重点话题31人与自然 宇宙探索 阅读理解-【同步拓展阅读】2024-2025学年高二英语阅读提升（通用版）

重点话题31人与自然-宇宙探索 阅读理解 【同步拓展阅读】2024-2025学年高二英语阅读提升（通用版） 一、“人与自然—宇宙探索” 主题的阅读理解高频词汇和短语： （一）高频词汇 1.天体与宇宙相关 universe：宇宙 galaxy：银河；星系 solar system：太阳系 comet：彗星 celestial body：天体 meteorite：陨石 2.航天工具与设施 rocket：火箭 spacecraft：航天器；宇宙飞船 telescope：望远镜 satellite：人造卫星；卫星 spacewalk：太空行走 International Space Station：国际空间站 3.航天与探索相关人员 astronaut：宇航员 scientist：科学家 astronomer：天文学家 4.物理现象与概念 gravity：重力；引力 orbit：轨道；沿轨道运行 light-year：光年 magnetic field：磁场 radiation：辐射 5.物质与元素 hydrogen：氢气 oxygen：氧气 molecule：分子 atom：原子 element：元素 二、高频短语 on board：在船上；在飞机上 in order to：为了 so as to：为了；以便 carry on：继续做，坚持干 figure out：弄懂；弄清楚；弄明白 result in：导致；造成 as a result：所以；结果（是） in the hope of：抱着…… 的希望 三、高二英语人与自然-宇宙探索 阅读理解的考法考点 高二英语 “人与自然 —— 宇宙探索” 主题的阅读理解通常有以下考法和考点： 1.细节理解题 事实细节：考查学生对文章中关于宇宙探索的具体事实，如某个航天事件发生的时间、地点、参与人员、具体数据等的理解。例如：When did the first manned mission to Mars take place according to the passage? 原因细节：询问文章中宇宙探索相关现象或事件的原因。比如：Why do scientists believe there might be water on Europa? 方式细节：针对宇宙探索所采用的方法、技术等细节进行提问。如：How do astronomers detect exoplanets? 2.主旨大意题 文章主旨：要求学生概括整篇文章关于 “人与自然 —— 宇宙探索” 的核心内容。常见问法有：What is the main idea of the passage? 文章可能围绕宇宙探索的新发现、面临的挑战、未来的发展趋势等展开，需要学生准确把握。 段落大意：考查某一段落的主要内容。例如：What is the main idea of Paragraph 3? 可能该段落主要介绍了某种宇宙探索的技术或理论。 3.推理判断题 隐含意义推理：让学生根据文章中给出的关于宇宙探索的信息，推断出隐含的意义或结论。如：It can be inferred from the passage that _. 学生需要根据文中对某种宇宙现象的描述，推断其可能产生的影响或未来的发展方向等。 作者意图推理：判断作者写这篇关于宇宙探索文章的目的、态度或观点。常见问法有：What is the author's purpose in writing this passage? 作者可能是为了介绍新知识、呼吁更多人关注宇宙探索、表达对未来探索的期待等。 读者对象推理：根据文章的内容和风格，推测文章是写给哪类读者的。例如：Who is the passage most likely intended for? 可能是面向普通大众科普宇宙知识，也可能是针对专业人士介绍最新研究成果等。 4.词义猜测题 生词猜测：文章中出现与宇宙探索相关的专业词汇或不常见词汇，让学生根据上下文猜测词义。如：The word "nebula" in Paragraph 2 probably means _. 学生需要结合对宇宙天体的描述等语境来推测 “nebula”（星云）的意思。 短语或句子猜测：对文中出现的与宇宙探索相关的短语或句子的含义进行考查。例如：What does the phrase "black hole" refer to in the passage? 或者 What does the sentence "The universe is a mysterious place full of infinite possibilities" imply? 5.观点态度题 作者观点态度：考查学生对作者在文章中关于宇宙探索的观点和态度的理解，如作者对某种宇宙探索理论、计划或成果是支持、反对还是中立。题目可能是：What is the author's attitude towards the new space exploration program? 文中人物观点态度：询问文章中提到的科学家、宇航员等对宇宙探索相关事物的看法。比如：How do the scientists in the passage view the discovery of gravitational waves? 四、高二英语人与自然-宇宙探索 阅读理解的精练题 （24-25高二上·重庆渝中·期中）When Boeing’s new Starliner spacecraft docked with the International Space Station (ISS) earlier this year, the two NASA astronauts on board discovered several minor faults in its propulsion system, leading to a much longer than expected stay on the ISS. This led to headlines about the astronauts being “stranded (滞留)” in space and a renewed interest in the subject of space rescue. Astronauts normally leave the ISS in the same vehicle they arrived in—and that’s as true in the case of an emergency evacuation (疏散) as a routine departure. So any problem with the spacecraft-even a relatively minor one--is a potential worry. If the problem is considered to put the astronauts’ lives at risk, then a replacement spacecraft will be sent up. The key to any kind of in-space rescue is the ability to connect two spacecraft together so astronauts can transfer quickly and safely from one to the other. This process is referred to as docking, and in principle can apply to uncrewed vessels as well as crewed (载人的)ones. However, when an uncrewed vehicle is involved, the procedure is more often referred to as “berthing” rather than docking. The difference is that a crewed spacecraft actively flies in and couples to the ISS, while an uncrewed one is grabbed by a robotic arm operated by an astronaut on board the station and then gently pulled in and attached to one of the external ports. In those early days, the Soviets and Americans developed their own systems for docking, but they soon realized that agreeing an international standard would make future space rescues much more practical. In 2010 the ISS member states-Russia, the United States, Japan, Canada and the European Space Agency (ESA)—formally agreed on an International Docking System Standard (IDSS). This will apply to all future docking systems, and also covers berthing mechanisms. In docking mode, one vehicle—typically the visiting spacecraft, such as the Soyuz or Crew Dragon—takes an active role, while the other, usually the ISS itself, remains passive. Docking then proceeds in two phases, the first called “soft capture” and the second “hard capture”. Only after the second phase is complete are the two vehicles firmly locked together and it’s safe for the crew to transfer from one to the other. 1．Why is Boeing’s Starliner Spacecraft mentioned in Paragraph 1? A．To analyze the cause of space rescue. B．To stress the significance of space rescue. C．To suggest another strategy of space rescue. D．To introduce more knowledge about space rescue. 2．What’s the difference between docking and berthing? A．Docking is the earlier stage before berthing. B．Docking is safer than berthing in an evacuation. C．Docking is relatively active but berthing passive. D．Berthing isn’t completed in the ISS like docking. 3．What’s the purpose for some countries to set International Docking System Standard? A．Advance docking remarkably and rapidly. B．Make docking consistently and effectively. C．Research docking systematically and completely. D．Avoid member states’ faults totally and accurately. 4．What does “hard capture” mean? A．A crewed spacecraft actively flies into the ISS. B．The ISS itself usually remains passive when docking. C．An uncrewed spacecraft is pulled passively to the ISS. D．The two spacecraft connect together securely and strongly. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章从波音公司的“星际客机”出现故障导致两名宇航员在空间站长期滞留这一事件引入，主要探讨太空救援。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段内容“When Boeing’s new Starliner spacecraft docked with the International Space Station (ISS) earlier this year, the two NASA astronauts on board discovered several minor faults in its propulsion system, leading to a much longer than expected stay on the ISS. This led to headlines about the astronauts being “stranded (滞留)” in space and a renewed interest in the subject of space rescue.(今年早些时候，当波音公司的新“星际客机”航天器与国际空间站对接时，船上的两名美国国家航空航天局宇航员发现其推进系统存在几个小故障，导致在国际空间站的停留时间比预期的要长得多。这导致了关于宇航员在太空中“滞留”的头条新闻，以及人们对太空救援这一主题再一次产生了兴趣。)”可知，在第一段后文章就开始介绍更多关于太空救援的知识，因此作者在第一段中提到Boeing’s new starliner spacecraft是为了引出“太空救援”这一话题，作者再就此对救援模式进行更加详细的解释。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The difference is that a crewed spacecraft actively flies in and couples to the ISS, while an uncrewed one is grabbed by a robotic arm operated by an astronaut on board the station and then gently pulled in and attached to one of the external ports.(不同之处在于，载人航天器主动飞入并连接到国际空间站，而无人航天器则被空间站上宇航员操作的机械臂抓住，然后轻轻拉入并连接至其中一个外部端口。)”可知，docking指载人飞船通过主动飞入国际空间站进行对接，而berthing指无人宇宙飞船由机器臂抓入国际空间站停泊在固定地方，这个过程是被动进入，所以对接docking相对属于主动，而停泊berthing属于被动，C选项描述准确。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In those early days, the Soviets and Americans developed their own systems for docking, but they soon realized that agreeing an international standard would make future space rescues much more practical.(在早期，苏联和美国开发了自己的对接系统，但他们很快意识到，达成国际标准将使未来的太空救援更加实用。)”可知，在各个国家自行研究航空航天技术的情况下，达成统一的标准，会使对接进行得更加顺利。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“This will apply to all future docking systems, and also covers berthing mechanisms. In docking mode, one vehicle—typically the visiting spacecraft, such as the Soyuz or Crew Dragon—takes an active role, while the other, usually the ISS itself, remains passive. Docking then proceeds in two phases, the first called “soft capture” and the second “hard capture”. Only after the second phase is complete are the two vehicles firmly locked together and it’s safe for the crew to transfer from one to the other.(这将适用于所有未来的对接系统，也包括停泊机制。在对接模式下，一个飞行器——通常是来访的航天器，如联盟号或载人龙飞船——发挥积极作用，而另一个飞行器，通常是国际空间站本身，则保持被动。然后，对接分为两个阶段进行，第一个阶段称为“软捕获”，第二个阶段为“硬捕获”。只有在第二阶段完成后，两个飞行器才能牢固地锁在一起，机组人员才能安全地从一个飞行器转移到另一个飞行器上。)”所描述的先后顺序不难推知，soft capture是指飞船进入国际空间站的过程，而hard capture是指最后实现安全、牢固对接的过程，与D选项描述相符。故选D。 （24-25高二上·河南焦作·期中）Scientists have for the first time discovered a cave (洞穴) on the Moon. At least 100m deep, it could be a great place for humans to build a base that will continue forever. Moreover, it is just one in probably hundreds of caves hidden in an “underground, undiscovered world”, according to the researchers. Helen Sharman, the first British astronaut to travel to space, said that the newly discovered cave looked like a good place for a base, and suggested humans could potentially be living in lunar pits (坑) in 20—30 years. But this cave is so deep that astronauts might have to get in and out with special equipment, she added. Lorenzo Bruzzone and Leonardo Carrer at the University of Trento in Italy found their evidence in data from NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). Using new processing techniques, the team reanalyzed the data and they spotted radar (雷达) reflections. “The most likely explanation for our observations is an empty space,” said Leonardo Carrer. And while this is the first of its kind that the team has uncovered, there are likely many more. The cave can be seen by human eyes from Earth, and is also where Apollo 11 landed in 1969. “It’s really exhilarating. When you make these discoveries and you look at these images, you realize you’re the first person in history to see it,” Prof Carrer said. Scientists first realized there were probably caves on the Moon around 50 years ago. Then in2010 a camera on LRO took pictures of pits that scientists thought could be cave entrances. But the researchers did not know how deep the caves might be, or if they would have collapsed. Prof Bruzzone and Prof Carrer’s work has now answered that question, although there is much more to be done to learn about the cave thoroughly. The cave might be useful to humans, but the scientists also stress that it could help answer some questions about the history of the Moon, and even our solar system. The rocks inside the cave will not be damaged or eroded (侵蚀) by space weather, so they can provide a good deal of geologic evidence going back billions of years. 5．What is the significance of the newly discovered cave? A．It is the first cave ever discovered in space. B．It is deep enough for the astronauts to store equipment. C．It provides a potential location for a long-term human base. D．It offers direct access to the Moon’s core for scientific study. 6．How did the researchers make the discovery? A．By studying previous data. B．By making assumptions and provin A．They contain elements that can’t be found on Earth. B．They are free from the impacts of space weather. C．They witness weather changes on the Moon. D．They show the history of space. g them. C．By exploring the Moon with advanced technology. D．By continually observing the Moon for a long period. 7．What does the underlined word “exhilarating” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Heartwarming. B．Painstaking. C．Exciting. D．Confusing. 8．Why are the rocks in the cave of great scientific value?【答案】5．C 6．A 7．C 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家首次在月球上发现的一个洞穴，该洞穴可能成为一个长期的人类基地的潜在地点，并对月球的历史甚至太阳系的研究具有重要意义。 5．细节理解题。由文章第一段第二句“At least 100m deep, it could be a great place for humans to build a base that will continue forever.(它至少有100米深，可能是人类建造一个永久性基地的好地方。)”可知，新发现的洞穴对人类来说是一个潜在的长期基地的地点。故选C项。 6．细节理解题。由文章第三段第一句“Lorenzo Bruzzone and Leonardo Carrer at the University of Trento in Italy found their evidence in data from NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO).(意大利特伦托大学的Lorenzo Bruzzone和Leonardo Carrer在NASA的月球勘测轨道飞行器（LRO）的数据中发现了他们的证据。)”可知，研究人员是通过研究NASA的月球勘测轨道飞行器的数据来做出这个发现的。故选A项。 7．词义猜测题。根据画线词后一句“When you make these discoveries and you look at these images, you realize you’re the first person in history to see it(当你做出这些发现，看着这些图片时，你意识到自己是历史上第一个看到它的人)”可知，看到这些图片的人感到自己是第一个看到它的人，因此会感到“兴奋”，所以画线词与C选项“Exciting.(令人兴奋的)”为同义词。故选C项。 8．细节理解题。由文章最后一段第三句“The rocks inside the cave will not be damaged or eroded (侵蚀) by space weather, so they can provide a good deal of geologic evidence going back billions of years.