2024-2025学年八年级下学期英语寒假语法专题——现在完成时（1）（第七次课）

2025年八下英语寒假语法专题——现在完成时（1）（第七次课） 引入 【案例1】假设这样一个场景，有一天下午你在外面玩，你的妈妈给你发信息：“回来吃饭。” 你回复说：“我吃过了。”这个回复就是一个现在完成时的句子。 这时候你的妈妈继续问：“什么时候吃的呀?” 你回复说：“五点多点吃的。”这个回复是一个一般过去时的句子。 同一件事情，由于表达的语境不同，采用了不同的时态。 当说话人关注的是某件事“做了没有”，而不关心“什么时候做的”，这个时态就属于“完成时”； 当说话人关注的是某件事“什么时候做的”，这个时态就属于“一般过去时”。 【案例2】星期天的下午，小明躺在沙发上刷短视频，小明的爸爸看到了，就问他：“你作业写了没?”小明回答：“写了。”小明的爸爸不关心他到底是“什么时间写的”，只关心他“写了没有”，小明回答的重点也在于“写了没有”，因此两个句子都是现在完成时。接下来，小明爸爸不放心，追问了一句：“什么时候写的?”这就是一个一般过去时的句子了。小明回答：“昨天上午写的。”这也是一个一般过去时的句子。 “完成时”这个名称是一种误导，其实，它应该叫作“总结回顾时”。例如上面的两个例子，第一个例子回顾“晚饭吃没吃”，第二个例子回顾“作业做没做”。 定义 现在完成时的英文叫作“present perfect”, 其中“present”是“现在”的意思，而“perfect”通常是“完美”的意思，只有用于表达时态时，才翻译为“完成时”，可见这是一个翻译错误。本质上这个时态是用来表达“总结回顾”，翻译为“总结回顾时”更为恰当。 现在完成时用于三种语境： (1)从现在往前回顾，某件事做了没做；already，yet (2)从现在往前回顾，某件事做过几次；many times (3)从现在往前回顾，某件事从过去某一时刻持续至目前，做了多久。Since，for 【案例3】 例如，你的老师建议同学们买一本书，你回答说：“我买过了。”属于第一种语境。 你的朋友给你推荐一部电影，你说：“我看过三回了。”属于第二种语境。 你的爸爸跟你说：“看会儿书吧。”你说：“我都看了三个小时了。”属于第三种语境。 结构 现在完成时的结构是：have/has+过去分词( )，例如： ①I have had dinner. 我吃过晚饭了。 ②I have visited Tsinghua University. 我参观过清华大学。 ③ He has cleaned blackboard. 他擦过黑板了。 其中，have是助动词，无词义，与其后的过去分词构成复合谓语，当主语为第三人称单数时，使用 has，它是 have的第三人称单数形式。 例句①-③中的 had、 visited、 cleaned分别是 have、 visit、clean的过去分词。 需要特别说明的是，例句①中，have是助动词，无词义，had 是 have的过去分词，意思是“吃”，它对应例句②中的visited和例句③中的 cleaned。 注意，通常我们使用 do表示一般的动词，也经常用 do来总结时态的结构，do的过去分词为 done，我们总结现在完成时的结构为: have/ has done。 现在完成时的否定、疑问和特殊疑问也非常简单，把have/has done视为复合谓语即可,以“We have met before.”为例: We have not met before. 我们以前没见过。 Have you met before? 你们以前见过吗? When have you met? 你们什么时候见过? 再如： We haven't seen each other for 3 years. 我们已经三年没见了。 这是第(3)种情况的否定形式。 We have never seen each other before. 我们以前从没见过彼此。秒懂英语八大时态 1.规则变化（同一般过去式） 2.不规则变化 (1)A—A—A型,即过去式、过去分词与原形一致。如: cost— cost— cost (2)A—A—B型,即过去式与原形一致。如: beat— beat— beaten (3)A—B—A型,即过去分词与原形一致。如: become— became— become (4)A—B—B型,即过去式与过去分词一致。如: bring— brought— brought (5)A—B—C型,即原形、过去式、过去分词不一致。如: do/ does— did— done (注：动词不规则变化表详见教材书后） 回顾 对现在完成时的使用，我们结合不同语境列举更多的例子： (1)从现在回顾过去，某件事做没做过。 I have bought the ticket. 我买过票了。 She has read all these books. 她把这些书都读完了。 The man has lived in China. 这个人在中国住过。 (2)从现在回顾过去，某件事做过几次。这种情况下使用“数字+times”表示次数，做时间状语。 I have seen the film 3 times. 我看过这部电影三次。 I have told you several times.我已经告诉过你多次了。 (3) 从现在回顾过去，某件事做了多久了。这种情况使用“for+一段时间”或“since+某一时刻”作为时间状语。 Tom has studied English for 3 months. Tom 已经学英语三个月了。 I' ve known Cathine since my childhood. 我从小就认识凯瑟琳。 I' ve stayed in this hotel for two weeks. 我已经住在这酒店两周了。 注意这三个例句中 since和 for的使用，for接的是一段时间，表达动作持续的时长，而since接的是时刻，表达的是动作从那一时刻起持续至今。尽管例子中 since my childhood 中的 childhood是一个时间段，但在说话人的认识中，是指“儿时的某一时刻”。 我们非常有必要对第一种语境做补充说明，当表示某件事“做了没有”时，句子中不能加表示动作发生时间的时间状语。也就是说，同一件事，如果加了时间状语，用一般过去时表达，动词使用过去式： Q: When did you meet? 你们什么时候见的? (一般过去时) A: We met last week. 我们上周见的。 (一般过去时) 而如果关注的是“做了没做”，就不加时间状语，要用现在完成时表达, 动词使用 have/ has done结构。 Q: Have you ever met? 你们曾见过吗? (现在完成时) A: We have met. 我们见过。 (现在完成时) 不过，这种语境下可以使用副词 before作为时间状语，它的意思是“以前/之前”： Q: Have you ever met before? 你们之前曾见过吗? (现在完成时) A: We have met before. 我们之前见过。 (现在完成时) 【注意】这是由于 before也是从现在往前回顾，它不能表示动作发生的时间。 