UNIT 1 Section Ⅲ Learning About Language—Review useful structures-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册同步课堂高效讲义配套教参（人教版2019）

Section Ⅲ　Learning About Language—Review useful structures 复习被动语态 语法串烧 我的发现 　　The first zoo (1)was established around 3，500 years ago by an Egyptian queen for her personal enjoyment.Five hundred years later，a huge zoo (2)was built by a Chinese emperor to show his power and wealth.Later zoos were set up for the purpose of studying animals. 　Today animals in large and natural reserves (3)are watched carefully for any sign of disease.With specially trained keepers looking after them and some hospitals where treatment (4)is received when they are ill，all the animals there live a comfortable life.Anyway，it is true that the zoos (5)have been playing an important role in protecting many species of wildlife. (1)(2)为一般过去时的被动语态； (3)(4)为一般现在时的被动语态； (5)为现在完成进行时的主动语态。 第一部分　谓语动词的被动语态 一、被动语态的概念及构成 1．概念：英语中动词有主动语态和被动语态之分。如果主语是动作或状态的发出者，动词就用主动语态；如果主语是动作或状态的承受者，动词就用被动语态。 2．构成：被动语态由“be＋动词过去分词”构成，被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其变化形式与系动词be完全一样。 In my hometown，there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat has been cut. 在我的家乡，所有的小麦收割完毕后，农民们总会有一顿丰收宴。 二、 被动语态的使用场合 1．不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁时。 2．强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者时。强调动作的执行者时，执行者由介词by 引出。特别注意“be＋过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构： (1)当“be＋过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态， be为助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的承受者是主语，动作的执行者可由介词by 引出。 The window was broken by Jim last night. 昨晚窗户被吉姆打破了。 学生用书第14页 (2)当“be＋过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词，be 后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。 The window is broken.这扇窗户是破的。 三、高考考查的7种时态的被动语态 项目 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 现在 am/is/are done am/is/are being done has/have been done 过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done 将来 shall/will be done 1.一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are＋done The little girl is looked after by Granny every day.奶奶每天照顾那个小女孩。 2．一般过去时的被动语态：was/were＋done I was brought up by my aunt.我是由姑姑带大的。 3．一般将来时的被动语态：shall/will＋be＋done I will be given a chance to play in this game again. 我将再一次获得参赛的机会。 4．现在进行时的被动语态：am/is/are＋being＋done The bridge to the road is being repaired.通往那条路的大桥正在维修。 5．过去进行时的被动语态：was/were ＋being＋done The road was being mended by the workers.这条路(过去)正在被工人们修建。 6．现在完成时的被动语态：have/has＋been＋done I have been told the sports meeting might be put off. 有人告诉我运动会可能会延迟。 7．过去完成时的被动语态：had ＋been＋done When I got to the theatre，I found the tickets had already been sold out.当我到剧院时，我发现票已经卖完了。 四、被动意义表达难点——主动语态表被动意义 1．连系动词(如look，sound，smell，feel，taste，remain，seem，hear，appear，prove 等)后接表语时，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。 The food tastes delicious. 这种食物尝起来美味可口。 What he said at the meeting sounded encouraging. 他在会上说的话听起来令人备受鼓舞。 2．当 wash，write，sell，open，close，shut，lock，cook等不及物动词后加副词(easily，well等)时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 This kind of cloth washes easily and lasts long. 这种布料很容易洗，并且耐穿。 The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly. 父亲给我的作为生日礼物的钢笔写起来很流畅。 3．need，want，require，deserve等＋doing，用主动形式表示被动意义。 His hair needs cutting. →His hair needs to be cut. 他的头发需要剪了。 4．be worth doing主动形式表示被动意义。 The novel is worth reading again. 这部小说值得再读一次。 五、使用被动语态的注意事项 1．否定词not放在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。 He was extremely disappointed to hear that he would not be given a doctor's degree. 听到不会获得博士学位，他沮丧到了极点。 学生用书第15页 2．带双宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时，可将表示物的(直接)宾语变为主语，用for或 to引出表示人的(间接)宾语，或将表示人的(间接)宾语变为主语。 