题型一 第二讲 推理判断题-【优化探究】2025年高考英语二轮复习高考总复习配套课件

 第二讲　推理判断题 推理判断题属于深层次的阅读理解题。解答该类题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。推理判断题常见的设题角度有推断隐含意义、观点态度、写作意图以及文章出处或读者对象等。此外，有时也可能考查人物性格、写作手法或篇章结构等。 内容索引 NEIRONGSUOYIN 考法3　写作意图题——立足行文推意图 随堂演练 考法2 观点态度题——依据措辞定态度 考法1 隐含推断题——关键词句细推敲 精准补弱 考法4　文章出处题/文章类型题/写作对象题——依据细节巧判断 考法5　事物/人物性质推断题——归纳概括找特征 考法1 隐含推断题——关键词句细推敲 [答题微点] ★设题特点：推断隐含信息类题目是高考阅读理解常见题型，难易程度不等。该类题目要求考生根据文章中的信息(某个或某些句子、段落或全文)进行合理适度的逻辑推断，推断出作者没有直接说明的内容、可能会发生的事情或者事物的特征等，理解作者的言外之意或文章的深层含义。 ★设问方式： 1．What can we learn about...? 2．What can be inferred about... from the last paragraph? 3．What can be learned from the text? 4．What can we infer/conclude from the text? 5．What does the author suggest...? [图解技巧] 典例　2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇 Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 31．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. 【语境猜词】 ①in print ____________________________ ②maximize ______________________ ③call for ____________ [自我解答]　________ (在书刊或报纸上)发表，刊登 vt.使增加到最大限度 需要 C [解析]　推理判断题。根据最后一句“However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.”可知，教育工作者不应该认为所有媒介的效果是一样的。此外，本文主要介绍了纸质阅读在学习效果方面相较于数字阅读的优势，暗示了纸质文本在教育领域中的不可替代性，故选C。 考法2　观点态度题——依据措辞定态度 [答题微点] ★设题特点：该题型旨在考查考生对作者或者文中人物的观点或态度的理解能力，要求考生具备较高层次的阅读理解能力，在理解文意的基础上就作者或文中人物对某个人或事物所持的态度、看法进行推理判断。做此类题时首先要理解文章或段落的内容和中心思想，然后，找出体现人物观点、态度的关键词、句或事例。有时文中没有直接表明相关人物的观点态度的词句，需要考生结合文中描述该人物语气、动作、表情的词句及他人的评价等信息来推断其观点或态度。 ★设问方式： 1．What's the author's/sb.'s attitude towards...? 2．What does the author/sb. think of...? 3．How does the author/sb.feel about...? [图解技巧] 典例　2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解B篇　　“I am not crazy，” says Dr.William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit.“I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.But Farber is certain he'll have the last laugh. He's one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing“holistic” medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. 24．What do some of Farber's coworkers think of him? A．He's odd.　　　　　　　　　　B．He's strict. C．He's brave. D．He's rude. 【语境猜词】 ①ahead of one's time ____________ ②defensive ________________ ③occasionally ________________[occasional adj.偶尔的＋－ly] ④have the last laugh ______________ ⑤practice ________________[熟义：练习] ⑥herbal medicine ________[herbal adj.药草的] [自我解答]　________ (观念)超前 adj.存有戒心的 adv.偶尔，有时 取得最后胜利 v.实行，奉行 草药 A [解析]　观点态度题。根据“some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods”可知，Farber的一些同事偶尔会嘲笑他不寻常的治疗方法；再结合Farber的话“I am not crazy”可知，Farber的一些同事认为他很奇怪。故选A项。B项“他很严格”；C项“他很勇敢”；D项“他很粗鲁”。 考法3　写作意图题——立足行文推意图 [答题微点] ★设题特点：文章作者一般不会直接表明自己的写作意图，而是通过文章所提供的客观事实使读者感知。这类题目要求考生不仅要能够理解文章大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述的内容进行分析和归纳总结的能力。此类题在高考中的考查数量并不多，一般从两个角度考查：1.就某一段落或某个细节提问；2.就整篇文章提问。 ★设问方式： 1．What is... intended for? 2．Why does the author mention... in paragraph 2? 3．What is the purpose of the text? [图解技巧] 典例　2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解B篇 Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right：Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well，” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That's my job.” 27.Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? A．To prove Farber's point.　　　　　　　　　　 B．To emphasize its importance. C．To praise veterinarians. D．To advocate animal protection. 【语境猜词】 ①indication __________[indicat(e) v．指示 ＋－ion] ②work ____________[熟义：v.工作] ③point __________________   [自我解答]　________ n.迹象 v.起作用 n.论点；观点 A [解析]　写作意图题。根据题干中的“American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association”可将答案定位至“Since 1982...grown from 30 to over 700.”，具体解释了上文中的“the past”，所以作者提到该协会是为了证明冒号前所说的“he may be right”，即为了证明Farber的观点是正确的。故选A。 [提分干货]　表明意图或目的的常见表达小结 to illustrate/show (表明)　　　　　 to explain (解释)　　　　　 to highlight/stress (强调) to introduce/recommend (介绍) to predict (预测) to prove (证实) to amuse/entertain readers (娱乐读者) to reach a conclusion (得出结论) to present an argument (提出论点) 考法4　文章出处题/文章类型题/写作对象题——依据细节巧判断 [答题微点] ★设题特点：1.判断文章出处和类型题在阅读理解中所占比重不大，该题型要求考生有一定的常识，能够根据语篇的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处和类型。考生要特别关注报纸、杂志、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等类型的语篇特征和文体结构，这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座，选出正确选项。2.确定写作对象其实就是解决“写给谁看”的问题。该类题型偶有考查，要求考生能够根据语篇的细节内容和措辞来推断写作对象。考生可以根据文中出现的指示代词、叙述语气以及细节关键词等对读者身份进行推断。 ★设问方式： 1．Where can the text be found? 2．Where is this text most likely taken from? 3．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? 4．Who are the intended readers of the text? [图解技巧] 典例　2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读理解C篇 Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book，represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world.The image of the reader appears throughout history，in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists' representations of books and reading，we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. In this “book of books，” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school，with the book as a focus forrelations between the generations.Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure... 28．Where is the text most probably taken from? A．An introduction to a book.　　 B．An essay on the art of writing. C．A guidebook to a museum. D．A review of modern paintings. 【语境猜词】 ①represent __________________[熟义：v.代表，象征] ②humanity _________[human adj.人的＋－ity] ③volume ______[熟义：n.(成套书籍中的)一卷，一册] [自我解答]　________ A v.展现；描绘 n.人性 n.书 [解析]　文章出处题。根据全文内容尤其是第一段第一句“Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers is a celebration... three hundred artworks from museums around the world.”和第二段第一句“In this ‘book of books，' artworks are selected and arranged...”可知，本文是在介绍一本关于书本的书，所以本文最有可能摘自书的序言。 考法5　事物/人物性质推断题——归纳概括找特征 [答题微点] ★设题特点：此类题要求考生在充分理解文章内容的基础上，对事物或人物的特征进行归纳和概括。这是较为高级的一种思维活动，需要考生充分利用表达感情色彩、态度观点的词汇以及与人、物特征有关联的行为描写和心理描写来归纳和概括特征。 命题的切入点一般是体现人的品德、性格、成就、贡献等内容，以及事物的外表特征、品质、功能、作用和地位等内容。 ★设问方式： 1．Which of the following best describes...? 2．According to the author, which words can best describe the project? 3．What kind of person is...? [图解技巧] 典例　2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读理解B篇　　Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. … She adds that the program's benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside，” she says, “and they feel successful.” 26．Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? A．Far－reaching.　 　　　B．Predictable.　　 　　 C．Short－lived.　　 　 　D．Unidentifiable. 【语境猜词】 ①far－reaching ________________[far adv.远地＋reach v．到达，达到＋－ing] ②predictable ________________[predict v．预测＋－able] ③short－lived _______________[short adj.短暂的＋live v．生活＋－(e)d] ④unidentifiable ________________[否定前缀un－＋identify v．辨别＋－able] [自我解答]　________ adj.影响深远的 adj.可预见的 adj.短暂的 adj.难以确认的 A [解析]　事物性质推断题。根据最后一段中的“the program's benefits go beyond nutrition”“have a calming effect on...whom have emotional control issues”可知，这个项目给学生提供了有营养的食物，而且许多学生回家开创了自己的菜园，在菜园里工作对有情绪控制问题的学生也起到了镇静作用。由此推知，该项目的影响是深远的。 [提分干货]　描写特征类形容词小结 做推断事物、人物特征的题目时，考生除了要抓住文中关键信息，还要掌握一些描写类形容词，尤其是一些较生僻的形容词，避免因不认识单词而误选。考生需记忆的相关形容词有： 1．描写事物特征 authoritative权威性的　breathtaking令人惊叹的　　broad宽阔的 creative创造(性)的 delicate精致的；易碎的 disgusting令人反感的 elegant精美的 excellent极好的 fancy华丽的，花哨的 fantastic极好的，非常棒的 glorious荣耀的 hollow空心的 impressive给人印象深刻的 inseparable分不开的 influential有影响力的 inconsistent不一致的 ineffective无效果的 massive大而重的 picturesque风景如画的 profitable有益的，有用的 romantic浪漫的 splendid极佳的；壮丽的 unreasonable不合理的 shallow浅的 2．描写人物特征 adaptable有适应能力的　adventurous有冒险精神的　　　　aggressive好斗的 ambitious有雄心的 athletic健壮的 courageous/fearless勇敢的 capable有能力的 cautious小心谨慎的 committed尽心尽力的 conservative保守的 cooperative合作的 considerate/thoughtful体贴的 dependable可靠的 determined意志坚定的 diligent勤奋的 energetic精力旺盛的 faithful忠诚的 independent独立的 indifferent冷淡的 innovative创新的 intelligent聪明的 open-minded思想开明的 organized有条理的 sensible明智的 sensitive敏感的 sympathetic有同情心的 talented有才能的 talkative健谈的 tolerant宽容的 随堂演练 A (2024·河北唐山高三摸底演练) Years ago, I interviewed James Patterson, an advertising manager, about the latest campaign. But all he wanted to talk about was fiction-writing.“I hope to be a writer.It is always in my head，” he said. I remember thinking: Sure, you and everybody else. A decade or so later, however, I was surprised to see James on TV，holding up his new book. Mr.Patterson's ability to see himself as a writer illustrates a concept known as “possible selves”. The term, coined in 1986 by the social psychologists Hazel Markus and Paula Nurius, grew out of research on the self-concept. While self-concepts—“I am a kind person” or “I am a good parent”—are rooted in the present, the researchers found people are also informed by ideas about what they might become and how they might change. These possible selves, both positive and negative, are closely related to motivation. A violin student who envisions life as a professional musician might be motivated to practice. A person whose feared possible self is an alcoholic may become a non-drinker. In a small study，when young adults were encouraged to envision themselves as either regular exercisers (hoped-for selves) or inactive (feared selves), both groups exercised more in the weeks afterward. A possible self can take you beyond daydreams, which are often not necessarily grounded in reality. It can come to fruition if you build a bridge from your “now” self to the possible self. “If you're regularly dreaming of a different career, enroll in a course, shadow someone and take up a hobby or a side job. Making the transition requires you to say now, today, this week, these are the steps I can actually take to attain the goal，” said Daphna Oyserman，a psychology professor at the University of Southern California. But don't quit your job just yet. An analysis of career-transition research concluded that successful reinventions require adjustments and re-evaluations as you go. Mr.Patterson, for example, wrote almost a dozen books while still at his ad agency; he found his style only after many tries. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“可能的自我”这一概念对个人发展的影响。 1．Why does the author mention the interview? A．To show his expectation. B．To explain his surprise. C．To display Patterson's ability. D．To introduce a concept. 答案：D 解析：推理判断题。