Unit 4 知识讲解-2024-2025学年人教版八年级英语下册

2024-2025学年人教版八年级英语下册Unit 4 Why don’t you talk to your parents? Section A 知识讲解 一. 用于提建议的句型： (1) What about doing sth. ?=How about doing sth.? ….怎么样？ (2) Why don’t you do sth.?= Why not do sth.? 为什么不呢？ (3) Let’s do sth. 让我们一起做某事吧。 (4) Shall we/I do sth.? 我们做…好吗？ (5) had better do/not do sth. 最好做/不做某事 (6) Will/Would you please do sth. 请你做…好吗？ (7) Would you like to do sth.? 你想去做某事吗？ (8) Would you mind doing sth.？你介意做某事吗？ 【回答】 (1). 同意对方的建议时，一般用：（不包括mind ） ◆ Good idea. / That’s good idea. 好主意 ◆OK/ All right. / Great. 好/ 行/太好了 ◆ Yes, please. / I’d love to. 是的/ 我愿意 ◆ I agree with you. 我同意你的看法 ◆ No problem. 没问题 ◆Sure./ Of course./ Certainly. 当然可以 ◆Yes, I think so. 对，我也这样想 (2).对对方的帮助或要求表示委婉谢绝时，一般用： ◆ I don’t think so. 我认为不是这样 ◆Sorry, I can’t. 对不起，我不能 ◆I’d love to, but…我愿意，但恐怕…… ◆ I’m afraid… 恐怕…… 同意对方的建议时 Would you mind doing sth.？你介意做某事吗？针对mind回答。 二．allow 1. v 允许；容许；准许 ①. allow sb.. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 His parents won't allow him to stay out late.他的父母不会允许他在外待得很晚。 ②. allow doing sth. 允许(别人)做某事 They don’t allow smoking.（意味着任何人不能吸烟。） ③. be allowed to do sth. 被允许做某事He is not allowed to stay out late.他不可以在外待到很晚。 ①We don’t allow ___________(smoke) in the reading room. ②Our teacher allows us ____________(go) out for a walk. ③The boy should be allowed___________(play) after supper. 2.向…提供;准许得到 Gifts like chocolates or flowers are allowed..巧克力、鲜花等礼物在允许之列。 You're allowed an hour to complete the test.你们有一个小时的时间来完成这次测验。 3.听任;任凭 He won't allow himself to fail... 他不会任由自己失败的。 4. 酌留;留出;酌加 Please allow 28 days for delivery... 请留出28天的送货时间。 5. 接受；承认；同意（某事属实或正确） The judge allowed my claim.法官同意我的要求。 【拓展】allow与let的辨析： allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事。 Let指“让”，let sb. do sth.让某人做某事，语意较弱，多用于口语中，let不能用于被动语态。 三. wrong 1.不正确的，错误的 I got all the answers wrong. 我的答案全都错了。 2.【作表语】有故障，有毛病，不正常 What’s wrong( with sb../ sth.) （某人/物）怎么了？(在宾语从句中语序不变。) wrong = the matter。如： Something is wrong. = There’s something wrong. 出事了。 There's something wrong with the printer. 打印机出了故障。 Nothing is wrong (= the matter) with her. 她没什么事儿。 3. 不合适的；不适当的；不合意的He's the wrong person for the job. 他不适合做这项工作。 I realized that it was the wrong thing to say.我意识到说这话不恰当。 4 adv. 方式或方向错误，错误地，不道德；不义；不诚实 This man has done nothing wrong . 这位男子没有做过不正当的事。 四 look through 浏览 1．温习Look through your notes before the examination．考试前把你的笔记从头至尾看一遍。 2．仔细查看；翻找 I looked through my drawer， but I could not find my keys．我仔细查过抽屉，但是找不到钥匙。 3．浏览.I usually look through newspapers after supper．晚饭后我常常浏览一下报纸。 五 deal how …deal with =what …. do with 1.deal with sb 对付；应付；对待　I don’t know how to deal with him. 我不知怎样与他相处。 She is used to dealing with all kinds of people in her job.她已习惯于和工作中遇到的各种各样的人打交道。 2.deal with sb/sth 与…做生意 He often deals with that shop. 他经常在那家商店买东西。 3.deal with sth解决；处理；应付Have you dealt with these letters yet?这些信件你处理了吗？ How shall we deal with this matter? 