, which increases the annual billion tons of greenhouse gases released by shipping. Virtually all of these brands sell clothes made from oil-based synthetic fibers like polyester and nylon. During their lifetime, these fibers are responsible for 35 percent of the micro-plastics polluting our oceans and can subsequently take centuries to break down in landfills. Though fast fashion represents an understandably desirable combination of style and savings, now, more than ever, we simply can not quantify the true cost of our clothing with a price tag. When consumers want to update their wardrobes, they can do so sustainably by reworking old garments clothing or researching environmentally conscious brands. For now, I’ll be at my next school dance rocking the same dress I wore last year. 24．Why is Lisa’s e-purchase experience mentioned? A．To note the poor quality of pretty dresses. B．To stress the negative impact of fast fashion. C．To show the great convenience of online shopping. D．To display the extensive variety of clothing choices. 25．What is the distinctive characteristic of fast fashion? A．Even-paced launches of new trends. B．Cost-saving measures via local labor. C．Full-scale reliance on online operation. D．Limited-edition production at high prices. 26．What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A．The lifespans of fast fashion business. B．The fibers used in fast fashion industry. C．The pollution from fast fashion shipments. D．The harm caused by fast fashion practices. 27．What does the author suggest for consumers? A．Explore updated items regularly. B．Redesign existing clothes sustainably. C．Refresh wardrobes with current styles. D．Investigate brands through price labels. 【答案】24．B 25．C 26．D 27．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是快时尚以及快时尚的危害等。 24．推理判断题。根据第一段“The spring dance is in two weeks, and my friend Lisa needs help choosing a dress. She shows me her phone, filled with lots of pretty dresses, not one over $20. After some thought, she settles on an attractive gown with elaborated details on the top. But two weeks after the dance, the dress ends up in the trash, worn just once.(两周后就是春季舞会了，我的朋友丽莎需要人帮她选裙子。她给我看了她的手机，里面有很多漂亮的裙子，没有一件超过20美元。经过一番思考，她选定了一件有吸引力的礼服，上面有精心设计的细节。但舞会结束两周后，这条裙子就被扔进了垃圾桶，只穿过一次)”以及第三段“Fast fashion, popularized in the 1990s, offers trendy, cheaply-priced, poorly-made clothes on a weekly basis to match the quick pace at which fashion trends move.(上世纪90年代流行的快时尚，每周都会推出时髦、廉价、做工低劣的服装，以配合时尚潮流的快速发展)”可知，提到Lisa的网购经历是为了强调快时尚的负面影响。故选B。 25．细节理解题。根据第三段“They exist entirely online, allowing them to ship the thousands of new styles they release daily to consumers directly from their warehouses, avoiding import duties in the process. Meanwhile, cheap overseas labor and synthetic (合成的) textiles keep prices irresistibly low.(它们完全存在于网上，允许它们每天从仓库直接向消费者运送数千种新款式，避免了这个过程中的进口关税。与此同时，廉价的海外劳动力和合成纺织品使价格保持在不可抗拒的低位)”可知，快时尚的特点是全面依靠网络运营。故选C。 26．主旨大意题。根据第四段“These practices, however, are hurting the Earth more than ever before, because these retailers rely only on international shipping to move their products, which increases the annual billion tons of greenhouse gases released by shipping. Virtually all of these brands sell clothes made from oil-based synthetic fibers like polyester and nylon. During their lifetime, these fibers are responsible for 35 percent of the micro-plastics polluting our oceans and can subsequently take centuries to break down in landfills.(然而，这些做法比以往任何时候都对地球造成了更大的伤害，因为这些零售商只依赖国际航运来运输他们的产品，这增加了航运每年释放的数十亿吨温室气体。几乎所有这些品牌都出售由聚酯和尼龙等油基合成纤维制成的衣服。在它们的一生中，这些纤维造成了35%的微塑料污染我们的海洋，随后可能需要几个世纪才能在垃圾填埋场分解)”可知，第4段主要讲了快时尚造成的危害。故选D。 27．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“When consumers want to update their wardrobes, they can do so sustainably by reworking old garments clothing or researching environmentally conscious brands.(当消费者想要更新他们的衣橱时，他们可以通过改造旧衣服或研究环保品牌来实现可持续发展)”可知，作者建议消费者可持续地重新设计现有服装。故选B。 （2） After spending 62 years above the Hudson River, the Tappan Zee Bridge’s heritage lives on below the water’s surface. The bridge was fully torn down, after which its huge chunks of metal and concrete were cleaned and then dropped into the Atlantic Ocean to start a new life as an artificial reef. Coral reefs are varied marine ecosystems, often dubbed as the rainforests of the sea. When coral reefs are stressed by changes in conditions, such as temperature, light or nutrients, they expel the algae that live in their tissues, without which corals’ tissues become transparent, showing their white structures, a phenomenon known as bleaching. This largely attributes to the sharp decline of coral reefs. It is reported that we’ve lost 14 percent of the world’s coral reefs in the last decade, an equivalent of losing the whole Great Barrier Reef in 10 years. It is clear that natural coral reefs are now in trouble. That’s why people are finding ways to build them from artificial materials. Artificial reefs aren’t made of coral. They are created by placing large objects on the ocean floor. Sometimes, these objects are built to be used as reefs. They are often made of steel and concrete. A structure can also be recycled as a reef. That’s what happened with the Tappan Zee Bridge. Of all the artificial marine reefs in the world, those made of submerged shipwrecks are the most common. In 2005, Jim Walsh helped turn a ship called the Carthaginian II into a reef, The Carthaginian II landed on the ocean floor more than a decade ago, Back then, it was just a chunk of metal on a bare patch of sand. Now the ship is a home to at least 75 marine animal species. “It’s amazing to see how much life is on that ship,” Walsh says. While artificial reefs bring benefits in many ways, they aren’t perfect for all situations, as they can damage natural habitats if not carefully constructed and potentially lead to a sharp increase in tourism activity that spills over into surrounding areas, including natural reefs. 28．Which is closest in meaning to “expel” in paragraph 2? A．Capture. B．Absorb. C．Contain. D．Release. 29．What can we learn about the Carthaginian II? A．It was initially discovered by Jim Walsh. B．It is a new habitat repurposed for marine life. C．It was specially created as a tourist attraction. D．It is a sunken ship recycled into a natural reef. 30．What is the author’s attitude toward artificial reefs? A．Cautious. B．Dismissive. C．Favorable. D．Doubtful. 31．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Oceanic Wonders: From Structures to Treasures. B．Tappan Zee Bridge: A New Life Beneath the Sea. C．Artificial Reefs: Solutions to Biodiversity Decline. D．Underwater Homes: Balancing Dynamic Ecosystems. 【答案】28．D 29．B 30．A 31．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人们利用废弃的水下沉船来建造人工珊瑚礁。 28．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“When coral reefs are stressed by changes in conditions, such as temperature, light or nutrients(当珊瑚礁受到温度、光线或营养等条件变化的压力时)”以及后文“the algae that live in their tissuess, without which corals’ tissues become transparent, showing their white structures, a phenomenon known as bleaching (生活在其组织中的藻类，没有这些藻类，珊瑚的组织就会变得透明，显示出白色的结构，这种现象被称为白化)”可知，当珊瑚礁受到温度、光线或营养等条件变化的压力时，它们会释放生活在其组织中的藻类，导致珊瑚白化。故划线词意思是“释放”。故选D。 29．细节理解题。根据第三段“In 2005, Jim Walsh helped turn a ship called the Carthaginian II into a reef, The Carthaginian II landed on the ocean floor more than a decade ago, Back then, it was just a chunk of metal on a bare patch of sand.Now the ship is a home to at least 75 marine animal species. ( 2005年，吉姆·沃尔什帮助将一艘名为迦太基二世的船变成了一个珊瑚礁。十多年前，迦太基二世号沉入海底，当时，它只是一块光秃秃的沙滩上的一块金属。现在，这艘沉船是至少75种海洋动物的家园)”可知，迦太基二世是一个为海洋生物改造的新栖息地。故选B。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While artificial reefs bring benefits in many ways, they aren’t perfect for all situations, as they can damage natural habitats if not carefully constructed and potentially lead to a sharp increase in tourism activity that spills over into surrounding areas, including natural reefs.(虽然人工珊瑚礁在很多方面都有好处，但它们并非适用于所有情况，因为如果不精心建造，它们会破坏自然栖息地，并可能导致旅游活动急剧增加，并溢出到包括自然珊瑚礁在内的周边地区)”可知，作者对人工珊瑚礁的态度是谨慎的。故选A。 