2025年广东省中考英语二轮语法语境复习课件：专题九 构词法

专题九 构词法 1 知识必备 2 年份 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 广东构词 法考点 短文填空 短文填空派 生法 语法选择派 生法 阅读理解派 生法 阅读理 解 所考词汇 whenever invent— invention success— successful strange— stranger 猜词义 illegal 命题规律和要求:构词法很少在试题中直接考查,但在阅读理解中常常会有以 学过的单词为词根,以某种构词法构成的新单词。 3 语法梳理 《义务教育英语课程标准（2022年版）》附录4语法项目表中构词法有 四种:合成法、派生法、转化法和缩写和简写。其中缩写和简写课程标准仅 做理解要求。 考点聚焦1 合成构词法 合成法:由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法称为合成法 （compounding）。合成词之间有的要用连字符连接,有的直接连接在一起。 4 1.1 复合名词 bedroom卧室 ________newspaper报纸 ________breakfast早餐 blackboard黑板 ____grandfather（外）祖父 playground操场 bathroom浴室 typewriter打字机 ____overcoat大衣 afternoon下午 ________handwriting书法 ________storytelling讲故事 daybreak破晓 ________sunrise日出 ________outbreak爆发 downpour倾盆大雨 5 1.2 复合形容词 worldwide全世界的 ________homesick想家的 ________handmade手工制作的 kind-hearted热心肠的 ____easy-going随和的 good-looking好看的 hard-working勤勉的 well-known著名的 ____newly-built新建的 1.3 复合动词 overcome克服 underline画线 oversleep睡过头 sleepwalk梦游 6 1.4 复合副词 upstairs在楼上 ____indoors在室内 ____outdoors在室外 whatever无论如何 whenever无论何时 1.5 复合代词 anything任何事物 everybody每个人 somewhere某个地方 herself她自己 7 1.6 复合数词 fifty-four五十四 thirty-eight 三十八 twenty-one二十一 1.7 复合介词 within在……之内 without无;没有 into 进入 inside 在……里面 8 1.（2024·绥化）An ________ boy, Li Wen, works hard and gets good grades in his final exam.( ) B A. eighteen-year-olds B. eighteen-year-old C. eighteen years old 2.（2024·吉林）Running is getting popular. It is good for our health and it costs ________.( ) A A. nothing B. everything C. anything 9 3.（2024·滨州）—I heard that people in Paris stood in a long line to buy Chinese xiaolongbao. —Yes, ________ could say no to it there.( ) B A. everybody B. nobody C. somebody D. anybody 4.（2024·无锡）We're looking for ________ who can deal with the new computer virus.( ) A A. someone B. everyone C. something D. everything 5.I think ________ can make him change his mind, because he never gives up easily.( ) A A. nothing B. everything C. something 10 6.Because of the online service, we can enjoy delicious food ________ leaving home.( ) C A. within B. throughout C. without 11 考点聚焦2 派生构词法 派生法:在一个词的词根（root）的前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新 词, 这种构词法称为派生法（derivation）。加在前面的词缀叫前缀 （prefix）,加在后面的词缀叫后缀（suffix）。 12 2.1 前缀表示:否定 常见的表示否定意义（不;非;相反;错误）的前缀有un-; im-; in-; ir-; il-; non-; dis-; mis- un- unlucky不幸运的 unhappy不高兴的 unnecessary不必要的 unusual不同寻常的 unimportant不重要的 unhappily不高兴地 unfortunately不幸地 im- impossible不可能的 impolite不礼貌的 impatient没有耐心的 13 in- incorrect不正确的 informal非正式的 independent独立的 ir- irregular不规则的 irresponsible不负责任的 il- illegal非法的 non- nonstop直达的 nonsmoker不吸烟者 dis- disappear消失 dislike不喜欢 disagree不同意 dishonest不诚实的 disagreement意见不一致 mis- misfortune不幸 misunderstand误解 misspell拼错 续表 14 2.2 前缀表示:程度或大小9 super- 表示超级 supermarket超市 superpower超级大国 superman超人 mini- 表示小的、短 的 minibus 小型公共汽车 miniskirt 超短裙 15 2.3 其他前缀 a- asleep睡着的 awake醒着的 alive活着的 aside在旁边 anti- antiwar反战争的 auto- automobile汽车 en- encourage鼓励 enlarge使变大 enrich使富有 fore- forehead前额 foretell预言 inter- international国际的 Internet互联网 kilo- kilometer千米 kilogram千克 16 mid- midnight半夜 midair半空中 pre- preview预演 prepay预付 re- retell复述 review复习 rewrite重写 rebuild重建 tele- telephone电话 telegram电报 vice- vice president副总统 vice chairman副主席 sub- subtitle副标题 subway地铁 subculture亚文 化 续表 17 2.4 名词后缀 -er/-or 表示某人的职 业 player运动员 teacher教师 driver司机 worker 工人 actor演员 director导演 inventor发明家 -ess指女性 actress女演员 hostess女主人 -ese指民族、语言 Chinese中国人;汉语 Japanese日本人;日语 -ian 指人 Australian澳大利亚人 Italian意大利人 Indian印度人 18 -ist 指人 artist艺术家 pianist钢琴家 novelist小说家 scientist科学家 physicist物理学家 -ment ……的行为 （或结果） movement运动 agreement同意 announcement通告 -ion/-ation状态、行 为、机构等 action行动 invention发明 pollution污染 invitation 邀请 operation手术 foundation基金会 organization 组织 续表 19 -ship情况、状态等 friendship友谊 leadership领导 relationship关系 -hood状态、性质等 childhood童年,幼年 neighborhood附近,街区 -ing活动、状态 feeling感觉 dancing舞蹈 meeting会议 -ness状态、特点等 happiness幸福 darkness黑暗 illness疾病 -ance性质、状况等 performance表演 appearance出现 -dom领域、状况等过 程、状态等 freedom自由 wisdom智慧 kingdom王国 -al 过程、状态等 arrival 到达 refusal 拒绝 续表 20 2.5 形容词后缀 -ful充满……的 useful有用的 __careful仔细的 helpful有帮助的 -less没有,无 careless粗心的 __meaningless无意义的 harmless无害的 -ly具有……性 质;每隔……时 间 lovely可爱的 __friendly友好的 monthly每月的 weekly每周的 21 -y有……特性 的 healthy健康的 __noisy吵闹的 rainy多雨的 lucky幸运的 thirsty渴的 __sleepy困倦的 cloudy多云的 __windy有风的 -ish稍有…… 的;有……性质 的 foolish愚蠢的 __childish孩子气的 续表 22 -able/-ible 能……的;具 有……性质的 comfortable 舒适的 __enjoyable愉快的 changeable易变的 horrible可怕的 terrible糟糕的 -ed状况、心情 等 interested感兴趣的 __excited感到兴奋的 surprised感到惊讶的 tired 疲倦的 __pleased高兴的 续表 23 -ing描述事物 interesting有趣的 __exciting令人兴奋的 moving动人的 -al与……有关 的 natural自然的 __personal个人的 musical音乐的 续表 24 -ic/-ical ……的 electric电的 __scientific科学的 plastic塑料的 medical医学的 chemical化学的 __historical历史的 -en表示材料 wooden木制的 __golden金制的 woolen羊毛的 续表 25 -ern表示方位 eastern东方的 __southern南方的 western西方的 -ous/-ive表示特 点 famous著名的 __dangerous危险的 active积极的 expensive昂贵的 attractive吸引人的 续表 26 2.6 动词后缀 -en 使…… broad—broaden使变宽 ripe—ripen使成熟 -ify把…… class—classify把……分类 just—justify证明……正确 simple—simplify简化 -ize 表达…… apology—apologize 表达歉意 emphasis—emphasize 强调 2.7 副词后缀 -ly 以……方 式 happily高兴地 quickly迅速地 freely自由地 politely礼貌地 -ward（s） 表示方向 northward（s）向北 downward（s）向下 forward（s）向前 27 1.（2024·临夏州）—Lisa, would you like to come to my birthday party next Saturday? —I'd love to, but I'm not ________. I'm busy preparing for the test.( ) A A. available B. enjoyable C. believable D. comfortable 2.（2024·临夏州）Science and technology are developing ________ in our country.( ) B A. directly B. quickly C. seriously D. silently 28 3.（2024·绥化）The light went out suddenly. It was very dark and ________ could be seen clearly.( ) C A. anything B. something C. nothing 4.（2024·绥化）I could ________ understand what he was saying because it's ________ to follow a quick speaker.( ) C A. hard; hardly B. hard; hard C. hardly; hard 5.（2024·龙东地区）We enjoyed __________（our） at Zhaolin Park last Sunday. ourselves 29 6.（2024·龙东地区）He fell off his bike yesterday, but ________ （luck）, he wasn't hurt. He wouldn't ride so fast. 7.（2024·龙东地区）It is _________（polite） to talk loudly in public places. 8.（2024·龙东地区）Last winter holiday, we met some __________ （German） in Harbin. They liked Harbin so much. 9.（2024·龙东地区）ChatGPT is one of the most amazing ___________（invent）. I think it will change the world. luckily impolite Germans inventions 30 10.（2024·龙东地区）—Peter, the music sounds too ______（noise）. Please turn it down. —Sorry, I'll do it at once. noisy 11.（2024·龙东地区）Three ______（five） of the students in our class like playing basketball. 12.（2024·龙东地区）It is reported that 30 _________（minute） walk every day is healthy enough. fifths minutes' 31 13.（2024·包头）As a _______ of a team, you need to plan well and make good decisions quickly.（lead） leader 14.（2024·包头）Lucy's junior middle school teacher made a big __________ to her life. She wants to express her thanks to the teacher at the graduation ceremony.（different） difference 15.（2024·包头）—Which do you think is the safest car color? Is it a bright color like red? —No, it's _________ white! If you drive a white car, there will be fewer accidents.