UNIT 5 Section Ⅰ Starting out & Understanding ideas-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册同步课堂高效讲义配套教参（外研版2019）

主题语境：人与自然——探索未知 单元目标速览 单元话题导入 学生用书第124页 Section Ⅰ　Starting out & Understanding ideas—Reading comprehension Step One：Pre-reading 1．How much do you know about ancient civilisations? Students’ own answers. 2．In your opinion，why did Maya civilisation collapse? Students’ own answers. Step Two：While-reading Ⅰ.Read for the main idea What’s the main idea of the passage? A．William Gadoury’s new discovery about the Maya civilisation. B．A true writing system that the Maya people had created. C．Some possible reasons why the Maya civilisation fell down. D．How the Maya civilisation was formed. 答案：C Ⅱ.Match the main idea with each paragraph Para.1 A．Maya civilisation has been surrounded by mystery since its rediscovery in the 19th century. Para.2 B．But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities. Para.3 C．Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars，it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people. Para.4 D．Research also suggests that those natural disasters may have led to the decline of the Maya. Para.5 E．Meanwhile，the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about our own past，present and future. Para.6 F．Some research seems to indicate that the Maya people themselves may have played a part in their downfall. 答案：Paras.1－6　CABFDE Ⅲ.Read for the structure Ⅳ.Read for details 1．What is the author’s purpose in starting the passage with the story about William Gadoury? A．To introduce Maya civilisation. B．To amuse the readers. C．To emphasize the importance of Maya civilisation. D．To inform us the location of the Maya city. 学生用书第125页 2．What do people know about the Maya writing system? A．It is similar to the present writing system that Americans use today. B．It contained more than 8，000 words and signs. C．It is very complicated and hard to interpret. D．Some words were used to represent animals，objects and syllables. 3．What is mostly to be blame for the decline of Maya civilisation according to Paragraph 4? A．The Maya people themselves. B．A natural disaster. C．Conflicts between cities. D．A deadly disease. 4．What is the main purpose of the author? A．Tell us the mysteries of the Maya. B．Warn us to learn a lesson from the rise and fall of the Maya. C．Hope us to make more research about the decline of the Maya. D．Show us the reasons why Maya civilisation collapsed. 答案：1－4　ACAB Step Three：Post-reading Ⅰ.难句解构 1． [尝试翻译]　这些复杂建筑最不同寻常之处在于，在没有使用机轮、金属工具甚至畜力的情况下玛雅人是如何建造它们的。 2． [尝试翻译]　玛雅社会的科技水平十分原始，这一事实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信、神秘莫测。 Ⅱ.佳句仿写 教材佳句　Meanwhile，the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about our own past，present and future.(总结句) 学后仿写　即使是很小的努力也能产生重要的影响。我相信我们可以为子孙后代创造一个更绿色、更清洁的未来。 Even small efforts can make an important difference．I believe that we can make a greener and cleaner future for generations to come. Ⅲ.品质升华 1．What other things do you think could destroy a civilization？(Critical Thinking批判性思维) The aliens，the social ranking system，the corruption of its society and so on. 2．What lessons can you learn from the collapse of Maya civilization? How can this information help the development of today’s society？