这事我们怎么处理? He's good at dealing with pressure.他善于应付压力。 4. 涉及；论及；关于Her poems often deal with the subject of death.她的诗经常涉及死亡这一主题。　　　 名词deal. n. 协议；交易 ① make a deal达成协议;做成交易 It’s a deal. 就这么办（一言为定） ② big deal 固定搭配， “重要的事情或状况”，多用于非正式的交流。 It's not a big deal . 没什么大不了；不是什么大事（常用于口语中） Although she's wrong, it's not a big deal .虽然她做得不对，但也没什么了不起的。 I got a good deal on the car 我这辆小汽车买得很便宜。 Listen. This is the deal. 听着，下面是我们达成的协议。 ③ a great [good] deal of “许多”，其后通常接不可数名词(包括动名词)。 He spent a great deal of money on it. 他为此花了很多钱。 He’s done a great deal of travelling. 他旅游了很多地方。 ④what's the deal? 出了什么事；怎么啦 What's the deal? Do you want to go out or not?怎么啦？你想不想出去？ 六 work out 1. 解决；成功地发展，后跟fine,well, badly等词，表明产生的结果如何。 The government(政府) has many problems to work out. My first job didn't work out. 我的第一份工作干得不好。 Things have worked out quite well for us. 事情的结果对我们很不错。 2. 计算出（答案、数量、价格等） The math problem is too difficult for me to work out. 3. 制定出（计划等） I have worked out a new way of doing it. 七 get on with 1．（事情）进展How are you getting on with your study ? 你的学习情况怎么样？ 2． 与…友好相处 get on with sb. =get along with sb. 和某人和睦相处；和某人关系良好 get on well/ badly with 相处的好/坏 My problem is I can’t get on with my favorite. 我的问题是我不能喝我的家人和睦相处。 He is slowly getting on with his  schoolmates．他正慢慢地和同学们友好相处。 八 relation 1.关系，联系，交往 在表示（人、团体、国家之间的）关系，联系，交往relations=relationship We seek to improve relations between our two countries. 我们寻求改进我们两国间的关系。 2. 亲戚；亲属He's called Brady too, but we're no relation .他也叫布雷迪，但我们不是亲戚。 Is he any relation to you? 他是你的什么亲戚吗？ 九 anymore 1. 限制动词时anymore= any more I don't want to see you anymore/any more. 但用作定语修饰名词时得用any more表示更多的 如：Any more questions? 2. not …any more=no more（，no more是放在一起的，中间没有省略号） She wasn't mad at me anymore.=She was no more mad at me. " 3.no longer 与 no more 用法区别 ①意义区别 多数可以通用。 但no longer着重表示时间的不再延续，意为“如今不再”。no longer等于not... any longer。He was no longer a thief. 他不再是小偷了。 no more中的more是many / much的比较级，more有again之意，着重表示数量或程度的减少，意为“再也没有更多(大)的数量(程度)”。no more等于not... any more。此时不能用 no longer 或 not …any longer He has no more books than I do. I have no more to say. 我没有什么要说的了。(作宾语) ②修饰动词区别 修饰表示具体动作的瞬间动词(如go, 等)。通常用no more / not... any more We couldn't stand it any more. 我们不能再忍受了。 He doesn’t come here any more. ( 不用any longer) ( )1. —Excuse me, is this Mr. Brown's office? —I'm sorry, but Mr. Brown ________ works here. He left about three years ago. 　　A. not now B. no more C. not still D. no longer ( ) 2. I’m going to listen to the radio. Please ________ any more. 　 A. not talk B. talk C. don’t talk D. not talking 十 argue 争吵 1．argue v. “争辩，争论，主张”。 The boy argued with his teacher about his homework.那个男孩因为作业与老师争执了起来。 Don’t argue about this matter any more. 不要再为那件事情进行争论了。 They argued the matter for hours. 对于这件事情他们争论了好几个小时。 He argued that his son should be a lawyer in the future.他主张他的儿子将来应该当一名律师。 2．argue经常用于下面的结构中： argue with sb.. 与某人争吵 argue with sb.. about sth. 