(洞穴内的岩石不会受到太空天气的影响而被破坏或侵蚀，因此它们可以提供数十亿年前的地质证据。)”可知，洞穴内的岩石不会受到太空天气的影响，因此它们可以提供数十亿年前的地质证据，即它们对科学研究具有很大价值。故选B项。 （24-25高二上·江苏淮安·期中）A new study suggests water may have existed on Mars much more recently than past evidence (证据) has shown. The research is based on data collected by the Chinese rover, Zhurong, which arrived on the planet in 2021. Today, Mars has a cold, desert climate. But past studies have provided evidence that ancient Mars had large amounts of water. A study suggested that 4.3 billion years ago, Mars likely had an ocean covering nearly half of the planet’s northern hemisphere There are different theories for what caused large amounts of water to disappear from Mars. The most likely explanation is that the liquid escaped when the planet’s air thinned over time. This turned the surface into a frozen desert about 3 billion years ago. In the new study, the Chinese rover observed salt-rich sand dunes (沙丘) on the surface. The dunes contained breaks and small hills, which provide evidence that the land had frozen and then melted (融化). The melting could have happened as recently as a few hundred thousand years ago, the study said. The researchers believed the dunes were likely formed sometime after 1.4 million to 400,000 years ago, possibly even more recently. Conditions during that period were likely similar to how things are on Mars today. The researchers said small openings filled with salty water were created by melting frost or snow. The team ruled out wind as a cause, as well as frost made of carbon dioxide, which makes up most of the Martian atmosphere. “The rover has now provided evidence that there may be a wider distribution of this process on Mars than previously identified,” said Dr Mary Bourke from Trinity College Dublin. She added that although the evidence suggests small amounts of water, it could still be important in identifying environments that could support life. 9．What can we infer about the lost water on Mars from Paragraph 3? A．It is buried in a frozen desert. B．It is blown away gradually. C．It still remains underground. D．It disappeared into space. 10．What evidence of surface water was found by Chinese researchers? A．The frost made from carbon dioxide. B．Some sand dunes being rich in salt. C．Melted frost and snow. D．Thin air on Mars. 11．How does Mary think the new finding helps scientists with the research on Mars? A．To find areas suitable for life. B．To measure the role of wind. C．To study the frozen and melted areas. D．To figure out the history of dunes. 12．What can be the best title for the text? A．Water Is Actually More Widespread on Mars. B．There Used to Be Rich Water on Mars. C．Chinese Rover Makes a New Discovery on Mars. D．Chinese Rover Finds Water on Mars. 【答案】9．D 10．B 11．A 12．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了中国火星探测器祝融号的新发现，即火星表面存在含盐的沙丘，这些沙丘的形成可能与近期火星表面的水活动有关，为火星上水的存在提供了新的证据。 9．推理判断题。根据文章第三段提到“The most likely explanation is that the liquid escaped when the planet’s air thinned over time.(最有可能的解释是，随着火星大气层随着时间的推移而变薄，这些液体逃逸了。)”可知，火星上曾经存在的大量水最有可能的解释是随着火星大气层的逐渐变薄，水以液体的形式逃逸到了太空中。故选D。 10．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“In the new study, the Chinese rover observed salt-rich sand dunes on the surface. The dunes contained breaks and small hills, which provide evidence that the land had frozen and then melted.(在这项新研究中，中国的火星车观察到火星表面富含盐的沙丘。这些沙丘有裂缝和小山丘，这提供了这片土地曾经冻结然后又融化的证据。)”可知，中国研究人员发现的证据是一些富含盐的沙丘。故选B。 11．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“She added that although the evidence suggests small amounts of water, it could still be important in identifying environments that could support life.(她补充说，尽管证据表明水量很少，但它对于确定可能支持生命存在的环境仍然很重要。)”可知，玛丽认为这一新发现有助于科学家找到可能适合生命存在的区域。故选A。 12．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了中国火星探测器祝融号的新发现，即火星表面存在含盐的沙丘，这些沙丘的形成可能与近期火星表面的水活动有关，为火星上水的存在提供了新的证据，所以选项C“中国火星车在火星上有新发现”能够概括文章主旨，适合作为本文标题。故选C。 （24-25高二上·湖南长沙·期末）Astronomers have discovered a six-pack of planets, formed at least 4 billion years ago and remarkably unchanged since, orbiting a nearby sun-like star. The new planets could provide a breakthrough in the understanding of how planets form and why there are so many between the sizes of Earth and Neptune (海王星) , a kind known as “sub Neptunes” that is strikingly common in our galaxy (银河系) . These newfound worlds are hot, full of gas and unlikely to be pleasant places to visit. Their cozy orbits around the parent star mean they are not in what scientists consider the “habitable zone” of a planetary system. Therefore, the hunt for Earth 2.0 goes on. But what makes these planets unusual, in addition to their large number, is that they are locked into a resonance (共振) with one another as they orbit the star. One planet, for example, will make precisely three orbits while a neighbouring planet makes two. “This resonance is very rate in nature,” lead author Rafael Luque of the University of Chicago said in a webinar Tuesday with reporters. This reminder that mathematics controls the universe comes with another implication, which is that these six planets have been in a stable, predictable, two-by-three orbital pattern since they were formed at least 4 billion years ago. Most planetary systems, including our own, aren’t like that. The resonant orbits of these planets are consistent with the idea that this system has not suffered any major disturbance — for instance, the impact of disasters, or the close passing of another star — for billions of years. In this case, the planets formed with their parent star from a cloud of gas and dust and relatively quickly found their resonant orbits. And then nothing exciting happened to change that. This unusual orbital pattern is clear in the title of the new paper: “A resonant sub-Neptune passing the bright star HD 110067.” “Occasionally, nature reveals an absolute treasure,” Sara Seager, s professor of planetary science at MIT and a co-author of the new paper, said in an email. “HD 110067 is an immediate astronomical discovery — offering a key system to help unlock some mysteries of planet formation and evolution.” 13．Why should the hunt for Earth 2.0 go on according to the passage? A．The new-found planets are “sub Neptunes” that are too big. B．The new-found planets are orbiting a star different from the sun. C．The new-found planets are not suitable for human beings to live on. D．The new-found planets formed at least 4 billion years ago and changed significantly. 14．Which of the following is not the special aspect of these six planets? A．Their two-by-three orbital pattern. B．Their being controlled by mathematics. C．Their not having suffered great disturbance. D．Their being stable and unchanged since they were formed. 15．Why did the new-found planets form this two-by-three orbital pattern? A．A cloud of gas and dust found their orbit quickly. B．Their parent star formed before a disastrous impact. C．Another star passed the planets for billions of years. D．The whole planet set was not disturbed from the beginning. 16．What is the best title for the article? A．The Search for Earth 2.0 Continues B．Resonant Planets Don’t Welcome Humans C．The Discovery of “sub Neptunes” in Universe D．Unlocking the Mysteries of Planet Formation with HD 110067 【答案】13．C 14．B 15．D 16．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家们发现了由六颗行星组成的绕恒星HD 110067 旋转的有独特轨道的行星系，给帮助解开行星形成和发展的秘密提供了重要的系统。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Their cozy orbits around the parent star mean they are not in what scientists consider the “habitable zone” of a planetary system. Therefore, the hunt for Earth 2.0 goes on.( 它们围绕母恒星的舒适轨道意味着它们不在科学家认为的行星系统的“宜居带”内。因此，寻找地球2.0的工作仍在继续)”可知，人类将继续找寻找地球2.0是因为新发现的行星不适合人类居住。故选C项。 14．细节理解题。根据第四段“This reminder that mathematics controls the universe comes with another implication, which is that these six planets have been in a stable, predictable, two-by-three orbital pattern since they were formed at least 4 billion years ago. Most planetary systems, including our own, aren’t like that.( 数学控制宇宙的提醒还有另一个含义，即这六颗行星自至少40亿年前形成以来，一直处于稳定、可预测的2乘3轨道模式中。大多数行星系统，包括我们自己的，都不是这样的)”和第五段中“The resonant orbits of these planets are consistent with the idea that this system has not suffered any major disturbance—for instance, the impact of disasters, or the close passing of another star—for billions of years.( 这些行星的共振轨道与这个系统数十亿年来没有遭受任何重大干扰的想法是一致的，比如，灾难的影响，或者另一颗恒星的近距离经过)”可知，这个行星系的轨道自他们形成以来都是稳定的2*3轨道模式，大多数行星系都不是这样，并且这种共振轨道与它们没有遭受过大的灾难或破坏是相符合的。所以只有B选项中的数学控制宇宙并非其特点。故选B项。 15．细节理解题。根据第五段“The resonant orbits of these planets are consistent with the idea that this system has not suffered any major disturbance—for instance, the impact of disasters, or the close passing of another star—for billions of years. In this case, the planets formed with their parent star from a cloud of gas and dust and relatively quickly found their resonant orbits. And then nothing exciting happened to change that.( 这些行星的共振轨道与这个系统数十亿年来没有遭受任何重大干扰的想法是一致的，比如，灾难的影响，或者另一颗恒星的近距离经过。在这种情况下，行星与母恒星一起从气体和尘埃云中形成，并相对较快地找到了它们的共振轨道。然后没有什么令人兴奋的事情发生来改变这一点)”可知，新发现的行星会形成这种2*3的轨道模式是因为整个行星群从一开始就没有受到干扰。故选D项。 16．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段中““HD 110067 is an immediate astronomical discovery—offering a key system to help unlock some mysteries of planet formation and evolution.”(“HD 110067是一个即时的天文发现，它提供了一个关键系统，可以帮助解开行星形成和演化的一些谜团。”)”可知，本篇文章主要讲到了科学家们发现了由六颗行星组成的绕恒星HD 110067 旋转的有独特轨道的行星系，给帮助解开行星形成和发展的秘密提供了重要的系统。故这篇文章最好的标题是D项“用HD 110067解开行星形成之谜”。故选D项。 （24-25高二上·辽宁·期中）The idea of turning Mars into a livable world for humans is a common element of science fiction. But could such an action be done in real life? There are many issues that need to be solved before humans can successfully live on Mars. They include a lack of breathable oxygen, harmful ultraviolet (紫外线) radiation, salty soil, and dust storms that sometimes cover much of the planet. And the average Martian surface temperature is about minus (零下) 65℃. With its thin atmosphere, solar heat on the Martian surface easily escapes into space. Scientists are now proposing a new method to warm up Mars. The idea involves putting engineered particles made of iron or aluminum (铝) into the atmosphere at a rate of about 30 liters per second for years. The goal is to trap escaping heat and direct sunlight towards the Martian surface. The proposal would aim to permit liquid water to exist on the surface of Mars, which has water in the form of ice at its polar areas and its subsurface. The proposed idea would be to increase the natural greenhouse effect on Mars and raise its surface temperature by around 28℃ over ten years. Such a change alone would not make Mars livable for people. But the scientists see it as a possible first step. Scientist Kite described the process of changing a planet’s environment to be more like Earth. “For Mars, warming the planet is a necessary, but not enough, first step. Previous concepts have focused on releasing greenhouse gases, but these require large amounts of resources that are rare on Mars,” he said. Kite added that climate modeling suggests the new idea of using engineered particles to warm Mars’ atmosphere could work better than previous ideas and that the work is important because it presents a possible method that could help future exploration plans. Kite suggested that the costs and benefits of releasing particles are uncertain. For example, he said if Mars’ soil has compounds that are harmful to life from Earth, then the benefit of warming Mars is zero. 17．What’s the function of the question mentioned in paragraph 1? A．To prove the untruth of sci-fi. B．To expect readers’ clear answers. C．To express people’s strong doubts. D．To introduce the theme of the text. 18．What does the author intend to explain in paragraph 2? A．The challenges for human settling on Mars. B．The variety of natural environments on Mars. C．The possibility of solid ice existence on Mars. D．The reason for the year-long darkness on Mars. 19．What does Kite’s words about the new idea convey? A．It’s perfect. B．It’s practical. C．It’s dangerous. D．It’s traditional. 20．What’s the best title for the text? A．