31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“After spending 62 years above the Hudson River, the Tappan Zee Bridge’s heritage lives on below the water’s surface. The bridge was fully torn down, after which its huge chunks of metal and concrete were cleaned and then dropped into the Atlantic Ocean to start a new life as an artificial reef.(在哈德逊河上度过了62年之后，塔潘泽大桥的遗产仍然存在于水面以下。大桥被完全拆除，之后，巨大的金属和混凝土块被清理干净，然后被扔进大西洋，作为人工礁石开始了新的生活)”结合文章主要说明了人们利用废弃的水下沉船来建造人工珊瑚珊瑚礁。可知，A选项“海洋奇观：从建筑到宝藏”最符合文章标题。故选A。 （3） Are you clever and funny? Of course, just like me. But wouldn’t it be terrible if we were mistaken? Psychologists suggest that we are often blind to our own shortcomings. This might explain why some incompetent people seem annoying and also teach us modesty about our own abilities. Justin Kruger and David Dunning from Cornell University tested whether those lacking skills also failed to recognize their limitations. They recruited professional comedians to rate the funniness of 30 jokes and then asked65 undergraduates to do the same. The students’ ratings were compared to the professionals’, revealing how well each undergraduate’s sense of humor matched with expert judgment. Participants also estimated how they performed compared to that of the average person. As anticipated, most students believed their humor judgement was above average. Interestingly, those slightly above average in rating jokes were accurate in their self-assessments, while the best performers modestly rated themselves only slightly above average. Conversely, the poorest performers not only misjudged humor but also overestimated their abilities. The researchers also repeated their experiments with tests of logical reasoning and grammar. In each case, those who performed worst were also the worst at estimating their own capabilities, Even when given feedback on others’ performance, the least competent still couldn’t recognize their own shortcomings, Kruger and Dunning’s interpretation is that accurately assessing skill level relies on some of the same core abilities as actually performing that skill, so the least competent suffer a double inadequacy. Not only are they incompetent, but they lack the mental tools to judge their own incompetence. Further, when poor performers were trained in logical reasoning tasks, their self- assessments improved. Other research confirms this “unskilled and unaware” effect in real-life scenarios, not just in labs. For instance, hunters with the least firearm knowledge misjudge their expertise the most, and doctors with poor patient-interview skills fail to recognize their inadequacies. This phenomenon, known as the Dunning-Kruger effect, exemplifies metacognition - thinking about thinking. It’s a humbling reminder that we too might overlook our own ignorance, despite our self-beliefs. So, before feeling smug (沾沾自喜的), consider: you could have potential blind spots, too. 32．How did Kruger and Dunning conduct their study? A．By assessing subjects’ funniness. B．By repeating identical joke cases. C．By observing students’ responses. D．By comparing distinct humor ratings. 33．Which aspect of the experiments is mainly discussed in paragraph 3? A．Estimation tools. B．Test processes. C．Participant analyses. D．Research findings. 34．What can improve performers’ self-assessments according to the study? A．Live performing skills. B．Immediate peer feedback. C．Logical thinking exercises. D．Adequate judging guidance. 35．What does the Dunning-Kruger effect imply? A．The richer knowledge we have, the humbler we stay. B．The less capable we are, the smarter we think we are. C．The stronger self-beliefs we hold, the better we behave. D．The more skilled we are, the fewer blind spots we have. 【答案】32．D 33．D 34．C 35．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了心理学上的邓宁-克鲁格效应，指个体在完成某项任务时对自己能力的评价产生的偏差，特别是那些实际能力相对弱的人，往往倾向于过高估计自身的能力水平，以至于其自我评价可能超出平均水准。 32．细节理解题。根据第二段“Justin Kruger and David Dunning from Cornell University tested whether those lacking skills also failed to recognize their limitations. They recruited professional comedians to rate the funniness of 30 jokes and then asked65 undergraduates to do the same. The students’ ratings were compared to the professionals’, revealing how well each undergraduate’s sense of humor matched with expert judgment. Participants also estimated how they performed compared to that of the average person. (康奈尔大学的贾斯汀·克鲁格和大卫·邓宁测试了那些缺乏技能的人是否也没有意识到自己的局限性。他们招募了专业喜剧演员来评价30个笑话的有趣程度，然后让65名本科生也这样做。将学生的评分与专业人士的评分进行比较，揭示了每个本科生的幽默感与专家判断的匹配程度。参与者还估计了他们与普通人相比的表现。)”可知，邓宁和克鲁格的研究是通过对比不同人群对笑话幽默程度的评分来进行的。故选D。 33．细节理解题。根据第三段“As anticipated, most students believed their humor judgement was above average. Interestingly, those slightly above average in rating jokes were accurate in their self-assessments, while the best performers modestly rated themselves only slightly above average. Conversely, the poorest performers not only misjudged humor but also overestimated their abilities. The researchers also repeated their experiments with tests of logical reasoning and grammar. In each case, those who performed worst were also the worst at estimating their own capabilities, Even when given feedback on others’ performance, the least competent still couldn’t recognize their own shortcomings. (正如预期的那样，大多数学生认为他们的幽默判断高于平均水平。有趣的是，那些在笑话评分中略高于平均水平的人在自我评估中是准确的，而表现最好的人对自己的评价只是略高于平均值。相反，表现最差的人不仅误判了幽默，还高估了自己的能力。研究人员还通过逻辑推理和语法测试重复了他们的实验。在每种情况下，那些表现最差的人在评估自己的能力方面也是最差的。即使对他人的表现给予反馈，最不称职的人仍然无法认识到自己的缺点。)”可知，本段承接上一段邓宁和克鲁格的研究内容，主要在讨论其结论、发现。故选D。 34．细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“Further, when poor performers were trained in logical reasoning tasks, their self- assessments improved. (此外，当表现不佳的人接受逻辑推理任务的训练时，他们的自我评估得到了改善。)”可知，根据研究，接受逻辑推理相关的训练可以改善一个人的自我评估。故选C。 35．推理判断题。根据第五段中的关键词“unskilled and unaware”及最后一段“It’s a humbling reminder that we too might overlook our own ignorance, despite our self-beliefs. So, before feeling smug (沾沾自喜的), consider: you could have potential blind spots, too. (这是一个令人惭愧的提醒，尽管我们有自信，但我们也可能忽视自己的无知。所以，在自鸣得意之前，请考虑一下：你也可能有潜在的盲点。)”可知，邓宁-克鲁格效应体现的就是实际能力相对弱的人，往往倾向于过高估计自身的能力水平，或者做出自我评价过高的错误判断，与B选项“我们能力越不足，就越觉得自己聪明。”描述相符。故选B。 （五） （2025·浙江温州·一模） （1） Have you ever noticed how the email icon (图标) on many computers and smartphones is of an envelope? Or how camera phones make the sound of a real camera clicking when you take a photo, even though there’s no shutter to open or close? These are examples of skeuomorphs, which is when new things take on the appearance or sound of the object they’ve replaced. Why would new things want to look like something old? It’s all to do with human psychology. Psychologist James Gibson says one of the ways people understand the world is through affordances — objects whose shape tells you how to use them. When creating new digital technologies, inventors like Steve Jobs of Apple used skeuomorphs so people would know how to use their products. By showing people an image of something they already knew how to use, it made using a computer or smartphone easier. However, as people became more familiar with modern technology, some designers argued that skeuomorphs were no longer necessary. Indeed, the younger generation don’t need visual references to older items they’ve never used. This led to something called flat design, where computer desktops and smartphone home screens started to do away with skeuomorphism. Skeuomorphs made a comeback, though, with smart watches. Many smart watches took on the appearance of an old fashioned watch, with a clock face. This was to encourage people who didn’t like digital watches to consider buying a smart watch. While these are the ways skeuomorphs are used today, that doesn’t mean it’s only a modern phenomenon. In fact, the word was first used in 1899 by the archaeologist Henry Colley March, who realized that some ancient artefacts (人工制品) kept the appearance of older objects, even though there was no practical reason for them to do so. When ancient Greek builders moved from using wood to stone, they recreated some of the characteristics of wooden buildings. From ancient Greek architecture to 21st century technology, skeuomorphs have been a key feature of scientific progress. So, when you wonder about the objects of the future, take a look around. Chances are that they will look a lot like the objects of the past. 28．