备考前沿高考冲刺必备的提分能力——破译长难句-【优化探究】2025年高考英语二轮复习高考总复习配套课件

备考前沿 高考冲刺必备的提分能力——破译长难句 　高考冲刺必备的提分能力——破译长难句 2024年高考各题型中长难句增多，句式结构变得更复杂，干扰项更强，对思维能力的要求更高，因此得高分的关键是会破译长难句。下面我们以高考真题中的句子为例，讲解长难句的基本类型以及相应的破解技巧。 长难句的基本类型： ①长简单句：一个简单句中含有多个短语修饰成分。 ②并列句：由并列连词连接两个或两个以上的简单句。 ③复合句：由从属连词连接的主从复合句。 ④并列复合句：既有由并列连词连接的并列句，还有由从属连词连接的主从复合句。 内容索引 NEIRONGSUOYIN 提分能力1　长简单句的破解——抓主干，去修饰 提分能力2 并列句的破解——先找并列连词，再分析并列分句 提分能力3　复合句的破解——先找从属连词，知从句类型，再分析主从句 提分能力4 并列复合句的破解——先找并列连词，再找从属连词，分析各分句间的逻辑关系 提分能力1　长简单句的破解——抓主干，去修饰 [典例] [分析] (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·B) He's one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. 抓主干 句子的主干为He's one of American veterinarians 去修饰 句中a small but growing number of作定语，修饰veterinarians；practicing...medicine为现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰veterinarians 译文 他是为数不多但越来越多的美国兽医之一，这些兽医现在正在实行整体医学——将传统的西方治疗与针灸、按摩疗法和草药医学结合起来。 【微练习】 分析并翻译以下长难句 1．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·D) To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. [分析]　句子的主干为①___________________________________；to improve...data为不定式短语作②____________；to have...image为不定式短语作③____________。 biodiversity apps can also encourage users　 目的状语　 宾语补足语 [译文]　_________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 为了提高观察数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认其上传的图片的物种鉴定。 2．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·A) The Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is a great opportunity for the beginner, experienced or advanced walker to enjoy the challenges of Carlow's mountain hikes or the peace of its woodland walks. [分析]　句子的主干为①_________________________________ ___________________；to enjoy...walks为动词不定式短语作②________，修饰③____________。 [译文]　_________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ The Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is 定语 a great opportunity opportunity 卡洛秋季徒步节是初学者、有经验的徒步者或高级徒步者享受卡洛山区徒步挑战或森林漫步的平静的绝佳机会。 3．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·语法填空) Two years later, a six－meter－tall pavilion, inspired by The Peony Pavilion, was built at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes' walk from Shakespeare's birthplace. [分析]　句子的主干为①________________________________；inspired by The Peony Pavilion为过去分词短语作②________，修饰③____________；just ten minutes' walk...birthplace为名词短语作④________，修饰⑤________________。 a six－meter－tall pavilion was built 定语 pavilion 定语　 the Firs Garden [译文]　_________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 两年后，在离莎士比亚出生地只有10分钟的步行路程的冷杉花园，建造了一个以《牡丹亭》为灵感的六米高的亭子。 4．(2024·全国甲卷·C) The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. [分析]　句子的主干为①__________________________；to come up with measures为动词不定式短语作②________；to address the problem为动词不定式短语作③____________；including arranging...like Krasnoyarsk为介词短语作④________。 [译文]　_________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The government has struggled 宾语　 后置定语 状语 政府一直在努力提出解决这个问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东的较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约以及扩大财政援助计划，以激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。 5．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空) To eat one，you have to decide whether to bite a small hole in it first，releasing the steam and risking a spill (溢出)，or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth，letting the hot soup explode on your tongue (舌头). [分析]　 句子的主干为①__________________。句中to eat one为不定式短语作②____________； to bite a small hole in it first和to put the whole dumpling in your mouth为两个不定式短语作decide的并列③________；releasing the steam and risking a spill 和letting the hot soup explode on your tongue均为现在分词短语作④____________。 [译文]　_________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ you have to decide 目的状语 宾语 伴随状语 要吃一个(小笼包)，你必须决定是先在它上面咬一个小洞，把热气释放出来，冒着汤汁溢出来的风险，还是把整个小笼包放进你的嘴里，让热汤汁在你的舌头上爆开。 提分能力2 并列句的破解——先找并列连词，再分析并列分句 [典例] [分析] (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·C) Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies—say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. 找连词 本句为and连接的并列句 析成分 第二个分句中“say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person”是插入语，对主句进行补充说明 译文 音频和视频可能比文字更吸引人，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是相同作者的文章。 [温馨提示] (1)常见的并列连词(词组)有and，but，so，or，not only...but (also)..., not...but...