为某事与某人争吵 argue about sth. 争论某事 argue against 争辩；反对 He argued against the plan 否定词+argue with sth 不得不同意（说法）；不得不承认（表述） He's a really successful man─you can't argue with that. 他是一个真正成功的人——你不得不承认这个事实。 3. →argument n 争论 have an argument with sb..与某人辩论 比较：quarrel|ˈkwɒrəl| have an angry argument or disagreement between people, often about a personal matter 口角；争吵；拌嘴 argue: speak angrily to sb because you disagree with them 争论；争吵；争辩 a family quarrel家庭纷争 十一 elder adj.年纪较长的 His elder sister is ill. My elder brother is not very nice to me. 同时，我哥哥对我也不太友善。 elder 用来表示兄弟姐妹及子女之间的长幼关系，常用作定语 older 泛指新旧、老幼或年龄的大小关系，可以用作表语，是old的比较级形式。 1. My ______brother is 7 years ______than my younger sister. 十二 refuse =say no to v拒绝 refuse to do sth.拒绝去做某事 He always refuses to let me watch my favorite TV show. 他总是拒绝让我看我最喜欢的电视节目。  ( )1. The boy refused __________(go) to see his father with us.  ( ) 2. --I never thought she would ________my invitation to the concert. ---What a pity! She would feel sorry for missing the concert some day. A. remind        B. suppose         C. accept         D. refuse 十三 instead 代替，反而，替 (1) instead adv. “代替;而是”.常放在句首或句尾,表示前面的事情没做,而做了后面的事情。 Lee was ill so I went instead.李病了，所以我去了。 Instead he watches whatever he wants until late at night. 相反，他却想看什么酒看什么， 一直到深夜。 (2) instead of +n/doing “而不是”，放在句中 instead of 为介词短语，后面一般接名词、代词、介词短语或动名词形式。 She wrote to him instead of calling him. =She didn’t call him. She wrote to him instead. 她给他写了封信而不是给他打电话 ( )1. Health is very important to us. We should eat more vegetables and fruit _____ rich food. A. instead B. instead of C. because of D. because ( )2. We’ve got no coffee. Let’s have tea _______. A. either B. however C. yet D. instead ( )3.- How will she deal with the work? 　　 - She doesn't want to do it by herself . She wants to ask someone else to do it , ____. A. yet B. instead C. too D. either ( ) 4. What a nice day! We should go sightseeing __ watching TV in the hotel. A. because of B. instead of C. together with. D. out of ( ) 5. My little brother didn’t answer my question. _____, he asked me a question. A. Although   B. But  C. Instead   D. So 十四 whatever = no matter what 任何，每一 Whatever she did was right. 她做的一切都是对的。 I will do whatever you wish. 我可做任何你想我做的事。 Whatever you do, I won't tell you my secret. 不管你做什么，我都不会把我的秘密告诉你。 十五offer v & n. 主动给予; 提供（东西或机会）；供应 He offered $4 000 for the car.他出价4 000元买这辆汽车。 Josie had offered her services as a guide.乔西曾表示愿意当向导。 He offered some useful advice.他提出了一些有益的建议。 1. offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事 If your parents are having problems, you should offer to help. 如果你的父母有问题，你应该主动提供帮助。 2.offer sb. sth.= offer sth. to sb.. 主动提供给某人某物 They decided to offer the job to John.=They decided to offer John the job.他们决定把这份工作给乔。 offer +钱to sb.to do sth 雇某人去做某事 Tom offered him 500 dollars to do the work.汤姆愿出500元雇他做这件工作。 十六 proper 1.