但这并不是说，一般过去时的句子中必须出现时间状语。在许多语境下，如果说话双方都知道所指的过去的时间状语是什么，则一般过去时中的时间状语可以省略。例如： What did you say? 你说啥? 这里省略的时间状语是 just now，这个句子的意思是“你刚刚说了什么?(我没听到，你再说一遍)”。注意在持续的对话语境中，既然说话双方都知道时间状语是 just now，就可以 省略了，注意，时间状语只是被省略了，并不是没有。 总结 为了便于记忆，我们可以总结完成时用于三种情况： (1)从目前视角回顾之前，(某事)做了没做； (2)从目前视角回顾之前，(某事)做了几次； (3)从目前视角回顾之前，(某事)做了多久。 标志词 1.持续性(重点) (1) for+一段时间。 (2) since+时间点, since+一段时间+ ago。 since& for辨析 (3) so far/ up to now/ by now/ until now(到目前为止)。 (4) in the past/ last few years(在过去几年里)。 (5) recently(最近)，these days since 和 for引导的时间状语都表示持续性的一段时间。for后面只能接时间段，since 后面可以接过去的时间点，也可以接“一段时间+ ago”。 (6) in recent years(在最近几年里)。 (7) how long(多久)。 2.影响性 (1) already(已经),常用于肯定句。 (2)yet(还，仍，已经)，常用于否定句或疑问句。 (3) just(刚刚)。 (4) before(从前)。 (5) ever(曾经)。 3.频率性 (1) never(从来没有)。 (2) once/ twice/… times(一次/两次/……次)。 Practice 同步训练 一、单项选择。 1. Sally _____ with a Chinese family since she came to Dalian. (辽宁大连中考) A. stays B. will stay C. has stayed D. was staying 2. So far, red tourism (红色旅游业)_____ quickly and it's becoming more and more popular. (黑龙江齐齐哈尔中考) A. developed B. will develop C. has developed D. have developed 3. — Congratulations! You _____ big progress in the last three years. — Thank you, Mr. Li. I' ll never forget the good times in Junior High.(湖北武汉中考) A. make B. made C. have made D. will make 4. — He _____ exercise in the park every morning when he was young.— Yes, but now the life he was used to _____a lot. A. used to; changing B. was used to; has changed C. was used to; changing D. used to; has changed 5. — It's said that two years _____ since the old man _____ . — I'm sorry to hear that. A. has passed, has dead B. has passed, died C. have passed, died D. have passed, has died 6. It's the third time you _____ late for school this week. A. were B. are C. had been D. have been 7. Who _____ away my bike? It was here just now. A. has taken B. took C. will take D. takes 8. We have been friends since _____ . A. five years B. five years ago C. five years before D. five years later 9. You _____ that question three times. A. already asked B. have already asked C. already have asked D. asked already 10. Those foreign friends left Suzhou _____ . A. since last week B. a week ago C. for a week D. since a week ago 11. I_____ at this school for two years. A. am studying B. study C. studied D. have studied 12. They _____ in the city since last summer. A. live B. didn't live C. have lived D. live 13. Mrs. Wang has lived in Suzhou _____1992. A. since B. from C. after D. in 14. It is 4.30 pm. Ben and Leon _____ their work, so they areplaying chess now. A. finish B. finished C. have finished D. will finish 15.-Let’ s go for a walk. - But I _____ my work yet. A. don’ t finish B. won’ t finish C. didn’ t finish D. haven’ t finished 16. - When will Sally and Carol arrive? -I don’ t know. I have _____ here for half an hour. A.come B. left C. waited D. arrived 17. - How was your trip to Hangzhou, Jim? - Great! We _____ to Xixi National Wetland Park. A. go B. went C. will go D. have gone 18.