等。 (2)常见的并列结构有：“句子1，并列连词＋句子2”或“句子1，句子2，并列连词＋句子3”，以此类推。但是要注意的是，有并列连词的句子不一定就是并列句，有时它们只是句子成分的并列，只有当它们连接并列的句子时才是并列句。 【微练习】 分析并翻译以下长难句 1．(2024·全国甲卷·C) Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with basic medical care, X－ray scans and prescriptions. [分析]　本句为①____________连接的并列句。第一个分句是主干为②________结构的简单句；第二个分句中on board为介词短语作③________，修饰④________________________。 and　 主谓状　 定语　 the doctors and nurses　 [译文]　_________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________   每站停留平均持续两天，在此期间，列车上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗护理、X光扫描和处方药。 2．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读七选五) Travel promotes understanding, expands our minds, makes us better people, and boosts local economies and communities, but the rapid growth of travel has led to overtourism in certain regions and destinations. [分析]　本句为①_____连接的并列句。第一个分句中promotes，expands，makes和boosts为并列②________；第二个分句是主干为③__________结构的简单句。 [译文]　_________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ but 谓语　 谓语　 旅行促进理解，拓宽我们的视野，让我们成为更好的人，并振兴当地经济和社区，但旅行的快速增长也导致了某些地区和目的地的过度旅游问题。 3．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·C) From a 21st－century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery－powered e－reader. [分析]　本句为①________连接的并列句。第一个分句是主干为②_________结构的简单句；第二个分句中as interactive as...为as... as...同级比较结构，并且在句中作系动词remains的③________。 [译文]　_________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ but 主系表 表语 从21世纪的角度来看，印刷书籍当然是古老的，但它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性。 4．(2023·全国乙卷·D) Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects，and some chapters of this book are able to do just that，but in many cases we simply can't. [分析]　本句为①________和②________连接的并列句。第一个分句为③__________结构的简单句；第二个分句为④__________结构的简单句；第三个分句为省略了⑤____________的简单句。 and but 主谓宾　 主谓宾　 谓语动词 [译文]　_________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 理想情况下，历史应该将文字和物品结合起来，这本书的一些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们无法做到。 5．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷·A) Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in－class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. [分析]　本句为①_____和②____连接的并列句。第一个分句是主干为③________结构的简单句；第二个分句中drawn...discussion为过去分词短语作④______，修饰⑤________________；第三个分句中⑥___为形式主语，真正的主语为⑦___________________ _______________。 [译文]　_________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ but so 主谓状 定语 writings or tests it to take careful notes during class 课堂活动每天都会有所不同，但学生必须做好准备，完成简短的课堂写作或测试，这些写作或测试直接来自指定的阅读材料或上节课的讲座/讨论的笔记，因此在课堂上认真记笔记很重要。 提分能力3　复合句的破解——先找从属连词，知从句类型，再分析主从句 [典例] [分析] (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空) Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time. 找连词 句中by which引导非限制性定语从句 析成分 主干为the Silk Route Garden walks visitors；其中around the greenhouse为介词短语作定语，修饰the Silk Route Garden；influenced by the ancient Silk Road为过去分词短语作定语，修饰journey 译文 此外，环绕温室的丝绸之路花园带领游客走过一段受古丝绸之路影响的旅程，丝绸和许多植物物种都是通过古丝绸之路首次被带到英国。 【微练习】 分析并翻译以下长难句 1．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·C) The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. [分析]　本句为主从复合句。句子的主干为①________________ ______________________；including reduced...content为介词短语作②________，其中while consuming digital content是省略式的③________________从句。 The reasons relate to a variety of factors 状语 时间状语 [译文]　_________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 原因涉及多种因素，包括注意力减少、娱乐心态以及在消费数字内容时往往有多任务处理的倾向。 2．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·C) According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. [分析]　本句为主从复合句。句中and连接并列谓语，句子的主干为①_________________________________________________；其中suited to social media 为过去分词短语作②________，修饰 ③____________；which引导④________________从句；when引导⑤____________从句。 people approach digital texts and devote less mental effort 定语 a mindset 非限制性定语　 时间状语 [译文]　_________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态对待数字文本，通常并不那么认真，而且比阅读纸质书时投入的脑力更少。 3．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·D) This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. [分析]　本句为主从复合句。句子的主干为①_______________；because引导②____________从句，从句中包含who引导的③______从句，修饰先行词④___________；recording their...nearby为现在分词短语作⑤________，修饰⑥____________________。 