根据前四段尤其是“Mr.Patterson's ability to see himself as a writer illustrates a concept known as ‘possible selves’．”可知，作者在开头提到这个采访是为了引出“可能的自我”这个概念。故选D。 2．What can we learn about the idea of “possible selves”？ A．It involves three aspects. B．It allows for personal growth. C．It ensures one a promising future. D．It includes the idea of self-concept. 答案：B 解析：推理判断题。通读第五、六段尤其是“These possible selves，both positive and negative，are closely related to motivation.”及“A possible self can take you beyond daydreams, which are often not necessarily grounded in reality. It can come to fruition if you build a bridge from your ‘now’self to the possible self.”可推知，“可能的自我”这个概念会让自己更有动力，发展自己，实现个人成长。故选B。 3．What does Professor Daphna intend to express? A．The idea of “now” self. B．The wish for the career transition. C．The importance of concrete action. D．The necessity of expert-consulting. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。根据第六段中的“‘...Making the transition requires you to say now，today，this week, these are the steps I can actually take to attain the goal，’said Daphna Oyserman, a psychology professor at the University of Southern California.”可知，Daphna教授想要强调的是为了实现目标而采取具体行动的重要性。故选C。 4．What is probably talked about in the following paragraph? A．Different writing styles. B．Multiple research methods. C．Patterson's success in his advertising business. D．The exploration and adaptation of job transition. 答案：D 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段尤其是最后一段第一、二句可知，职业转型需要在实践中调整与评估。由此可推知，文章在下一段中可能会讨论关于职业转型的探索与适应。故选D。 B (2024·山东济南模拟)Like many people over the past few years，I have found myself turning to audiobooks as my main means of reading literature. I find it far more comfortable to “read with my ears” while my eyes are resting. My consumption of new books has doubled as a result—but a recent paper makes me wonder if this will come at the price of my comprehension. The study comes from Boaz Keysar and Janet Geipel，both at the University of Chicago, and it draws from the “dual process model” of mental processing. According to this view，we have two ways of assessing information.System 1 is intuitive (直觉的), relying on natural ability and feeling. It is quick, but likely exposed to misinformation. System 2 is analytical, involving the use of logic reasoning. It is mentally demanding. When it is engaged, we think through the material step by step. For decades, psychologists have designed various tests to determine which of these two systems a person is using.Imagine you're helping prepare for a small dinner party and are tasked with arranging the dining settings for seven guests. Instinctively，you lay out seven complete sets of cutlery (餐具).However，your friend mentions that among the guests is a very young child, leading you to rethink your initial set-up. Realizing the child won't need a standard set of cutlery as the adult, you opt to replace it with a child-friendly spoon. That is the kind of analytical process. Keysar and Geipel's brilliant idea was to investigate whether the sensory form—seeing vs. hearing—of the information would make a difference. They found that it did：when answering these kinds of simple questions, participants were more likely to make errors when the sentences were spoken out loud，rather than written. A greater reliance on our feelings could be a problem if we are consuming information that needs logical study. For this reason，I will return to reading non-fiction with my eyes rather than my ears.But I won't stop listening to novels. I am quite happy to go with the flow of my emotions while my critical mind takes a break. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章讨论了来自芝加哥大学的Boaz Keysar和Janet Geipel的研究：听觉与视觉信息处理方式(直觉的系统1和分析的系统2)对理解的影响，指出听书可能影响我们逻辑分析的能力，因此作者决定在需要深度理解的非小说类读物上回归阅读，而继续通过听书享受小说。 5．What does the author think of listening to audiobooks? A．It is economical. B．It is demanding. C．It is time-consuming. D．It is relaxing. 答案：D 解析：观点态度题。 根据第一段中的“I find it far more comfortable to ‘read with my ears’ while my eyes are resting. My consumption of new books has doubled as a result”可知，作者认为听有声书是一种舒适的方式来“用耳朵阅读”，同时也提到了通过听书，作者能在眼睛休息的同时享受文学作品，这让他读新书的数量倍增。所以对作者来说，听有声书是一种放松和愉悦的活动，并且节省了时间。故选D项。 6．Which of the following best describes System 2 model? A．Fairly reliable. B．Fully automatic. C．Question-centered. D．Emotion-involved. 答案：A 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“System 2 is analytical, involving the use of logic reasoning. It is mentally demanding. When it is engaged, we think through the material step by step.”可知，系统2是分析性的，涉及逻辑推理的使用。它在精神上的要求很高，当它参与时，我们会逐步仔细考虑材料。由此可推知，系统2涉及逻辑推理和逐步考虑，这种方式在处理信息时通常更为准确和可靠。故选A项。 7．Why is the dining setting task mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To present a fact. B．To illustrate a view. C．To introduce a topic. D．To draw a conclusion. 答案：B 解析：推理判断题。第三段摆餐桌的例子说的是，人们在面对看似简单的问题时首先依靠直觉作出快速反应(摆放七套餐具)，然后在获得额外信息(其中一位客人是儿童)后，会切换到分析处理模式(更换为对儿童友好的餐具)。介绍这一例子之前，文章提到人们有两种信息处理方式——直觉的系统1和分析的系统2。故可推知，这个例子是用来解释说明这一观点的。故选B项。 8．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Listening to books comes at a price. B．Reading non-fiction books benefits. C．Critical thinking is a must in reading. D．Ways of processing information differ. 答案：A 解析：推理判断题。 根据第一段中的“but a recent paper makes me wonder if this will come at the price of my comprehension”和最后一段中的“A greater reliance on our feelings could be a problem if we are consuming information that needs logical study.”可知，作者通过分享自己使用有声书作为阅读方式的经历并引用研究表明，虽然听书为生活带来便利和享受，但可能会以牺牲深度理解和分析能力为代价，A项准确地概括了作者想要传达的信息。故选A项。 二次精读——溯原文，积语料，提素养 A 篇 必备单词 illustrate v．阐明；证实　motivation n．动机　envision v．展望，想象　attain v．获得，实现 必备短语 be related to与……有关 长难句 分析 While self-concepts—“I am a kind person” or “I am a good parent”—are rooted in the present, the researchers found people are also informed by ideas about what they might become and how they might change. [分析]　本句是一个主从复合句。while引导让步状语从句；found后为省略了that的宾语从句；what和how均引导宾语从句。 [译文]　虽然自我概念——“我是一个好人”或“我是一个好父亲/母亲”——根植于当下，但研究人员发现，人们也会被自己可能成为什么样的人以及可能如何改变的想法所影响。 B 篇 必备 单词 consumption n．(能量、食物或材料的)消耗，消耗量　comprehension n．理解力，领悟能力　analytical adj.分析的　demanding adj.要求高的　instinctively adv.本能地　sensory adj.感官的　non-fiction n．非小说类文学作品，纪实文学 必备 短语 at the price of以……为代价　draw from从……中得到/获得　be tasked with接到……任务　lay out规划；布置 精准补弱 补弱练4　推理判断题——隐含推断题 A (2024·湖北武汉调研)The greatest irony (讽刺) of the world-wide celebrations held in 2012 to honour the 200th anniversary (周年纪念) of the first edition of the Kinder-und Hausmärchen involves the discovery that most people really don't know the original Grimms' Fairy Tales published in 1812. If we return to take a closer look at the first edition, we'll find it was this edition that inspired scholars of folk culture throughout Europe to gather tales from the oral tradition and preserve them for future generations. When the Grimms Jacob and Wilhelm began collecting all kinds of folk tales and songs at the beginning of the 19th century, what attracted them to concentrate on old German literature was a belief that the most natural and pure forms of culture were to be located in the past，while modern literature, even though it might be remarkably rich，was artificial and thus could not express the genuine quality of folk culture that originated naturally from people's experiences and bound the people together. Broadly speaking，the Grimms sought to collect and preserve ancient things consisting of tales，songs and documents. They intended to demonstrate how natural language, originating from the needs and customs of the common people, created genuine bonds and helped form civilized communities. Turning to the first edition a reader might notice that, totally unlike the final edition of 1857, the first edition collects more genuine folk tales，keeping spoken and raw contents, despite the fact that the language is not as pleasing as that in later revised versions. For instance，Snow White's mother, not her stepmother, wants to kill the beautiful girl out of envy. The storytellers do not beat about the bush and they tell the truths they know, engaging people to learn from symbols how to engage their realities，even though magic, incredible transformation and cruelty are involved. Lastly, the Grimms' Fairy Tales' little-known first edition reveals forgotten voices that are actually deep within us.Therefore，the irresistibility of the Grimms' Fairy Tales is that really not theirs，but ours. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了第一版《格林童话》的特点及其重要意义。 2 3 1 1．According to the author，why should we rediscover the first edition of Grimms' Fairy Tales? A．To explore its origin. B．To appreciate its significance. C．To honour its 200th anniversary. D．To remember the Brothers Grimm. 答案：B 4 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段可推知，重新研究《格林童话》的第一版是为了让大家理解它的重要性。故选B。 2 3 1 4 2．What is paragraph 3 of the text mainly about? A．The quality of the folk culture. B．The contents of the first edition. C．The feature of the old German literature. D．The motivation of the Grimms collecting tales. 答案：D 2 3 1 4 解析：段落大意题。通读第三段可知，该段主要介绍了格林兄弟收集故事的动机。故选D。 2 3 1 4 3．What can we learn about Snow White in the first edition? A．It is loosely based on the folk tale. B．It instructs readers to integrate into life. C．It is appealing for its beautiful language. D．It exposes envy and cruelty of the stepmother. 答案：B 2 3 1 4 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段最后两句可知，第一版中的《白雪公主》讲述的是事情的真相，以引导读者将故事融入现实生活当中。故选B。 2 3 1 4 4．What can we infer about the Brothers Grimm from the text? A．They were collectors of antiques. B．They kept their style in later editions. C．They thought highly of modern literature. D．They were pioneers in preserving folk culture. 答案：D 2 3 1 4 解析：推理判断题。通读全文尤其是第二段和第三段第一句中的“When the Grimms Jacob and Wilhelm began collecting all kinds of folk tales and songs”和倒数第二句中的“the Grimms sought to collect and preserve ancient things consisting of tales, songs and documents”可知，格林兄弟收集各种德国旧文学的民间故事并试图保存包括故事、歌曲和文件在内的年代久远的事物。由此可推知，格林兄弟是保护民俗文化的先锋。故选D。 