2025届外刊文章改编（2025.1.17期)：语法填空 中国甲流病毒爆发,你应该相信自己的第一印象吗

2025外刊文章改编：（2025.1.17期)语法填空（答案+译文） 第一篇 What We Know About HMPV, the Virus Spreading in China（1/2） 中国甲流病毒爆发，症状有哪些，如何预防?（上） Source: New York Times While cases are climbing in China, the situation is very different from_______ it was when Covid-19 emerged five years ago, medical experts say. HMPV is common and decades old. Reports of a surge in cases of a respiratory（adj.<正式>呼吸的）virus in China have evoked（v.引起）dark echoes of the start of the Covid-19 pandemic（n.<正式>大流行病）almost exactly five years ago. But despite the surface similarities, this situation is very different, and far less worrisome, medical experts say. The Chinese cases _______(report) to be infections with human metapneumovirus（偏肺病毒）, known to doctors as HMPV. Here is what we know so far: What is HMPV? It is one of several pathogens（n.[医] 病原体）that circulate across the world each year, _______(cause) respiratory illnesses. HMPV is common — so common that most people will be infected while they are still children and may experience several infections in their lifetimes. In countries with months of cold weather HMPV can have an annual season, much like the flu, _______ in places closer to the Equator it circulates at lower levels all year long. HMPV is similar to a virus that is better known in the United States — respiratory syncytial virus, or R.S.V. It causes symptoms much like those_______(associate) with flu and Covid, including cough, fever, nasal congestion（鼻腔阻塞）and wheezing（v.喘息）. Most HMPV infections are mild, resembling bouts（n.发作）of the common cold. But severe cases can result in bronchitis（n.[内科] 支气管炎）or pneumonia（n.肺炎）, particularly among infants, older adults and immunocompromised（adj.免疫功能不全的）people. Patients with pre-existing lung conditions, such as asthma（n.哮喘）, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease（慢性阻塞性肺疾病）or emphysema（n.[临床] 气肿）, are at _______(high)risk of severe outcomes. In higher-income countries, the virus is rarely fatal; in lower-income countries, with weak health systems and poor surveillance, _______(death) are more common. How long has this virus been around? The virus was identified in 2001, but researchers say it _______(circulate) in humans for at least 60 years. Though it is not new, it doesn’t have the name recognition of influenza, Covid or even R.S.V., said Dr. Leigh Howard,_______ associate professor of pediatric infectious disease at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. One reason is that it is rarely discussed by name, except when people are hospitalized with a confirmed case of it. “The clinical features are really difficult_______(distinguish) from other viral illnesses, and we don’t routinely test for HMPV the way we do for Covid, flu or R.S.V.,” Dr. Howard said. “So most infections go unrecognized and are chalked up to whatever respiratory thing is going around.” What We Know About HMPV, the Virus Spreading in China（2/2） 中国甲流病毒爆发，症状有哪些，如何预防?（下） Source: New York Times How does a person get infected with HMPV? The virus spreads_______(primary) through droplets（n.飞沫）or aerosols from coughing or sneezing, through direct contact with an infected individual or through exposure to contaminated surfaces — basically the same ways people get colds, flu and Covid. Is there a vaccine? Or a treatment? There is no vaccine against HMPV. But there is a vaccine for R.S.V., and research is underway to find a vaccination that could protect against both viruses with one shot, since they are similar. There is no antiviral treatment specifically for HMPV; treatment focuses on management of symptoms. The Chinese authorities have acknowledged that HMPV cases are increasing, _______have emphasized that the virus is a known entity and is not a major concern. The coronavirus（n.