（actual） actually 32 考点聚焦3 转化构词法 & 缩写和简写 3.1 转化法 转换法:在词形不变的情况下,一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性,称为 转换（conversion）。转换后的词义与转换前的词义通常有密切的联系,但 有时差异也很大。 33 名词转化为动词 water n.水→v.浇水 show n.演出,节目→v.给……看;展示 hand n.手→v.传递 color n.颜色→v.染色 book n.书→v.预订 34 动词转化为名词 walk v.散步;走→n.散步（take a walk） look v.看→n.看（have a look） stop v.停止→n.车站（bus stop） talk v.谈论→n.谈话（have a talk） 形容词转化为名词 daily adj.日常的→n.日报 final adj.最后（终）的→n.决赛 35 形容词转化为动词 slow adj.慢的→v.放慢 free adj.空闲的→v.释放 clean adj.干净的→v.清扫 dry adj.干燥的→v.把……弄干 副词转化为动词 down adv.向下→v.打倒,击倒 36 1.（2024·乐山）Today, many young Chinese people have a big _______（梦想） and are serving the country in many ways. dream 2.（2024·乐山）—Mother, please help me______（预订） my train ticket? —Sure. book 37 3.2 缩写和简写 缩写和简写:是一个单词或短语的缩写形式,去掉一些字母或只使用每个 单词的第一个字母。缩写和简写（亦称为截断法、缩短法）可采用“截 头”“去尾”“截头又去尾”“拼缀法”和“首字母缩略法”等方法。 38 名称 含义 例子 截头 截去原词的开头部 分词 airplane→plane飞机 telephone→phone电话 去尾 去掉原词的末尾部 分词 taxicab→taxi出租车 examination→exam测试 截头又 去尾 截去原词的开头和 末尾的部分词 refrigerator→fridge冰箱 39 名称 含义 例子 拼缀法 由两个或两个以上 的词混合或紧缩而 成,只保留了原来 几个词的部分 breakfast and lunch→brunch早午餐 motorist's hotel→motel汽车旅馆 news broadcast→newscast新闻广播 首字母 缩略法 由所含单词的首字 母或多个字母组成 cm=centimeter厘米 kg=kilogram千克 km=kilometer千米 续表 40 注意:国家、重要组织机构名称缩写（2022版新课标新增部分） CPC（Communist Party of China） 中国共产党 PLA（People's Liberation Army） 中国人民解放军 PRC（People's Republic of China） 中华人民共和国 UN（United Nations） 联合国 UNESCO（United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization） 联合国教科文组织 WHO（World Health Organization） 世界卫生组织 41 WTO（World Trade Organization） 世界贸易组织 WWW（World Wide Web）万维网 WWF（World Wide Fund for Nature or World Wildlife Fund）世界自 然基金会 BBC（British Broadcasting Corporation）英国广播公司 42 考点综合过关 1.（2024·扬州）Teamwork doesn't happen ________ in the workplace or school. It needs training.( ) A A. naturally B. correctly C. wildly D. especially 2.（2024·扬州）Our monitor is ________. He always spends a lot of time helping with our class projects.( ) A A. generous B. humorous C. nervous D. curious 43 3.（2024·扬州）—Do you know why zebrafish are taken to Shenzhou- 18? —They have ________ like small size and short development cycle.( ) B A. stages B. advantages C. messages D. passages 4.（2024·安徽）—Your grandpa climbed the hill so ________ that I couldn't keep up with him. —He takes exercise every day.( ) A A. quickly B. difficultly C. patiently D. differently 5.（2024·扬州）Planting some flowers in your garden is very ________ for attracting bees.（help） helpful 44 6.（2024·扬州）Every year, Yangzhou offers a magical and special experience for its ________.（tour） 7.If you feel _________（happy）, you can ask your parents or teachers for help. 8.Betty is crazy about music. Her dream is to be a _________ （music）. 9.These days, Zibo is _______（wide） known for its barbecue. tourists unhappy musician widely 10.—Can he get the first prize in the race? —He was expected to do so, but he has just hurt his leg. It's ___________（possible） now. impossible 45 11.（2024·雅安）It's _______（多云的）. It seems to rain soon. 12.（2024·雅安）Our English teacher always explains grammar _______（清晰地） to us. 13.（2024·无锡）The AI technology is ________（rapid） changing all the time. 14.（2024·无锡）The traditional Chinese folk music has a _______ （last） value. 15.（2024·无锡）The father is always a real ________（fight） in the little kid's heart. cloudy clearly rapidly lasting fighter 46 16.（2024·无锡）Jim has gone to bed? This is very _________ （usual）. He always stays up late. 17.（2024·云南）David is a ________ at a car factory. He loves his job.（work） 18.（2024·云南）It is sunny and _______ today. Let's go outside and fly kites.（wind） unusual worker windy 47 19.