Which of the following is an example of skeuomorphs? A． B． C． D． 29．How would people feel about skeuomorphs? A．User-friendly. B．Safety-centered. C．Energy-saving. D．Cost-effective. 30．Why did some designers think skeuomorphs unnecessary? A．Users became accustomed to technology. B．These products were expensive to design. C．Young people rejected traditional designs. D．The existing standards had been updated. 31．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．The prediction about future objects. B．The key feature of scientific progress. C．The design philosophies of skeuomorphism. D．The ever-lasting presence of skeuomorphs. 【答案】28．C 29．A 30．A 31．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了拟物化设计在现代科技中的应用及其历史根源，解释了为什么新事物往往模仿旧事物的外观或声音，并讨论了随着技术进步，拟物化设计逐渐被平面设计取代，但在智能手表等新领域中又重新兴起，并且可能会一直存在。 28．推理判断题。根据第一段中“These are examples of skeuomorphs, which is when new things take on the appearance or sound of the object they’ve replaced. (这些都是拟物化设计的例子，也就是新事物呈现出被它们取代的物体的外观或声音)”可知，拟物化设计是指让新事物的外观或声音与被取代的旧事物相同。比较选项中的图标可知，C项的图标呈现的是过去常用的手电筒的外观，属于拟物化设计。故选C项。 29．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Psychologist James Gibson says one of the ways people understand the world is through affordances — objects whose shape tells you how to use them. When creating new digital technologies, inventors like Steve Jobs of Apple used skeuomorphs so people would know how to use their products. By showing people an image of something they already knew how to use, it made using a computer or smartphone easier. (心理学家James Gibson说，人们了解世界的方式之一是通过功能可见性——物体的形状告诉你如何使用它们。在创造新的数字技术时，像苹果公司的Steve Jobs这样的发明家使用了拟物化设计，这样人们就会知道如何使用他们的产品。通过向人们展示他们已经知道如何使用的东西的图像，它让使用电脑或智能手机变得更容易)”可知，拟物化设计更易于实现功能可见性，让使用者通过已知如何使用的东西的图像，知道如何使用新产品。由此可知，人们会觉得拟物化设计是用户友好的。故选A项。 30．细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, as people became more familiar with modern technology, some designers argued that skeuomorphs were no longer necessary. (然而，随着人们对现代科技的熟悉，一些设计师认为拟物化设计不再是必要的)”可知，一些设计师认为没有必要使用拟物化设计是因为用户已经习惯了科技。故选A项。 31．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“While these are the ways skeuomorphs are used today, that doesn’t mean it’s only a modern phenomenon. In fact, the word was first used in 1899 by the archaeologist Henry Colley March, who realized that some ancient artefacts (人工制品) kept the appearance of older objects, even though there was no practical reason for them to do so. When ancient Greek builders moved from using wood to stone, they recreated some of the characteristics of wooden buildings. From ancient Greek architecture to 21st century technology, skeuomorphs have been a key feature of scientific progress. So, when you wonder about the objects of the future, take a look around. Chances are that they will look a lot like the objects of the past. (虽然这些都是今天人们使用拟物化设计的方式，但这并不意味着它只是一个现代现象。事实上，1899年，考古学家Henry Colley March首次使用了这个词，他意识到一些古代文物保留了更古老物体的外观，尽管没有实际的理由这样做。当古希腊建筑者从使用木材转向使用石头时，他们重现了木制建筑的一些特征。从古希腊建筑到21世纪的科技，拟物化设计一直是科学进步的一个关键特征。所以，当你对未来的事物感到好奇时，看看周围。它们很可能看起来很像过去的物品)”可知，本段先指出拟物化设计并非现代现象，然后追溯这一概念的历史起源和在考古中的发现，最后点明其重要性，表明拟物化设计在未来很可能依然存在。因此，本段主要是说明拟物化设计会一直存在。故选D项。 （2） In 2017, the University of Waterloo created the PhD job shadow program to help PhDs explore their career options beyond a tenure-track faculty position(终身教职). The program achieved this by having PhD students shadow non-faculty (非教师) staff or hosts who work in departments such as graduate studies and postdoctoral affairs and the centre for teaching excellence. The students would write up a case study relevant to the staff members’ department, including projects like designing a survey or creating a report based on document review. In 2023, the program was improved to give students greater agency when choosing a host based on student, host and program staff feedback who all found that student-host matching didn’t always meet student needs or expectations. Students were asked to create a list containing up to five staff of their choice and then paired with the staff chosen from their submitted lists. This active effort to find common ground with their hosts created a more meaningful relationship and allowed for higher satisfaction with the interactions during the program. Choosing their host and doing research around their role allowed students to be better prepared to contribute to a specific department through the case study. One student claimed:“So I found that in general it was a direct match... There are parts that I would have to learn, but the background structure of what I’ve been doing directly translates.” This is particularly relevant since PhD students may finish their program feeling prepared for academia, but most PhD programs do not provide support or training for jobs outside of tenure-track positions. Mistakenly, the tenure-track is considered by many as the only way to successfully conclude a path in academia and any other paths are“plan B”, which can give feelings of being a “failure”. When students get the opportunity of experiencing what they enjoy about their research in other non-academic or research-related role, finding an equally meaningful career outside of faculty roles becomes clearer and more possible. As one student commented:“It made me realize that the administrative aspect of academia is deeper, richer and more meaningful than what a lot of people assume.” 32．What did the PhD Students do in the job shadow program? A．They experienced non-faculty jobs. B．They interviewed tenure-track faculty. C．They worked as teaching assistants. D．They helped students with career choices. 33．How did the program change in 2023? A．It limited the number of hosts. B．It narrowed down its subjects. C．It raised its standards for hosts. D．It increased the PhDs’autonomy. 34．What benefit did the program bring to PhDs? A．Expansion of career exploration. B．Preparation for future research. C．Familiarity with academic settings. D．Satisfaction with the chosen careers. 35．What may the PhDs agree with according to the last paragraph? A．Plan B leaves much to be desired. B．Non-academic positions are also valuable. C．The administrative positions are better choices. D．Explorations beyond their capabilities are meaningful. 【答案】32．A 33．D 34．A 35．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了加拿大滑铁卢大学的PhD职业影子计划，该计划帮助PhD学生探索非教师职业路径，通过与非教师工作人员合作完成案例研究，增加职业选择的多样性。 32．细节理解题。由文章第一段中“The program achieved this by having PhD students shadow non-faculty (非教师) staff or hosts who work in departments such as graduate studies and postdoctoral affairs and the centre for teaching excellence. The students would write up a case study relevant to the staff members’ department, including projects like designing a survey or creating a report based on document review. (该计划通过让PhD学生跟随非教师工作人员（如研究生院、博士后事务部和教学卓越中心的员工）进行工作，完成与这些部门相关的案例研究，包括设计调查问卷或撰写基于文件审查的报告。)”可知，PhD学生在该计划中体验了非教师职位的工作。故选A。 33．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“In 2023, the program was improved to give students greater agency when choosing a host based on student, host and program staff feedback who all found that student-host matching didn’t always meet student needs or expectations. Students were asked to create a list containing up to five staff of their choice and then paired with the staff chosen from their submitted lists. (2023年，根据学生、主持人和项目工作人员的反馈，该项目进行了改进，让学生在选择主持人时拥有更大的自主权，他们都发现学生与主持人的匹配并不总是满足学生的需求或期望。学生们被要求创建一个包含多达五名自己选择的员工的列表，然后与从他们提交的列表中选择的员工配对。)”可知，2023年，该计划进行了改进，增加了学生的自主权。故选D。 34．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Choosing their host and doing research around their role allowed students to be better prepared to contribute to a specific department through the case study. One student claimed:“So I found that in general it was a direct match... There are parts that I would have to learn, but the background structure of what I’ve been doing directly translates.” (选择跟随对象并围绕其角色进行研究，使学生能够更好地为特定部门的案例研究做出贡献。一位学生表示：“总的来说，这是一个直接的匹配……有一些部分我需要学习，但我所做的事情的背景结构可以直接转换。” )”可知，该计划使PhD学生能够更好地准备为特定部门贡献，并扩展了他们的职业探索。故选A。 35．