-_____ your homework yet? - Not yet. I_____ it. A. Are you doing; have done B. Will you do; am going to do C. Did you do; still do D. Have you done; am still doing 19. - Have you been to see the doctor? - No, but I_____. A. didn’ t B. am not going to C. am going to D. haven’ t 20. She is the most beautiful girl I have _____ seen. A. never B. not C. ever D. yet 二、用所给词的适当形式填空 1. He is very hungry. He _____(not eat) anything for three days. 2. We _____(be) good friends since we met at school. 3. The boy is happy because he _____(sell) out all the newspapers. 4. We _____(see) several members of the family since we _____(arrive). 5. I_____ never _____(eat) such delicious noodles before. 6. They _____(be) to that small village several times. 7. Both of them _____(come) to Hongkong ten days ago. 8. Mary _____ you _____(lose) her pen. _____(see) it here and there? 9. _____ you _____(find) your watch yet? 10.-Are you thirsty? - No,I_____ just _____(have) some juice. 11. Have they taken down the old pictures _____(already)? 12.-_____ you ever _____ America? - Yes, I _____ there several times. 13. I_____ this school since three years ago.Claire 14.-Where _____ you _____(go) just now? -I_____(go) to the zoo. 15. _____ they often _____(go) skating in winter? 16. Cables are _____ under the streets.(bury) 17. Pollution has _____ because people have taken measures to protect the environment.(increase) 18. _____ you ever _____(hear) about UFO? 19. This novel was _____(write) by Mo Yan in 2012. 20. The man has _____(steal) many things from the company. 21. — _____ you ever _____(eat) chocolate sundaes (巧克力圣代)?— No, never. 22. Up to now,I_____ to fish, while my parents have made a _____ to dance.(decide) 23. China _____(develop) into a modern country in the last 50 years. 24. — Where's Li Fang? — She _____(go) to the library. 25. Oh no! The last bus _____(leave). What shall we do? 26. She _____(study) in Hongze Lake Junior High School for 4 years. 27. It's more than three years since my brother got _____(marry). 28. Recently, we _____(learn) about the population of the world. 29. The weather gets warm. The sunshine has _____(melt) the ice. 30. Have you ever _____(hear) the strange story? 31. I_____(teach) English for ten years in this school. 32. I'm sorry to hear that his grandpa has been _____(die) for half a year. 33. There is no need to watch this film because we _____(watch) it. 34. The public transport in Nanjing _____(improve) a lot in the past ten years. 35. Nobody except Tom and Millie _____(be) that park before. 36. The country life he was used to _____(change) greatly since 1992. 37. She has _____(teach) English in this school for 10 years. 38. The boy last came to school in January, and he _____(not come) since then. 39. The life we were used to _____(change) greatly since 1998.66. Millie _____(go) to the library. She will return as soon as possible. 40. One of my friends _____(be) to the Great Wall three times. 41. Sorry,I can't lend you my e-dictionary. I_____(lend) it to Mary. 42. Two years ago she _____(come) to China. Since then she _____(travel) all over the country. 