(Creative Thinking创造性思维) Death comes from ease and pleasure；life springs from sorrow and calamity.If we want our society to develop rapidly and steadily，we should move with the times. 学生用书第126页 ◎ ①intrigue/ɪn'triːɡ/ v. (因奇特或神秘而)激起……的兴趣，引起……的好奇心 ②make an incredible discovery 有惊人的发现 ③star charts 星图 ④through comparison 通过比较 ⑤correspond to 符合，与……相一致 correspond/ˌkɒrə'spɒnd/vi. 相一致，符合 ⑥bury/'beri/ v. 将……埋在下面 ⑦extend/ɪk'stend/ vi. 延伸(距离)，延续(时间) ⑧representative/ˌreprɪ'zentətɪv/ adj. 典型的，有代表性的 n．代表 ⑨step pyramids 阶梯金字塔 pyramid/'pɪrəmɪd/ n．金字塔 ⑩astronomy/ə'strɒnəmi/ n．天文学 astronomer/ə'strɒnəmə(r)/ n．天文学家 ⑪apply...to...把……运用到…… ⑫calendar/'kælɪndə(r)/ n．历法；日历 solar calendar 阳历 lunar calendar 阴历，农历 ⑬accurate/'ækjərət/ adj. 精确的 be accurate to 精确到…… ⑭on top of...除……之外 ⑮a writing system 文字系统 ⑯complicated/'kɒmplɪkeɪtɪd/ adj. 难懂的，复杂的 [同义]complex adj. 复杂的 [反义]simple adj. 简单的 ⑰interpret vt.诠释，说明 ⑱primitive/'prɪmətɪv/ adj. 原始的，远古的；发展水平低的，落后的 ⑲incredible adj. 难以置信的 ⑳at sth’s peak＝at the peak of sth在……巅峰，在……高峰期 ㉑decline/dɪ'klaɪn/ vi. 衰退，下降；谢绝 n．下降，衰落 ㉒claim riches 索取财富 claim在此意为“索取” riches n．财富 ㉓remaining/rɪ'meɪnɪŋ/ adj. 剩下的，剩余的 ㉔deadly adj. 致命的 ㉕wetland/'wetlənd/ n．湿地，沼泽地 ㉖canal/kə'næl/ n．运河 ㉗landscape/'lændskeɪp/ n．风景，景色 ㉘unknowingly adv. 不知不觉地 ㉙natural disasters 自然灾害 ㉚far fewer 更少的，far修饰比较级 ㉛tropical cyclones 热带气旋 tropical/'trɒpɪk(ə)l/ adj. 来自热带的；产于热带的 cyclone/'saɪkləʊn/ n．气旋；旋风 ㉜drought/draʊt/ n．干旱 ㉝downfall/'daʊnfɔːl/ n．衰败 ㉞fall into ruin (因无人照料而)衰落，败落 ruin/'ruːɪn/ n．残垣断壁，废墟 ◎ The Mysteries of THE MAYA 1 Intrigued①by Maya civilisation from a very young age，【1】15-year-old Canadian William Gadoury thought he had made an incredible discovery②from his study of ancient star charts③.Through comparison④，he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to⑤the positions of the stars.Based on this，he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried⑥deep in the jungle．【2】______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 【1】动词-ed形式短语作状语。 【2】动词-ed形式短语作后置定语，相当于一个定语从句“which was buried deep in the jungle”。 2 It isn’t difficult to see why.Extending⑦south from parts of what we now know as Mexico 【3】into Central America，________________________________________ The Maya built impressive palaces and temples，including their representative⑧step pyramids⑨.What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels，metal tools or even animal power.【4】The Maya’s understanding of mathematics and astronomy⑩was also quite amazing.They applied this understanding to⑪the Maya calendar⑫，which was accurate⑬to within 30 seconds per year．【5】On top of ⑭all this was an achievement unique in the Americas at that time：a true writing system⑮.It contained more than 800 characters，with some signs representing animals，people and objects and others representing syllables．【6】It was a writing system so complicated⑯that，so far，no one has been able to interpret⑰it completely.【7】 【3】what引导宾语从句，在从句中作know的宾语。 【4】本句是主从复合句，主干是主系表结构。What引导主语从句，how引导表语从句。 【5】which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the Maya calendar，在从句中作主语。 【6】此处是with复合结构，第一个represent与some signs和第二个represent与others之间均为主谓关系。 【7】本句含有so...that...句型，that引导结果状语从句。 