（2024·云南）I like traveling because I can meet some ___________ people and things along the way.（interest） 20.（2024·云南）China's Beidou system has developed ________ and it plays an important role in many fields.（quick） interesting quickly 48 构词法在篇章节选中的考查 （2024·深圳）“Taking part in this sport, we realized the 21.____________（important） of cooperation. We trained hard, each stroke bringing us closer to understanding the tradition of Dragon Boat Festival,” said Ole 22.________（proud）. （2024·南充）She 23.________（usual） started at 3 or 4 a.m., and revised（修改） the pieces several times until she was 24._________（satisfy）. importance proudly usually satisfied 49 （2024·临沂）How are you? I want to tell you about my trip to the city space museum two days ago. I have never been there before, so I was 25.________（excite）! I was taking care of my little sister and she was bored. So I said, “We are going on an 26._________ （usual） experience!” （2024·乐山）Living by the ocean, they see whales as guardians （守护者） of the ocean and talk about them a lot in their 27.___________（tradition） stories. excited unusual traditional 50 （2024·包头）“The movements in tai chi may be practiced very 28._______（slow）, but they are very 29.________（create） and artistic,” another French officer said. “It's a lovely beginning. I believe such activities will help more French 30.__________（teenager） improve their understanding of Chinese culture,” he said. slowly creative teenagers 51 阅读理解节选 People may make facial expressions（面部表情） when eating. How does it affect a person watching them? A team of scientists in the UK did a study. They asked more than 200 young women to watch videos of other adults eating broccoli（西兰花）. The people in the videos had different expressions while eating. They would smile, seem neutral（neither happy nor sad）, or look disgusted. 31.What does the underlined word “disgusted” mean?( ) C A. Excited. B. Amazed. C. Unhappy. D. Untidy. 52 根据短文内容用所给词的适当形式填空。 （2024·绥化）After some warm-up activities, Zhang Hanliang starts her martial（武术的） art exercises in the morning. To promote （推广） martial arts to more people, Zhang and her team 32.___________（make） many 33.___________（tradition） Chinese martial art videos in the past few years. 34._________（million） of people watched the videos. “I hope that more and more people will feel the beauty of 35._______（do） Chinese kung fu,” said Zhang. have made traditional Millions doing 53 用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空,使短文完整正确。（每个单词限用一次, 每空限填一个单词） play be tradition send you rapid cheap need email person 54 （2024·陕西）Email is a way of sending messages to other people through the Internet. It is much 36.________ and quicker than sending a letter. If you want to 37.______ emails, you need to create an email address for 38._________. This address is usually made up of letters and dots（点） and the symbol “@”（meaning “at”）. This is what an address looks like Jenny@mail.com. When you email someone, type in（输入） this 39._________ email address, and then send your message on the Internet. Many people today don't 40.______ to use stamps, envelopes or go to the post office since the Internet 41._____ cheaper send yourself personal need was 55 invented. Quick and convenient—that's the character of all 42._______! Ever since the birth of email, letters that are written and sent in the 43.___________ way have received a special name—snail mail. Yet, technology is developing 44.________, and some other ways of online communication, such as WeChat in China, have 45._______ a more important part than email. emails traditional rapidly played $$