推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“When students get the opportunity of experiencing what they enjoy about their research in other non-academic or research-related role, finding an equally meaningful career outside of faculty roles becomes clearer and more possible. As one student commented:“It made me realize that the administrative aspect of academia is deeper, richer and more meaningful than what a lot of people assume.” (当学生有机会在其他非学术或研究相关职位中体验他们喜欢的研究方面时，找到同样有意义的非教职职业变得更为清晰和可行。正如一位学生评论的那样：“这让我意识到，学术界的行政方面比很多人想象的要更深入、丰富和有意义。”)”可知，PhD学生可能会同意非学术职位也有很高的价值。故选B。 （六） （2025·浙江嘉兴·一模） （1） An 85-year-old hugged a younger woman she hadn’t seen for months, and she chanted (吟唱) some questions in the special routine of her ancestors in Burundi, “How are you? How is your husband? How are the kids?” Namukobwa paused to permit the younger woman Nzeyimana to answer. Nzeyimana, the visiting daughter of a former neighbour, replied over and over in the local Kirundi language. A group of neighbours watched in amazement. Many were seeing their first performance of the traditional form of musical greeting, known to Burundians as akazehe. It is performed only by women on a range of occasions. However, akazehe is disappearing, despite its unique status (地位) in this central African country. That’s according to cultural officials, teachers and others who say it is worth preserving. They mentioned the threat from public health measures that discourage unnecessary contact during disease outbreaks, in addition to the perceived failure to promote akazehe among school-going youth. A custom such as akazehe should be preserved because of its role in protecting families, said Nikobiba, an anthropologist (人类学家) in Bujumbura. Among communities that practise it, women could tell elder women about any problems at home. Nikobiba explained, “Normally, before starting a home in traditional Burundi, the girl would first receive advice from her father’s sister. She would tell the girl, ‘I will come to greet you after a certain time.’” Such support from elders would help them develop better mental health for the young family, he added. Ntakirutimana was among the women who gathered to watch Namukobwa greeting Nzeyimana. She said she grew up in a farming community where no mother could perform akazehe. After watching, she wanted to learn akazehe herself. “I feel better,” Ntakirutimana said, “and I saw it was good.” 24．What was Namukobwa doing according to paragraph 1? A．Practising a song. B．Sharing a story. C．Teaching a language. D．Performing a custom. 25．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The status of akazehe in Burundi. B．The difficulty in promoting akazehe. C．The reasons for the decline of akazehe. D．The impact of akazehe on public health. 26．Nikobiba thinks that the role of akazehe lies in ___________. A．building an active community B．maintaining traditional customs C．bringing comfort to elders in a family D．providing psychological support for women 27．Why does the writer mention Ntakirutimana in the last paragraph? A．To praise the politeness of Burundians. B．To show the influence of cultural practices. C．To stress the importance of careful observation. D．To indicate the necessity of learning how to greet. 【答案】24．D 25．C 26．D 27．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述的是布隆迪传统音乐问候形式akazehe的现状与意义，强调其在社区和家庭中提供心理支持的重要性，以及面对现代挑战时的传承困境。 24．细节理解题。根据第一段“An 85-year-old hugged a younger woman she hadn’t seen for months, and she chanted (吟唱) some questions in the special routine of her ancestors in Burundi, “How are you? How is your husband? How are the kids?”(一位85岁的老人拥抱了一位她几个月没见的年轻女子，并用她在布隆迪祖先的特殊套路反复地问她：“你好吗？”你丈夫好吗？孩子们怎么样了？”)”和第二段“Many were seeing their first performance of the traditional form of musical greeting, known to Burundians as akazehe.(许多人第一次看到布隆迪人称为akazehe的传统音乐问候表演。)”可知，Namukobwa在表演一种习俗。故选D。 25．主旨大意题。根据第三段“They mentioned the threat from public health measures that discourage unnecessary contact during disease outbreaks, in addition to the perceived failure to promote akazehe among school-going youth.(他们提到了来自公共卫生措施的威胁，这些措施在疫情爆发期间劝阻不必要的接触，此外还提到了在学龄青年中推广akazehe被认为不成功的问题。)”可知，第三段的主要内容是akazehe衰落的原因。故选C。 26．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Such support from elders would help them develop better mental health for the young family, he added.(他补充说，长者的这种支持将有助于他们为年轻家庭培养更好的心理健康。)”可知，Nikobiba认为akazehe的作用在于为妇女提供心理支持。故选D。 27．推理判断题。根据最后一段“She said she grew up in a farming community where no mother could perform akazehe. After watching, she wanted to learn akazehe herself. “I feel better,” Ntakirutimana said, “and I saw it was good.”(她说，她在一个农业社区长大，那里的母亲们都不会表演akazehe。看完之后，她也想自己学习akazehe。“我感觉好多了，”Ntakirutimana说，“我觉得这很好。”)”可知，作者在最后一段提到了Ntakirutiman是为了显示文化习俗的影响。故选B。 （2） The Malagasy baobab trees, a typical feature of Madagascar’s landscape, should have disappeared long ago due to the extinction of its former seed-distributing animals. However, it did not. Seheno Andriantsaralaza at the University of Antananarivo in Madagascar and Onja Razafindratsima at the University of California, Berkeley, now think they may know the reason. Together with their colleagues, the scientists monitored 15 trees to find new baobab seed-distributing animals in a western Madagascar region. They also set up camera traps around seed-containing fruits, and searched any feces (粪便) along the way for the presence of seeds. They report in the journal Biotropica that a native rat was caught on camera handling whole fruits on four occasions. Although there was no record of the rat breaking the fruits open, the team found 13 fruits that had been chewed into and had their seeds removed. Though the bite marks were not clear enough to identify a culprit (肇事者), this was clear evidence that a seed-distributing animal was out there. They then found convincing evidence: baobab seeds in seven different piles of bush-pig faces. The discovery is not without irony (讽刺). Scientists believe bush pigs were brought to Madagascar by humans sometime between 1,000 and 5,000 years ago, just as the former seed-distributing animals were going extinct. Their arrival was a lucky break for the baobabs, especially as scientists have determined a seed’s journey through the pig-like digestive system doesn’t reduce its ability to grow. While the finding is important in its own right, it also provides valuable evidence that introduced species may not be entirely harmful. Madagascar’s pigs, for example, though not native, have made themselves essential to the survival of truly native species. Similar relationships are suspected to hold in South America between rabbits native to Europe and plants with no seed distributors. For Dr. Andriantsaralaza, that suggests the full ecological role of introduced species should be considered before talk of extinction begins. 28．What is the study aimed at? A．Monitoring endangered baobab trees. B．Discovering why baobab trees still exist. C．Preserving the landscape of Madagascar. D．Investigating how animals distribute seeds. 29．What led the scientists to identify the real culprit? A．The clear bite marks on the fruits. B．The number of fruits broken open. C．Where the removed baobab seeds lay. D．How a native rat handled whole fruits. 30．What is the writer’s attitude towards introduced species? A．Dismissive. B．Conventional. C．Enthusiastic. D．Fair. 31．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Species Savers: Malagasy Bush Pigs. B．Seed Distributors: Malagasy Baobabs. C．Ecological Role of Seed-containing Fruits. D．Disappearance of Seed-distributing Animals. 【答案】28．B 29．C 30．D 31．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学家发现马达加斯加丛林猪虽然是入侵物种，但是间接保护了猴面包树，解释了研究开展的经过和发现。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段“The Malagasy baobab trees, a typical feature of Madagascar’s landscape, should have disappeared long ago due to the extinction of its former seed-distributing animals. However, it did not. Seheno Andriantsaralaza at the University of Antananarivo in Madagascar and Onja Razafindratsima at the University of California, Berkeley, now think they may know the reason.(马达加斯加猴面包树是马达加斯加的典型景观，由于以前传播种子的动物灭绝，它早就应该消失了。然而，事实并非如此。马达加斯加塔那那利佛大学的Seheno Andriantsaralaza和加州大学伯克利分校的Onja Razafindratsima现在认为他们可能知道原因)”可知，这项研究的目的是发现猴面包树仍然存在的原因。