2 3 1 4 B (2024·江西南昌一模)The multitalented, Renaissance genius Leonardo da Vinci over 500 years ago wrote down his “rule of trees”，which described the way he thought that trees branched.Though it was a brilliant insight that helped him to draw realistic landscapes, Leonardo's rule breaks down for many types of trees. Now, a new branching rule—nicknamed “Leonardo-like”—works for virtually any leafy tree. “The older Leonardo's rule describes the thickness of the branches, while the length of the branch was not taken into account，” says physicist Sergey Grigoriev.“Therefore, the description using the older rule is not complete.” Leonardo's rule says that the thickness of a limb (大树枝) before it branches into smaller ones is the same as the combined thickness of the limbs sprouting (长出) from it. However, according to Grigoriev and his colleagues, it's the surface area that stays the same. Using the surface area as a guide, the new rule incorporates limb widths and lengths, and predicts that long branches end up being thinner than short ones. Unlike Leonardo's guess，the updated rule works well when the team checks slim birches (桦树) as well as strong oaks. To test their rule, the research team took photographs of trees from a variety of species and analyzed the branches to confirm that the real-world patterns matched the predictions. “The photos offer a direct measurement of the characteristics of a tree without touching it, which can be important when dealing with a living object”， Grigoriev says. Though the team hasn't studied evergreens yet, the rule holds for all of the deciduous trees that the researchers have looked at. While it's possible to confirm the rule by measuring branches by hand, it would require climbing into trees and checking all the limbs—a risky exercise for trees and scientists alike.“Note，” the researchers write，“that not a single tree was harmed during these experiments.” [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了新的树木分枝规则比500多年前Leonardo da Vinci提出的树木分枝规则更全面，几乎适用于任意一个树叶繁茂的树。 5 6 7 5．What does the Leonardo's rule of trees focus on? A．How tree branches may grow. B．What environment trees need. C．How trees can be drawn better. D．What landscapes trees can form. 答案：A 8 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The multitalented，Renaissance genius Leonardo da Vinci over 500 years ago wrote down his ‘rule of trees’， which described the way he thought that trees branched.”可知，Leonardo的“树木规则”描述了他认为的树木分枝的方式，由此可知，该规则关注的是树枝如何生长。故选A项。 5 6 7 8 6．Why are birches and oaks mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To state the correctness of the new rule. B．To present Leonardo's influential works. C．To compare the features of different trees. D．To show the popularity of Leonardo's rule. 答案：A 5 6 7 8 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Unlike Leonardo's guess, the updated rule works well when the team checks slim birches as well as strong oaks.”可知，与Leonardo的猜测不同，新规则适用于纤细的桦树和坚固的橡树。由此可推知，提及桦树和橡树是为了阐述新规则的正确性。故选A项。 5 6 7 8 7．How did the researchers prove the new rule? A．By applying it to various trees. B．By conducting on-site inspection. C．By analyzing pictures of branches. D．By measuring real branches directly. 答案：C 5 6 7 8 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“To test their rule，the research team took photographs of trees from a variety of species and analyzed the branches to confirm that the real-world patterns matched the predictions. ‘The photos offer a direct measurement of the characteristics of a tree without touching it...’ Grigoriev says.”可知，研究团队拍摄了各种树木的照片，然后对照片中的树枝进行分析，来验证新规则是否与现实情况相符。故选C项。 5 6 7 8 8．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Further experiments are required. B．The protection of trees is stressed. C．Risky accidents happened in the study. D．Trees were damaged in the experiments. 答案：B 5 6 7 8 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“‘Note，’ the researchers write, ‘that not a single tree was harmed during these experiments.’”可知，在这项实验中，没有一棵树受到伤害，由此可推知，文章最后一段强调了对树木的保护。故选B项。 5 6 7 8 C (2024·山东济南质量检测) In the animal world, speed is king. Fast animals have a leg up in outrunning other animals, which puts them high on the food chain. It would seem that all animals would go for speed, but then there's the sloth (树懒).While a lion can go from 0 to 60 miles an hour in only five seconds, it takes a sloth all day to cover no more than 50 meters. Sloths live entirely in trees on a diet of leaves. And for this, they are extremely rare. While most of the land world is covered in trees, there are very few vertebrates (脊椎动物) that call the tree home. The aim of a 2016 study, says Jonathan Pauli, professor of forest and wildlife ecology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, was to help uncover why sloths are indeed so unique. “Among vertebrates, this is the rarest of lifestyles，” says Pauli. “When you picture animals that live off plant leaves, they are almost all big—things like deer. What's super interesting about sloths is that they can't be big.” For their research, Pauli and his Wisconsin team studied wild sloths at a field site. When the researchers measured the energy use of sloths, they found a wildly low burning of as little as 110 calories of energy a day. And for this, they take the cake：it is the lowest measured energetic output for any mammal (哺乳动物). “The measurement was intended to find out what it cost sloths to live over a day，”says Pauli, who adds a diet of little but leaves lacks nutritional value and that the animal's small size doesn't allow for overeating—so sloths need to find ways to make the most of their diets, which means using tiny amounts of energy, dramatic control of body temperature and living at an extremely slow pace. Their reward? A wonderfully widespread ecological system to call their own, one slow inch at a time. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。在速度为王的动物界，似乎所有的动物都在追求速度，但树懒除外，它拥有独特的生活方式。Pauli和他的团队对此进行了研究。 9．Why is a lion mentioned in paragraph 1? A．To admire lions' speed. B．To state sloths' weakness. C．To confirm lions' lead position. D．To highlight sloths' uniqueness. 答案：D 9 10 11 12 解析：推理判断题。 第一段提到狮子主要是在速度方面和树懒进行对比。再根据第二段中的“The aim of a 2016 study...was to help uncover why sloths are indeed so unique.”可知，文章主要揭示树懒的独特性，所以第一段提到狮子是为了用明显的对比引出文章主题，即树懒的独特性，故选D项。 9 10 11 12 10．What is the 2016 study mainly about? A．The lifestyle of sloths. B．The diet of vertebrates. C．The species of rare animals. D．The energy use of creatures. 答案：A 9 10 11 12 解析：细节理解题。 根据第二段中的“The aim of a 2016 study...was to help uncover why sloths are indeed so unique.”可知，2016年的研究的目的是帮助揭示树懒为什么如此独特；再根据第二段中的“Among vertebrates, this is the rarest of lifestyles”可知，A项“树懒的生活方式”正确。 9 10 11 12 11．What does the underlined part “take the cake” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Break down.　　　　 B．Keep on. C．Stand out. D．Grow up. 答案：C 9 10 11 12 解析：词句猜测题。根据画线短语前的“When the researchers...they found a wildly low burning of as little as 110 calories of energy a day.”和画线短语后的“it is the lowest measured energetic output for any mammal”可知，当研究人员测量树懒的能量消耗时，他们发现树懒每天消耗的能量极低，只有110卡路里，这是所有哺乳动物测得的最低能量输出。所以这一特点使得树懒很显眼。故画线短语与C项“突出，显眼，引人注目”的意思最为接近。 9 10 11 12 12．What can be inferred about sloths from Pauli's words? A．Their slow pace is a balanced choice. B．They are faced with possible extinction. C．Their slow pace decides a tiny appetite. D．They suffer a lot against natural enemies. 答案：A 9 10 11 12 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“a diet of little but leaves...living at an extremely slow pace”可知，树懒几乎只吃树叶的饮食缺乏营养价值，而且树懒的体型小，也不能吃得过多，所以树懒需要找到充分利用饮食的方法，这意味着使用少量的能量，夸张地控制体温，并以非常缓慢的速度生活，故选A项。 9 10 11 12 二次精读——溯原文，积语料，提素养 A 篇 必备单词 preserve v．保护　remarkably adv.不同寻常地　artificial adj.虚假的　civilized adj.文明的　raw adj.未经处理的　incredible adj.不能相信的，难以置信的　irresistibility n．不可抗拒 必备短语 broadly speaking一般说来　consist of由……组成　out of envy出于嫉妒　beat about the bush拐弯抹角；旁敲侧击 A 篇 长难句分析 Turning to the first edition a reader might notice that, totally unlike the final edition of 1857，the first edition collects more genuine folk tales，keeping spoken and raw contents，despite the fact that the language is not as pleasing as that in later revised versions. [分析]　本句是一个主从复合句。turning to the first edition是现在分词短语作状语；第一个that引导宾语从句；keeping... contents为现在分词短语作状语；第二个that引导同位语从句。 [译文]　翻到第一版时，读者可能会注意到，与1857年的最终版本完全不同，第一版收集了更多真实的民间故事，保留了口头和原始的内容，尽管书中的语言不像后来的修订版那样令人愉快。 B 篇 必备单词 genius n．天才人物；(某领域的)天才　leafy adj.多叶的；叶茂的　thickness n．厚；厚度；粗　incorporate v．将……包括在内；包含；吸收；使并入　width n．宽度；广度　deciduous adj.落叶的 必备短语 a brilliant insight一个绝妙的见解　take...into account把……考虑在内 长难句分析 Though it was a brilliant insight that helped him to draw realistic landscapes, Leonardo's rule breaks down for many types of trees. [分析]　句中though引导让步状语从句，从句中that引导定语从句，修饰先行词a brilliant insight。 [译文]　虽然这是一个绝妙的见解，帮助他画出了逼真的风景，但Leonardo的规则在许多类型的树木上都不适用。 C篇 必备单词 outrun v．跑得比……快(或远)　rare adj.稀罕的；珍贵的；稀少的　uncover v．发现，揭露　unique adj.独特的；唯一的；独一无二的　measure v．测量；度量　wildly adv.非常，极其　output n．(人、机器、机构的)产量，输出量　dramatic adj.夸张的；戏剧的；巨大的；引人注目的　reward n．奖励；回报；报酬　widespread adj.广泛的；普遍的；分布广的 C篇 熟词生义 cover常用义：v.遮盖；覆盖　文章义：v.走完(一段路程) 必备短语 have a leg up更具有优势　no more than不超过，至多　live off靠……过活，依赖……生活　allow for使有可能　make the most of充分利用　something to call one's own属于自己的东西 补弱练5　推理判断题——观点态度题 A (2024·江西“三新”协同教研共同体联考)As a professional life and relationship coach，Allison Cowan has 21 years of experience in teaching and supporting others to achieve their goals. She has dedicated her career to helping her clients gain power and awareness in their lives. As a coach, Allison inspires her clients to overcome obstacles and achieve goals.However, her practice has come with its own share of challenges. Expanding her knowledge to meet diverse client needs has involved lots of trial-and-error searching. Initially，Allison spent a hard time building strong and trustworthy relationships with her clients.She knew trust was critical to finding and retaining clients but was frustrated at how long the trust-building process takes. Allison soon learned that there was no single right way to coach. To meet her clients' different needs, she needed to become more efficient at supporting their diverse learning styles. To overcome her challenges as a coach and offer better service，she began looking for ways to customize (定制) her coaching solutions. During her search，Allison realized positive psychology is a field with many different goals.