正确的；恰当的；符合规则的 a proper way 恰当的方法  We should have had a proper discussion before voting. 我们本应在表决之前好好讨论一下才是。 Nothing is in its proper place. 东西都放得乱七八糟。 He could not come up with a proper answer。他想不出一个合适的回答。 The pages aren't in proper order. 这些页数次序不对。 2.正当的,规矩的 His mother has trained him to be a very proper young man.他的母亲已经把他训练成循规蹈矩的人。 He is always perfectly proper in his behaviour. 他的行为举止向来是无可挑剔的。 3.真正的；像样的；名副其实的 Eat some proper food, not just toast and jam! 吃点正常的食物，别净吃烤面包加果酱！ When are you going to get a proper job? 你想什么时候去找一份正经的工作呀？ 4. 完全的；彻底的We're in a proper mess now. 我们现在真是一点头绪都没有。 十七 secondly adv. 第二；其次 To start with we haven't enough money, and secondly we're too busy.  一来我们的钱不够, 二来我们没时间. 比较：second是数词，也可做名词形容词表第二的意思。 在列举时说首先（第一），其次（第二）时，first和second与firstly和secondly都可 以，firstly, secondly更常用一些。 十八 communicate communication n. 交流；沟通 1. v交流 communicate with sb.. 和某人交流 They communicate with each other by QQ. communicate sth. with sb. 与某人就某一话题交谈 2. 顺利表达，传情，传神 He didn't communicate his ideas well in his speech.他在讲话中没有把自己的思想表达透彻。 communicate sth. to sb. 把某消息传递给某人 十九 explain 解释；说明 → explanation n 解释；说明 explain sth. to sb.. 向某人解释某事。 explain to sb. 给某人解释某事 It’s explain that....合理的解释.... First, I'll explain the rules of the game. 首先我要说明一下游戏规则。 It was difficult to explain the problem to beginners. 对初学者解释这个问题很难。 [动词 + that从句]I explained that an ambulance would be coming soon. 我解释说救护车很快就到。 [动词 + wh-从句]He explained who each person in the photo was. 他对照片里的人一一作了介绍。 二十 clear 形容词：1.清楚的; 明白易懂的 The book is clear. 这本书易懂易读。 2.清澈的; 透明的 clear glass 透明的玻璃 The water was so clear we could see the bottom of the lake. 湖水清澈见底。 3.(天气) 晴朗的 a clear blue sky晴朗的碧空 On a clear day you can see France.天气晴朗时你可以看见法国。 4. 明显的；显然的；明确的It was quite clear to me that she was lying. 我十分清楚她在撒谎。 It is not clear what they want us to do. 我们不肯定他们要我们做什么。 5.（尤指在困境中）思维敏锐而有逻辑的，头脑清醒的 You'll need to keep a clear head for your interview. 你面试时需要保持清醒的头脑。 6. 容易看见的；听得清的The photo wasn't very clear. 这张照片不太清晰。 The voice on the phone was clear and strong. 电话里的声音清晰洪亮。 7. 畅通无阻的；无障碍的；（表面）收拾干净的 The road was clear and I ran over. 路上没有东西挡着，我就跑了过来。 动词： 1. 使干净；使明亮；使清澈： The rain cleared the air. 雨水使空气变得洁净。 The sky cleared after the rain. 雨后天晴。 2. 扫净，清除；收拾： We must clear the room before our guests arrive. 我们必须在客人到达之前把房间收拾好。 ~ A (of B) | ~ B (from/off A)I cleared my desk of papers. 我清理好了写字台上的文件。 3.变晴朗；（烟雾等）消散The sky cleared after the storm. 暴风雨过后，天转晴了。 clear与clearly的用法区别 两者均可表示“清晰地”、“不模糊地”，有时可换用，但是若其前有修饰语，则只 能用clearly。 He spoke loud(ly) and clear(ly). 他说得既宏亮又清楚。 He spoke quite [very] clearly. 他说得很清楚。 二十一 hang over hang over 挂在......之上； 悬浮在......之上 He hung a big map over the wall.他把一张大地图挂在了一面墙上。 hang out 闲逛；常去某处 hang up 挂电话；悬挂 hang on 不挂断电话=hold on hang 1. 悬挂；吊Hang your coat up on the hook. 把你的大衣挂在衣钩上。 2. （使）低垂，下垂 ]The dog's tongue was hanging out. 狗的舌头耷拉在外面。 3.（被）绞死，施以绞刑 At that time you could hang for stealing.那时犯盗窃罪就可能会被绞死。 