故选B。 29．细节理解题。根据第三段“Though the bite marks were not clear enough to identify a culprit (肇事者), this was clear evidence that a seed-distributing animal was out there. They then found convincing evidence: baobab seeds in seven different piles of bush-pig faces.(虽然咬痕不够清晰，无法确定是谁干的，但这是一个明确的证据，表明那里有一种传播种子的动物。然后，他们发现了令人信服的证据：在七堆不同的灌木猪脸上发现了猴面包树种子)”可知，取出的猴面包树种子埋在哪里让科学家们确定了真正的罪魁祸首。故选C。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While the finding is important in its own right, it also provides valuable evidence that introduced species may not be entirely harmful.(虽然这一发现本身很重要，但它也提供了有价值的证据，证明引入的物种可能并不完全有害)”可知，作者认为引进物种合理。故选D。 31．主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“Scientists believe bush pigs were brought to Madagascar by humans sometime between 1,000 and 5,000 years ago, just as the former seed-distributing animals were going extinct. Their arrival was a lucky break for the baobabs, especially as scientists have determined a seed’s journey through the pig-like digestive system doesn’t reduce its ability to grow.(科学家们认为，在1000到5000年前的某个时候，人类将丛林猪带到马达加斯加，当时这种传播种子的动物正濒临灭绝。它们的到来对猴面包树来说是一个幸运的突破，尤其是科学家们已经确定，一颗种子通过猪一样的消化系统并不会降低它的生长能力)”结合文章主要说明了科学家发现马达加斯加丛林猪虽然是入侵物种，但是间接保护了猴面包树，解释了研究开展的经过和发现。可知，A选项“物种保护者：马达加斯加丛林猪”最符合文章标题。故选A。 （3） Most people in the Netherlands are convinced that their consumption patterns affect the environment. Many of them are looking for ways to reduce their footprint. However, the reality is more complicated, according to a research by Leiden PhD candidate Levon Amatuni, who studied car sharing and the reuse of phones. He used his background in computer science and mathematics to model and measure the benefits of such practices. His research shows users of car-sharing platforms reduce their impact by only 3 to 18 percent — much less than 51 or 37 percent claimed in previous research. This is caused by so-called “rebound effects”, which are rarely accounted for by companies or even researchers. For example, shared vehicles are replaced with new models more frequently than private cars. Additionally, the introduction of sharing schemes (方案) can encourage people to drive when they would have otherwise taken public transport. These rebound effects turn out to be highly influential. Amatuni also found users of sharing platforms don’t significantly reduce their driving. “And if they do, they often take buses and trains, which aren’t emission-free,” he says. While public transport is usually a better option, its impact is not negligible. So, this data must be included to make an accurate assessment. Similarly, Amatuni discovered that a second-hand phone only offsets (抵消) about one-third of a new phone’s production. Rebound effects are the cause. If people couldn’t sell their old devices, they would use them for longer. In other words, reuse both extends the lifetime of a device — by giving it a new owner — but also shortens it, as people tend to sell their newly bought devices sooner. Amatuni doesn’t want people to conclude taking small steps towards sustainability is pointless. “Our intentions are still what’s most important,” he says, “but meanwhile, people need to realise there’re no easy fixes.” He recommends prioritising overall consumption reduction rather than continuing current habits while trying to make them more efficient. 32．What is the focus of Amatuni’s research? A．The ways of reducing people’s footprint. B．The benefits of car sharing and phone reuse. C．The damage of public transport to the environment. D．The knowledge of computer science and mathematics. 33．What does the underlined word “negligible” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Small. B．Permanent. C．Direct. D．Immediate. 34．Which of the following represents a phone rebound effect? A．Buying new phones often. B．Keeping old phones in use. C．Taking care of new phones. D．Selling used phones cheaply. 35．What is Amatuni’s suggestion on promoting sustainability? A．Stop eco-friendly habits. B．Increase production efficiency. C．Reduce total resource use. D．Seek easy solutions to eco-crisis. 【答案】32．B 33．A 34．A 35．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述的是莱顿大学博士生Levon Amatuni对汽车共享和手机再利用的研究，揭示了这些环保行为的实际效益远低于预期，并探讨了背后复杂的“反弹效应”及其对环境影响的真实情况。 32．细节理解题。根据第二段“His research shows users of car-sharing platforms reduce their impact by only 3 to 18 percent—much less than 51 or 37 percent claimed in previous research. This is caused by so-called “rebound effects”, which are rarely accounted for by companies or even researchers.(他的研究表明，汽车共享平台的用户只减少了3%到18%的影响，远低于之前研究中声称的51%或37%。这是由所谓的“反弹效应”造成的，企业甚至研究人员都很少考虑到这一点。)”可知，Amatuni的研究重点是汽车共享和手机重复使用的好处。故选B。 33．词句猜测题。根据第三段“they often take buses and trains, which aren’t emission-free(他们经常乘坐公共汽车和火车，这些都不是零排放的)”和“this data must be included to make an accurate assessment(为了做出准确的评估，必须包括这些数据)”可知，公共交通的影响并不是微不足道的，negligible的意思是“微不足道的”，和small意思相近。故选A。 34．细节理解题。根据第四段“Similarly, Amatuni discovered that a second-hand phone only offsets (抵消) about one-third of a new phone’s production. Rebound effects are the cause. If people couldn’t sell their old devices, they would use them for longer.(同样，Amatuni发现，二手手机只抵消了新手机产量的三分之一左右。反弹效应是原因。如果人们不能卖掉他们的旧设备，他们就会使用更长时间。)”可知，经常买新手机代表了手机的反弹效应。故选A。 35．细节理解题。根据最后一段“He recommends prioritising overall consumption reduction rather than continuing current habits while trying to make them more efficient.(他建议优先考虑整体减少消费，而不是继续目前的习惯，同时试图提高效率。)”可知，Amatuni对促进可持续发展的建议是减少总资源使用。故选C。 （七） （2025·浙江绍兴·一模） （1） It would be difficult to overemphasize the importance of cooperation, not only because it was fundamental to the success of our species through evolution, but because it is fundamental to the success of almost all modern social interactions and relationships. Let’s start by defining what cooperation actually means. Although definitions vary, cooperation has been defined as working or acting together for mutual benefit. It requires two or more people to act in the best interest of their collective rather than acting for selfish benefit. During task-related communication, cooperation can be expressed in terms of proposing a fair distribution of resources or equal outcomes. If we consider the dangerous environments that our ancestors grew up in, where around every corner was a potential predator (捕食者), it’s no surprise that cooperation was encouraged. Having strong social relationships provided a helping hand when sick or injured, and helped gather food as well as warnings about what to avoid eating. As a result, modern humans are hard-wired to find cooperation rewarding. Researchers have demonstrated that cooperating with others is associated with increased reward-related activity in the brain compared to engaging in non-cooperative exchanges, even when the physical rewards obtained from such exchange remain the same. Evidently, it is in our nature to want to cooperate, and this is why our relationships thrive when we do. When we consider the needs of others and put the goals of the collective above the desire for selfish gain during decision making, we lay the groundwork for a strong trusting relationship to be built. But it’s not just in our personal lives that cooperation allows us to thrive, the same goes for our professional lives. In business, when we work collaboratively with others, be it at an individual level (between employees) or an industry level (between organizations), the shared resources and shared ideas enable innovation to flourish. It is exactly this cooperative approach of “two heads are better than one” that is at the heart of project success throughout academia and the private sector. 28．Which statement best defines cooperation according to paragraph 2? A．Acting together for common interests. B．Working individually for personal gains. C．Building strong relationships within a team. D．Associating with each other in an equal way. 29．Why does the author mention dangerous environments in human history? A．To show the cooperative ability of our ancestors. B．To explain the link between cooperation and reward. C．To highlight the role of cooperation in human survival. D．To illustrate the research of reward-related brain activity. 