“It covers so many areas, including whatever a client may go through，” she recalled. Later, she began using self-reflection tools to help her clients develop self-acceptance and self-forgiveness. She even discovered a way to help clients without a coaching goal find their purposes. She said，“There's a lot of blame. The more they stay in blame mode, the more angry they are, and they are not able to move forward with acceptance and forgiveness.But we can find solutions in positive psychology.” Whether Allison was helping clients build self-confidence, understand their attachment styles，or reframe their challenges, she quickly found that she was also learning all the time. By completing the homework Allison assigned them, her clients were also changing. They were more engaged in their coaching and making more significant progress between their sessions. That made Allison proud. She said，“They grow and move forward at a quicker pace. That's what coaching is about.” [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了为了能更好地指导客户，Allison根据他们的需求定制指导方案。 1．Why is Allison's initial trouble mentioned in the text? A．To show her defeated career. B．To highlight her special efforts. C．To prove the difficulties in coaching. D．To give the reason for setting goals. 答案：B 1 2 3 4 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段到第四段可知，Allison在指导客户的过程中遇到了一些挑战，再结合其余段落描述她为应对这些挑战做出了很多努力可推知，提及她起初的困难是为了强调她格外地努力。故选B项。 1 2 3 4 2．What did Allison do to serve her clients better? A．She coached them according to their needs. B．She tried her best to change their learning styles. C．She used the same coaching ways to teach them. D．She helped them overcome their challenges in life. 答案：A 1 2 3 4 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“To meet her clients' different needs, she needed to become more efficient at supporting their diverse learning styles. To overcome her challenges as a coach and offer better service, she began looking for ways to customize her coaching solutions.”可知，为了能更好地指导客户，Allison根据他们的需求定制指导方案。故选A项。 1 2 3 4 3．What's Allison's attitude to positive psychology? A．Supportive.　　　　　 B．Unclear. C．Doubtful. D．Dismissive. 答案：A 1 2 3 4 解析：观点态度题。根据第五段中的“During her search, Allison realized positive psychology is a field with many different goals.”及“But we can find solutions in positive psychology.”可知，Allison在指导客户的过程中借助积极心理学寻找解决问题的方法。由此可推知，她对积极心理学持支持态度。故选A项。 1 2 3 4 4．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Allison learned to build self-confidence all the time. B．Allison's clients helped her complete homework. C．Allison and her clients benefited each other. D．Allison's clients misunderstood what coaching is about. 答案：C 1 2 3 4 解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段内容可知，Allison意识到自己在指导客户的同时也一直在学习，而她的客户也在完成她布置的任务后取得显著进步。由此可知，Allison和她的客户互利双赢。故选C项。 1 2 3 4 B (2024·辽宁名校联盟联考)NASA's Lunar Flashlight (the CubeSat)，a small satellite，was launched on Dec.11，2022 to demonstrate several new technologies，with the goal to map ice near the Moon's South Pole. Since then，the briefcase-size satellite's propulsion (推进) system—the first of its kind ever flown—proved unable to generate enough force to get into lunar orbit, despite months of effort by the operations team. Because the CubeSat cannot complete operations to stay in the Earth-Moon system，NASA has called an end to the mission. NASA relies on technology demonstrations to fill specific knowledge gaps and to test new technologies. Used for the first time beyond Earth's orbit，Lunar Flashlight's propulsion system and green fuel were such demonstrations.Although the propulsion system was unable to produce the desired force, the newly developed propulsion system components went beyond performance expectations. “Technology demonstrations are, by their nature，high risk and high reward, and they're essential for NASA to test and learn，” said Christopher Baker, the program executive.“Lunar Flashlight was successful from the standpoint of being a test bed for new systems that had never flown in space before. Those systems, and the lessons Lunar Flashlight taught us，will be used for future missions.” The mission's four-laser reflectometer，a science instrument that had never flown before, either，also tested successfully, giving the mission's science team confidence that the laser would have been able to detect ice if it were present at the lunar surface. “It's disappointing for the science team, and for the whole Lunar Flashlight team，that we won't be able to use our laser reflectometer to make measurements on the Moon，”said Barbara Cohen，the mission's principal investigator.“But like all the other systems, we collected a lot of in-flight performance data on the instrument that will be incredibly valuable to future application of this technique.” [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。美国国家航空航天局的“月球手电筒(Lunar Flashlight)”小卫星因其推进系统产生的推力不足未能进入月球轨道，导致任务提前终止。 5．What is the goal of the CubeSat? A．To get into lunar orbit. B．To seek out ice on the Moon. C．To obtain green energy. D．To test the propulsion system. 答案：B 5 6 7 8 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“NASA's Lunar Flashlight (the CubeSat)...with the goal to map ice near the Moon's South Pole.”可知，“月球手电筒”人造卫星的目标是绘制月球南极附近的冰层地图，即找出月球上的冰。故选B项。 5 6 7 8 6．Why did NASA end the mission? A．The team lost its contact. B．The system ran out of fuel. C．The target was achieved. D．The satellite was in trouble. 答案：D 5 6 7 8 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二、三句“Since then, the briefcase-size satellite's propulsion system—the first of its kind ever flown—proved unable to generate enough force to get into lunar orbit, despite months of effort by the operations team. Because the CubeSat cannot complete operations to stay in the Earth-Moon system, NASA has called an end to the mission.”可知，这颗卫星的推进系统无法产生足够的推力进入月球轨道，因而该任务被终止。由此可知，美国国家航空航天局终止本次任务是因为该卫星的推进系统出现问题。故选D项。 5 6 7 8 7．What does Christopher Baker mean about Lunar Flashlight? A．It is highly significant. B．It will be started soon. C．It is a complete failure. D．It poses a major risk. 答案：A 5 6 7 8 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“high reward”和“successful”以及“taught us, will be used for future missions”可知，Baker认为虽然“月球手电筒”任务失败了，但他们可以从中总结经验，用于未来的任务，由此可推知，“月球手电筒”对后续任务意义重大。故选A项。 5 6 7 8 8．What is Barbara Cohen's attitude toward the mission? A．Unclear. B．Disapproving. C．Positive. D．Cautious. 答案：C 5 6 7 8 解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段第二句“But like all the other systems, we collected a lot of in-flight performance data on the instrument that will be incredibly valuable to future application of this technique.”可知，Cohen认为，在仪器上收集的大量飞行中的性能数据对这项技术的未来应用非常有价值。由此可推知，Cohen对此次发射任务持肯定态度。故选C项。 5 6 7 8 C (2024·湖南九校联盟联考一)Tortoise and turtle shells can be used to study nuclear pollution, scientists have found. Just as tree rings can provide snapshots (简要说明) of the Earth's climate, and ice cores can give us information on past temperature，researchers found that the layers of shells can be used as a time stamp of periods with nuclear fallout. The researchers focused on turtles and tortoises from areas that have seen nuclear pollution, and measured the uranium (铀) that was present in the bony outer shell that is usually made of keratin (角蛋白).Each layer of shell equals to one year of the tortoise's life，and so can reveal what has happened in its surrounding environment. Five different turtles and tortoises from natural history collections were studied. One of these came from Enewetak Atoll, and was collected in 1978. Enewetak Atoll and its neighbor, Bikini Atoll, in the Pacific, were the sites of 67 nuclear tests, with Enewetak the site of 43 of these. Though the sea turtle was probably not alive during the time of the testing, researchers still found uranium pollution in the turtle 20 years after testing ended. Researchers also looked at an eastern box turtle from Oak Ridge, Tennessee, which is the site of a nuclear facility that has produced and processed uranium since 1943. The turtle that was studied there was collected in 1962 and might have bioaccumulated radionuclides，or radioactive materials，from uranium waste products in the area. The research supports the idea that these animals can bioaccumulate human-made radionuclides，or from the environment.It also supports the idea that these animals，which often live a long time，can record information about human activity with nuclear landscapes over a long period. We anticipate that combining analyses of historically collected and modern samples will significantly expand our environmental monitoring abilities as they relate to ongoing nuclear pollution questions. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一项研究报告，研究表明通过测定龟壳中的铀含量，可以得知海洋核辐射情况。 9．What makes the test of uranium by the researchers possible? A．Uranium present in the turtle shells. B．Uranium existing in large amounts in nature. C．The turtle shells independent from the surrounding environment. D．The turtle shells' outer layers composed of mysterious material. 答案：A 9 10 11 12 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“measured the uranium that was present in the bony outer shell that is usually made of keratin”可知，研究人员通过测量龟壳中的铀含量来判定核辐射情况。故选A项。 9 10 11 12 10．What can we infer from the study? A．The turtle studied had to be alive during testing. B．Bikini Atoll and Oak Ridge stood next to each other. C．Enewetak Atoll had more nuclear tests than Bikini Atoll. D．The eastern box turtle from Oak Ridge was collected in 1943. 答案：C 9 10 11 12 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段第三句“Enewetak Atoll and its neighbor, Bikini Atoll, in the Pacific, were the sites of 67 nuclear tests, with Enewetak the site of 43 of these.”可知，埃内韦塔克环礁及其邻近的太平洋比基尼环礁是67次核试验的地点，其中43次是在埃内韦塔克进行的。由此可知，在埃内韦塔克环礁做的核试验数量比在比基尼环礁多。故选C项。 9 10 11 12 11．What is the author's attitude toward the research? A．Approving. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear. 答案：A 9 10 11 12 解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段第一句中的“The research supports the idea that these animals can bioaccumulate human-made radionuclides...”以及最后一句中的“We anticipate that combining analyses of historically collected and modern samples will significantly expand our environmental monitoring abilities”可知，作者对此研究持肯定态度。