Scientists Help People Move to Mars B．Scientists Make Mars a Second Home C．Scientists Propose an Idea to Warm Mars D．Scientists Change the Atmosphere of Mars 【答案】17．D 18．A 19．B 20．C 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了科学家提出的一种帮火星升温的新方法——通过向火星大气中释放工程粒子来提高火星的表面温度，使其更适合人类居住。 17．推理判断题。根据第一段“The idea of turning Mars into a livable world for humans is a common element of science fiction. But could such an action be done in real life?(把火星变成人类宜居世界的想法是科幻小说的常见元素。但这样的动作在现实生活中可以实现吗)”，第二段“With its thin atmosphere, solar heat on the Martian surface easily escapes into space.(由于火星大气层稀薄，火星表面的太阳热量很容易逃逸到太空中)”和第三段“Scientists are now proposing a new method to warm up Mars.(科学家们现在提出了一种使火星变暖的新方法)”可知，作者在第一段提问题是为了引出本文的主题，即，科学家们现在提出了一种使火星变暖的新方法。故选D。 18．主旨大意题。根据第二段“There are many issues that need to be solved before humans can successfully live on Mars. They include a lack of breathable oxygen, harmful ultraviolet (紫外线) radiation, salty soil, and dust storms that sometimes cover much of the planet. And the average Martian surface temperature is about minus (零下) 65℃. With its thin atmosphere, solar heat on the Martian surface easily escapes into space.(在人类成功地在火星上生活之前，有许多问题需要解决。它们包括缺乏可呼吸的氧气、有害的紫外线辐射、土壤盐碱化以及有时覆盖地球大部分地区的沙尘暴。火星表面的平均温度约为零下65℃。由于火星大气层稀薄，火星表面的太阳热量很容易逃逸到太空中)”可知，第二段中列举了在火星上建立人类定居点所面临的多种挑战：缺乏可呼吸的氧气、有害的紫外线辐射、盐碱土壤和尘暴等。而这些问题都是人类在火星上生存必须要解决的实际困难。由此推断，这一段主要阐述了人类在火星上定居面临的各种挑战。故选A。 19．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Kite added that climate modeling suggests the new idea of using engineered particles to warm Mars’ atmosphere could work better than previous ideas and that the work is important because it presents a possible method that could help future exploration plans.(Kite补充说，气候模型表明，使用工程颗粒来加热火星大气的新想法可能比以前的想法更有效，这项工作很重要，因为它提供了一种可能有助于未来探索计划的方法)”可知，Kite认为这个新想法比之前的想法更好，且为未来探索计划提供了一种可能性。由此推知，这个新想法是可行的。故选B。 20．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段“Scientists are now proposing a new method to warm up Mars. The idea involves putting engineered particles made of iron or aluminum (铝) into the atmosphere at a rate of about 30 liters per second for years. The goal is to trap escaping heat and direct sunlight towards the Martian surface. The proposal would aim to permit liquid water to exist on the surface of Mars, which has water in the form of ice at its polar areas and its subsurface.(科学家们现在提出了一种使火星变暖的新方法。这个想法包括将由铁或铝制成的工程颗粒以每秒30升的速度放入大气中，持续数年。其目标是捕获逸出的热量，并将阳光直射到火星表面。该提案旨在允许液态水存在于火星表面，火星的极地和地下都有冰形式的水)”可知，本文主要讲述了科学家提出的一种帮火星升温的新方法——通过向火星大气中释放工程粒子来提高火星的表面温度，使其更适合人类居住，因此最好的题目是C选项“Scientists Propose an Idea to Warm Mars(科学家提出了一个温暖火星的想法)”。故选C。 （24-25高二上·湖北武汉·期中）Primordial black holes (PBHs) are dark matter that may have been born in the first second after the Big Bang. Over the last 13. 8 billion years they would have spread across the universe. According to a new study, these tiny, ancient black holes could rush through our Solar System. A team of scientists has worked out that they might speed through our neck of the woods as often as once a decade, based on the estimated distribution of dark matter across a given region of space. They found that a PBH, packing the mass of a small planet into a space the size of a single atom (原子), should stream through the inner Solar System about once every 10 years or so. Although we wouldn’t be able to directly see it, such a visitor would still make its existence known. If a PBH came within about 280 million miles of Mars, it would result in a detectable wobble (摇晃) in the red planet’s course. The shift would only be about 1 meter over 10 years, but that’s enough for us to pick up, since we can measure the distance of Mars from Earth to within about 10 centimeters. The study started with a fun question: what would happen if a PBH passed a person? Lead author, scientist Tung Tran from MIT, roughly calculated that if one came within a meter of you, you’d be thrown about 6 meters away in 1 second. While that is rather unlikely, it got the team wondering how a PBH flying through the solar system would affect planets and moons. “The numbers we got were not very clear. There are many other factors in the solar system that could act as some sort of resistance to cause the wobble to dampen out,” says Tung. So, the researchers then created the effects in lab which is the same as a PBH flyby on Mercury, Venus, and Mars to see if their wobbles would be easier to notice. Of those, Mars gave the clearest signal, largely because it’s such a heavily monitored planet. Still, more detailed experiments involving more objects will need to be conducted to get a more accurate understanding of those factors. “We need as much clarity as we can of the expected backgrounds, such as the typical speeds of space rocks in contrast to these PBHs,” says MIT physicist David Kaiser. It is our hope that in the coming decades, advances in science will offer new evidence. With a bit more work, it’s possible that astronomers could get lucky, spot a wobble, and uncover one of the biggest mysteries about universe. 21．How can scientists notice a PBH speeding through Solar System? A．By monitoring a single atom nearby. B．By observing an obvious shake of Mars. C．By measuring the Mars-Earth distance. D．By analyzing the presence of dark matter. 22．What is a passing PBH possibly capable of? A．Affecting a planet to rock in its course. B．Throwing away a person in the distance. C．Creating resistance to cancel out a wobble. D．Giving Mars the most obvious signals to shake. 23．Which of the following best explains “dampen out” underlined in paragraph 4? A．Be difficult to make out. B．Regularly occur. C．Be interesting to observe. D．Narrowly escape. 24．What is the last paragraph mainly about in terms of the research? A．Its current limitations. B．Astronomers with good luck. C．Its potential applications. D．Expectations for further studies. 【答案】21．C 22．A 23．A 24．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家们对宇宙中的黑洞的研究。 21．细节理解题。根据第二段中“ If a PBH came within about 280 million miles of Mars, it would result in a detectable wobble (摇晃) in the red planet’s course. The shift would only be about 1 meter over 10 years, but that’s enough for us to pick up, since we can measure the distance of Mars from Earth to within about 10 centimeters.(如果PBH出现在距离火星2.8亿英里的范围内，它将导致火星轨道上可探测到的摇晃。在10年里，这种变化只会大约1米，但这足以让我们捕捉到，因为我们可以测量火星到地球的距离，误差在10厘米左右。)”可知，科学家们是通过测量火星到地球的距离注意到一颗PBH加速穿过太阳系的。故选C项。 22．推理判断题。根据第二段中“ If a PBH came within about 280 million miles of Mars, it would result in a detectable wobble (摇晃) in the red planet’s course.(如果PBH出现在距离火星2.8亿英里的范围内，它将导致火星轨道上可探测到的摇晃。)”可知，PBH能影响行星在其运行过程中摇摆。故选A项。 23．词句猜测题。根据划线词句前文“The numbers we got were not very clear. There are many other factors in the solar system that could act as some sort of resistance to cause the wobble to(我们得到的数字不是很清楚。太阳系中还有许多其他因素可能作为某种阻力，导致摇晃)”可知，太阳系可能有很多因素作为阻力影响行星和卫星导致其摇晃难以辨认清楚，从而推知划线部分意思是“难以辨认”。故选A项。 24．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“It is our hope that in the coming decades, advances in science will offer new evidence. With a bit more work, it’s possible that astronomers could get lucky, spot a wobble, and uncover one of the biggest mysteries about universe.(我们希望，在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将提供新的证据。如果再多做一点工作，天文学家可能会幸运地发现一次摇晃，并揭开宇宙最大的谜团之一。)”可知，就研究而言，最后一段主要是关于对进一步研究的期望。故选D项。 （24-25高二上·浙江杭州·期中）The Moon is attracting much attention these days as NASA is ready for its Artemis I launch and preparing for more to follow. The mission objectives are clear: develop a sustainable presence on its surface and pave the way to go to Mars. And then what? What’s the next great leap in humans’ quest for the secrets of the universe? When it comes to the near future scientific exploration, there are a few areas of the solar system that will be receiving some special attention. First off there’s Venus, a planet which was a relative paradise (天堂), with oceans and a pleasant atmosphere. Something went terribly wrong there a few billion years ago, and NASA has scheduled a series of missions to explore what exactly is going on there. At the other end are the gas giants. Several of the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn are covered in thick sheets of ice, and underneath that ice sit oceans of liquid water. NASA has missions planned to investigate those mysterious worlds, hunting for any signs of possible life hidden deep within. As for us humans, Mars is certainly the grand prize in the coming decades. If we have the adequate drive and funds, we can establish a semi - permanent presence on the red planet, keeping crews working and studying in person on the Martian surface. The other planets of our solar system are not so suitable for people to settle on. Mercury is too close to the Sun for comfort and too far away from the Earth. Over the coming decades humans expect to see a rise of “space hotels”, set up for visiting tourists and scientific explorations. Naturally, turning the space rock into a habitat for humans is not very practical considering our current level of technological maturity, but in my best estimation, it’s the next easiest thing to accomplish... after the Moon and Mars, of course. 25．What does the underlined word “quest” probably mean in the second paragraph? A．Question. B．Explanation. C．Request. D．Search. 26．Which is the least likely to be explored in the next decades according to the passage? A．Mars. B．Mercury. C．Venus. D．Gas giants. 27．What’s the author’s attitude towards the “space hotels”? A．Ambiguous. B．Critical. C．Hopeful. D．Indifferent. 28．What’s the passage mainly about? A．The launch of Artemis I. B．The secrets of the solar system. C．The missions of NASA． D．The areas of the future universe exploration. 【答案】25．D 26．B 27．C 28．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。随着美国宇航局准备发射阿尔忒弥斯一号，并为接下来的发射做准备，月球备受关注，任务目标是在月球表面建立可持续的存在，并为前往火星铺平道路。对于不久的将来的科学探索领域时，文章进行了详细介绍。 25．词句猜测题。根据第二段最后一句“When it comes to the near future scientific exploration, there are a few areas of the solar system that will be receiving some special attention.(说到不久的将来的科学探索，太阳系有几个领域受到特别关注。)”可知，此处是指对宇宙奥秘的探索，所以quest意为“寻求，探求”的意思。故选D项。 26．推理判断题。根据倒第二段最后一句“Mercury is too close to the Sun for comfort and too far away from the Earth.(水星离太阳太近，不会舒适，离地球太远。)”可知，水星是未来几十年最不可能被探测的。故选B项。 27．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Naturally, turning the space rock into a habitat for humans is not very practical considering our current level of technological maturity, but in my best estimation, it’s the next easiest thing to accomplish... after the Moon and Mars, of course.(当然，考虑到我们目前的技术成熟度，将太空岩石变成人类的栖息地并不十分实际，但据我估计，这是下一个最容易实现的事情...当然，在月球和火星之后。)”可知，作者对“太空旅馆”的态度是充满希望的。故选C。 28．主旨大意题。根据第二段“And then what? What’s the next great leap in humans’ quest for the secrets of the universe? When it comes to the near future scientific exploration, there are a few areas of the solar system that will be receiving some special attention.(然后呢？人类探索宇宙秘密的下一个重大飞跃是什么？当谈到不久的将来的科学探索时，太阳系的一些区域将受到一些特别的关注。)”以及下文的对未来要探索的星球的描述可知，文章主要讲未来宇宙探索的领域。故选D项。 （23-24高二下·湖南·期末）From the hills of West Virginia to the flats of rural Australia, some of the world’s largest telescopes are listening for signals from distant alien (外星的) civilizations. The project, known as SETI, is an effort to find artificial looking electromagnetic-radiation (电磁辐射) signals that might have come from a technologically advanced civilization in a far-away solar system. A recent study describes one of several efforts to use machine learning, a subset of AI, to help astronomers quickly sort through the large amounts of data such surveys generate. As AI reshapes many scientific fields, what promise does it hold for the search for life beyond Earth? “It is a new era for SETI research that is opening up thanks to machine learning technology,” says Franck Marchis, a planetary astronomer at the SETI Institute in Mountain View, California. For decades, the field was restricted by having hardly any data at all. Most of the SETI searches that followed were also limited to a small number of stars. In 2015, billionaire Yuri Milner funded the biggest SETI programme ever: the Breakthrough Listen project to search one million stars for signs of intelligent life. But the trouble is that these searches generate large amounts of data — including false positives produced by Earthly interference (干扰) from mobile phones, GPS and other aspects of modern life. “The biggest challenge for us in looking for SETI signals is not at this point getting the data,” says Sofia Sheikh, an astronomer at the SETI Institute. “The difficult part is differentiating signals from Earth technology from the kind of signals we’d be looking for from technology somewhere else in the Galaxy.” Astronomers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), say “They will launch a community science project in which volunteers will sort through images of radio signals and classify them as potential types of interference.” “SETI will probably use a mixture of classical and machine-learning approaches to sort through data. Classical algorithms (经典算法) remain excellent at picking up signals, and machine learning can’t do everything,” says Jean-Luc Margot, an astronomer at UCLA． 29．What is the purpose of SETI? A．To search for alien life in outer space. B．To explore the geography of Australia. C．To study the ancient civilization of Earth. D．To send radio signals to the distant solar system. 30．What is the key factor in SETI research? A．The upgrade of data-storing equipment. B．The application of machine-learning technology. C．The development of radio communication systems. D．The invention of the largest telescope in the world. 31．What is the most challenging part of the SETI project? A．Raising funds for long-term research. B．Obtaining enough data from one million stars. C．Distinguishing alien signals from human signals. D．Avoiding interfering with GPS and mobile phones. 32．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．Advantages of classical algorithms. B．Further plan for the SETI programme. C．The goal of the community-science project. D．Improvements in machine-learning approaches. 【答案】29．A 30．B 31．C 32．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了致力于寻找类似人造电磁辐射的信号的 SETI 项目，以及该项目的研究关键和面临的挑战。 29．细节理解题。根据第一段“The project, known as SETI, is an effort to find artificial looking electromagnetic-radiation (电磁辐射) signals that might have come from a technologically advanced civilization in a far-away solar system.”(该项目被称为SETI，旨在寻找看起来像人造的电磁辐射信号，这些信号可能来自遥远太阳系中技术先进的文明。)可知，SETI 项目的目的是寻找外太空的生命。故选 A。 30．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It is a new era for SETI research that is opening up thanks to machine learning technology”(借助机器学习技术，SETI研究进入了一个新时代) 可知，机器学习技术是 SETI 研究的关键因素。故选B。 31．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“The difficult part is differentiating signals from Earth technology from the kind of signals we’d be looking for from technology somewhere else in the Galaxy”(困难的部分是区分来自地球技术的信号和我们在银河系其他地方寻找的信号) 可知，SETI 项目最具挑战的部分是区分地球技术信号和外星技术信号。故选C。 32．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“SETI will probably use a mixture of classical and machine-learning approaches to sort through data. Classical algorithms (经典算法) remain excellent at picking up signals, and machine learning can’t do everything," says Jean-Luc Margot, an astronomer at UCLA.”（SETI可能会混合使用经典方法和机器学习方法来整理数据。加州大学洛杉矶分校的天文学家Jean-Luc Margot说:“经典算法在获取信号方面仍然很出色，机器学习不能做所有事情。）可知，最后一段主要关于SETI项目的进一步计划。故选B。 （23-24高二下·河南·期中）After their six-month orbital journey in the Tiangong space station, the three astronauts of Shenzhou XIV mission shared their experiences and feelings with the public on Friday in the first news conference. Faced with domestic reporters at the Astronaut Centre of China in Beijing, mission commander Senior Colonel Chen Dong said that every day during their mission was full of work. For example, they were tasked with preparing for and monitoring the arrival of the Wentian and Mengtian lab modules, and making three spacewalks. Chen recalled the moment he and his teammates—Senior Colonel Liu Yang and Senior Colonel Cai Xuzhe—met their fellow astronauts in the Shenzhou XV flight inside the Tiangong station. “We had paid a lot of attention to news about the Shenzhou XV mission and the crew several days before they set out. When their spacecraft actually launched, we were watching the live broadcast and we were so happy that we kept clapping our hands for a long time. In the hours before their spacecraft arrived at the station, we were supposed to have a sleep but none of us really went to bed. The moment I was about to open the hatch after their spacecraft connected with the space station, I saw them through the window and I waved my hand to welcome them to our home, and theirs,” he said. Liu Yang, the first Chinese woman in space, said the Shenzhou XIV was her second spaceflight and she made a paper “lucky star” each day in the mission. She said she often stared at China when the station flew over the country. “I know that there are numerous females in our nation working hard to pursue their dreams with courage and determination,” she said. “I wish that each of us could realize our ambition.” Cai Xuzhe, who made his first spaceflight, recalled that eating the vegetables they grew in the space station brought a lot of happiness to the crew, though taking care of the plants was never easy. 33．How does Chen Dong feel when seeing the launch of Shenzhou XV flight? A．Curious. B．Twitchy. C．Cheerful. D．Tired. 34．Why does the author give examples in Paragraph 2? A．To prove the mission is difficult. B．To confirm the crew are strong-willed. C．To demonstrate the experience is unusual. D．To show the astronauts are busy. 35．What does Liu Yang’s space journey indicate? A．It makes her feel lucky each day. B．It is the first space journey for Liu Yang. C．Women also have rights to pursue their dreams. D．It helps grow vegetables well in space. 36．What does the underlined word “hatch” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Cabin seat. B．Cabin door. C．Cabin window. D．Cabin wing. 【答案】33．C 34．D 35．C 36．B 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要介绍了神舟十四号任务中的三名宇航员在新闻发布会上分享了自己的经历和感受。 33．细节理解题。根据第三段中“When their spacecraft actually launched, we were watching the live broadcast and we were so happy that we kept clapping our hands for a long time. (当他们的飞船真正发射时，我们正在观看直播，我们非常高兴，我们一直鼓掌很长时间)”可知，当看到神舟十五号发射后，陈冬的心情是喜悦的。故选 C。 34．推理判断题。根据第二段“Faced with domestic reporters at the Astronaut Centre of China in Beijing, mission commander Senior Colonel Chen Dong said that every day during their mission was full of work. For example, they were tasked with preparing for and monitoring the arrival of the Wentian and Mengtian lab modules, and making three spacewalks. (在北京中国航天员中心面对国内记者时，任务指挥官陈冬大校说，他们执行任务期间的每一天都充满了工作。例如，他们负责准备和监测“问天”和“梦天”实验舱的到来，并进行了三次太空行走)”可推知，所举的例子是为了说明他们每天都很忙。故选D。 35．推理判断题。根据第四段“Liu Yang, the first Chinese woman in space, said the Shenzhou XIV was her second spaceflight and she made a paper “lucky star” each day in the mission. She said she often stared at China when the station flew over the country. “I know that there are numerous females in our nation working hard to pursue their dreams with courage and determination,” she said. “I wish that each of us could realize our ambition.” (中国首位进入太空的女性刘洋说，神舟十四号是她的第二次太空飞行，在任务中她每天都做一颗“幸运星”。她说，当空间站飞过中国上空时，她经常盯着中国看。她说：“我知道我们国家有很多女性带着勇气和决心努力追求自己的梦想。我希望我们每个人都能实现自己的抱负。”)”可知，作为中国首位进入太空的女性，刘洋知道很多女性都在追寻梦想，她希望这些人也能实现抱负。由此推知，她的太空之旅可以对女性起到鼓舞作用，女性也有追求自己梦想的权力。故选C。 36．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“after their spacecraft connected with the space station, I saw them through the window and I waved my hand to welcome them to our home, and theirs (在宇宙飞船与空间站连接后，我透过窗户看到了他们，我挥手欢迎他们来到我们的家，以及他们的家)”可推知，在宇宙飞船与空间站连接以后，“我”应该打开空间站的舱门让宇宙飞船中的人进来，所以hatch应该是“舱门”的意思，和B项意思相近。故选B。 （24-25高二上·重庆·期中）Japanese scientists have created one of the world’s most unusual spacecraft, the Lignost probe—a tiny satellite made of timber (木材). In experiments carried out on the International Space Station(ISS), it was found particularly stable and resistant to cracking. Now plans are being finalized to launch it on a US rocket this summer. The timber satellite has been built to see if they can act as environmentally friendly alternatives to the metals from which all satellites are currently constructed. “All the satellite s reentering the Earth’s atmosphere burn and create harmful particles, which will float in the upper atmosphere for years, ” Takao Doi, a Japanese astronaut and aerospace engineer, warned recently. “Eventually, it will affect the environment of the Earth. ” To tackle the problem, Kyoto researchers set up a project to evaluate types of wood to determine how well they could withstand (抵抗) the severe conditions of space launch and lengthy flights in orbit round the Earth. The first tests were conducted in laboratories that recreated conditions in space, and wood samples were found to have suffered no measurable changes in mass or signs of decomposition or damage. “Wood’s ability to withstand these conditions astonished us, ” said Koji Murata, head of the project. After these tests, samples were sent to the ISS, where they were subjected to exposure trials for almost a year before being brought back to Earth. Again, they showed little signs of damage, a phenomenon that Murata attributed to the fact that there is neither oxygen in space which could cause wood to burn, nor living creatures to cause it to rot. “One of the missions of the satellite is to measure the deformation of the wooden structure in space. Wood is durable (耐用的) and stable (稳定的) in one direction but may be easy to have dimensional changes and cracking in the other direction,” he said. It is expected that the probe will operate in space for at least six months before being allowed to enter the upper atmosphere. If it performs well during its operation in orbit, then the door could be opened for the use of wood as construction material for more satellites. 37．Why is timber used in the spacecraft? A．Timber provides a distinct appearance. B．Timber is cost-effective compared to metals. C．Timber is an eco-friendly replacement of metals. D．Timber maintains better structural performance. 38．What can be learned from the project in paragraph 4? A．The project aimed at wood’s space-enduring qualities. B．The project targeted wood’s cost-minimizing potential. C．The project concentrated on wood’s weight - maintaining aspects. D．The project examined wood’s creature-withstanding features. 39．What is the disadvantage of timber according to Murata? A．It is subject to dimensional instability. B．It’s structure is unreliable in space. C．It changes shape under extreme temperatures. D．It’s durability is affected by microgravity conditions. 40．What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A．The Lignost probe is expected to last for at least six months in space before reentry. B．The Lignost probe’s mission is to check how well wood holds up in space. C．The Lignost probe will help decide if wood can be used to build more satellites in the future. D．The Lignost probe’s success could lead to using more metal when making satellites. 【答案】37．C 38．A 39．A 40．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了日本科学家创造的一种新型木材卫星，并详细阐述了该卫星的特点、实验过程、目的以及未来可能的应用。 37．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The timber satellite has been built to see if they can act as environmentally friendly alternatives to the metals from which all satellites are currently constructed. (建造木材卫星是为了检验它们是否可以作为目前所有卫星制造材料金属的环保替代品。)”可知，木材被用作航天器的材料，主要是出于环保的考虑，即作为金属的替代品来减少对环境的影响。故选C。 38．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“To tackle the problem, Kyoto researchers set up a project to evaluate types of wood to determine how well they could withstand(抵抗)the severe conditions of space launch and lengthy flights in orbit round the Earth.(为了解决这一问题，京都的研究人员设立了一个项目来评估各种木材，以确定它们能否承受太空发射的恶劣条件以及围绕地球长期轨道飞行的考验。)”可知，该项目的主要目的是评估木材在太空环境中的耐久性。故选A。 39．细节理解题。根据文章第五段““One of the missions of the satellite is to measure the deformation of the wooden structure in space. Wood is durable(耐用的)and stable(稳定的)in one direction but may be easy to have dimensional changes and cracking in the other direction,” he said.