43. She's always _____(want) to be a teacher. 44. There is no need to turn off the radio. The baby _____(wake) up. 45. So far he hasn’ t_____(reply) to my letter. Is he angry with me? 46. Tom's mother isn't in. She _____(go) to the supermarket. 47. Have you _____(realize) that the pollution is getting worse? 48. What a clean and beautiful classroom! Who _____(tidy) it up? 49. To reproduce(再现) the old houses that carry memories, Feng Jiangtao _____(make) over 40 miniatures(微景观) for people from around the country over the past several years. 50. Mr Wu gets angry because most of us _____(not hand) in our work so far. 51. So far, they _____(sell) half of the products. 52. Have you ever _____(dream) of travelling to space? 53. This is the first time that everyone except the twins _____(ride) an indoor roller coaster. 54. There _____(be) a new railway station in our city since 2002. 55. Have you ever _____ from your parents?(hear) 56. John smith has _____ two books over the years.(write) 57. — The show will start in ten minutes, but Mike isn't here. — Don't worry. I_____(call) him and he's sure to come in a minute. 58. I_____(not hear) from my parents since last week. 59. Your son _____(grow) up already. You don't have to dress him every day. 60. The local living conditions _____(improve) a lot since China set up the city of Sansha. And more and more people would like to go there for business. 61. You _____(pour) the water on me. I'm all wet and I have to change my coat now. 62. — What's wrong with you? I was trying to contact you on the phone all this morning. —I'm sorry. I_____(not check) my phone. It was off this morning. 63. Some of the class have never _____(make) progress, but they went on studying hard. 64. _____ you _____(mention) our plan to Kate? She seems to know nothing about it! 65. Poor Teddy can't stand up straight because he _____(lie) in bed for days with a bad col d. 66. You can listen to the inventor's speech again, for I_____(record) it. 67. Very few of us _____(visit) the famous Grand Palace in Bangkok before. 68. How well have you _____(know) about the great writer in this story? 69. He is not in. He _____(go) to Changsha. 70. So far many classmates have _____(volunteer) to do some work for the show. 71. He is very hungry. He _____(not eat) anything for three days. 72. We _____(be) good friends since we met at school. 73. The boy is happy because he _____(sell) out all the newspapers. 74. We _____(see) several members of the family since we _____(arrive). 75. I_____ never _____(eat) such delicious noodles before. 76. They _____(be) to that small village several times. 77. Both of them _____(come) to Hongkong ten days ago. 78. Mary _____ you _____(lose) her pen. _____(see) it here and there? 79. _____ you _____(find) your watch yet? 80.-Are you thirsty? - No,I_____ just _____(have) some juice. 81. Have they taken down the old pictures _____(already)? 82.-_____ you ever _____ America? - Yes, I _____ there several times. 83.I_____ this school since three years ago. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$