二十二 copy 名词 (n.) 1 (C)抄本,誊本,副本; 复制品 The painting is a copy of one in the museum. 这幅画是博物馆中的一幅画的复制品。 He asked his secretary to make a copy of the document. 他叫秘书把文件复制一份。 I managed to root out a copy of the document. 我好不容易才找到了文件的副本。 2 (C) (同一书籍、杂志等的) …本 [份,册,部] Five thousand copies of the book were sold. 那本书卖了五千部 He was reading a copy of the daily newspaper. 他正在看一份日报。 动词1 a. 抄写,誊写; 复印 Would you copy this letter for me, please? 请为我复印一下这封信好吗？  copied out her notes into my notebook. 我把她的笔记抄在我的笔记本上 b. [从…]抄下[from] They copied the sentences (down) from the blackboard. 他们从黑板上抄下那些句子 2 效法,模仿,仿效 <长处等> You should copy your sister. 你应该效法你的姊姊 二十三return 1.v 归还=give back return sth. to ... = give sth. back to ... 把......还给...... I have returned the dictionary. （当“归还”时是及物动词，后直接加物，不加to. 同样不可再跟back.） You should return the piano to Dick on time. （后接有人时，方可加to） 2. v 回来；返回 = come back “go back / get back / come back.. return to +地点 返回某地 如：Ann will visit you when he returns to London. （当“返回”时是不及物动词，先加to才可再加地点。另外，return已含有back的意思后不可再跟back.） 二十四 until 到…时；直到…为止 主句谓语为延续性动词，用肯定句。Let's wait until the rain stops.咱们等雨停了吧。 主句谓语为短暂性动词，用否定句。not...until 直到...才... You're not going out until you've finished this.直到这事做完你才能出去。 Unit 4 Why don't you talk to your parents？ Section B知识讲解 一 pressure压力 名词：1.不可数名词 （物理学）压力；压强 air pressure 气压 blood pressure 血压 2.不可数名词 还可指精神上、外界施加的压力 = stress ： 心理压力；紧张 under pressure 在压力下 put pressure on sb (to do sth)强迫；促使；劝说 My parents give me a lot of pressure about school. 我父母在学习上给了我很多压力。 3.[不可数名词]pressure for sth) | (on sb) (to do sth)sth 催促；要求；呼吁；强迫 The pressure for change continued to mount.改革的呼声持续高涨。 There is a great deal of pressure on young people to conform.年轻人被大力要求守规矩。 动词 press v 按；压 二 compete v竞争；对抗 → competition n 竞争 1. compete against/ with 与……竞争 Our school competes against many other schools in baseball. 我们学校常同许多其他学校进行垒球比赛。 I have to compete with my classmates at school. 在学校我不得不和我的同学们竞争。 We can’t compete with them on price.  我们在价格上无法与他们竞争。  2. compete for 为……参加比赛 Thirty people had to compete for only ten openings.  三十个人必须只为十个名额来竞争。  3. compete in,参加……竞争，在……上竞争、比赛 Five children competed in the race.  五个孩子参加赛跑。  He’s hoping to compete in the London marathon. 他期盼着参加伦敦马拉松比赛。  ( )1. We are ready for the coming ________________(compete). ( )2. Our school team is going to compete _____ the basketball match. A. with B. against C. for D. in 三 opinion 1. n 意见；想法；看法 2. in one’s opinion 以某人的观点；在某人看来 In my opinion, it is important for children/ parents to ... 我认为， 对于孩子们/父母来说， ...是重要的。 3. give opinions about sth. 给出关于某事的观点。 Who gives their opinions about the problem? 对于这个问题都有谁提出了他们自己的观点。 4.（群体的）观点，信仰There is a difference of opinion of the plan. 关于这个计划，大家意见分歧。 Opinion is divided on the issue. 大家对这件事意见分歧。 四 skill 1. 技巧, 技艺(不可数); (专门)技术，技能 (既可数又不可数) Reading and writing are different skills. 阅读和写作是不同的技能。 He is a writer of great skill. 他是位写作技巧高超的作家。 have skill in…在… 方面有技能/ 技巧He has great skill in drawing. 