(“该卫星的任务之一是测量木材结构在太空中的变形情况。木材在一个方向上耐用且稳定，但在另一个方向上可能容易发生尺寸变化和开裂，”他说。)”可知，根据Murata的说法，木材的缺点是它容易受到尺寸不稳定的影响。故选A。 40．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“It is expected that the probe will operate in space for at least six months before being allowed to enter the upper atmosphere. If it performs well during its operation in orbit, then the door could be opened for the use of wood as construction material for more satellites.(预计该探测器将在太空运行至少六个月后，才被允许进入高层大气。如果它在轨道运行期间表现良好，那么木材作为更多卫星建造材料的使用之门可能会被打开。)”可知，最后一段明确指出了Lignost探测器的主要任务和目标，即评估木材作为卫星建造材料的可行性，并根据探测结果来决定未来是否使用木材。因此，该段的主旨大意是Lignost探测器将有助于决定未来是否可以使用木材建造更多的卫星。故选C。 （24-25高二上·江西宜春·期中）The People’s Liberation Army Rocket Force successfully launched an intercontinental ballistic missile into the Pacific Ocean at 08:44 on September 25, 2024. The missile carried a dummy warhead (模拟弹头) and landed in a specific area, as part of routine military training. The spokesperson for the defense ministry emphasized that the nuclear policy of China is stable, consistent, and predictable, and that the country maintains its nuclear capabilities at the minimum level necessary for national security. The launch was not aimed at any specific country or target and corresponded with international law and practice. Before the launch, China had notified several countries through military diplomatic channels (外交途径), demonstrating openness and transparency (透明). This test launch is a routine arrangement in the annual training plan and is completely lawful. The missile launch has raised eyebrows internationally, as it is considered rare for China to test ICBMs in international waters. The last known similar test was conducted in May 1980. Typically, China carries out ballistic missile tests within its own airspace or over the Bohai Sea. The test comes at a time when China is increasing its military presence in the region, which has been a cause for concern among neighboring countries and the international community. Despite this, China has maintained that its military activities are defensive in nature and not aimed at any specific nation. The launch also coincides with the United Nations General Assembly meeting in New York, where U. S. President Joe Biden discussed strengthening relationships with Japan and South Korea as part of a strategy to counter China’s influence in the region. While some analysts have compared the launch to the Soviet Union’s Sputnik moment, indicating a potential shift in the balance of power, China has downplayed the significance of the test, stating it is part of its nuclear modernization efforts and not intended to threaten any country and underlining its sticking to international norms and laws. 41．What was the purpose of China’s missile launch on September 25? A．To threaten a specific country. B．To test its strong nuclear capabilities. C．To celebrate a national holiday. D．To conduct a routine military training. 42．What can we learn about the missile launch? A．The missile launch was aimed at a specific target. B．China notified several countries prior to the launch. C．The missile was a violation of the international law. D．The missile launch was a response to military threats. 43．What was the reaction of the international community to the missile launch? A．The missile launch was ignored by the media. B．There was widespread disapproval in the U.S. C．It was considered a rare and concerning event. D．All countries agreed that it was a lawful action. 44．What does the underlined word “downplayed” mean in the last paragraph? A．Complained. B．Highlighted. C．Understated. D．Emphasized. 【答案】41．D 42．B 43．C 44．C 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章报道中国人民解放军火箭军在太平洋海域上空发射了一枚洲际弹道导弹。 41．推理判断题。根据第二段的“This test launch is a routine arrangement in the annual training plan and is completely lawful.(本次试航是年度培训计划中的例行安排，完全合法。)”可知，中国9月25日发射导弹的目的是例行军事训练。故选D项。 42．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Prior to the launch, China had notified several countries through military diplomatic channels (外教途径),demonstrating openness and transparency(透明).(在启动之前，中国已通过军事外交途径通知多个国家，展示了公开和透明。)”可知，在火箭发射前，中国前通知了几个国家。故选B项。 43．细节理解题。根据第三段的“The missile launch has raised eyebrows internationally, as it is considered rare for China to test ICBMs in international waters.(这次导弹发射引起了国际社会的关注，因为中国在国际水域测试洲际弹道导弹被认为是罕见的。)”和第四段的“The test comes at a time when China is increasing its military presence in the region, which has been a cause for concern among neighboring countries and the international community.(此次试验正值中国增加在该地区的军事存在之际，这引起了邻国和国际社会的关注。)”可知，这被认为是一件罕见并引人关注的事件。故选C项。 44．词句猜测题。根据前文“While some analysts have compared the launch to the Soviet Union’s Sputnik (人造卫星) moment, indicating a potential shift in the balance of power(一些分析人士将这次发射与苏联的斯普特尼克人造卫星时刻进行比较，表明力量平衡可能发生变化。)”和下文“stating it is part of its nuclear modernization efforts and not intended to threaten any country and underlining its sticking to international norms and laws.(说这是其核现代化努力的一部分，无意威胁任何国家，并强调其遵守国际准则和法律。)”可推断，中国淡化这次试验的重要性，画线词与C项“轻描淡写”意思相近。故选C项。 （24-25高二上·福建泉州·期中）Apollo 15 was the first flight to the moon that included a spacewalk. On our return trip to Earth, we needed to recover film canisters (胶卷盒) from the service module. Because it was a new activity, an incredible amount of preparation went into it. I evaluated the entire plan in terms of safety and results. During our preflight analysis, we installed (安装) a warning tone in the suit in the event of low oxygen pressure and we simplified the method of returning the canisters to the Command Module. Once all this preflight work was finished, the actual spacewalk was easy and completed in a short time. I had the pleasure of being outside the spacecraft for 38 minutes, and here’s how we did it. We started suiting up an hour or so before the actual spacewalk. I got a little rush as the Command Module was depressurizing because I was then completely dependent on the pressure in the suit to keep me alive. I had practiced this process many times on Earth, but this was for real and I had to do it just right. Once the cabin (机舱) pressure went to zero, we opened the hatch and went out.    What a feeling to be free in deep space. I concentrated on reaching for the handholds as I made my way to the back of the service module so I would not float away. I had a small problem right away. The high-resolution camera was stuck out in its extended position. I had to go over the camera to get to the film canister. I reached the canister, put a safety clip (安全扣) on it, attached by a tether (拴绳) to my arm, and pulled it out of the machine. Turning around again I made my way back to the hatch. So far, a piece of cake. After another two trips, I finished my task. Just by turning my head I could position myself so that both the Earth and the Moon were in my field of vision. It was the most unbelievable sight one could imagine. I realized that no one in all of history had ever seen this sight before. What an honor it was. 45．What can be learned about the author from paragraph 2? A．He was well-prepared before the flight. B．He became addicted to spaceflights. C．He found pleasure in space science. D．He threw himself into designing pressure suits. 46．What does the underlined word “rush” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Excitement. B．Surprise. C．Fear. D．Disappointment. 47．Which of the following can best describe the author’s experience in deep space? A．Dangerous and disorderly. B．Challenging but amazing. C．Quite slow but romantic. D．Rather smooth and simple. 48．What would be the best title for the text? A．Apollo 15 was the power of inspiration B．My first hair-raising space trip C．A typical day in space D．I was among the lucky few to walk in space 【答案】45．A 46．C 47．B 48．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了美国宇航员阿尔弗莱德•沃尔登讲述了自己在乘坐阿波罗15号飞船返回地球途中进行的一次太空行走任务。 45．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Because it was a new activity, an incredible amount of preparation went into it.( 因为这是一项新活动，我们为此做了大量的准备工作。)”和第二段中的“I evaluated the entire plan in terms of safety and results. During our preflight analysis, we installed (安装) a warning tone in the suit in the event of low oxygen pressure and we simplified the method of returning the canisters to the Command Module. Once all this preflight work was finished, the actual spacewalk was easy and completed in a short time.( 我从安全性和结果方面评估了整个计划。在我们的飞行前分析中，我们在太空服中安装了一个警告音以防氧气压力过低我们简化了将气罐送回指挥舱的方法。一旦所有的飞行前工作都完成了，实际的太空行走就很容易了，而且在很短的时间内就完成了。)”可知，作者为这次太空之旅做了充分的准备。故选A。 46．词义猜测题。根据第三段中的划线词后面的句子“because I was then completely dependent on the pressure in the suit to keep me alive. I had practiced this process many times on Earth, but this was for real and I had to do it just right.(因为那时我完全依赖太空服里的压力来维持生命。我在地球上已经练习了很多次这个过程，但这是真的，我必须做得恰到好处。)”可知，虽然作者在地球上曾经接受过很多次类似的训练，但是这毕竟是一次真正的出舱行动，所以他还是有点害怕，故划线词与C选项“Fear.(害怕)”为同义词。故选C。 47．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“I concentrated on reaching for the handholds as I made my way to the back of the service module so I would not float away. I had a small problem right away. The high-resolution camera was stuck out in its extended position. I had to go over the camera to get to the film canister. I reached the canister, put a safety clip (安全扣) on it, attached by a tether (拴绳) to my arm, and pulled it out of the machine. Turning around again I made my way back to the hatch. (我集中精力抓住扶手，向服务舱后部移动，以免自己飘走。但我很快就遇到了一个小问题。高分辨率摄像机处于伸出状态，卡住了。我必须越过摄像机才能拿到胶片盒。我拿到胶片盒后，给它扣上了安全扣，并用拴绳将它绑在我的胳膊上，然后把它从机器里拉了出来。接着，我再次转身，向舱口返回。)”和最后一段中的“ It was the most unbelievable sight one could imagine. I realized that no one in all of history had ever seen this sight before. What an honor it was.(这是人们所能想象到的最令人难以置信的景象。我意识到，历史上从来没有人见过这种景象。这是我的荣幸。)”可知，出舱活动对宇航员具有极大的挑战性，因为他需要集中精力抓住扶手，以免飘走即非常有挑战性；但同时他也看到了太空中壮丽的景观，这种景观是作者从未见过的。因此作者在太空的经历是即有挑战性但令人惊叹。故选B。 48．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“I had the pleasure of being outside the spacecraft for 38 minutes, and here’s how we did it.( 我很高兴在宇宙飞船外呆了38分钟，我们是这样做的。)”以及最后一段中的“ It was the most unbelievable sight one could imagine. I realized that no one in all of history had ever seen this sight before. What an honor it was.(这是人们所能想象到的最令人难以置信的景象。我意识到，历史上从来没有人见过这种景象。这是我的荣幸。)”以及通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了作者作为阿波罗15号任务的一部分，在太空中漫步的经历，文章体现了这一事件独特性和作者的荣誉感。故D选项“I was among the lucky few to walk in space(我是少数几个在太空行走的幸运儿之一)”概括文章的主要内容，符合标题。故选D。 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 1 / 15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 重点话题31人与自然-宇宙探索 阅读理解 【同步拓展阅读】2024-2025学年高二英语阅读提升（通用版） 一、“人与自然—宇宙探索” 主题的阅读理解高频词汇和短语： （一）高频词汇 1.天体与宇宙相关 universe：宇宙 galaxy：银河；星系 solar system：太阳系 comet：彗星 celestial body：天体 meteorite：陨石 2.航天工具与设施 rocket：火箭 spacecraft：航天器；宇宙飞船 telescope：望远镜 satellite：人造卫星；卫星 spacewalk：太空行走 International Space Station：国际空间站 3.航天与探索相关人员 astronaut：宇航员 scientist：科学家 astronomer：天文学家 4.物理现象与概念 gravity：重力；引力 orbit：轨道；沿轨道运行 light-year：光年 magnetic field：磁场 radiation：辐射 5.物质与元素 hydrogen：氢气 oxygen：氧气 molecule：分子 atom：原子 element：元素 二、高频短语 on board：在船上；在飞机上 in order to：为了 so as to：为了；以便 carry on：继续做，坚持干 figure out：弄懂；弄清楚；弄明白 result in：导致；造成 as a result：所以；结果（是） in the hope of：抱着…… 的希望 三、高二英语人与自然-宇宙探索 阅读理解的考法考点 高二英语 “人与自然 —— 宇宙探索” 主题的阅读理解通常有以下考法和考点： 1.细节理解题 事实细节：考查学生对文章中关于宇宙探索的具体事实，如某个航天事件发生的时间、地点、参与人员、具体数据等的理解。例如：When did the first manned mission to Mars take place according to the passage? 原因细节：询问文章中宇宙探索相关现象或事件的原因。比如：Why do scientists believe there might be water on Europa? 方式细节：针对宇宙探索所采用的方法、技术等细节进行提问。如：How do astronomers detect exoplanets? 2.主旨大意题 文章主旨：要求学生概括整篇文章关于 “人与自然 —— 宇宙探索” 的核心内容。常见问法有：What is the main idea of the passage? 文章可能围绕宇宙探索的新发现、面临的挑战、未来的发展趋势等展开，需要学生准确把握。 段落大意：考查某一段落的主要内容。例如：What is the main idea of Paragraph 3? 可能该段落主要介绍了某种宇宙探索的技术或理论。 3.推理判断题 隐含意义推理：让学生根据文章中给出的关于宇宙探索的信息，推断出隐含的意义或结论。如：It can be inferred from the passage that _. 学生需要根据文中对某种宇宙现象的描述，推断其可能产生的影响或未来的发展方向等。 作者意图推理：判断作者写这篇关于宇宙探索文章的目的、态度或观点。常见问法有：What is the author's purpose in writing this passage? 作者可能是为了介绍新知识、呼吁更多人关注宇宙探索、表达对未来探索的期待等。 