故选A项。 9 10 11 12 12．What's the best title for the text? A．A Study on Turtle Collections B．The Importance of Turtle Shells C．The Severity of Nuclear Pollution D．A Hint of Radiation from Turtle Shells 答案：D 9 10 11 12 解析：标题归纳题。通读全文，并根据第一段中的“Tortoise and turtle shells can be used to study nuclear pollution, scientists have found.”和“the layers of shells can be used as a time stamp of periods with nuclear fallout”可知，本次研究的重点是龟壳可以用来推测核辐射情况，下文进行了具体的实验说明。由此可知，D项(龟壳对核辐射的提示)最能概括文章大意，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 9 10 11 12 二次精读——溯原文，积语料，提素养 A 篇 必备单词 dedicate v．把……奉献给；致力于　obstacle n．障碍　involve v．包括　trail-and-error adj.反复试验；尝试错误　frustrated adj.沮丧的　significant adj.显著的；明显的 必备短语 go through经历　be engaged in参与；从事 A 篇 长难句分析 Whether Allison was helping clients build self-confidence, understand their attachment styles，or reframe their challenges, she quickly found that she was also learning all the time. [分析]　句中whether...or...引导让步状语从句，主句中that引导宾语从句。 [译文]　无论是帮助客户建立自信，了解他们的依恋类型，还是重新定义他们的挑战，Allison很快发现她自己也一直在学习。 B 篇 必备单词 demonstrate v．演示；说明　mission n．任务　component n．组成部分；成分　standpoint n．立场；观点　principal adj.首要的；最重要的　application n．应用 长难句 分析 “It's disappointing for the science team, and for the whole Lunar Flashlight team，that we won't be able to use our laser reflectometer to make measurements on the Moon，”said Barbara Cohen，the mission's principal investigator. [分析]　句中it为形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的主语从句，从句中to make...Moon为不定式短语作目的状语。the mission’s principal investigator为同位语。 [译文]　“对于科学团队和整个‘月球手电筒’团队来说，无法使用我们的激光反射计在月球上进行测量是令人失望的，”任务的首席研究员Barbara Cohen说。 C 篇 必备单词 layer n．层；表层　reveal v．揭示　facility n．设施　radioactive adj.放射性的　anticipate v．预计　ongoing adj.持续存在的，不断发展的 熟词生义 stamp常用义：n.邮票　文章义：n.戳；印记 monitor 常用义：n.班长　文章义：v.监测 必备短语 relate to涉及，与……有关 C 篇 长难句分析 The turtle that was studied there was collected in 1962 and might have bioaccumulated radionuclides，or radioactive materials，from uranium waste products in the area. [分析]　整个句子为and连接的并列句，第一个分句中that引导定语从句，修饰先行词the turtle。 [译文]　在那里被研究的海龟是1962年采集的，可能已经从该地区的铀废物中生物累积了放射性核素或放射性物质。 补弱练6　推理判断题——写作意图题 A (2024·河北石家庄教学质量检测一)Concrete has served as the foundation stone of the construction industry for hundreds of years.However, the process of producing concrete is one of the most environmentally unfriendly processes in the world. In the process，not only is carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) released into the air by the energy used to heat the limestone, but the limestone itself also gives out a huge amount of the element. Luckily, a number of start-ups throughout the world are using creative thinking to make the construction industry a whole lot more friendly for the planet. A Canadian company has found a way to inject (注入) concrete with carbon dioxide itself.Not only does this trap the carbon dioxide into the concrete, keeping it from running away into the atmosphere, but it also creates a super strong material called calcium carbonate，which reduces the total amount of concrete that needs to be used. California-based Brimstone is creating carbon-negative concrete by doing away with limestone entirely and instead using silicate rock, a material that does not release carbon dioxide when heated. Instead, the process produces magnesium (镁), which absorbs carbon dioxide, as the basis for their concrete. Additionally，researchers at Australia's RMIT University have recently released a study showing that adding coffee grounds instead of sand to concrete could make it much stronger, reducing both the amount of sand used, as well as the amount of concrete that would need to be used in the final product. The biggest barrier at this point is convincing members of the industry that the new types of concrete are safe to be used, according to Stacy Smedley, director at a nonprofit focused on decarbonizing construction. Hopefully these new solutions to the environmental problems of concrete will soon be widely adopted.Given the significant part the construction industry has in releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere，great improvements can be made when more environmentally friendly materials are used. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了几种更环保的生产混凝土的方法，及其面临的机遇和挑战。 1．What is the environmental issue associated with traditional concrete production? A．The high demand for energy. B．The processing of waste materials. C．The mass release of carbon dioxide. D．The use of non-renewable resources. 答案：C 1 2 3 4 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“In the process，not only is carbon dioxide released into the air by the energy used to heat the limestone，but the limestone itself also gives out a huge amount of the element.”可知，与传统混凝土生产相关的环境问题是二氧化碳的大量释放。故选C。 1 2 3 4 2．How does the Canadian company deal with the environmental impact of concrete production? A．By using silicate rock as the basis. B．By putting carbon dioxide into concrete. C．By replacing sand with coffee grounds. D．By absorbing carbon dioxide with magnesium. 答案：B 1 2 3 4 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“A Canadian company has found a way to inject concrete with carbon dioxide itself.”可知，该公司的方法是将二氧化碳注入混凝土中，以防止其飘散到大气中，从而减少混凝土生产对环境的不良影响。故选B。 1 2 3 4 3．According to Smedley，what is the major challenge with these solutions? A．Difficulty in making profits. B．Convincing the public of the convenience. C．Lack of funding for research. D．Removing the industry members' safety concerns. 答案：D 1 2 3 4 解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The biggest barrier at this point is convincing members of the industry that the new types of concrete are safe to be used，according to Stacy Smedley，director at a nonprofit focused on decarbonizing construction.”可知，Stacy Smedley认为这些解决方案面临的主要挑战是消除业内人士对新型混凝土的安全性能的顾虑。故选D。 1 2 3 4 4．What is the author's purpose in writing the text? A．To promote an alternative to concrete. B．To advocate environmental protection. C．To introduce new ways to produce concrete. D．To emphasize the significance of creativity. 答案：C 1 2 3 4 解析：写作意图题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了几种更环保的生产混凝土的方法。由此可推知，作者的目的是介绍一些生产混凝土的新方法。故选C。 1 2 3 4 B (2024·安徽合肥教学质检一)High in the Swiss Alps and the Arctic，scientists have discovered microbes (微生物) that can digest plastics—importantly, without the need to apply extra heat. Their findings, published in the journal Frontiers in Microbiology，could one day improve plastic recycling. It's no secret that plastic pollution is still a big，global issue.Since its production exploded during and after World War Ⅱ， humans have created more than 9.1 billion tons of plastic—and researchers estimate that less than one tenth of the resulting waste has been recycled.To make matters worse, the most common recycling option—when plastic is washed, processed and turned into new products—doesn't actually reduce waste: The recycled materials are often of lower quality and might later end up in a landfill all the same. So, researchers are looking for solutions to the plastics problem，which go beyond conventional recycling—and one process they've experimented with is breaking down plastics using microbes.But the known plastic-digesting microbes can only do so at warm temperatures above 29.4℃.When done at an industrial scale，the amount of energy needed to generate that much heat makes the process give off more carbon—and cost more money. But the microbes found in the Arctic and Swiss Alps can function at cooler temperatures: They were able to break down biodegradable (可生物降解的) plastics at 15℃.In the new study，co-author Joel Rüthi and his colleagues discovered that of the total 34 types of microbes examined, 19 were successfully able to break down a form of plastic called polyester-polyurethane, and 17 could break down two types of biodegradable plastic mixtures. “Unfortunately，the plastics that the microbes partially degraded represent a really small amount of plastics in circulation，” said Gavin Lear, an environmental microbiologist，who was not involved in the study.Lear acknowledged that using natural microbes can provide a head start when it comes to designing a strategy for bio-recycling. “If we move away from the conventional non-biodegradable materials，and we start to use more of these biodegradable plastics, and then it's good that we know how to degrade them more quickly so they're less of an environmental problem，” he concluded. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家们在瑞士阿尔卑斯山和北极发现了能在较低温度下分解塑料的微生物，这为提高塑料回收效率提供了新途径。 5．What do we know about the conventional recycling? A．It does not live up to expectations. B．It contributes to more waste. C．It is not as popular as before. D．It insures new product quality. 答案：A 5 6 7 8 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“the most common recycling option...doesn't actually reduce waste: The recycled materials are often of lower quality and might later end up in a landfill all the same.”可知，传统的回收方式并没有达到减少塑料废弃物的预期效果。故选A项。 5 6 7 8 6．Which best describes the method of using the microbes in the previous studies? A．Impractical.　　　　 B．Pioneering. C．Reliable. D．Invaluable. 答案：A 5 6 7 8 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“But the known plastic-digesting microbes can only do so at warm temperatures above 29.4℃...and cost more money.”可知，以前研究中利用微生物分解塑料的方法在实际操作中需要在较高温度下才能进行，这在工业规模上将会耗费大量能源，导致成本增加，热量还会使这一过程产生更多碳排放。由此可推知，以前的方法是不切实际的。故选A项。 5 6 7 8 7．Why is the new study mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To prove the microbes have an obvious taste preference. B．To show the finding opens the door to a more efficient system. C．To clarify how the process of breaking down plastics works. D．To explain why bio-recycling is better than conventional recycling. 答案：B 5 6 7 8 解析：写作意图题。根据第四段最后一句列举的数据和第五段中的“we start to use more of these biodegradable plastics，and then it's good that we know how to degrade them more quickly so they're less of an environmental problem”可知，这项新研究显示，研究人员已经找到多种可以在较低温度下分解可生物降解塑料的微生物，这为更高效的塑料回收系统打开了大门。故选B项。 5 6 7 8 8．What do the underlined words “head start” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Reward. B．Criterion. C．Protection. D．Advantage. 