30．How does cooperation contribute to success in professional settings? A．It promotes innovations by sharing ideas and resources. B．It creates profit opportunities for organizations. C．It ensures fair competition among employees. D．It enables individuals to satisfy their desire. 31．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Cooperation leads to the boost of business. B．Cooperation strengthens personal relationships. C．Cooperation is a key driver of human development. D．Cooperation is a vital factor for professional success. 【答案】28．A 29．C 30．A 31．C 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了合作的重要性，不仅在人类进化过程中对成功至关重要，也在现代社会互动和关系中起着重要作用。 28．细节理解题。根据第二段“Although definitions vary, cooperation has been defined as working or acting together for mutual benefit. It requires two or more people to act in the best interest of their collective rather than acting for selfish benefit.(尽管对合作的定义各不相同，但合作一直被定义为为共同利益而共同工作或行动。它要求两个或两个以上的人以他们集体的最佳利益行事，而不是为自己的利益行事。)”可知，关于合作的最好定义是为共同利益而共同行动。故选A。 29．推理判断题。根据第三段“If we consider the dangerous environments that our ancestors grew up in, where around every corner was a potential predator (捕食者), it’s no surprise that cooperation was encouraged. Having strong social relationships provided a helping hand when sick or injured, and helped gather food as well as warnings about what to avoid eating.(如果我们考虑到我们祖先成长的危险环境，那里的每个角落都有潜在的捕食者，那么鼓励合作就不足为奇了。拥有强大的社会关系可以在生病或受伤时伸出援助之手，帮助收集食物以及警告不要吃什么。)”可知，作者提到人类历史上的危险环境是为了突出合作在人类生存中的作用。故选C。 30．细节理解题。根据最后一段“In business, when we work collaboratively with others, be it at an individual level (between employees) or an industry level (between organizations), the shared resources and shared ideas enable innovation to flourish.(在商业中，当我们与他人合作时，无论是在个人层面（员工之间）还是在行业层面（组织之间），共享的资源和共享的想法使创新得以蓬勃发展。)”可知，在专业环境中合作通过分享想法和资源来促进创新以达到成功。故选A。 31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“It would be difficult to overemphasize the importance of cooperation, not only because it was fundamental to the success of our species through evolution, but because it is fundamental to the success of almost all modern social interactions and relationships.(合作的重要性怎么强调都不为过，不仅因为它是人类在进化过程中取得成功的基础，而且因为它是几乎所有现代社会互动和关系成功的基础。)”和最后一段最后一句“It is exactly this cooperative approach of “two heads are better than one” that is at the heart of project success throughout academia and the private sector.(正是这种“三个臭皮匠胜过一个诸葛亮”的合作方式，是整个学术界和私营部门项目成功的核心。)”可知，文章主要是讲合作是人类发展的重要动力。故选C。 （2） The pollutants jamming our skies aren’t just a health risk; they also cause ugly stains on buildings and other structures. To combat this, chemists have been working for years on a special type of paint that not only can clean itself but also may remove pollutants from the air. In a recent study, researchers have developed a new paint that works using UV rays from ordinary sunlight, making its self-cleaning properties easier to activate. They’ve also shown they can effectively produce this paint from recycled materials. “We do this by using waste material from industry and also using fallen leaves, which are organic waste.” says Qaisar Maqbool, a chemist at the Vienna University of Technology. In the working process, UV light stimulates the electrons in the titanium oxide nanoparticles (二氧化钛纳米颗粒), which interact with airborne water molecules to produce highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (烃基自由基). These unstable chemicals attack pollutants that come in contact with the paint, converting them into less harmful substances such as carbon dioxide and water. The research team added some necessary elements to the nanoparticles’ structure, which reduced the amount of energy needed to spark the reaction and let it work via ordinary sunlight. In laboratory tests, these modified nanoparticles removed up to 96 percent of tested pollutants added to the paint’s surface. “It’s better to be able to use solar light to activate, as the paint can work passively, by itself,” says Antonio Nieto-Márquez Ballesteros, a chemist at the Technical University of Madrid. But a real-world setting would probably reduce its effectiveness, he adds. “Under laboratory conditions, it’ s a very small scale, and everything is very well controlled, such as temperature, humidity or the concentration of pollutants, but you will never get those results at a real scale.” The study authors stress that this work is just an initial step in their research. “I think it’s a very fundamental study,” says co-author Günther Rupprechter. “We don’t claim that we can remove all contamination from air,” he says, “but overall, it looks promising.” 32．What is the purpose of working on the new paint? A．To clean up pollutants from the air. B．To reuse waste materials from industry. C．To reduce the health risk from sunlight. D．To increase the amount of nanoparticles. 33．What is essential in the working process of the paint? A．Recycled water. B．UV light. C．Stable chemicals. D．Carbon dioxide. 34．What do the researchers think of the paint? A．It holds an uncertain marketing prospect. B．Its effectiveness may fall short in real world. C．Its working conditions remain to be confirmed. D．It deserves immediate application on a large scale. 35．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．This Paint Can Clean Both Itself and the Air B．New Paint Is Being Applied to Real-world Setting C．Recycled Materials Contribute to a Promising Paint D．Laboratory Research Unveils Ground-breaking Innovation 【答案】32．A 33．B 34．B 35．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。为了去除空气中的污染物，化学家们多年来一直在研究一种特殊的油漆，这种油漆不仅可以自我清洁，还可以去除空气中的污染物。文章对其进行了详细介绍。 32．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“To combat this, chemists have been working for years on a special type of paint that not only can clean itself but also may remove pollutants from the air.(为了解决这个问题，化学家们多年来一直在研究一种特殊的油漆，这种油漆不仅可以自我清洁，还可以去除空气中的污染物。)”可知，研究这种新油漆的目的是清除空气中的污染物。故选A。 33．细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“In the working process, UV light stimulates the electrons in the titanium oxide nanoparticles (二氧化钛纳米颗粒), which interact with airborne water molecules to produce highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (烃基自由基).(在工作过程中，紫外线刺激氧化钛纳米粒子中的电子，这些电子与空气中的水分子相互作用，产生高活性的羟基自由基。)”和第二段“These unstable chemicals attack pollutants that come in contact with the paint, converting them into less harmful substances such as carbon dioxide and water.(这些不稳定的化学物质会攻击与油漆接触的污染物，将其转化为二氧化碳和水等危害较小的物质。)”可知，在油漆的工作过程中紫外线是必不可少的。故选B。 34．细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“But a real-world setting would probably reduce its effectiveness, he adds.(但他补充说，现实环境可能会降低其有效性。)”可知，研究人员认为现实环境可能会降低这种油漆的有效性。故选B。 35．主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“To combat this, chemists have been working for years on a special type of paint that not only can clean itself but also may remove pollutants from the air.(为了解决这个问题，化学家们多年来一直在研究一种特殊的油漆，这种油漆不仅可以自我清洁，还可以去除空气中的污染物。)”可知，文章主要是介绍一种既可以自我清洁又可以去除空气中的污染物的新油漆。故选A。 （八） （2025·浙江嵊州·一模） （1） The experiments sound like something out of a horror movie. Sew two mice together so that they share blood in a single circulatory system. This procedure has led to new discoveries in the study of aging. Studies using the procedure, called parabiosis, suggest that pumping blood from young mice into old mice can make the old mice act young again. But scientists are still testing “young blood” and debating whether it really holds the secret to turning back time. In the 2000s, Thomas Rando, a neurologist at Stanford University in California, conducted an experiment using parabiosis. He found that the young mouse blood caused certain cells in older mice to help repair damaged muscles. But the blood from old mice also affected young mice in negative ways. Rando’s experiment also hinted at some growth of new brain cells. This really interested Tony Wyss-Coray, a neuroscientist at Stanford University. In 2011, Wyss-Coray and his graduate student Saul Villeda found that if old mice received blood from young mice, they experienced a burst of cell growth in the hippocampus — as many as three to four times more new cells than mice that did not receive young blood. And if young mice received old blood, this slowed cell growth, making the mice old before their time. This was partly due to a high level of a protein called CCL11 in old blood. CCL11 blocks the growth of new brain cells. These results stirred a great deal of excitement. What if young blood could help Alzheimer’s patients improve their memories? This is exactly what Wyss-Coray set out to learn. Michael and Irina Conboy, research scientists at UC Berkeley who worked with Thomas Rando have conducted a blood-exchange experiment. The Conboys noted that although young blood had some positive effects on older mice, it’s not so much that young blood has magical age-defying properties. Instead, it just helps filter out or dilute some of the “bad stuff” in old blood. “Science is the process of refining the questions we have, ” Conboy says. Researchers are hopeful that, one day science will finally unlock the secrets of aging. 