他画画很有技巧。 2. 熟巧; 本领; 手艺 五typical 1.典型的;有代表性的This is a typical example of Roman pottery. 这是一件典型的罗马陶器。 This meal is typical of local cookery. 这是有当地风味的饭菜。 2.一贯的；平常的A typical working day for me begins at 7.30. 我的工作日一般在7:30开始。 3. be typical of “是……的特点”;不出所料；特有的 In my opinion , that's typical of him. 依我看来，他历来都如此。 ( )1.Jack is late again. It is ______ of him to keep others waiting. A. normal B. ordinary C. common D. typical ( )2.This painting is fairly ________ of his early work. A. regular B. evident (明显的；明白的) C. typical D. visual.( 栩栩如生的) 六cut out 1.cut out （马达或发动机）突然熄火，停止运转 2.cut sb↔out (of sth)不让某人参与；把某人排除在…之外 Don't cut your parents out of your lives.别把父母排除在你的生活之外。 Furious, his mother cut him out of her will他母亲一怒之下，在遗嘱中没有给他任何遗产。 3.cut sth↔out 裁剪She cut the dress out of some old material.她用一些旧布料裁剪出了那件连衣裙。 4.（让人停止做或说恼人的事）住口，打住 I'm sick of you two arguing─just cut it out !你们俩吵来吵去让我烦死了，住口吧！ 5. 删除；删去 I would cut out the bit about working as a waitress.我想删掉有关做女服务员的那段工作经历。 Maybe I could cut out a few of their activities, 或许我可以减少他们的一些活动， 6. 阻挡（尤指光线）Tall trees cut out the sunlight.高高的树木遮住了阳光。 7.cut sth↔out (of sth)（通常用剪刀）剪下 I cut this article out of the newspaper.我从报纸上剪下了这篇文章。 8. 停止做（或使用、食用）I've been advised to cut sugar out of my diet.有人劝我饮食要忌糖。 cut up 切碎 cut down 砍到 cut in 插队 cut off 切断（水、电）供应；切除 Don’t cut in when others talk; it’s impolite. 七 quick 1.快的,迅速的,敏捷的;伶俐的 He is quick to act. 他行动迅速。 Some children are very quick. 有些孩子很敏捷。 She is quick at learning a foreign language. 她学外语学得快。 2. 快的；迅速的；时间短暂的She gave him a quick glance. 她迅速扫了他一眼。 These cakes are very quick and easy to make. 这些糕饼做起来又快又简单。 3.迅速的；立竿见影的We need to make a quick decision. 我们需要当机立断。 The company wants quick results. 这公司要立竿见影的成果。 4. 比较：fast“迅速地”，表示动作的迅速，速度快， I can run as fast as you. soon“不久”“很快”指现在或指定时间之后不久， He came back soon.他很快就回来了。 八 continue 1. 继续；持续 He continue the work for two days.他连续两天都在做这项工作。 continue doing sth =go on doing sth 继续做某事(前后做同一件事) He continued writing while in hospital. 他住院时他继续写作。 We continued working  after the break. 休息后我们继续工作。 continue to do sth = go on to do sth 继续做某事（前后不是同一件事） 2.（朝相同方向）走，移动；延伸 He continued on his way.他继续走他的路。 The path continued over rough, rocky ground.这条小路穿过了崎岖不平的石头地。 3. 留任；维持原状I want you to continue as project manager.我要你留任项目经理。 She will continue in her present job until a replacement can be found.在找到替换人员以前，她将继续做她目前的工作。 4. 可用作连系动词，其后可接形容词、介词短语等。 We hope the weather will continue fine. 我们希望天气继续很好。 Mother continues in weak health. 母亲身体仍然很虚弱。 九 compare 1.compare…with… 把……与…..做比较 And they are always comparing them with other children. 她们总是把自己的孩子和其他的孩子作比较。 2. compare…to… 把…..比做……（to为介词） People often compare the life to a stage. 人们常把人生比作舞台。 ( ) 1.. People often compare a teacher a candle. A. to B. into C. as D. with ( ) 2.. It’s necessary English Chinese in English study. A. compare ; to B. to compare ; with C. comparing ; to D. to compare; into 十 push 1.