答案：D 5 6 7 8 解析：词义猜测题。head意为“头；顶端”，start意为“开始”，head start直译为“从顶端开始”。再根据第五段中的“...using natural microbes can provide a head start when it comes to designing a strategy for bio-recycling.”可知，利用这些自然微生物可以让研究人员在开发生物回收技术时领先一步，所以“head start”在这里的意思是在设计生物回收策略方面的有利条件或先行优势。故选D项。 5 6 7 8 C (2024·江苏南通高三调研测试一)The motivation for his invention came to Aarrav Anil last year when he saw his uncle Arjun, who has Parkinson's disease，struggle to eat.Some food spilled (溢出) out of his mouth，and the rest splattered (飞溅) on his clothes.Arjun attempted to keep his dignity but the frustration forced him to give up and call his helper to feed him. The sight of his uncle's shaking the spoon so violently inspired Aarrav, 17, from Bengaluru, South India, to turn to robotics. He locked himself in his room with microcontrollers, sensors, motors，and a 3D printer. What emerged was a prototype (原型) of a smart spoon that is now undergoing trials at the RV College of Physiotherapy in Bengaluru. The sensors in the battery-operated spoon detect shaking on one side and activate movement on the other side，effectively canceling out shaking to keep the spoon stable. “I've been fine-tuning the design based on the college's feedback—that it needs to be waterproof so that it can be washed without damaging all the electronics inside; that it must be removable so it can be cleaned and replaced by a fork，” Aarrav says. For Aarrav, it is the peak of a 10-year interest in mechanics that began when his mother bought him a LEGO set.He has now represented India at more than 20 robotics competitions across the world. When the blueprint for the smart spoon won first prize in the Future Innovators category in the 2022 World Robot Olympiad in Germany, Aarrav felt encouraged to make the prototype. More than 7 million people in India are estimated to have Parkinson's disease, a condition in which parts of the brain become progressively damaged and which mainly affects people over the age of 50.Symptoms (症状) include involuntary shaking and stiff muscles. As the disease progresses, eating can become more difficult, forcing people to rely on help from others. Aarrav's ambition is that every family that has someone with Parkinson's disease will have the smart spoon.He says his uncle Arjun's words keep echoing (回响) in his mind：“Who would have thought such a small thing could mean the difference between dignity and indignity？” [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Aarrav发明能够帮助帕金森病患者独立进食的智能勺子的原因和过程。 9．What can Aarrav's invention help people with Parkinson's disease do? A．Control their physical balance. B．Boost their mood and relieve stress. C．Maintain a good range of movement. D．Feed themselves more independently. 答案：D 9 10 11 12 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段、第三段和最后两段可推知，Aarrav的发明能帮助帕金森病患者更独立地进食。故选D项。 9 10 11 12 10．What does the underlined word“fine-tuning” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Overturning. B．Reconsidering. C．Making minor changes to. D．Conducting a study of. 答案：C 9 10 11 12 解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“the design based on the college's feedback—that it needs to be waterproof so that it can be washed without damaging all the electronics inside; that it must be removable so it can be cleaned and replaced by a fork”可知，Aarrav根据学院的反馈对智能勺子进行微调，因此画线词的意思是“对……微调”，C项为其同义表达。故选C项。 9 10 11 12 11．What is the author's purpose in mentioning people with Parkinson's disease in India? A．To show prospects of Aarrav's invention. B．To reveal the nation's poor health situation. C．To popularize general knowledge of the disease. D．To convince people to volunteer for social causes. 答案：A 9 10 11 12 解析：写作意图题。根据倒数第二段中的“More than 7 million people in India are estimated to have Parkinson's disease, a condition in which parts of the brain become progressively damaged and which mainly affects people over the age of 50.”可知，作者提到印度患帕金森病的人的数量很多，说明需要使用智能勺子的人很多，由此可推知，作者提及印度人患帕金森病的情况的目的是表明Aarrav的智能勺子这一发明拥有广阔的前景。故选A项。 9 10 11 12 12．What can be learned about Aarrav from the text? A．He enjoys being alone. B．He has an innovative mind. C．He used to be a health worker. D．He longs to be a businessman. 答案：B 9 10 11 12 解析：推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中的“He locked himself in his room with microcontrollers, sensors, motors，and a 3D printer. What emerged was a prototype of a smart spoon that is now undergoing trials at the RV College of Physiotherapy in Bengaluru.”和第五段中的“For Aarrav, it is the peak of a 10-year interest in mechanics that began when his mother bought him a LEGO set. He has now represented India at more than 20 robotics competitions across the world.”可知，Aarrav从小就对机械学十分感兴趣，更是在10年后的今天达到了兴趣的顶峰，代表印度参加了许多机器人比赛。然后在看到叔叔无法独立吃饭的窘迫后，发明出了智能勺子，这些都能说明他具备创新思维。故选B项。 9 10 11 12 二次精读——溯原文，积语料，提素养 A 篇 必备单词 foundation n．基础　release v．释放　element n．元素　start-up n．刚成立的公司　given prep.考虑到 熟词生义 ground常用义：n.地；地面　文章义：n.渣滓；沉淀物 B 篇 必备单词 digest v．分解，消化　issue n．问题　conventional adj.常规的；传统的　scale n．规模，程度　degrade v．分解，降解 必备短语 to make matters worse更糟糕的是　all the same仍然；依然　break down分解　give off 释放 长难句分析 Since its production exploded during and after World War Ⅱ， humans have created more than 9.1 billion tons of plastic—and researchers estimate that less than one tenth of the resulting waste has been recycled. [分析]　句中since引导时间状语从句，主句是并列连词and连接的并列句，第二个分句中that引导宾语从句。 [译文]　自第二次世界大战期间和之后塑料产量激增以来，人类已经制造了超过91亿吨的塑料——研究人员估计，由此产生的塑料废弃物中，只有不到十分之一被回收利用了。 C篇 必备单词 dignity n．尊严；自尊　frustration n．沮丧　violently adv.剧烈地；激烈地　undergo v．经历　detect v．检测　activate v．激活　feedback n．反馈　removable adj.可去除的；可取出的 熟词生义 condition常用义：n.状况，条件　文章义：n.疾病 必备短语 turn to转向　cancel out抵消 C篇 长难句分析 More than 7 million people in India are estimated to have Parkinson's disease, a condition in which parts of the brain become progressively damaged and which mainly affects people over the age of 50. [分析]　句中a condition 作Parkinson's disease的同位语；in which和which均引导定语从句，修饰先行词a condition。 [译文]　据估计，印度有700多万人患有帕金森病，这是一种大脑的部分区域逐渐受损的疾病，主要影响50岁以上的人群。 补弱练7　推理判断题——文章出处题/文章类型题/写作对象题 A Boston University (BU) is test-optional for first-year international applicants applying for fall 2025. Students will be required to submit the TOEFL, IELTS or DET test scores as the primary means for evaluating English language capacity. High school records, teacher evaluation and your financial documents shall also be included in applicant checklist. Applicants must decide for themselves whether to include standardized test scores with their BU application. Standardized Test Scores BU accepts self-reported standardized test scores on your application. You may also submit your official test scores by the testing agency, or through the self-report form on the MyBU Applicant Portal. Please note: If you submit self-reported standardized test scores, an official score report from the testing agency will be required before registering at BU. If the scores on those differ even slightly from the scores you self-reported earlier, your application will most likely be disqualified. High School Reports Official copies of your high school reports must be submitted by a school official. If you are admitted in an international course with national exams，please see our High School Credentials (资格证书) page for how to submit these official results. For most BU programs, the recommended high school courses are as follows： 4 years of English 3-4 years of mathematics 3-4 years of laboratory science 3-4 years of history and/or social science [语篇解读]　本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了波士顿大学秋季国际申请。 1．Which are optional in applying to BU? A．Financial documents. B．High school records. C．Standardized test scores. D．Teacher evaluation reports. 答案：C 1 2 3 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Applicants must decide for themselves whether to include standardized test scores with their BU application.”可知，在申请波士顿大学的时候，standardized test scores (标准化考试成绩)是可以选择性提交的，故选C。 1 2 3 2．What may cause a failure in your application? A．Updating applicant information. B．Submitting inconsistent test results. C．Taking different English language tests. D．Reporting scores on the MyBU Applicant Portal. 答案：B 1 2 3 解析：细节理解题。根据Standardized Test Scores部分的第二段中的“If the scores on those differ...likely be disqualified.”可知，如果官方分数报告上的分数与你之前自我申报的分数哪怕略有不同，你的申请都很可能会被取消资格，故选B。 1 2 3 3．Who is the text intended for? A．Test organizers. B．Primary students. C．College professors. D．International applicants. 答案：D 1 2 3 解析：写作对象题。根据第一段“Boston University (BU) is test-optional for first-year international applicants applying for fall 2025.”和下文讲到的基本要求可知，本文是写给国际申请者的，故选D。 1 2 3 B (2024·福建厦门高三质量检测一)In 1959，Handler changed how toy dolls were made when she introduced “Barbie” to the world.With her mature figure，Barbie was one of the first “grown-up” dolls to hit the retail market. Handler wanted to create a toy that was different from the baby dolls that dominated little girls' toy boxes.She wanted a doll that girls could project their future dreams onto and allowed for limitless clothing and career choices. Inspired by paper dolls of the time, Handler, to much disagreement, made sure Barbie had the body of a grown woman. “My own philosophy of Barbie，” Handler wrote in her autobiography，“was that through the doll，the little girl could be anything she wanted to be. Barbie always represented the fact that a woman had choices.” There's even a Barbie for cancer patients—Brave Barbie—a partnership between Mattel and CureSearch that sends a bald (秃头的) Barbie to families affected by cancer.“Gifting my daughter a Barbie who suffered from cancer was tremendous，” said Michelle, a cancer survivor's mother.“We would play with that Barbie together and I'd heartbreakingly watch her pretend to take the doll to the hospital for chemo (化疗)，or place its long wig on top of its head and tell the doll ‘It's time to be beautiful again.’” Bald Barbie was super brave and went on awesome adventures after chemo. Sometimes she felt sick and needed to sleep, but would feel much better after a rest. Bald Barbie always beat the cancer and went on to live a long and happy life with her family. That Barbie became so much more than a plastic doll—she was a means of communication and a coping mechanism during an extremely distressing time for little families. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Handler创造芭比娃娃的初衷，以及其中一款名为Brave Barbie的芭比娃娃对患癌女孩及其家庭的帮助的故事。 4．Why did Handler create Barbie? A．To make a hit in the retail market. B．To appeal to girls with her diverse outfits. C．To do a project on women's career choices. D．To inspire girls to make choices as they wish. 答案：D 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“She wanted a doll that girls could project their future dreams onto and allowed for limitless clothing and career choices.”和第三段中的“Barbie always represented the fact that a woman had choices.”可推知，Handler创造芭比娃娃的目的是激励女孩根据自己的意愿作出选择。故选D项。 7 5．How might Michelle feel when watching her daughter with Brave Barbie? A．Sad yet comforted. B．Envious yet proud. C．Overwhelmed and ashamed. D．Heartbroken and regretful. 答案：A 4 5 6 7 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Gifting my daughter a Barbie who suffered from cancer was tremendous”可知，Michelle很高兴女儿能有芭比娃娃陪伴在侧；再根据第四段中的“I'd heartbreakingly watch her pretend to take the doll to the hospital for chemo...”可知，Michelle看着女儿假装带着芭比娃娃去做化疗时很心痛。所以她看着女儿和芭比娃娃在一起玩时既难过，又为女儿有芭比娃娃陪伴而感到宽慰。故选A项。 4 5 6 7 6．What does Brave Barbie mean to Michelle's family? A．A reliable emotional support. B．A glue for broken relationships. C．An effective practical treatment. D．A secret medium of negotiation. 答案：A 4 5 6 7 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“That Barbie became so much more than a plastic doll—she was a means of communication and a coping mechanism during an extremely distressing time for little families.”可知，Brave Barbie对于Michelle一家而言不仅是一个塑料玩具，还是这个家庭在极度痛苦时期的交流工具，即它是可靠的情感支持。故选A项。 4 5 6 7 7．Where is the text probably taken from? A．A medical journal.　　 B．A charity brochure. C．A financial report. D．A story collection. 答案：D 4 5 6 7 解析：文章出处题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了Handler创造芭比娃娃的初衷，以及其中一款名为Brave Barbie的芭比娃娃对患癌女孩及其家庭的帮助。由此可推知，文章可能出自一本故事集。故选D项。 4 5 6 7 C (2024·河北石家庄教学质量检测一)We can create learning moments that students remember forever if we open up our classrooms to awe and wonder. Toward the end of my high school year, our Spanish teacher organized a trip to see an Andean band perform in Philadelphia. My classmates and I egged one another on ironically (讽刺地): Who could enjoy the show? The performers' clothing seemed odd. The instruments, strange.But then the performers kicked in, dancing to their bombo and wancara drums around the stage and the panpipes and quena announced a kind of sound—new to us. We had spent too little time discussing the culture of the Inca in social studies but its traditions came alive for us that evening. Once the wonderful performance lit up the stage and the hall filled up with music, my teenage cynicism disappeared. I rose out of my chair to dance with honest joy. I have spent the last seven years living and working in South America. But my thirst for cultural exploration and a desire to understand the world outside my language and country has been alive longer than that. Sometimes I think that night dancing to those ancient rhythms unlocked this fascination. Why do I remember it so clearly decades later? In his recent book Awe: The New Science of Everyday Wonder and How It Can Transform Your Life, psychology professor Dacher Keltner explains that “brief moments of awe are as good for your mind and body as anything you might do”. Besides being a memorable emotion, awe boosts curiosity，builds humility，helps with critical thinking，and makes people feel more connected. It even makes us happier.“Twenty years into teaching happiness，” Keltner writes about how to find deep happiness，“I have an answer: FIND AWE.” Moving forward, let's do our best to build instances of awe into our curriculum (课程). So when our former students approach us on the subway years later, they will recall the magical moments from their days spent in our classes. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在高中时期观看Andean乐队表演的经历，并借此阐述了敬畏对学习和个人成长的积极影响，呼吁老师应尽最大努力将敬畏融入教育课程。 8．How did the students initially react to the Andean band's performance? A．They showed respect for it. B．They approached it with doubt. C．They left in disappointment. D．They felt joyful to appreciate it. 答案：B 8 9 10 11 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二至四句可知，学生们最初对Andean乐队的表演持怀疑态度。故选B。 8 9 10 11 9．What does the underlined word “cynicism” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．A deep understanding of music. B．A strong enthusiasm for exploration. C．A negative attitude to the world. D．A sense of connection with society. 答案：C 8 9 10 11 解析：词义猜测题。根据第二段第二至四句可知，作者刚开始对Andean乐队的表演持怀疑态度；再结合第三段第二、三句可知，当精彩的表演“照亮”舞台，大厅里充满了音乐时，作者也带着真诚的喜悦(之心)跟着舞动起来。由此可推知，画线词所在句指的是作者少年时代对世界的消极态度消失了。因此，画线词指对世界的消极态度。故选C。 8 9 10 11 10．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．The importance of finding happiness in life. B．The lasting impact of a memorable experience. C．The benefits of understanding different cultures. D．The positive role of awe in improving one's life. 答案：D 8 9 10 11 解析：段落大意题。通读第五段可知，本段主要介绍了敬畏在改善人们生活方面的积极作用。故选D。 8 9 10 11 11．Who is the text intended for? A．Teachers. B．High school graduates. C．Parents. D．Psychology researchers. 答案：A 8 9 10 11 解析：写作对象题。根据第一段和第六段可知，这篇文章是为教师写的。故选A。 8 9 10 11 二次精读——溯原文，积语料，提素养 A篇 必备单词 submit v．提交，呈递(文件、建议等)　capacity n．领悟(或理解、办事)能力　evaluation n．评价，评估　standardize v．使标准化　disqualify v．使丧失资格 B篇 必备单词 mature adj.成熟的　retail adj.零售的　tremendous adj.极好的　heartbreakingly adv.心碎地　distressing adj.令人苦恼的；使人痛苦的 熟词生义 project 常用义：n.项目；工程，方案　文章义：v.投射 affect常用义：v.影响　文章义：v.疾病侵袭；使感染 必备短语 allow for考虑到；顾及 B篇 必备单词 mature adj.成熟的　retail adj.零售的　tremendous adj.极好的　heartbreakingly adv.心碎地　distressing adj.令人苦恼的；使人痛苦的 熟词生义 project 常用义：n.项目；工程，方案　文章义：v.投射 affect常用义：v.影响　文章义：v.疾病侵袭；使感染 必备短语 allow for考虑到；顾及 C篇 必备单词 odd adj.奇怪的　unlock v．发现；揭示　fascination n．魅力　memorable adj.难忘的　humility n．谦逊 熟词生义 egg 常用义：n.蛋，鸡蛋　文章义：v.煽动，怂恿 thirst 常用义：n.口渴　文章义：n.渴望 必备短语 open up开放　kick in开始　come alive变得生动 长难句分析 But then the performers kicked in，dancing to their bombo and wancara drums around the stage and the panpipes and quena announced a kind of sound—new to us. [分析]　本句是一个并列复合句。第二个and连接两个并列分句；dancing to their bombo and wancara drums around the stage是现在分词短语作伴随状语。 [译文]　但随后表演者开始表演，伴着bombo鼓和wancara鼓在舞台上跳舞，而排箫和八孔木笛发出一种对我们来说很新奇的声音。 补弱练8　推理判断题——事物/人物性质推断题 A (2024·江西南昌一模)Heman Bekele, a 14-year-old student from Annandale，Virginia，has created a bar of soap (肥皂) to treat melanoma, the most common kind of skin cancer, which earned him the title of America's Top Young Scientist and a $25，000 cash prize after his innovation won first place in the 3M Young Scientist Challenge. “I made this soap by mixing regular medicinal soap with different cancer fighting chemicals，” Bekele said in an interview.Rather than a cure，Bekele's soap aims to help the patient's immune cells stay active while fighting melanoma. While similar methods are available for skin cancer treatments，his solution is a more affordable alternative，especially for those in developing countries. Though the product is very promising on paper, studies would have to be carried out to test its efficiency in the real world. For now, the young scientist said he has a five-year plan: At the end of it, he hopes to have created a non-profit organization where he can provide fair and accessible skin cancer treatment to as many people as possible. But to accomplish his goal, he would have to get his treatment through clinical trials, obtain a temporary patent and have it licensed by the U．S. Food and Drug Administration，he said. “I applied for the 3M Young Scientist Challenge because I believe that young minds can make a positive impact on the world，” Bekele said.“I have always been interested in biology and technology, and this challenge gave me the perfect platform to showcase my ideas. The opportunity to work with 3M mentors and show my project to judges was an exciting prospect. I am passionate about finding sustainable solutions to global problems, and I hope to inspire others to do the same.” [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一位弗吉尼亚州的14岁学生Heman Bekele发明了一款治疗最常见的皮肤癌——黑色素瘤的肥皂，赢得了“美国顶尖青年科学家”的称号。同时讲述了Bekele有一个五年计划——建立一个非营利组织来为更多的人提供公平和可获得的皮肤癌治疗。 1．Why did Bekele invent the soap? A．To deal with a kind of skin cancer. B．To reduce the cost of making soap. C．To change people's immune system. D．To complete the task for 3M Young Scientist Challenge. 答案：A 1 2 3 4 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Heman Bekele, a 14-year-old student from Annandale, Virginia, has created a bar of soap to treat melanoma, the most common kind of skin cancer”可知，Bekele发明这款肥皂是为了治疗黑色素瘤，这是最常见的一种皮肤癌。故选A项。 1 2 3 4 2．What aspect of the soap is introduced in paragraph 3? A．Its making process. B．Its working method. C．Its advantage. D．Its development. 答案：C 1 2 3 4 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“While similar methods are available for skin cancer treatments, his solution is a more affordable alternative, especially for those in developing countries.”可知，该段介绍了Bekele发明的肥皂给患者们提供了更实惠的治疗选择，特别是对于发展中国家的患者来说，这是他发明的肥皂相对于现有治疗方法的优势。故选C项。 1 2 3 4 3．What is Bekele's next plan for his invention? A．To create a company. B．To get approval from the authority. C．To promote the soap in the market. D．To work with a non-profit organization. 答案：B 1 2 3 4 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“But to accomplish his goal, he would have to get his treatment through clinical trials，obtain a temporary patent and have it licensed by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration, he said.”可知，为了完成目标，Bekele必须让他的疗法通过临床试验，获得临时专利，并获得美国食品药品监督管理局的许可，因此他的下一步计划应是获得官方的认可。故选B项。 1 2 3 4 4．Which of the following can best describe Bekele? A．Innovative and ambitious. B．Inspiring and tolerant. C．Honest and accessible. D．Energetic and thoughtful. 答案：A 1 2 3 4 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“For now, the young scientist said he has a five-year plan: At the end of it, he hopes to have created a non-profit organization where he can provide fair and accessible skin cancer treatment to as many people as possible.”