28．Why might young mice receiving old blood become older according to Wyss-Coray? A．Cell growth in the hippocampus. B．Age-defying properties. C．Repaired muscles during Parabiosis. D．High amount of CCL11. 29．What does the underlined word “dilute” mean in paragraph 5? A．Identify. B．Weaken. C．Intensify. D．Locate. 30．What do the researchers think of the prospects of the experiments? A．Unconvincing. B．Skeptical. C．Promising. D．Unclear. 31．What is the best title of the passage? A．Overturning Old Age B．Regaining Lost Memories C．Maintaining Healthy Cells D．Uncovering Alzheimer’s Disease 【答案】28．D 29．B 30．C 31．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是通过年轻血液逆转衰老的前沿研究，探讨其对老化机制的理解及潜在的医学应用前景。 28．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“And if young mice received old blood, this slowed cell growth, making the mice old before their time. This was partly due to a high level of a protein called CCL11 in old blood. CCL11 blocks the growth of new brain cells.(如果年轻的老鼠接受了年老的血液，这就会减缓细胞的生长，使老鼠提前衰老。这在一定程度上是由于老年老鼠血液中一种叫做CCL11的蛋白质含量很高。CCL11阻断新脑细胞的生长。)”可知，年轻老鼠接受年老的血液会使老鼠提前衰老，在很大程度上由于老年老鼠血液中一种叫做CCL11的蛋白质含量很高。故选D项。 29．词句猜测题。根据划线单词前的“The Conboys noted that although young blood had some positive effects on older mice, it’s not so much that young blood has magical age-defying properties.(两位科学家指出，尽管年轻的血液对年老的老鼠有一些积极的影响，但并不是说年轻的血液有神奇的抗衰老特性。)”可知，两位科学家认为年轻血液对年老老鼠有积极影响，但并非是年轻血液有神奇的抗衰老特性，结合“Instead, it just helps filter out or dilute some of the “bad stuff” in old blood.(相反，它只是帮助过滤掉旧血液中的一些“坏东西”。)”可知，划线单词所在的句子解释了年轻血液对年老老鼠有积极影响是因为它过滤掉了旧血液中的一些“坏东西”，划线单词与filter out用or连接，为选择关系，由此可知，年轻血液的作用在于过滤或减弱老年血液中的一些不良物质的影响，所以，划线单词的意思与“减弱”意义相近。故选B项。 30．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“Researchers are hopeful that, one day science will finally unlock the secrets of aging.(研究人员希望有一天科学能够最终揭开衰老的秘密。)”可知，研究人员对未来的科学研究充满希望，认为有一天科学能够揭示衰老的秘密，这反映了他们对研究前景持乐观态度。故选C项。 31．主旨大意题。根据首段中的“Studies using the procedure, called parabiosis, suggest that pumping blood from young mice into old mice can make the old mice act young again. But scientists are still testing “young blood” and debating whether it really holds the secret to turning back time.(使用这种被称为异种共生的方法的研究表明，将年轻老鼠的血液注入年老老鼠体内，可以使年老老鼠恢复年轻的行为。但科学家们仍在测试“年轻血液”，并争论它是否真的拥有让时间倒流的秘密。)”以及下文中介绍的斯坦福大学的神经科学家Thomas Rando以及Tony Wyss-Coray对该研究的进一步实验和分析和加州大学伯克利分校的研究科学家迈克尔和伊琳娜·康博伊曾与托马斯·兰德合作进行的一项血液交换实验情况可知，本文主要讨论了通过年轻血液逆转衰老的研究和发现，包括其可能对阿尔茨海默病患者记忆改善的影响，所以题目“颠覆衰老”与本文的内容吻合，且可以概括本文的主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选A项。 （2） Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. Indeed, many students will engage in intensive revision just before a test — in the belief that essential subject facts and figures will be memorized ready for exam day. However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study. Now known as the Zeigarnik effect, it was found that interruption during a task that requires focus can in fact improve a person’s ability to remember it afterwards. The psychologist Bluma Zeigarmik observed the effect of interruption on memory processing in 1927. In the experiment, she asked each participant to complete a series of separate tasks, such as solving a puzzle or assembling a flat-pack box. During around half of the assignments, participants were subtly interrupted by the experiment supervisor, while during the remaining tasks, they were allowed time to complete them uninterrupted. Following the experiment, Zeigarnik interviewed each participant, asking them to recall details of each task that they had attempted. Zeigarnik’s initial findings revealed that participants were able to recall details of interrupted tasks around 90% better than those who had been able to complete undisturbed. These results suggest that a desire to complete a task can cause it to be retained in a person’s memory until it has been completed, and that the finality of its completion enables the process of forgetting it to take place. One way of employing the Zeigarnik effect when attempting to memorize a detailed piece of information, such as a long phone number, or when revising a subject, might be to avoid trying to remember it in its entirety in one sitting. Take a look at the information, familiarize yourself with it, then “interrupt yourself” — look away from where it is written for a few moments and think of something else, before returning a few more times to remember chunks of the number. Finally, piece these chunks together and attempt to recall the number in its entirety. 32．What does the underlined phrase “this commonly held wisdom” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Remembering essential subject facts guarantees success in exams. B．Interruption on memory processing generates unexpected results. C．Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision. D．Revision with full concentration boosts long-term memory. 33．How did Zeigarnik measure the effect of interruption on participants’ memory? A．By conducting brain scans. B．By rating participants’ memory. C．By enquiring about task details. D．By observing physical reactions. 34．Which strategy should be used to avoid forgetting when revising a subject? A．Repeated writing and recalling. B．Entire remembering in one sitting. C．Rapid memorization without breaks. D．Breaks in review and repeating in chunks. 35．What is the passage mainly about? A．The origin of the Zeigarnik Effect. B．The discovery of the Zeigarnik Effect. C．The evaluation of the Zeigarnik Effect. D．The application of the Zeigarnik Effect. 【答案】32．C 33．C 34．D 35．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了心理学家Bluma Zeigarnik在1927年观察到的中断对记忆处理的影响，并将其命名为Zeigarnik效应。文章详细解释了这一效应的发现过程、实验结果以及在实际记忆中的应用。 32．词句猜测题。根据文章第一段中“Your own experience of revising for exams might tell you that sessions of uninterrupted concentration can help you to better remember key pieces of information. (你自己复习考试的经验可能会告诉你，不间断的集中注意力可以帮助你更好地记住关键信息。)”以及第二段首句“However, this commonly held wisdom has been contradicted by an observation made in a psychological study.(然而，this commonly held wisdom却被一项心理学研究的观察结果所反驳)”中的“this commonly held wisdom”指的就是前文中提到的“不间断的专注有助于有效复习”的观点。因此，选项C“Uninterrupted concentration contributes to effective revision(不间断的专注有助于有效复习)”符合题意。故选C。 33．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Following the experiment, Zeigarnik interviewed each participant, asking them to recall details of each task that they had attempted.(实验结束后，Zeigarnik采访了每位参与者，要求他们回忆自己尝试过的每项任务的细节。)”可知，Zeigarnik通过询问参与者任务的细节来衡量中断对参与者记忆的影响。因此，选项C“By enquiring about task details(通过询问任务细节)”符合题意。故选C。 34．细节理解题。文章第五段提到“One way of employing the Zeigarnik effect when attempting to memorize a detailed piece of information, such as a long phone number, or when revising a subject, might be to avoid trying to remember it in its entirety in one sitting. Take a look at the information, familiarize yourself with it, then ‘interrupt yourself’ — look away from where it is written for a few moments and think of something else, before returning a few more times to remember chunks of the number. Finally, piece these chunks together and attempt to recall the number in its entirety.(在尝试记忆一个详细的信息（如一个长电话号码）或复习一个科目时，运用Zeigarnik效应的一种方法可能是避免一次性全部记住。