This makes sense　 原因状语 定语 the people 定语 citizen scientists [译文]　_________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获取生物多样性观察数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录与在附近地区的物种的相遇。 4．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空) The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route that brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. [分析]　本句为主从复合句。句子主干为①__________________ _____________________；to house...a path为不定式短语作②________，修饰③________________；retracing...in England为现在分词短语作④_______，修饰⑤_______，其中that引导 ⑥________从句，修饰⑦_______________，to come...England为不定式短语作⑧____________。 [译文]　_________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ the Silk Route The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement 定语 　the Glasshouse 定语 path 定语　 结果状语 这个玻璃温室作为当代设计的一个伟大成就而存在，它将来自中国西南部的植物安置在小路的尽头，这条小路可以追溯到丝绸之路时期，丝绸之路把植物从它们在亚洲的自然生长环境中带了过来，为英国的园艺书写了丰富的篇章。 5．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·D) She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. [分析]　本句为主从复合句。句子的主干为①___________；from the practical angle...an academic为介词短语作②____________； making for...AI为现在分词短语作③__________，其中包含两个并列的which引导的④____________从句，修饰⑤____________。 She writes 方式状语　 结果状语　 限制性定语 a guide [译文]　_________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 她从商业人士而不是学者的实际角度来撰写，使得这本指南易于理解且信息丰富，到最后，它会让你感觉自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明。 提分能力4 并列复合句的破解——先找并列连词，再找从属连词，分析各分句间的逻辑关系 [典例] [分析] (2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·B) Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. 找连词 本句是由并列连词and连接的并列复合句 析成分 第一个分句为主从复合句，that引导宾语从句；第二个分句也是主从复合句，其中if引导条件状语从句 译文 Farber确信，随着时间的推移，整体疗法会越来越受欢迎，如果过去有任何迹象的话，他可能是对的：自1982年以来，美国整体兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个了。 【微练习】 分析并翻译以下长难句 1．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·B) After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. [分析]　本句为①_____连接的并列复合句。第一个分句中after引导②__________从句；第二个分句中so...that...引导③__________从句。 but 时间状语 结果状语 [译文]　_________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Charlie心脏病发作后，Tindale说，她本来准备让它安乐死，但Farber的治疗减轻了她的狗的如此多的痛苦，以至于能够让它再多活五个月。 2．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·D) These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? [分析]　本句为①______连接的并列复合句。第一个分句中that引导②______从句，修饰先行词③_______；第二个分句中since引导④____________从句，其中to investigate...change为不定式短语作⑤____________，how引导⑥______从句。 [译文]　_________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ and 定语 data 原因状语　 目的状语 宾语 现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自实物标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些观察数据可用吗？ 3．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·D) Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI－powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. [分析]　本句为①________连接的并列复合句。第一个分句中given the...lives作②___________，to deal with...future为不定式短语作③____________；第二个分句中where引导④_______从句。 and 条件状语 目的状语 表语 [译文]　_________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 鉴于人工智能改变我们的生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，而这就是《AI设计：与人工智能共同生活的计划》这本书发挥作用的地方。 4．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·D) In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. [分析]　本句为①____连接的并列复合句。第一个分句中that引导②_______从句，修饰③_______；第二个分句中translating... understandable为现在分词短语作④__________，修饰 ⑤____________。 but 定语 code 定语　 experience [译文]　_________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 由能力不够的人来写，这本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，难以处理，但幸运的是，Campbell拥有20多年的专业经验，能够将令人晕头转向的内容转化为易懂的内容。 5．(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·完形填空) George, the husband, was trying to be calm, but I could tell this was hard for him, having to leave his dog to a stranger and trust that everything would work out. [分析]　本句为①_______连接的并列复合句。第一个分句中the husband 作George的②_________；第二个分句中this was hard for him为省略that的③_______从句，现在分词短语having to leave...作④_________，that everything would work out是由that引导的⑤____________从句。 but 同位语 宾语　 状语 宾语 [译文]　_________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________  丈夫乔治正尽量冷静下来，但我看得出来这对他来说很难，(因为)他不得不把他的狗留给一个陌生人，并相信一切都会顺利进行。 综上所述，在遇到长难句时，我们先根据句中有无出现连词或连词的类别，将句子分类。然后认真分析句子结构，找出句子的主干，弄清楚各修饰部分所修饰的对象，根据其意义和语法结构的内在关系将句子划分成不同的意群，以降低对长难句的理解的难度。 总之，要准确理解长难句确实不容易，但是一旦掌握了以上破解技巧，英语阅读将变得十分轻松。 $$