可知，Bekele心中有一个五年计划，这说明他有抱负；再结合第五段中的“I have always been interested in biology and technology, and this challenge gave me the perfect platform to showcase my ideas.”可知，Bekele很有创新精神。故选A项。 1 2 3 4 B (2024·江苏南通调研测试一)Saving Us: A Climate Scientist's Case for Hope and Healing in a Divided World is one of the most important books about climate change to have been written. Katherine Hayhoe is a gifted public speaker and Saving Us is a follow-up to her awesome TED talk in 2018，“The most important thing you can do to fight climate change: talk about it”． One of the many refreshing aspects of this book is that Hayhoe recounts both her successes and her failures in communication，through which she has gathered evidence about what works and what does not. Much of the book's advice is common sense, all backed up not just by Hayhoe's experience but also with convincing research by psychologists and social scientists. Hayhoe advises against trying to engage with a small minority，the “Dismissives”， who “angrily reject the idea that human-caused climate change is a threat; they are most receptive to misinformation and conspiracy theories (阴谋论)”．There is a warning that offering up more facts about climate change can actually increase polarisation among them. The book includes amusing examples of her encounters with the “Dismissives”， almost entirely older men—including an engineer who was unconvinced of the evidence but with whom she was able to establish mutual (相互的) respect through a shared passion for knitting (针织)—and is packed with inspiring accounts of how she has won over even the most suspicious of crowds. Her motto is “bond, connect and inspire”，which represents her approach of always looking for points of commonality. She also tells of a man who approached her after an event in London in 2019. He had been so inspired by her TED talk that he had started to speak to everybody he could in his neighborhood of Wandsworth.He showed her details of 12，000 conversations that had taken place as a result, claiming that they had helped to convince the council to declare a climate emergency and to switch investments from fossil fuels to renewable energy. And so, while it may feel difficult to influence the outcome of the COP26, Hayhoe's uplifting book makes a persuasive case that we can all do our bit to bring about success just by talking about the issue. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Hayhoe的一本有关气候变化的书的主要内容及特点。 5．What does the book mainly focus on? A．Sharing climate communication tips. B．Teaching presentation skills with TED talks. C．Exploring critical thinking through literature. D．Promoting people's insight into climate change. 答案：A 5 6 7 8 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Saving Us：A Climate Scientist's Case for Hope and Healing in a Divided World is one of the most important books about climate change to have been written.”和第二、三、四段的内容可知，这本书主要分享了如何有效沟通气候变化问题的建议。故选A项。 5 6 7 8 6．Which of the following best describes the advice in the book? A．Humorous but one-sided. B．Novel but contradictory. C．Well-based and workable. D．Serious and hard to follow. 答案：C 5 6 7 8 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Much of the book's advice is common sense, all backed up not just by Hayhoe's experience but also with convincing research by psychologists and social scientists.”可知，书中的许多建议都是常识，其中不仅有Hayhoe的经验，还有心理学家和社会科学家令人信服的研究作为支持；再根据第四段中的“...and is packed with inspiring accounts of how she has won over even the most suspicious of crowds.”可知，这本书用大量鼓舞人心的事例讲述了Hayhoe是如何赢得最多疑的人群的信任。由此可推知，这本书基于事实写成，且书中的许多建议行之有效，即这本书的建议有理有据，切实可行。故选C项。 5 6 7 8 7．How did Hayhoe win over the “Dismissives”？ A．By changing their political identity. B．By challenging their fundamental beliefs. C．By offering more facts about climate change. D．By seeking common ground built on a shared love. 答案：D 5 6 7 8 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The book includes amusing examples of her encounters with the ‘Dismissives’， almost entirely older men—including an engineer who was unconvinced of the evidence but with whom she was able to establish mutual respect through a shared passion for knitting”可知，Hayhoe通过共同的爱好来建立彼此间的尊重，赢得“不屑一顾者”的信任。故选D项。 5 6 7 8 8．What does the author want to say by telling the story in paragraph 5? A．World shift to clean energy is unstoppable. B．We should help people prepare for the climate crisis. C．Policymakers are less responsive to market changes. D．Conversations can influence climate decision-making. 答案：D 5 6 7 8 解析：推理判断题。根据第五段中的“He showed her details of 12，000 conversations that had taken place as a result，claiming that they had helped to convince the council to declare a climate emergency and to switch investments from fossil fuels to renewable energy.”和最后一段中的“Hayhoe's uplifting book makes a persuasive case that we can all do our bit to bring about success just by talking about the issue.”可知，这个故事表明，谈论气候变化问题成功促使议会宣布了气候紧急状态，并将投资从化石燃料转向可再生能源。由此可知，作者讲述第五段的故事是想表明对话可以影响气候决策。故选D项。 5 6 7 8 C (2024·辽宁名校联盟联考)While tearing yellow flowers blanketing hillsides in Los Angeles, Max Kingery has been questioned about his purpose of killing flowers. But the clothing designer who used the plants to dye (给……染色) his spring and summer lines said he took no offense at being accused of stealing the wildflowers in California. Instead, he saw it as an opportunity to raise awareness about a destructive flower that grew rapidly in the state following an unusually wet winter: wild black mustard (芥).The plant from Eurasia was first brought to California in the 1700s. Mustard was among the most noticeable of wild flowering plants that appeared unexpectedly everywhere in California this spring. As temperatures warm it is starting to die, making it easy to cause wildfires. Mustard is also a threat to native plants, transforming the landscape. Its leaves and roots prevent the growth of other species. Kingery is part of a growing group of artists, designers and chefs who are tackling the problem by harvesting the plant to use in everything from dyes to foods. Kingery's line features sweatshirts，pants, and other items dyed naturally using mustard. Artist Erin Berkowitz of Berbo Studio makes dyes from the species, including the dye for Kingery's clothing line. She has offered classes along with a chef who makes food out of the mustard greens and flowers. Berkowitz said her work with Kingery showed the possibilities of what can happen if more people become aware of its uses. To that end, artist Nadine Allan made a digital magazine about the uses of black mustard, including making paper and a facial mask. Allan said she was motivated to act in part because she has friends who lost nearly everything in the wildfires.“The species just looks so pretty. If you don't really know what's happening on a larger scale, you might say they're just a sea of yellow flowers，”she said. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了面对日益泛滥的外来物种——野生黑芥，加利福尼亚州的民间团体自发行动起来，采取积极有效的措施遏制其野蛮生长。 9．What can we learn about Max Kingery? A．He brought mustard to California. B．He was angry at being accused. C．He used mustard to dye clothes. D．He was ashamed to pick flowers. 答案：C 9 10 11 12 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But the clothing designer who used the plants to dye his spring and summer lines said he took no offense at being accused of stealing the wildflowers in California.”及第五段中的“Kingery's line features sweatshirts, pants，and other items dyed naturally using mustard.”可知，Max利用野生黑芥制作染料给衣服染色。故选C项。 9 10 11 12 10．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The rising temperature. B．The history of mustard. C．The amazing landscape. D．The harm of mustard. 答案：D 9 10 11 12 解析：段落大意题。通读第三段，尤其是“As temperatures warm it is starting to die, making it easy to cause wildfires. Mustard is also a threat to native plants, transforming the landscape. Its leaves and roots prevent the growth of other species.”可知，本段主要介绍的是野生黑芥的危害。故选D项。 9 10 11 12 11．Which best describes Erin Berkowitz's work? A．Stressful.　　　　　 B．Long-expected. C．Creative. D．Short-sighted. 答案：C 9 10 11 12 解析：推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Artist Erin Berkowitz of Berbo Studio makes dyes from the species, including the dye for Kingery's clothing line. She has offered classes along with a chef who makes food out of the mustard greens and flowers.”可知，Erin用这种植物制作染料，还和一位用芥菜叶和鲜花制作食物的厨师一起开设了课程。由此可推知，她的做法很有创意。故选C项。 9 10 11 12 12．What is Nadine Allan's final purpose in starting the digital magazine? A．To check the spreading of mustard. B．To protect the endangered plant. C．To make her art available online. D．To promote a greener lifestyle. 答案：A 9 10 11 12 解析：推理判断题。通读全文，并根据最后一段中的“...because she has friends who lost nearly everything in the wildfires.”及“If you don't really know what's happening on a larger scale”可知，Nadine的朋友曾因野生黑芥引发的野火几乎失去了一切，所以她创办这份电子杂志来介绍野生黑芥的用途。由此可推知，她的最终目的是抑制野生黑芥的野蛮生长。故选A项。 9 10 11 12 二次精读——溯原文，积语料，提素养 A 篇 必备 单词 innovation n．创新　promising adj.有前途的　efficiency n．功效　patent n．专利　showcase v．展示　sustainable adj.可持续的 熟词 生义 title常用义：n.标题　文章义：n.称号 必备 短语 make a positive impact on 对……产生积极的影响　be passionate about 对……充满热情 B篇 必备单词 follow-up n．后续行动；后续事物　refreshing adj.令人耳目一新的　receptive adj.乐于接受的　suspicious adj.可疑的；怀疑的　commonality n．共性；共同特征　switch v．(使)改变，转变 必备短语 common sense常识　back up支持　engage with sb.与某人建立密切关系　be packed with充满；装满 B篇 长难句分析 One of the many refreshing aspects of this book is that Hayhoe recounts both her successes and her failures in communication，through which she has gathered evidence about what works and what does not. [分析]　句中that引导表语从句；“through＋which”引导非限制性定语从句，从句中and连接两个由what引导的并列的宾语从句。 [译文]　这本书中有许多令人耳目一新的方面，其中之一就是Hayhoe回顾了她在沟通方面的成功和失败，通过这些经历，她收集到了关于哪些方法有效、哪些方法无效的证据。 C篇 必备单词 blanket v．以厚层覆盖　offense n．冒犯　destructive adj.破坏性的；毁灭性的　noticeable adj.显著的；值得注意的　tackle v．解决 熟词生义 tear 常用义：n.眼泪　文章义：v.拔掉 line常用义：n.线　文章义：n.(产品的)种类，类型 C篇 必备短语 accuse sb.of...指控某人……　raise awareness about...提高对……的意识　to that end为此；为此目的　on a larger scale更大规模地 长难句分析 But the clothing designer who used the plants to dye his spring and summer lines said he took no offense at being accused of stealing the wildflowers in California. [分析]　句中who引导定语从句，修饰先行词designer；he took...California为省略了引导词that的宾语从句。 [译文]　但这位用这些植物来为他的春夏系列染色的服装设计师表示，他对在加利福尼亚州被指控窃取这些野花并不生气。 $$