看一下信息，熟悉一下，然后“打断自己”——把目光从所写的东西上移开一会儿，去想别的事情，然后再回来几次记住数字的几个部分。最后，把这些部分拼凑起来，试着完整地回忆这个数字)”可知，为了避免在复习一个科目时忘记，应该使用在复习中穿插休息，然后分块重复的策略。因此，选项D“Breaks in review and repeating in chunks(在复习中穿插休息并分块重复)”符合题意。故选D。 35．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Now known as the Zeigarnik effect, it was found that interruption during a task that requires focus can in fact improve a person’s ability to remember it afterwards.( 现在被称为Zeigarnik效应的研究发现，在需要集中注意力的任务中被打断实际上可以提高一个人事后的记忆能力。)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了心理学家Bluma Zeigarnik在1927年观察到的中断对记忆处理的影响，并将其命名为Zeigarnik效应。文章详细解释了这一效应的发现过程、实验结果以及在实际记忆中的应用。因此，文章的主要内容是关于Zeigarnik效应的发现。选项B“The discovery of the Zeigarnik Effect(Zeigarnik效应的发现)”概括文章主旨。故选B。 （九） （2025·浙江湖州、丽水、衢州·一模） （1） The oak tree has been in southern England continuously for 12,000 years. But does it have a future? By 2050, London’s weather could resemble that of Barcelona, with long stretches of summer drought. These ancient trees were not designed to thrive in such conditions. Around the world, millions of creatures facing unprecedented temperatures and habitat loss are on the move. We do not tend to think of trees as migratory: they are slow-growing and rooted to the ground. Faced with this problem, the ecologist Charlie Gardner is one of a growing number proposing a radical, controversial solution: we help the trees on their march. Some scientists advocate moving individual species hundreds of kilo-metres north, within the country and from abroad. Others say entire ecosystems should be trans-located, moving multiple species at once. The “assisted migration” is divisive. Conservationists have long argued against introducing non-native species. They have concerns about unintended consequences of assisted migration. “Large-scale moving of ecosystems can’t be undone (撤销), so should be very much a last choice,” said Andrew Allen from the Woodland Trust. Allen believes we should prioritise helping native trees adapt to changes by encouraging natural regeneration, expanding and connecting existing woodlands. But others say those arguments fail to deal with speed or size of change caused by the climate crisis. “Earlier in my career the narrative was all about restoring past baselines, and then, as I got more independent in my research, I realised that’s impossible. We are changing the climate so much, so we have to be a little more inventive. When we have examples of assisted migration, it’s often with species which are absolutely on the edge of extinction and have run out of other options,” said Sarah Dalrymple, a conservation ecologist from Liverpool University, who is part of the task force. She wants to see assisted migration explored earlier, working with species before their populations become so small. “You can never get rid of all the risks, but there is also risk in inaction,” she said. “The risk of inaction is increasing every day.” 28．What is the problem facing ancient trees in London? A．Long summer. B．Habitat destruction. C．Extreme weather. D．Slow growth. 29．Which of the following statements may Andrew Allen agree with? A．Large-scale moving of ecosystems is impossible. B．Assisted migration may contribute to bad results. C．Non-native species are beneficial to ecosystems. D．Native species can survive changes by themselves. 30．What does Sarah Dalrymple urge people to do in the last paragraph? A．Stop changing the climate. B．Have more options to help species. C．Help native trees to adapt to climate changes. D．Take action earlier to prevent species’ extinction. 31．What might be the author’s attitude towards assisted migration? A．Supportive. B．Cautious. C．Objective. D．Doubtful. 【答案】28．C 2 9．B 30．D 31．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了关于古树未来生存问题的争议，包括是否应该通过辅助迁移来帮助古树应对气候变化带来的挑战。 28．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“By 2050, London’s weather could resemble that of Barcelona, with long stretches of summer drought. These ancient trees were not designed to thrive in such conditions. (到2050年，伦敦的天气可能会像巴塞罗那一样，夏季干旱会持续很长时间。这些古树本来就不适合在这样的条件下茁壮成长。)”可知，伦敦的古树面临的问题是极端天气。故选C。 29．推理判断题。由文章第四段中“Conservationists have long argued against introducing non-native species. They have concerns about unintended consequences of assisted migration. “Large-scale moving of ecosystems can’t be undone (撤销), so should be very much a last choice,” said Andrew Allen from the Woodland Trust. (自然资源保护主义者长期以来一直反对引进非本地物种。他们担心辅助移民会带来意想不到的后果。林地信托基金会的安德鲁·艾伦说：“生态系统的大规模迁移无法逆转，因此应该是最后的选择。”)”可知，安德鲁·艾伦可能同意辅助迁移可能带来不良后果这一观点。故选B。 30．细节理解题。由文章最后一段中“She wants to see assisted migration explored earlier, working with species before their populations become so small. “You can never get rid of all the risks, but there is also risk in inaction,” she said. “The risk of inaction is increasing every day.” (她希望能更早地探索辅助迁徙，在物种数量变得如此之小之前与它们一起工作。“你永远不可能消除所有的风险，但不作为也有风险，”她说。“不作为的风险每天都在增加。”)”可知，萨拉·达尔林普尔在最后一段中敦促人们尽早采取行动以防止物种灭绝。故选D。 31．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“The oak tree has been in southern England continuously for 12,000 years. But does it have a future? (橡树在英格兰南部已经连续生长了12000年。但它有未来吗？)”和第四段中“The “assisted migration” is divisive. Conservationists have long argued against introducing non-native species. They have concerns about unintended consequences of assisted migration. “Large-scale moving of ecosystems can’t be undone (撤销), so should be very much a last choice,” said Andrew Allen from the Woodland Trust. Allen believes we should prioritise helping native trees adapt to changes by encouraging natural regeneration, expanding and connecting existing woodlands. (“辅助移民”存在分歧。自然资源保护主义者长期以来一直反对引进非本地物种。他们担心辅助移民会带来意想不到的后果。林地信托基金会的安德鲁·艾伦说：“生态系统的大规模迁移无法逆转，因此应该是最后的选择。”艾伦认为，我们应该通过鼓励自然再生、扩大和连接现有林地来优先帮助本地树木适应变化。)”、最后一段中“She wants to see assisted migration explored earlier, working with species before their populations become so small. “You can never get rid of all the risks, but there is also risk in inaction,” she said. “The risk of inaction is increasing every day.” (她希望能更早地探索辅助迁徙，在物种数量变得如此之小之前与它们一起工作。“你永远不可能消除所有的风险，但不作为也有风险，”她说。“不作为的风险每天都在增加。”)”可知，文章首先提出伦敦的古树是否还有未来的问题，接着指出气候变化对古树的影响，然后介绍了关于辅助迁移的不同观点，包括其争议性和支持者的理由。文章并没有明确表达支持或反对的立场，而是客观地呈现了不同观点和论据。因此，作者对于辅助迁移的态度可能是客观的。故选C。 （2） In a study published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, researchers found that people tend to turn down offers of “free money,” as well as unusually high salaries or suspiciously cheap services, because they seem “too good to be true.” In the initial experiment, nearly 40 percent of participants ate a cookie offered freely – compared with about 20 percent of those offered $5 as well. Nine further experiments, involving more than 4,000 participants, used online questionnaires to present other scenarios. These included being offered money to accept a ride home, extremely high construction-job wages and surprisingly cheap flights. In each case, past a certain point, higher potential monetary gain reduced participants’ likelihood of accepting the offer. The study lead author Vonasch says it illustrates that contrary to the “standard economic model,” which supposes humans always seek to maximize gains, transactions need to also be understood as social interactions between people trying to understand each other’s minds. If someone seems to break accepted rules, such as self-interest, without any explanation, we assume they have hidden motives  and  infer there will be  “phantom costs” –  imagined consequences that reduce what Vonasch calls an offer’s “psychological value.” Factors beyond the present moment may come into play. “Understanding that others’ perceived over-generosity may put us in their debt could also help explain people’s reluctance,” says Rachel McCloy, a psychologist at England’s University of Reading. The researchers also showed how to mitigate the effect: simply provide a reason for the deal. The “cheap flights” experiment included a condition where the seats were revealed to be very uncomfortable. “Uncomfortable seats aren’t typically a selling point,” Vonasch says. “But telling people the seats were uncomfortable made them more willing to take them because it was sufficient explanation.” The scienti$$