学生用书第127页 3 The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive⑱【8】makes its achievements all the more incredible⑲and mysterious._____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ By 700 AD，Maya civilisation was at its peak⑳.Yet，within just a couple of generations，it began to mysteriously decline㉑.The cities were left to be taken back by the jungle.When Europeans arrived in Central America in the early 16th century to claim its riches㉒，the remaining㉓Maya people were living in small settlements. 【8】that引导同位语从句，对主句的主语The fact作解释说明。 4 Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery.Was it a natural disaster？A deadly㉔disease？Conflicts between cities？Or was it a combination of several different factors？________________ They had turned wetlands㉕into fields for growing grains，and had dug huge canal㉖systems.As their population expanded，yet more land was needed for agriculture and more trees for construction.By changing the landscape㉗in this way，it is possible that the Maya people unknowingly㉘reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters㉙．【9】 【9】it is possible that...表示“很可能……”，it作形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语。“to deal with natural disasters”作ability的后置定语。 5 _____________________ Some recent studies have found that there were far fewer㉚tropical cyclones㉛than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD.This is likely to have led to a series of droughts㉜，each lasting for a couple of years 【10】，including a “megadrought”around 900 AD.Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places.【11】These droughts would have led to food shortages，conflicts and，ultimately，the downfall㉝of the cities. 【10】独立主格结构。each指的是each drought，与last是主谓关系。 【11】本句是主从复合句，that引导宾语从句；其中含有一个why引导的定语从句，修饰先行词reason。 6 Whatever the reasons，【12】Maya civilisation largely disappeared within the deep jungle.Its once-great cities fell into ruin㉞，leaving various mysteries for later people to solve．【13】______________ 【12】Whatever引导让步状语从句，reasons后省略了were。 【13】动词-ing形式短语作结果状语。 学生用书第128页 ◎ 玛雅之谜 1 十五岁的加拿大少年威廉·甘德瑞自幼便对玛雅文明着迷，他认为自己通过研究古老星象图有了惊人发现。通过比较，他发现117座已知的玛雅城市的位置和星象的位置是对应的。据此，他相信自己发现了一座隐藏于丛林深处的未为人所知的玛雅城市的位置。________________________________________________________________________ 2 这背后的原因不难发现。玛雅文明的范围从现今墨西哥的部分区域向南延伸至中美洲，_____________________玛雅人建造了恢宏的宫殿和庙宇，其中包括他们的代表性建筑阶梯金字塔。这些复杂建筑最不同寻常之处在于，在没有使用机轮、金属工具甚至畜力的情况下，玛雅人是如何建造它们的。玛雅人对数学和天文学的认识也十分令人惊叹。他们将这些认识应用到了玛雅历法中，该历法精确程度极高，每年误差不超过30秒。除此之外，还有一项当时在美洲独一无二的成就：一套真正的文字系统。这套文字系统包含800多个字符，有些符号代表动物、人和物，还有些代表音节。这套文字系统很复杂，以至于到目前为止没有人可以将其完全解读。 3 玛雅社会的科技水平十分原始，这一事实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信、神秘莫测。_____________________到公元700年时，玛雅文明如日中天。然而，仅仅在几代之内，玛雅文明开始神秘地衰落。城市荒废，任凭丛林蚕食取代。16世纪早期，欧洲人来到中美洲攫取财富时，只剩下一些玛雅人居住在小村落里。 4 玛雅文明倾颓的原因一直是个谜。究竟是自然灾害、致死疾病、城市间的冲突所致，抑或是几个不同因素叠加呢？_____________________他们将湿地变成了种植庄稼的田地，还开凿了巨大的运河系统。随着人口增长，人们需要更多土地以发展农业，需要更多树木以修建建筑物。通过这样改变地貌，玛雅人可能在不知不觉中减弱了自己应对自然灾害的能力。 5 _____________________最近一些研究发现，公元700年到公元1000年之间，热带气旋的数量远远少于往常。这可能导致了一系列旱灾，每次旱灾都持续若干年，其中就包括公元900年左右的那场“百年不遇的旱灾”。许多科学家认为，这些旱灾是玛雅文明在不同地方以不同速度开始衰落的主要原因。这些旱灾会导致食物短缺、冲突发生，最后导致城市的衰败。 6 无论原因如何，玛雅文明几乎消失在了丛林深处。曾经恢宏的城市沦为废墟，留下各种谜团等待后人解开。_____________________ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$