读者对象推理：根据文章的内容和风格，推测文章是写给哪类读者的。例如：Who is the passage most likely intended for? 可能是面向普通大众科普宇宙知识，也可能是针对专业人士介绍最新研究成果等。 4.词义猜测题 生词猜测：文章中出现与宇宙探索相关的专业词汇或不常见词汇，让学生根据上下文猜测词义。如：The word "nebula" in Paragraph 2 probably means _. 学生需要结合对宇宙天体的描述等语境来推测 “nebula”（星云）的意思。 短语或句子猜测：对文中出现的与宇宙探索相关的短语或句子的含义进行考查。例如：What does the phrase "black hole" refer to in the passage? 或者 What does the sentence "The universe is a mysterious place full of infinite possibilities" imply? 5.观点态度题 作者观点态度：考查学生对作者在文章中关于宇宙探索的观点和态度的理解，如作者对某种宇宙探索理论、计划或成果是支持、反对还是中立。题目可能是：What is the author's attitude towards the new space exploration program? 文中人物观点态度：询问文章中提到的科学家、宇航员等对宇宙探索相关事物的看法。比如：How do the scientists in the passage view the discovery of gravitational waves? 四、高二英语人与自然-宇宙探索 阅读理解的精练题 （24-25高二上·重庆渝中·期中）When Boeing’s new Starliner spacecraft docked with the International Space Station (ISS) earlier this year, the two NASA astronauts on board discovered several minor faults in its propulsion system, leading to a much longer than expected stay on the ISS. This led to headlines about the astronauts being “stranded (滞留)” in space and a renewed interest in the subject of space rescue. Astronauts normally leave the ISS in the same vehicle they arrived in—and that’s as true in the case of an emergency evacuation (疏散) as a routine departure. So any problem with the spacecraft-even a relatively minor one--is a potential worry. If the problem is considered to put the astronauts’ lives at risk, then a replacement spacecraft will be sent up. The key to any kind of in-space rescue is the ability to connect two spacecraft together so astronauts can transfer quickly and safely from one to the other. This process is referred to as docking, and in principle can apply to uncrewed vessels as well as crewed (载人的)ones. However, when an uncrewed vehicle is involved, the procedure is more often referred to as “berthing” rather than docking. The difference is that a crewed spacecraft actively flies in and couples to the ISS, while an uncrewed one is grabbed by a robotic arm operated by an astronaut on board the station and then gently pulled in and attached to one of the external ports. In those early days, the Soviets and Americans developed their own systems for docking, but they soon realized that agreeing an international standard would make future space rescues much more practical. In 2010 the ISS member states-Russia, the United States, Japan, Canada and the European Space Agency (ESA)—formally agreed on an International Docking System Standard (IDSS). This will apply to all future docking systems, and also covers berthing mechanisms. In docking mode, one vehicle—typically the visiting spacecraft, such as the Soyuz or Crew Dragon—takes an active role, while the other, usually the ISS itself, remains passive. Docking then proceeds in two phases, the first called “soft capture” and the second “hard capture”. Only after the second phase is complete are the two vehicles firmly locked together and it’s safe for the crew to transfer from one to the other. 1．Why is Boeing’s Starliner Spacecraft mentioned in Paragraph 1? A．To analyze the cause of space rescue. B．To stress the significance of space rescue. C．To suggest another strategy of space rescue. D．To introduce more knowledge about space rescue. 2．What’s the difference between docking and berthing? A．Docking is the earlier stage before berthing. B．Docking is safer than berthing in an evacuation. C．Docking is relatively active but berthing passive. D．Berthing isn’t completed in the ISS like docking. 3．What’s the purpose for some countries to set International Docking System Standard? A．Advance docking remarkably and rapidly. B．Make docking consistently and effectively. C．Research docking systematically and completely. D．Avoid member states’ faults totally and accurately. 4．What does “hard capture” mean? A．A crewed spacecraft actively flies into the ISS. B．The ISS itself usually remains passive when docking. C．An uncrewed spacecraft is pulled passively to the ISS. D．The two spacecraft connect together securely and strongly. （24-25高二上·河南焦作·期中）Scientists have for the first time discovered a cave (洞穴) on the Moon. At least 100m deep, it could be a great place for humans to build a base that will continue forever. Moreover, it is just one in probably hundreds of caves hidden in an “underground, undiscovered world”, according to the researchers. Helen Sharman, the first British astronaut to travel to space, said that the newly discovered cave looked like a good place for a base, and suggested humans could potentially be living in lunar pits (坑) in 20—30 years. But this cave is so deep that astronauts might have to get in and out with special equipment, she added. Lorenzo Bruzzone and Leonardo Carrer at the University of Trento in Italy found their evidence in data from NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). Using new processing techniques, the team reanalyzed the data and they spotted radar (雷达) reflections. “The most likely explanation for our observations is an empty space,” said Leonardo Carrer. And while this is the first of its kind that the team has uncovered, there are likely many more. The cave can be seen by human eyes from Earth, and is also where Apollo 11 landed in 1969. “It’s really exhilarating. When you make these discoveries and you look at these images, you realize you’re the first person in history to see it,” Prof Carrer said. Scientists first realized there were probably caves on the Moon around 50 years ago. Then in2010 a camera on LRO took pictures of pits that scientists thought could be cave entrances. But the researchers did not know how deep the caves might be, or if they would have collapsed. Prof Bruzzone and Prof Carrer’s work has now answered that question, although there is much more to be done to learn about the cave thoroughly. The cave might be useful to humans, but the scientists also stress that it could help answer some questions about the history of the Moon, and even our solar system. The rocks inside the cave will not be damaged or eroded (侵蚀) by space weather, so they can provide a good deal of geologic evidence going back billions of years. 5．What is the significance of the newly discovered cave? A．It is the first cave ever discovered in space. B．It is deep enough for the astronauts to store equipment. C．It provides a potential location for a long-term human base. D．It offers direct access to the Moon’s core for scientific study. 6．How did the researchers make the discovery? A．By studying previous data. B．By making assumptions and provin A．They contain elements that can’t be found on Earth. B．They are free from the impacts of space weather. C．They witness weather changes on the Moon. D．They show the history of space. g them. C．By exploring the Moon with advanced technology. D．By continually observing the Moon for a long period. 7．What does the underlined word “exhilarating” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Heartwarming. B．Painstaking. C．Exciting. D．Confusing. （24-25高二上·江苏淮安·期中）A new study suggests water may have existed on Mars much more recently than past evidence (证据) has shown. The research is based on data collected by the Chinese rover, Zhurong, which arrived on the planet in 2021. Today, Mars has a cold, desert climate. But past studies have provided evidence that ancient Mars had large amounts of water. A study suggested that 4.3 billion years ago, Mars likely had an ocean covering nearly half of the planet’s northern hemisphere There are different theories for what caused large amounts of water to disappear from Mars. The most likely explanation is that the liquid escaped when the planet’s air thinned over time. This turned the surface into a frozen desert about 3 billion years ago. In the new study, the Chinese rover observed salt-rich sand dunes (沙丘) on the surface. The dunes contained breaks and small hills, which provide evidence that the land had frozen and then melted (融化). The melting could have happened as recently as a few hundred thousand years ago, the study said. The researchers believed the dunes were likely formed sometime after 1.4 million to 400,000 years ago, possibly even more recently. Conditions during that period were likely similar to how things are on Mars today. The researchers said small openings filled with salty water were created by melting frost or snow. The team ruled out wind as a cause, as well as frost made of carbon dioxide, which makes up most of the Martian atmosphere. “The rover has now provided evidence that there may be a wider distribution of this process on Mars than previously identified,” said Dr Mary Bourke from Trinity College Dublin. She added that although the evidence suggests small amounts of water, it could still be important in identifying environments that could support life. 9．What can we infer about the lost water on Mars from Paragraph 3? A．It is buried in a frozen desert. B．It is blown away gradually. C．It still remains underground. D．It disappeared into space. 10．What evidence of surface water was found by Chinese researchers? A．The frost made from carbon dioxide. B．Some sand dunes being rich in salt. C．Melted frost and snow. D．Thin air on Mars. 11．How does Mary think the new finding helps scientists with the research on Mars? A．To find areas suitable for life. B．To measure the role of wind. C．To study the frozen and melted areas. D．To figure out the history of dunes. 12．What can be the best title for the text? A．Water Is Actually More Widespread on Mars. B．There Used to Be Rich Water on Mars. C．Chinese Rover Makes a New Discovery on Mars. D．Chinese Rover Finds Water on Mars. （24-25高二上·湖南长沙·期末）Astronomers have discovered a six-pack of planets, formed at least 4 billion years ago and remarkably unchanged since, orbiting a nearby sun-like star. The new planets could provide a breakthrough in the understanding of how planets form and why there are so many between the sizes of Earth and Neptune (海王星) , a kind known as “sub Neptunes” that is strikingly common in our galaxy (银河系) . These newfound worlds are hot, full of gas and unlikely to be pleasant places to visit. Their cozy orbits around the parent star mean they are not in what scientists consider the “habitable zone” of a planetary system. Therefore, the hunt for Earth 2.0 goes on. But what makes these planets unusual, in addition to their large number, is that they are locked into a resonance (共振) with one another as they orbit the star. One planet, for example, will make precisely three orbits while a neighbouring planet makes two. “This resonance is very rate in nature,” lead author Rafael Luque of the University of Chicago said in a webinar Tuesday with reporters. This reminder that mathematics controls the universe comes with another implication, which is that these six planets have been in a stable, predictable, two-by-three orbital pattern since they were formed at least 4 billion years ago. Most planetary systems, including our own, aren’t like that. The resonant orbits of these planets are consistent with the idea that this system has not suffered any major disturbance — for instance, the impact of disasters, or the close passing of another star — for billions of years. In this case, the planets formed with their parent star from a cloud of gas and dust and relatively quickly found their resonant orbits. And then nothing exciting happened to change that. This unusual orbital pattern is clear in the title of the new paper: “A resonant sub-Neptune passing the bright star HD 110067.” “Occasionally, nature reveals an absolute treasure,” Sara Seager, s professor of planetary science at MIT and a co-author of the new paper, said in an email. “HD 110067 is an immediate astronomical discovery — offering a key system to help unlock some mysteries of planet formation and evolution.” 13．Why should the hunt for Earth 2.0 go on according to the passage? A．The new-found planets are “sub Neptunes” that are too big. B．The new-found planets are orbiting a star different from the sun. C．