专题2 EXERCISE 19 题型之——主旨大意-【金版教程】2025年高考英语大二轮刷题首选卷课件PPT

WELCOME UNIT PART Ⅱ　技巧娴熟练——题型突破 专题二　阅读 EXERCISE 19　题型之——主旨大意 较易题(占比40%)　中档题(占比40%)　拔高题(占比20%) 阅读 A B C D E 难度 ★ ★★ ★ ★★★ ★★ 坚持不懈地进行语篇训练，才能提升阅读速度。 A B 目录 CONTENTS 1 2 C 3 D 4 E 5 A (2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro­Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. A Specifically, it's a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre­seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. A BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single­use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment，” said a BMF employee. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种室内花园系统——巴比伦微农场(BMF)的优势，它不仅能为家庭和大型机构提供新鲜蔬菜，还能利用云技术远程监控和自动化操作，促进了可持续性和环保。 A 1．What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A．It guarantees the variety of food. B．It requires day­to­day care. C．It cuts the farm­to­table distance. D．It relies on farmer's markets. 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“However, most produce at the store ... reaching the table.”和“Babylon Micro－Farm (BMF) shortens it even more”可知，大部分商店的农产品要经历几周的运输并跨越很长距离才能到达人们的餐桌。BMF系统大大缩短了这一过程。由此可知，BMF缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。 A 2．What information does the convenient app offer? A．Real­time weather changes. B．Current condition of the plants. C．Chemical pollutants in the soil. D．Availability of pre­seeded pods. 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“there is a ... in real time”可知，便捷的应用程序实时提供植物的生长数据。故选B。 A 3．What can be concluded about BMF employees? A．They have a great passion for sports. B．They are devoted to community service. C．They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D．They have a strong environmental awareness. 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，BMF员工们在日常生活中践行可持续发展，大约半数的员工走路或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶的数量及避免使用一次性塑料的方式鼓励回收利用及减少废物。他们都热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学物质。由此可推知，BMF公司的员工有着强烈的环保意识。故选D。 A 4．What does the text mainly talk about? A．BMF's major strengths. B．BMF's general management. C．BMF's global influence. D．BMF's technical standards. 解析：主旨大意题。文章第一段介绍BMF系统缩短了食物到餐桌的运输过程，第二至四段介绍了BMF的创新设计系统及其优势，最后一段介绍了BMF员工在生活和工作中践行可持续发展。由此可知，文章主要介绍了BMF的优势。故选A。 A 词汇：①innovative adj. 革新的，新颖的；富有革新精神的　②significantly adv. 显著地，相当数量地　③surrounding adj. 周围的，附近的　④garbage n. 垃圾，废物　⑤in real time 实时　⑥in addition 此外；另外 佳句：Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single­use plastic. 在办公室内，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免使用一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少废物。 A B (2024·广东省开平市高三一模)If you're eating protein, you could be swallowing hundreds of tiny pieces of plastic each year, research finds. A new study by researchers with the nonprofit Ocean Conservancy and the University of Toronto found microplastics—tiny particles ranging from one micrometer to a half­centimeter in size—in nearly 90 percent of protein food samples tested. The researchers analyzed more than a dozen different types of common proteins that could wind up on the average American's plate, including seafood, pork, beef, chicken, tofu and several plant­based meat alternatives. They estimated that an American adult could consume, on average, at least 11，000 microplastic pieces per year. B The study's findings provide further evidence of the availability of small plastic particles—which have been discovered everywhere from Antarctic snow to inside human bodies—and how they can end up in the food we eat and the water we drink. “While we still really don't have any idea what the human health consequences of this are, if there are any at all, we need to take this seriously because this is a problem that's not going away on its own, and it's only going to get worse the more plastic we use and throwaway，” Leonard said. But Leonard and other experts cautioned against using the findings to draw final conclusions about how microplastics can dirty food and the amount of plastic that could be hiding in proteins. B The study's sample size was not big enough and the researchers noted that there was high variability in microplastic concentrations in the samples. The researchers also only counted microplastic particles that were larger than or equal in size to 45 micrometers. “It just highlights that we need to do more research，” said Bianca Datta, a food scientist not involved in the new research. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，日常生活饮食可能会让我们摄入大量的微塑料。 B 1．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The nature of plastic particles. B．The researchers' discovery. C．The variety of foods on a dining table. D．The conclusion of the research. 解析：段落大意题。根据第三段“The researchers analyzed ... per year.(研究人员分析了十几种不同类型的常见蛋白质，这些蛋白质最终可能出现在普通美国人的盘子里，包括海鲜、猪肉、牛肉、鸡肉、豆腐和几种植物性肉类替代品。他们估计，一个美国成年人平均每年至少会摄入1.1万个微塑料碎片。)”可知，本段主要介绍了这项研究的发现。故选B。 B 2．What is Leonard's attitude towards the findings? A．Cautious. B．Critical. C．Confident. D．Concerned. 解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“While we still really don't have any idea ... Leonard said.(Leonard (伦纳德)说：‘虽然我们仍然不知道这对人类健康有什么影响，如果有的话，我们需要认真对待，因为这是一个不会自行消失的问题，而且我们使用和扔掉的塑料越多，情况只会变得更糟。’)”可推知，Leonard对这项研究的发现持担忧的态度。故选D。 B 3．What is the author's purpose of writing the last paragraph? A．To show the limitation of the research. B．To highlight the danger of microplastic concentrations. C．To appeal for environmental protection. D．To stress the urgency of the study. 解析：推理判断题。最后一段“The study's sample size ... in the new research.”提到该研究的样本量不够大，样品中的微塑料浓度存在很大的可变性。研究人员还只统计了尺寸大于或等于45微米的微塑料颗粒。食品科学家Bianca Datta (比安卡·达塔)说这只是突出表明需要做更多的研究。由此可推知，文章最后一段是为了说明研究的局限性。故选A。 B 4．Which of the following would be the best title? A．Stay away from plastics B．Possible effects of food processing C．You may be eating plastics D．A poisoned food system 解析：标题判断题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“If you're eating ... research finds.(研究发现，如果你吃蛋白质，你每年可能会吞下数以百计的微小塑料碎片。)”可知，本文介绍了日常饮食可能会让我们摄入大量的微塑料，C项(你可能在吃塑料)最适合作为文章标题。故选C。 B 词汇：①alternative n. 可供选择的事物，替代物 adj. 可替代的，备选的　②estimate v. 估计；判断，评价　③consequence n. 结果，后果　④concentration n. 专心，专注；浓度；含量　⑤range from ... to ... 范围从……到……　⑥on average 平均 佳句：If you're eating protein, you could be swallowing hundreds of tiny pieces of plastic each year, research finds. 研究发现，如果你吃蛋白质，你每年可能会吞下数以百计的微小塑料碎片。 B C (2024·四川省达州市高三二模)Though it's common that new scientists get international experience as part of their postdoctoral work, acquiring international exposure during one's PhD study is less common. But it can be rewarding. I'm in the final year of my PhD course in experimental physics. The PhD program is based at Loughborough University, the UK, but a big part of my experimental work is at the Max Planck Institute in Germany. Coming from England just after my bachelor's degree in physics was a big step and somewhat risky. I wasn't sure if it would help my career or suit my personal style. I was faced with a number of questions. My supervisors (导师), one in England and one in Germany, gave me great freedom to pick research topics and carry out my research at another institute. C I was excited about going to the Max Planck Institute. Once the long road of the PhD is complete, I hope to have the confidence to compete in an increasingly multinational field in order to secure postdoctoral positions. Although moving abroad means reduced contact with my home university and research community, attending conferences in Britain has helped me network and develop a sense of community. It took some time to settle down, find an apartment, and get used to the local life, surroundings and a different language. In the lab, a simple task was complicated by the language barrier. Still, with persistence, it was an enriching experience both personally and professionally. The Max Planck Institute provided not only an exciting environment, but enough funding that helped expand the output of my research considerably. I had access to equipment and resources hard to find at many institutions. C Thus far, I have no regrets. Doing a PhD abroad has improved my knowledge of physics and clarified my career aspirations (抱负). 篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者出国读博的经历让作者受益良多。 C 1．How does the author find doing PhD study abroad? A．Very useful. B．Pretty common. C．Extremely difficult. D．Absolutely necessary. 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“acquiring international exposure ... But it can be rewarding”可推知，作者认为国外读博是有用的。故选A。 C 2．What happened to the author when he first studied in Germany? A．He chose a difficult research topic. B．He had a hard time finding friends. C．He made some mistakes in his study. D．