冠状病毒）causes Covid-19 was a new pathogen, so people’s immune systems had not built up defenses against it. At a news conference_______(held) by China’s Center for Disease Control and Prevention on Dec. 27, Kan Biao, the director of the center’s Institute for Infectious Diseases, said that HMPV cases were rising among children 14 years and_______(young) . The increase was especially notable in northern China, he said. Influenza cases have also increased, he said. Cases could spike during the Lunar New Year holiday, at the end of January, _______many people travel and gather in large groups, he said. But overall, Mr. Kan said, “judging from the current situation, the scale and intensity of the spread of respiratory infectious diseases this year will be lower than last year’s.” Official Chinese data shows that HMPV cases _______(rise) since mid-December, in both outpatient and emergency cases, according to Xinhua, the state news agency. Some parents and social media users were unfamiliar with the virus and_______(be) seeking advice online, the outlet said; it urged calm and ordinary precautions such as washing one’s hands frequently and _______(avoid) crowded places. What has the public response in China been? Online, amid comments from people saying they had never heard _______HMPV and expressing concern that it was a new pathogen, state media outlets have sought to reassure people, warning them against blindly taking antiviral medications. Some users have cracked jokes, saying that they could finally use up the masks they had stockpiled（v.贮存）during the coronavirus pandemic. Many commenters have discussed a general uptick in illness, not just HMPV: “Why does the flu hurt so much” was trending on Weibo, _______ social media platform, on Monday.  第三篇 Should you trust your first impression? 你应该相信自己的第一印象吗？ Source: New York Times Imagine you're at a football game when this obnoxious（adj.可憎的，粗鲁无礼的）guy sits next to you. He's loud, he spills his drink on you, and he makes fun of your team. Days later, you're walking in the park when suddenly it starts to pour rain. Who should show up at your side _______(offer)to offer you an umbrella? The same guy from the football game. Do you change your mind about him based on this second encounter（n.经历）, or do you go with your first impression and write him off? Research in social psychology suggests that we're quickto form lasting_______(impression) impressions of others based on their behaviors. We manage to do this with little effort,_______(infer) inferring stable character traits from a single behavior, like a harsh (刺耳的)word or a clumsy（笨拙的） step. Using our impressions as guides, we can accurately predict how people are going to behave in the future. _______（arm）Armed with the knowledge the guy from the football game was a jerk the first time you met him, you might expect more of the same down the road. If so, you might choose to avoid him the next time you see him. That said, we can change our impressions in light of new information. Behavioral researchers have identified consistent patterns _______which/that seem to guide this process of impression updating. On one hand,learning very negative, highly immoral information about someone typically has_______ a stronger impact than learning very positive, highly moral information. So, unfortunately for our new friend from the football game, his bad behavior at the game might outweigh his good behavior at the park. Research suggests that this bias occurs because immoral behaviors are more diagnostic（adj.判断的）, or revealing, of a person's true character. Okay, so by this logic, bad is always stronger than good when it comes to updating. Well, not _______(necessary)necessarily. Certain types of learning don't seem to lead to this sort of negativity bias. When learning about another person's abilities and competencies, for instance, this bias flips. It's actually the positive information that gets weighted more heavily. Let's go back to that football game. If a player scores a goal, it ultimately has a stronger impact on your impression of their skills than if they miss the net. The two sides of the updating story are ultimately quite consistent. Overall, behaviors that are perceived(v.