(用力)推动（人或物）；移动（身体部位） He pushed me, and I fell into the water. 他推了我一下，我便掉到水里去了。 The little boy pushed the door open. 小男孩把门推开了。 They jeep is too heavy for him to push. 吉普车太重,他推不动。 2. 用力挤过： push one’s way through 3. The policeman pushed his way through the crowd. 警察从人群中挤了过去。 3.促进；促成；催促：He pushed her into making a decision.他催促她做出决定。 4.按；揿；摁I pushed the button for the top floor.我按了到顶层的按钮。 5. 说服；劝解；鼓励；敦劝 push sb. to do sth. My teacher pushed me into entering the competition.我的老师劝我参加比赛。 No one pushed you to take the job, did they?谁也没推着你接受这份工作，对不对？ push them into doing it,James did not push her into stealing the money.詹姆斯没有怂恿她去偷钱。 6.鞭策；督促The music teacher really pushes her pupils这位音乐老师认真督促她的学生。 Lucy should push herself a little harder.露西应该鞭策自己多加把劲了。 ( ) Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to ______ them too hard. A. draw B. strike C. rush D. push 十一 development 发展 This new rose is a development from a very old kind of rose.这种玫瑰新品种是从一种很早的玫瑰品种进化而来的。 This is an important stage in our country's development. 这是我国发展的重要阶段。 Good habits are good for the ___________(develop) of us teenagers. 十二 cause （重点） 动词：1.v. 造成，使发生，导致 Dr. Alice Green says all these activities can cause a lot of stress for children. 爱丽丝. 格林医生说所有的这些活动可能给孩子们带来很多压力。 cause sb. to do sth 使某人做某事 The cold weather caused the plants to die. 天气寒冷冻死了植物(不定式复合结构)。 2. 给…带来cause sth. for /to sb. = cause sb. sth.给某人添麻烦(后接间接宾语+直接宾语)为固定用法。 He caused his parents much trouble.(=He caused much trouble to/for his parents.)他给父母带来很多烦恼。 My Sister caused my parents much unhappiness. 我妹妹弄的我父母很不开心。 名词 ①原因；起因 Drinking and driving is one of the most common causes of traffic accidents.酒后驾车是导致交通事故最常见的原因之一。 ②理由；动机；缘故he food was excellent─I had no cause for complaint . 饭菜好极了，我没理由抱怨。 ③事业;追求;目标;理想 Refusing to have one leader has not helped the cause. 拒绝推举一名领导者对此项事业毫无帮助。 4. cause, reason, excuse辨析 ⑴ cause n. 原因，表示造成某一事实或现象的直接原因或起因，后接介词of. The cause of the accident was the fact that he was driving too fast. 事故的原因是他开车开的太快。 Carelessness is often the cause of fires. 疏忽大意往往酿成火灾。 ⑵ reason n.理由，原因，一指决定做某事或采取某项行动的理由、借口。 We aren’t going, for the simple reason that we can’t afford it. 我们不去,原因很简单:我们负担不起 The reason he was driving so fast was that he didn’t want to miss an important meeting. 他开车如此快的原因是他不想错过一个重要的会议。 二侧重于解释某些已经发生的事情:i这种理由可能是真正的理由,也可能不是(它侧重于逻辑推理方面的理由。 ⑶ excuse n.辩解，借口，指对某种行为所做的解释，可以是真的，也可以是托词。 He made a good excuse for his driving. 他为自己开快车找了一个堂皇的借口。 十三 usual 反义词 unusual 1.adj. 通常的; 常见的; 平日的 惯例的 It is below the usual size. 它不足一般尺寸。 Tea is considered 被认为to be the usual drink of British people. 茶被认为是英国人的日常饮料。 He said all the usual things. 他讲的都是老一套。 2.as usual 像往常一样, 照例 He arrived late as usual. 他照常迟到。 十四 perhaps 1.也许；可能=possibly 可能；大概；也许maybe ‘Are you going to come? ’ ‘Perhaps. I'll see how I feel. ’“你来不来？”“也许来。要看我身体情况了。” Perhaps he's forgotten. 也许是他忘掉了。 2.（表示勉强同意或其实不赞成）也许，大概 ‘You could do it yourself. ’ ‘Yeah, perhaps. ’“你可以自己做。”