The new-found planets are not suitable for human beings to live on. D．The new-found planets formed at least 4 billion years ago and changed significantly. 14．Which of the following is not the special aspect of these six planets? A．Their two-by-three orbital pattern. B．Their being controlled by mathematics. C．Their not having suffered great disturbance. D．Their being stable and unchanged since they were formed. 15．Why did the new-found planets form this two-by-three orbital pattern? A．A cloud of gas and dust found their orbit quickly. B．Their parent star formed before a disastrous impact. C．Another star passed the planets for billions of years. D．The whole planet set was not disturbed from the beginning. 16．What is the best title for the article? A．The Search for Earth 2.0 Continues B．Resonant Planets Don’t Welcome Humans C．The Discovery of “sub Neptunes” in Universe D．Unlocking the Mysteries of Planet Formation with HD 110067 （24-25高二上·辽宁·期中）The idea of turning Mars into a livable world for humans is a common element of science fiction. But could such an action be done in real life? There are many issues that need to be solved before humans can successfully live on Mars. They include a lack of breathable oxygen, harmful ultraviolet (紫外线) radiation, salty soil, and dust storms that sometimes cover much of the planet. And the average Martian surface temperature is about minus (零下) 65℃. With its thin atmosphere, solar heat on the Martian surface easily escapes into space. Scientists are now proposing a new method to warm up Mars. The idea involves putting engineered particles made of iron or aluminum (铝) into the atmosphere at a rate of about 30 liters per second for years. The goal is to trap escaping heat and direct sunlight towards the Martian surface. The proposal would aim to permit liquid water to exist on the surface of Mars, which has water in the form of ice at its polar areas and its subsurface. The proposed idea would be to increase the natural greenhouse effect on Mars and raise its surface temperature by around 28℃ over ten years. Such a change alone would not make Mars livable for people. But the scientists see it as a possible first step. Scientist Kite described the process of changing a planet’s environment to be more like Earth. “For Mars, warming the planet is a necessary, but not enough, first step. Previous concepts have focused on releasing greenhouse gases, but these require large amounts of resources that are rare on Mars,” he said. Kite added that climate modeling suggests the new idea of using engineered particles to warm Mars’ atmosphere could work better than previous ideas and that the work is important because it presents a possible method that could help future exploration plans. Kite suggested that the costs and benefits of releasing particles are uncertain. For example, he said if Mars’ soil has compounds that are harmful to life from Earth, then the benefit of warming Mars is zero. 17．What’s the function of the question mentioned in paragraph 1? A．To prove the untruth of sci-fi. B．To expect readers’ clear answers. C．To express people’s strong doubts. D．To introduce the theme of the text. 18．What does the author intend to explain in paragraph 2? A．The challenges for human settling on Mars. B．The variety of natural environments on Mars. C．The possibility of solid ice existence on Mars. D．The reason for the year-long darkness on Mars. 19．What does Kite’s words about the new idea convey? A．It’s perfect. B．It’s practical. C．It’s dangerous. D．It’s traditional. 20．What’s the best title for the text? A．Scientists Help People Move to Mars B．Scientists Make Mars a Second Home C．Scientists Propose an Idea to Warm Mars D．Scientists Change the Atmosphere of Mars （24-25高二上·湖北武汉·期中）Primordial black holes (PBHs) are dark matter that may have been born in the first second after the Big Bang. Over the last 13. 8 billion years they would have spread across the universe. According to a new study, these tiny, ancient black holes could rush through our Solar System. A team of scientists has worked out that they might speed through our neck of the woods as often as once a decade, based on the estimated distribution of dark matter across a given region of space. They found that a PBH, packing the mass of a small planet into a space the size of a single atom (原子), should stream through the inner Solar System about once every 10 years or so. Although we wouldn’t be able to directly see it, such a visitor would still make its existence known. If a PBH came within about 280 million miles of Mars, it would result in a detectable wobble (摇晃) in the red planet’s course. The shift would only be about 1 meter over 10 years, but that’s enough for us to pick up, since we can measure the distance of Mars from Earth to within about 10 centimeters. The study started with a fun question: what would happen if a PBH passed a person? Lead author, scientist Tung Tran from MIT, roughly calculated that if one came within a meter of you, you’d be thrown about 6 meters away in 1 second. While that is rather unlikely, it got the team wondering how a PBH flying through the solar system would affect planets and moons. “The numbers we got were not very clear. There are many other factors in the solar system that could act as some sort of resistance to cause the wobble to dampen out,” says Tung. So, the researchers then created the effects in lab which is the same as a PBH flyby on Mercury, Venus, and Mars to see if their wobbles would be easier to notice. Of those, Mars gave the clearest signal, largely because it’s such a heavily monitored planet. Still, more detailed experiments involving more objects will need to be conducted to get a more accurate understanding of those factors. “We need as much clarity as we can of the expected backgrounds, such as the typical speeds of space rocks in contrast to these PBHs,” says MIT physicist David Kaiser. It is our hope that in the coming decades, advances in science will offer new evidence. With a bit more work, it’s possible that astronomers could get lucky, spot a wobble, and uncover one of the biggest mysteries about universe. 21．How can scientists notice a PBH speeding through Solar System? A．By monitoring a single atom nearby. B．By observing an obvious shake of Mars. C．By measuring the Mars-Earth distance. D．By analyzing the presence of dark matter. 22．What is a passing PBH possibly capable of? A．Affecting a planet to rock in its course. B．Throwing away a person in the distance. C．Creating resistance to cancel out a wobble. D．Giving Mars the most obvious signals to shake. 23．Which of the following best explains “dampen out” underlined in paragraph 4? A．Be difficult to make out. B．Regularly occur. C．Be interesting to observe. D．Narrowly escape. 24．What is the last paragraph mainly about in terms of the research? A．Its current limitations. B．Astronomers with good luck. C．Its potential applications. D．Expectations for further studies. （24-25高二上·浙江杭州·期中）The Moon is attracting much attention these days as NASA is ready for its Artemis I launch and preparing for more to follow. The mission objectives are clear: develop a sustainable presence on its surface and pave the way to go to Mars. And then what? What’s the next great leap in humans’ quest for the secrets of the universe? When it comes to the near future scientific exploration, there are a few areas of the solar system that will be receiving some special attention. First off there’s Venus, a planet which was a relative paradise (天堂), with oceans and a pleasant atmosphere. Something went terribly wrong there a few billion years ago, and NASA has scheduled a series of missions to explore what exactly is going on there. At the other end are the gas giants. Several of the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn are covered in thick sheets of ice, and underneath that ice sit oceans of liquid water. NASA has missions planned to investigate those mysterious worlds, hunting for any signs of possible life hidden deep within. As for us humans, Mars is certainly the grand prize in the coming decades. If we have the adequate drive and funds, we can establish a semi - permanent presence on the red planet, keeping crews working and studying in person on the Martian surface. The other planets of our solar system are not so suitable for people to settle on. Mercury is too close to the Sun for comfort and too far away from the Earth. Over the coming decades humans expect to see a rise of “space hotels”, set up for visiting tourists and scientific explorations. Naturally, turning the space rock into a habitat for humans is not very practical considering our current level of technological maturity, but in my best estimation, it’s the next easiest thing to accomplish... after the Moon and Mars, of course. 25．What does the underlined word “quest” probably mean in the second paragraph? A．Question. B．Explanation. C．Request. D．Search. 26．Which is the least likely to be explored in the next decades according to the passage? A．Mars. B．Mercury. C．Venus. D．Gas giants. 27．What’s the author’s attitude towards the “space hotels”? A．Ambiguous. B．Critical. C．Hopeful. D．Indifferent. 28．What’s the passage mainly about? A．The launch of Artemis I. B．The secrets of the solar system. C．The missions of NASA． D．The areas of the future universe exploration. （23-24高二下·湖南·期末）From the hills of West Virginia to the flats of rural Australia, some of the world’s largest telescopes are listening for signals from distant alien (外星的) civilizations. The project, known as SETI, is an effort to find artificial looking electromagnetic-radiation (电磁辐射) signals that might have come from a technologically advanced civilization in a far-away solar system. A recent study describes one of several efforts to use machine learning, a subset of AI, to help astronomers quickly sort through the large amounts of data such surveys generate. As AI reshapes many scientific fields, what promise does it hold for the search for life beyond Earth? “It is a new era for SETI research that is opening up thanks to machine learning technology,” says Franck Marchis, a planetary astronomer at the SETI Institute in Mountain View, California. For decades, the field was restricted by having hardly any data at all. Most of the SETI searches that followed were also limited to a small number of stars. In 2015, billionaire Yuri Milner funded the biggest SETI programme ever: the Breakthrough Listen project to search one million stars for signs of intelligent life. But the trouble is that these searches generate large amounts of data — including false positives produced by Earthly interference (干扰) from mobile phones, GPS and other aspects of modern life. “The biggest challenge for us in looking for SETI signals is not at this point getting the data,” says Sofia Sheikh, an astronomer at the SETI Institute. “The difficult part is differentiating signals from Earth technology from the kind of signals we’d be looking for from technology somewhere else in the Galaxy.” Astronomers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), say “They will launch a community science project in which volunteers will sort through images of radio signals and classify them as potential types of interference.” “SETI will probably use a mixture of classical and machine-learning approaches to sort through data. Classical algorithms (经典算法) remain excellent at picking up signals, and machine learning can’t do everything,” says Jean-Luc Margot, an astronomer at UCLA． 29．What is the purpose of SETI? A．To search for alien life in outer space. B．To explore the geography of Australia. C．To study the ancient civilization of Earth. D．To send radio signals to the distant solar system. 30．What is the key factor in SETI research? A．The upgrade of data-storing equipment. B．The application of machine-learning technology. C．The development of radio communication systems. D．The invention of the largest telescope in the world. 31．What is the most challenging part of the SETI project? A．Raising funds for long-term research. B．Obtaining enough data from one million stars. C．