视作) _______as being less frequent are also the ones that people tend to weigh more heavily when forming and updating impressions, highly immoral actions and highly competent actions. So, what's happening at the level of the brain when we're updating our impressions? Using fMRI, or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, researchers _______(identify)have identified an extended network of brain regions that respond to new information that's inconsistent with initial impressions so far. These include areas typically associated with social cognition, attention, and cognitive control. Moreover, when _______(update)updating impressions based on people's behaviors, activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the superior temporal sulcus correlates with perceptions of how frequently those behaviors occur in daily life. 参考答案 第一篇 what are reported causing while associated higher deaths has circulated an to distinguish 第二篇 primarily but held younger when have been rising were avoiding of a 第三篇 to offer impressions inferring Armed which/that a necessarily as have identified updating 译文 第一篇： 医学专家说，虽然中国的病例在增加，但情况与五年前新冠状病毒出现时大不相同。呼吸道合胞病毒很常见，已经存在了几十年。有关中国呼吸道病毒感染病例激增的报道，让人想起了几乎整整5年前，2019冠状病毒（COVID-19）大流行开始时的黑暗回声。 但医学专家说，尽管表面上有相似之处，这种情况却截然不同，而且远没有那么令人担忧。据报道，中国的病例是人类远端呼吸道病毒感染，医生称其为HMPV。这是我们目前所知道的: 什么是HMPV？它是每年在世界各地传播的几种病原体之一，可引起呼吸道疾病。HMPV很常见，以至于大多数人在还是孩子的时候就会被感染，并且一生中可能会经历几次感染。在数月寒冷天气的国家，HMPV可能每年都有季节，就像流感一样，而在靠近赤道的地方，它全年以较低的水平传播。 HMPV类似于一种在美国更广为人知的病毒——呼吸道合胞病毒（R.S.V）。它引起的症状与流感和Covid相关的症状非常相似，包括咳嗽、发烧、鼻塞和喘息。大多数HMPV感染是轻微的，类似于普通感冒的发作。但严重的病例会导致支气管炎或肺炎，尤其是在婴儿、老年人和免疫功能低下的人中。患有哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病或肺气肿等肺部疾病的患者出现严重后果的风险更高。在高收入国家，这种病毒很少致命;在卫生系统薄弱、监测不力的低收入国家，死亡更为常见。 这种病毒存在了多久？该病毒于2001年被发现，但研究人员表示，它已经在人类中传播了至少60年。范德堡大学医学中心（VanderbiltUniversityMedicalCenter）儿科传染病副教授利·霍华德（LeighHoward）博士说，虽然它并不新鲜，但它并没有流感、新冠病毒甚至RSV的名称。 原因之一是，很少有人提及它的名字，除非有人因确诊病例住院。霍华德博士说，“这种病毒的临床特征真的很难与其他病毒性疾病区分开来，我们也不会像检测Covid、流感或呼吸道合胞病毒那样，对HMPV进行常规检测。”“所以大多数感染没有被识别，而是归因于周围的呼吸系统问题。” 第二篇： 一个人是如何感染HMPV的？该病毒主要通过咳嗽或打喷嚏时产生的飞沫或气溶胶传播，通过直接接触受感染者或通过接触被污染的表面传播——这与人们患感冒、流感和Covid的方式基本相同。 有疫苗吗？还是治疗？目前尚无针对HMPV的疫苗。但是有一种RSV疫苗，并且正在进行研究，以寻找一种可以通过一次注射来预防两种病毒的疫苗，因为它们很相似。目前尚无专门针对HMPV的抗病毒治疗;治疗侧重于症状管理。 中国当局承认HMPV病例正在增加，但强调该病毒是一种已知实体，并非主要问题。导致Covid-19的冠状病毒是一种新的病原体，因此人们的免疫系统还没有建立起对它的防御。 在中国疾病预防控制中心12月27日举行的新闻发布会上，该中心传染病研究所所长阚飙表示，14岁及以下儿童的血流型肝炎病毒病例正在上升。他说，这种增长在中国北方尤为明显。他说，流感病例也有所增加。 他说，病例可能会在1月底的农历新年假期期间激增，因为许多人会大批旅行和聚集。但阚说，总体来看，“从目前的情况来看，今年呼吸道传染病的传播规模和强度将低于去年。” 据新华社报道，中国官方数据显示，自12月中旬以来，无论是门诊还是急诊，HMPV病例都在增加。该媒体称，一些家长和社交媒体用户对这种病毒不熟悉，正在网上寻求建议；它敦促人们保持冷静，并采取日常预防措施，如经常洗手和避免去人多的地方。 中国的公众反应如何？在网上，一些人在评论中表示从未听说过HMPV，并对它是一种新病原体表示担忧，官方媒体机构试图安抚民众，警告他们不要盲目服用抗病毒药物。 一些用户开玩笑说，他们终于可以用完在冠状病毒大流行期间囤积的口罩了。许多评论者讨论了疾病普遍增加的情况，而不仅仅是HMPV：“为什么流感会这么疼”这个话题周一在社交媒体平台微博上成为热门。 第三篇： 想象一下，你在看足球比赛时，旁边坐着一个令人讨厌的家伙。他大声喧哗，把饮料洒在你身上，还嘲笑你的球队。几天后，你在公园散步，突然下起了倾盆大雨。谁会出现在你身边为你撑伞呢？还是那个足球比赛中的家伙。你会因为这第二次相遇而改变对他的看法，还是坚持你的第一印象，将他一笔勾销？社会心理学研究表明，我们很快就会根据他人的行为形成对他的深刻印象。 我们不费吹灰之力就能做到这一点，从单个行为中推断出稳定的性格特征，比如一句刺耳的话或一个笨拙的脚步。以我们的印象为指导，我们可以准确地预测别人未来的行为。当你知道你第一次见到的那个足球比赛中的家伙是个混蛋时，你可能会期望他以后也是这样。如果是这样，下次见到他时，你可能会选择避开他。尽管如此，我们还是可以根据新的信息改变我们的印象。 行为研究人员发现了一些一致的模式，这些模式似乎指导着这种印象更新过程。一方面，了解到关于某人的非常负面、非常不道德的信息通常比了解到非常正面、非常道德的信息影响更大。因此，不幸的是，对于我们在足球比赛中认识的新朋友来说，他在比赛中的不良行为可能会超过他在公园里的良好行为。研究表明，之所以会出现这种偏差，是因为不道德行为更能诊断或揭示一个人的真实性格。好吧，按照这个逻辑，在更新时，坏的总是比好的强。其实未必。 某些类型的学习似乎不会导致这种消极偏见。例如，在学习他人的能力和才干时，这种偏差就会翻转。实际上，正面信息的权重更大。让我们回到那场足球比赛。如果一名球员进了一个球，最终对你对其技能印象的影响要大于他失球的影响。更新故事的两面性最终是相当一致的。总体而言，人们在形成和更新印象时，往往更看重那些被认为频率较低的行为，即高度不道德的行为和高度称职的行为。 那么，当我们更新印象时，大脑层面发生了什么呢？通过使用fMRI（功能磁共振成像），研究人员发现了一个由大脑区域组成的扩展网络，该网络会对与最初印象不一致的新信息做出反应。这些区域通常与社会认知、注意力和认知控制有关。此外，在根据人们的行为更新印象时，腹外侧前额叶皮层和颞上沟的活动与人们对这些行为在日常生活中发生频率的感知相关。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$