He became confused about his study and life. 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“I wasn't sure ... a number of questions.”可知，作者最初在德国学习时面临很多问题，对自己的学习和生活感到困惑。故选D。 C 3．How did the author's experience in Britain help him adapt to the new life? A．By making him confident. B．By teaching him to socialize. C．By pulling him out of his comfort zone. D．By helping him find his passion for life. 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Although moving abroad ... a sense of community.”可知，作者在英国的经历教会他如何社交，从而帮助他适应新生活。故选B。 C 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Seeking a PhD Abroad B．Following the Desired Career Path C．Finding a Place to Further PhD Study D．Breaking through the Language Barriers 解析：标题判断题。根据第二段中的“I'm in the final year of my PhD course in experimental physics.(我正处在实验物理学博士课程的最后一年。)”和最后一段(到目前为止，我没有后悔。在国外读博提高了我的物理知识，也明确了我的职业抱负。)可知，文章主要讲述了作者在国外读博的经历。故选A。 C 词汇：①exposure n. 暴露，接触；曝光，揭发　②rewarding adj. 值得的，有意义的　③risky adj. 有危险的，有风险的　④complicate v. 使复杂化，使难以理解　⑤equipment n. 设备，用具　⑥carry out 执行，实施；完成　⑦settle down 安定下来；安顿下来 佳句：Although moving abroad means reduced contact with my home university and research community, attending conferences in Britain has helped me network and develop a sense of community. 虽然移居国外意味着与我家乡的大学和研究团队减少联系，但在英国参加会议帮助我建立了关系网，培养了社区意识。 C D (2024·河北省部分高中高三二模)From misremembering a movie quote to forgetting a vital ingredient from the shops for an evening dinner, the human memory is not always reliable. Now, researchers have discovered that sleep may play a key role in distorting (扭曲) memories, but perhaps in a good way. As part of this study, researchers from the University of York's Department of Psychology tested 488 participants on their ability to recall a list of words 12 hours after seeing them, with some of the participants being allowed to sleep in the 12­hour period. D They found that those who had slept remembered more of the words on the list than those who had not, but they were also more likely to give words that weren't on the list, but were related. The related incorrect words are known as “lure words”. If a list contained words like nurse, hospital and sick, the false memories may include lure words like doctor. D Dr Matthew Mak, first author of the study, said, “Participants may falsely recall the lure words because ‘doctor’ most probably represents the gist (要旨) of the word list, and humans are known to often rely on gist encoding.” Co­author Professor Gareth Gaskell added, “Memories in some ways are more about our future than our past. They exist to provide knowledge about our past that can be applied in a generalised way to help us to deal with future events. So a gist­like representation might actually be more useful than a ‘perfect’detailed representation. What sleep might be doing is helping us to store memories in a gist­like way that can then be better applied to our future interactions.” D However, the researchers did recognize several limitations of their study, namely that all participants were aged between 18 and 25, and that the tests were performed online, meaning that other distractions (干扰) and environments could not be controlled. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。英国约克大学的一项研究表明，睡眠可能会使我们产生错误的记忆。 D 1．What does Paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the study? A．Its purpose. B．Its process. C．Its subject. D．Its finding. 解析：段落大意题。根据第三段中的“They found that ... but were related. (他们发现，那些睡过觉的人比那些没有睡过觉的人记住了更多的单词，但他们也更有可能给出不在列表中但相关的单词。)”可知，本段主要讲述了该研究的发现。故选D。 D 2．What is Gaskell's attitude to a gist­like representation? A．Negative. B．Doubtful. C．Favorable. D．Unclear. 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“So a gist­like ... our future interactions. (概要式称述实际上可能比‘完美’的详细表述更有用。睡眠可能正在帮助我们以一种类似要点的方式存储记忆，然后可以更好地应用于我们未来的互动。)”可推知，Gareth Gaskell (加雷思·加斯克尔)对概要式称述的态度是肯定的。故选C。 D 3．What message does the author want to convey in the last paragraph? A．The tests make little sense. B．The study needs improving. C．The conclusion is satisfying. D．The participants are nervous. 解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段“However, the researchers did ... could not be controlled.(然而，研究人员确实认识到他们的研究存在几个局限性，即所有参与者的年龄都在18至25岁之间并且测试是在线进行的，这意味着其他干扰和环境无法控制。)”可知，作者在最后一段中想说明该研究还有待进一步完善。故选B。 D 4．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．