“嗯，也许吧。” 3.（用于委婉的请求、主动承诺或提出建议）也许，如果 Perhaps it would be better if you came back tomorrow.如果你明天回来，也许更好。 I think perhaps you've had enough to drink tonight.我想今晚你已经喝得够多了。 perhaps，probably，possibly，maybe辨析 1.perhaps意为“也许，可能”，一般指比较小的可能性。 Perhaps I will see him the day after tomorrow, but I am not sure. 也许我后天去看他，不过我不能确定。 2.probably“很可能，大概”，其可能性最大，表示一种几乎完全肯定的意思。 He will probably refuse the offer.他很可能会拒绝这份提议。 3. maybe“或许，大概”，主要用于非正式场合，常用在口语中，语气比perhaps轻。 Maybe you put the letter in your basket. 或许你把信放在你的篮子里了。 十五crazy. 1. adj. 不理智的；疯狂的 (在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语) You're crazy to go out in this stormy weather. 在这种暴风雨的天气外出,你疯了。 You'd be crazy to drop out.  你要退学真是发疯了。 This might not be a crazy idea after all.  毕竟这也许不是一个疯狂的主意。 2. 非常气愤That noise is driving me crazy .那噪声吵得我快发疯了。 Marie says he went crazy , and smashed the room up.玛丽说他气得发疯，把房间里的东西都砸碎了。 3.热衷的；狂热的be crazy about 对……着迷；热衷于……I’m crazy about football。 4.迷恋的；爱上的 I've been crazy about him since the first time I saw him.我从第一次见面就爱上他了。 5. 患精神病的；精神失常（或错乱）的She's crazy─she ought to be locked up.她疯了，应该把她关起来。 名词 crazy n. 疯子 ( ) The boy will _______ crazy if you do not allow him to use the computer. A. prove  B. fall  C. go D. grow 十六 状语从句 状语从句就是在句子中作状语的从句。状语从句有好几种，如时间状语从句、原因状语从句、条 件状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句等。本单元重点讲述以下三种类型的状语从句。 1. until引导的时间状语从句 until意为“直到；在........之前”。注意until和not.....until在用法上的区别。 Until：在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句里 如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到……时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式， 其含义是“直到……才……”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。 The young man read till the light went out. Let’s wait until the rain stops. We won’t start until Bob come Don’t get off until the bus stops. 2. so that引导的目的状语从句 so that是连词，意为“为的是，以便”，引导目的状语从句。 注意so that, in order that和in order to在用法上的区别。 Let me take down your telephone number so that I can call you later.让我记下你的号码，为的是以后好打电话给你。 3. although引导的状语从句 although的用法意思相当于though（尽管，虽然），用来引导让步状语从句。它所引导的从句不能 与并列连词but，and， so等连用，但可以和yet， still等词连用。 ① Although the book was old, we decided to buy it. 尽管这本书很旧，我们还是决定买。 ② Although he was tired, he went on working. 尽管很累，他还是继续工作。 Although he had only entered the contest for fun, he won first prize. 尽管他参加这次竞赛只不过是闹着玩而已，却赢得了头等奖。 其他强化练习 一 some time /sometime/some times/sometimes 【口诀】：分开是一段，合起是某时；分开s 是倍次，合起s是有时 (1) some time一段时间，做时间状语 It takes sb. some time to do sth. 做某事花费某人多长时间 (2) sometime adv 在某个时候， (3) some times 名词词组，“几次，几倍” Mr. Green went to Sanya some times last summer. (4)sometimes=at times 有时 （一般现在时的标志词） 二 Thy Taylors 泰勒一家。 在姓氏的复数前加冠词the表示“全家人或夫妻两人”，使用时注意主语和谓语保持一致。 The Blacks are getting ready for the holiday. ( ) 【2012广东】____ Greens are preparing for the coming Thanksgiving Day. A. / B.A C. An D. The 12 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$