Distinguishing alien signals from human signals. D．Avoiding interfering with GPS and mobile phones. 32．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．Advantages of classical algorithms. B．Further plan for the SETI programme. C．The goal of the community-science project. D．Improvements in machine-learning approaches. （23-24高二下·河南·期中）After their six-month orbital journey in the Tiangong space station, the three astronauts of Shenzhou XIV mission shared their experiences and feelings with the public on Friday in the first news conference. Faced with domestic reporters at the Astronaut Centre of China in Beijing, mission commander Senior Colonel Chen Dong said that every day during their mission was full of work. For example, they were tasked with preparing for and monitoring the arrival of the Wentian and Mengtian lab modules, and making three spacewalks. Chen recalled the moment he and his teammates—Senior Colonel Liu Yang and Senior Colonel Cai Xuzhe—met their fellow astronauts in the Shenzhou XV flight inside the Tiangong station. “We had paid a lot of attention to news about the Shenzhou XV mission and the crew several days before they set out. When their spacecraft actually launched, we were watching the live broadcast and we were so happy that we kept clapping our hands for a long time. In the hours before their spacecraft arrived at the station, we were supposed to have a sleep but none of us really went to bed. The moment I was about to open the hatch after their spacecraft connected with the space station, I saw them through the window and I waved my hand to welcome them to our home, and theirs,” he said. Liu Yang, the first Chinese woman in space, said the Shenzhou XIV was her second spaceflight and she made a paper “lucky star” each day in the mission. She said she often stared at China when the station flew over the country. “I know that there are numerous females in our nation working hard to pursue their dreams with courage and determination,” she said. “I wish that each of us could realize our ambition.” Cai Xuzhe, who made his first spaceflight, recalled that eating the vegetables they grew in the space station brought a lot of happiness to the crew, though taking care of the plants was never easy. 33．How does Chen Dong feel when seeing the launch of Shenzhou XV flight? A．Curious. B．Twitchy. C．Cheerful. D．Tired. 34．Why does the author give examples in Paragraph 2? A．To prove the mission is difficult. B．To confirm the crew are strong-willed. C．To demonstrate the experience is unusual. D．To show the astronauts are busy. 35．What does Liu Yang’s space journey indicate? A．It makes her feel lucky each day. B．It is the first space journey for Liu Yang. C．Women also have rights to pursue their dreams. D．It helps grow vegetables well in space. 36．What does the underlined word “hatch” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Cabin seat. B．Cabin door. C．Cabin window. D．Cabin wing. （24-25高二上·重庆·期中）Japanese scientists have created one of the world’s most unusual spacecraft, the Lignost probe—a tiny satellite made of timber (木材). In experiments carried out on the International Space Station(ISS), it was found particularly stable and resistant to cracking. Now plans are being finalized to launch it on a US rocket this summer. The timber satellite has been built to see if they can act as environmentally friendly alternatives to the metals from which all satellites are currently constructed. “All the satellite s reentering the Earth’s atmosphere burn and create harmful particles, which will float in the upper atmosphere for years, ” Takao Doi, a Japanese astronaut and aerospace engineer, warned recently. “Eventually, it will affect the environment of the Earth. ” To tackle the problem, Kyoto researchers set up a project to evaluate types of wood to determine how well they could withstand (抵抗) the severe conditions of space launch and lengthy flights in orbit round the Earth. The first tests were conducted in laboratories that recreated conditions in space, and wood samples were found to have suffered no measurable changes in mass or signs of decomposition or damage. “Wood’s ability to withstand these conditions astonished us, ” said Koji Murata, head of the project. After these tests, samples were sent to the ISS, where they were subjected to exposure trials for almost a year before being brought back to Earth. Again, they showed little signs of damage, a phenomenon that Murata attributed to the fact that there is neither oxygen in space which could cause wood to burn, nor living creatures to cause it to rot. “One of the missions of the satellite is to measure the deformation of the wooden structure in space. Wood is durable (耐用的) and stable (稳定的) in one direction but may be easy to have dimensional changes and cracking in the other direction,” he said. It is expected that the probe will operate in space for at least six months before being allowed to enter the upper atmosphere. If it performs well during its operation in orbit, then the door could be opened for the use of wood as construction material for more satellites. 37．Why is timber used in the spacecraft? A．Timber provides a distinct appearance. B．Timber is cost-effective compared to metals. C．Timber is an eco-friendly replacement of metals. D．Timber maintains better structural performance. 38．What can be learned from the project in paragraph 4? A．The project aimed at wood’s space-enduring qualities. B．The project targeted wood’s cost-minimizing potential. C．The project concentrated on wood’s weight - maintaining aspects. D．The project examined wood’s creature-withstanding features. 39．What is the disadvantage of timber according to Murata? A．It is subject to dimensional instability. B．It’s structure is unreliable in space. C．It changes shape under extreme temperatures. D．It’s durability is affected by microgravity conditions. 40．What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A．The Lignost probe is expected to last for at least six months in space before reentry. B．The Lignost probe’s mission is to check how well wood holds up in space. C．The Lignost probe will help decide if wood can be used to build more satellites in the future. D．The Lignost probe’s success could lead to using more metal when making satellites. （24-25高二上·江西宜春·期中）The People’s Liberation Army Rocket Force successfully launched an intercontinental ballistic missile into the Pacific Ocean at 08:44 on September 25, 2024. The missile carried a dummy warhead (模拟弹头) and landed in a specific area, as part of routine military training. The spokesperson for the defense ministry emphasized that the nuclear policy of China is stable, consistent, and predictable, and that the country maintains its nuclear capabilities at the minimum level necessary for national security. The launch was not aimed at any specific country or target and corresponded with international law and practice. Before the launch, China had notified several countries through military diplomatic channels (外交途径), demonstrating openness and transparency (透明). This test launch is a routine arrangement in the annual training plan and is completely lawful. The missile launch has raised eyebrows internationally, as it is considered rare for China to test ICBMs in international waters. The last known similar test was conducted in May 1980. Typically, China carries out ballistic missile tests within its own airspace or over the Bohai Sea. The test comes at a time when China is increasing its military presence in the region, which has been a cause for concern among neighboring countries and the international community. Despite this, China has maintained that its military activities are defensive in nature and not aimed at any specific nation. The launch also coincides with the United Nations General Assembly meeting in New York, where U. S. President Joe Biden discussed strengthening relationships with Japan and South Korea as part of a strategy to counter China’s influence in the region. While some analysts have compared the launch to the Soviet Union’s Sputnik moment, indicating a potential shift in the balance of power, China has downplayed the significance of the test, stating it is part of its nuclear modernization efforts and not intended to threaten any country and underlining its sticking to international norms and laws. 41．What was the purpose of China’s missile launch on September 25? A．To threaten a specific country. B．To test its strong nuclear capabilities. C．To celebrate a national holiday. D．To conduct a routine military training. 42．What can we learn about the missile launch? A．The missile launch was aimed at a specific target. B．China notified several countries prior to the launch. C．The missile was a violation of the international law. D．The missile launch was a response to military threats. 43．What was the reaction of the international community to the missile launch? A．The missile launch was ignored by the media. B．There was widespread disapproval in the U.S. C．It was considered a rare and concerning event. D．All countries agreed that it was a lawful action. 44．What does the underlined word “downplayed” mean in the last paragraph? A．Complained. B．Highlighted. C．Understated. D．Emphasized. （24-25高二上·福建泉州·期中）Apollo 15 was the first flight to the moon that included a spacewalk. On our return trip to Earth, we needed to recover film canisters (胶卷盒) from the service module. Because it was a new activity, an incredible amount of preparation went into it. I evaluated the entire plan in terms of safety and results. During our preflight analysis, we installed (安装) a warning tone in the suit in the event of low oxygen pressure and we simplified the method of returning the canisters to the Command Module. Once all this preflight work was finished, the actual spacewalk was easy and completed in a short time. I had the pleasure of being outside the spacecraft for 38 minutes, and here’s how we did it. We started suiting up an hour or so before the actual spacewalk. I got a little rush as the Command Module was depressurizing because I was then completely dependent on the pressure in the suit to keep me alive. I had practiced this process many times on Earth, but this was for real and I had to do it just right. Once the cabin (机舱) pressure went to zero, we opened the hatch and went out.    What a feeling to be free in deep space. I concentrated on reaching for the handholds as I made my way to the back of the service module so I would not float away. I had a small problem right away. The high-resolution camera was stuck out in its extended position. I had to go over the camera to get to the film canister. I reached the canister, put a safety clip (安全扣) on it, attached by a tether (拴绳) to my arm, and pulled it out of the machine. Turning around again I made my way back to the hatch. So far, a piece of cake. After another two trips, I finished my task. Just by turning my head I could position myself so that both the Earth and the Moon were in my field of vision. It was the most unbelievable sight one could imagine. I realized that no one in all of history had ever seen this sight before. What an honor it was. 45．What can be learned about the author from paragraph 2? A．He was well-prepared before the flight. B．He became addicted to spaceflights. C．He found pleasure in space science. D．He threw himself into designing pressure suits. 46．What does the underlined word “rush” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Excitement. B．Surprise. C．Fear. D．Disappointment. 47．Which of the following can best describe the author’s experience in deep space? A．Dangerous and disorderly. B．Challenging but amazing. C．Quite slow but romantic. D．Rather smooth and simple. 48．What would be the best title for the text? A．Apollo 15 was the power of inspiration B．My first hair-raising space trip C．A typical day in space D．I was among the lucky few to walk in space 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 1 / 15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$