Sleep May Bring About False Memories B．Old People Tend to Have Short Memories C．A Good Night's Sleep Keeps Us Energetic D．Rising Early Delivers a Promising Start 解析：标题判断题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了英国约克大学的一项研究结果——睡眠可能会使我们产生错误的记忆。故选A。 D 词汇：①vital adj. 至关重要的，必不可少的　②represent v. 代表；体现　③exist v. 存在，实际上有　④interaction n. 互动；交流；相互影响 ⑤rely on 依赖 佳句：Now, researchers have discovered that sleep may play a key role in distorting (扭曲) memories, but perhaps in a good way. 现在，研究人员发现，睡眠可能在扭曲记忆中发挥关键作用，但也许是以一种有益的方式。 D E (2024·云南省高三第一次省考)Almost all new parents struggle to get enough sleep while caring for their newborns. For some penguin parents, though, periods of sleep are especially short. Researchers found that chinstrap penguins (帽带企鹅) only sleep for about four seconds at a time in order to protect their eggs and newborn chicks. They do this thousands of times throughout the day. The short “microsleeps” total around 11 hours each day. The microsleeps appear to be enough to keep the parents going for many weeks. E 42 Niels Rattenborg, a sleep researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence in Germany, said, “What's surprising is that the penguins are able to function okay and successfully raise their young.” Chinstrap penguins usually lay their eggs in November in nests made up of small rocks. Mated (成对的) pairs share parenting responsibilities. One parent usually watches the eggs and chicks alone while the other goes off fishing for family meals. Adult penguins don't face many natural enemies in the mating season. But large birds called brown skuas eat the penguin eggs and small chicks. Other adult penguins may also try to steal the small rocks from the nests, so penguin parents must always be on guard. E 43 For the first time, scientists followed the sleeping behavior of chinstrap penguins. They did this by attaching devices that measure brain waves. They collected data on 14 adults over 11 days on King George Island off the coast of Antarctica. Won Young Lee, a biologist at the Korean Polar Research Institute, thought of the idea for the study when he saw mating penguins often blinking their eyes and possibly sleeping. But the team needed to record brain waves to confirm the animals were sleeping. “For these penguins, microsleeps have some restorative functions，” he said. He added that they would not survive without it. E 44 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于帽带企鹅睡眠时间短，来保护小企鹅的研究过程、方式以及存在的局限性。 The researchers didn't collect sleep data outside the mating season. But they suspect that the penguins may sleep for longer periods at other times of the year. E 45 1．What have researchers found about chinstrap penguins? A．They take turns to take care of the young. B．They sleep for several seconds at a time. C．They rest for 11 hours in a row every day. D．They behave poorly due to lack of sleep. 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Researchers found that ... and newborn chicks.”可知，研究发现，企鹅为了保护它们的蛋和刚出生的企鹅，一次只睡几秒钟。故选B。 E 46 2．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The habitats of the penguins. B．The living habits of the penguins. C．The mating seasons of the penguins. D．The natural enemies of the penguins. 解析：段落大意题。根据第四段中的“Chinstrap penguins usually lay their eggs ... for family meals. (帽带企鹅通常在11月把蛋产在由小岩石组成的巢穴中。配对的企鹅分担养育责任。父母中的一方通常独自照看企鹅蛋和小企鹅，而另一方则外出捕鱼，为家人觅食。)”可知，本段主要介绍了企鹅的生活习性。故选B。 E 47 3．Which of the following might Won Young Lee agree with? A．Microsleeps of the penguins matter in their survival. B．It's difficult to record brain waves of the penguins. C．The penguins may sleep longer than people believe. D．More funds are needed to further study the penguins. 解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“For these penguins ... survive without it.”可知，Won Young Lee (李元英)认为微睡眠对于企鹅的生存至关重要。故选A。 E 48 4．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．A book review. B．A travel brochure. C．A science journal. D．A chemistry textbook. 解析：推理判断题。通读全文可知，研究人员发现，帽带企鹅每次只睡大约四秒钟，以保护它们的蛋和新生的小企鹅。它们一天要这样做几千次。由此可推知，本篇文章最有可能出自科学杂志。故选C。 E 49 词汇：①function v. 工作，运转　②responsibility n. 责任，负责　③measure n. 措施，办法　v. 测量　④suspect v. 猜想，认为；怀疑　n. 嫌疑犯，可疑分子　⑤(be) made up of 由……构成；由……组成 佳句：One parent usually watches the eggs and chicks alone while the other goes off fishing for family meals. 父母中的一方通常独自照看企鹅蛋和小企鹅，而另一方则外出捕鱼，为家人觅食。 E 50 R $$