My father is telling me an interesting story now. →An interesting story is being told to me by my father now. →I'm being told an interesting story by my father now. 我爸爸正在给我讲一个有趣的故事。 3．主动句的谓语动词带有复合宾语时，应将宾语变成被动句的主语，而将宾语补足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语变为主语补足语)。 We saw him sitting there without doing anything. →He was seen sitting there without doing anything.我们看见他坐在那儿，什么也没做。 注意：在主动语态中，make，hear，see等词后接不定式时要省略to，但转换为被动语态时，则不能省略 to。 His words made me throw up. →I was made to throw up by his words. 他的话令我作呕。 4．短语动词在主动结构中是不可分割的，在被动结构中也是如此，不可去掉后面的介词或副词。 The old man was often laughed at. 那位老人经常被嘲笑。 5．情态动词(may，might，can，could，should，ought to，must等)后跟被动语态形式为“be done或have been done ”，其中be和have been表示被动动作的一般式和完成式，没有时态和人称变化。 Nowadays，solar energy can be used to produce electricity in many countries. 现在太阳能在许多国家可以被用来发电。 6．含有 be going to、used to、have to、had better等结构的主动句变被动句时，只需将其后的动词变为被动形式即可。 More expressways had to be built in Sichuan to promote the local economy.四川不得不建设更多的高速公路，以促进当地的经济发展。 7．不及物动词(短语)不用于被动语态，如：appear(vi.出现)、die、disappear、end (vi.结束)、fail、happen、last、lie、remain、sit、spread (vi.扩散)、stand (vi.站立)、break out、come true、fall asleep、keep silent、lose heart、take place等。 An accident happened yesterday. 昨天发生了一起事故。 8．连系动词和部分表示状态的及物动词或者动词短语无被动语态。连系动词如appear、be、become、fall、feel、get、grow、keep、look、remain、seem、smell、sound、stay、taste、turn 等；表示状态的部分及物动词如have、wish、cost、agree with；不用被动结构的常见动词短语如arrive at/in、shake hands with、succeed in、suffer from、happen to、take part in、walk into、belong to 等。 The idea sounds good.这个想法听起来很好。 The book belongs to me.这本书属于我。 ◎巧学活用1——单句语法填空 (1)The new project is being developed/is developed (develop) by a team of experts now. (2)The document was misplaced (misplace) by someone in the office the other day. (3)The delicious food will be served (serve) by the restaurant staff at the event. (4)The rules have been explained (explain) by the teacher several times up to now. (5)By the end of last week，the movie had been watched (watch) by millions of people worldwide. 学生用书第16页 第二部分　非谓语动词的被动语态 一、形式与功能 非谓语动词的被动形式包括动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式，见下表 一般式被动 完成式被动 动词不定式的被动式 to be done(将要被……；未被……) to have been done(已经被……) 动词-ing形式的被动式 being done(正在被……；被……) having been done(已经被……) 动词-ed形式表示被动意义 只有一种形式，表示被动或者已被完成的状态 Larry persuaded her that the robot wouldn't harm her or allow her to be harmed.拉里说服了她，他说这个机器人不会伤害她，也不会允许她被伤害。 With exams being adapted into Braille，a blind senior high school student scored 630 points out of 650 in the College Entrance Examination. 试卷被改写成布拉耶盲文，一名盲人高中生在高考中获得了630分(满分650分)。 二、动词不定式的被动式 1．动词不定式的一般被动式表示其逻辑主语是动作的承受者，具有被动意义，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等。 The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.不许将书带出室外。 2．动词不定式的完成被动式表示其动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生。 I am glad to have been invited to this party.我很高兴被邀请参加这场聚会。 三、 动词-ing形式的被动式 1．动词-ing形式一般被动式常作主语、宾语、定语或状语，表示与其逻辑主语之间的被动关系。作定语或者状语时可表示正在被进行的动作，但作主语或宾语时只表示被动含义。 The building being repaired is our library.正在维修的那座楼是我们的图书馆。 2．动词-ing形式的完成被动式表示与其逻辑主语之间为被动关系，也表示其动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，常作状语。 Having been shown around the library，we were taken to the lab.被带着参观了图书馆后，我们又被带去参观实验室。 四、动词-ed形式表示被动意义 1．动词-ed形式本身表示被动，用作定语、状语、补语等，和其逻辑主语形成被动关系。 The damaged car was towed away by the police.那辆受损的汽车被警察拖走了。 The painting，created by a famous artist，is worth millions.一位著名艺术家创作的这幅画，价值数百万。 2．动词-ed形式有时也可以不表示被动关系，仅表示完成的状态。 The experienced teacher handled the situation calmly.这位经验丰富的老师冷静地处理了这个情况。 She is intelligent and extremely well-read.她很聪明，而且极为博学。 ◎巧学活用2——单句语法填空 (1)The package needs picking/to be picked (pick) up from the post office by tomorrow. 学生用书第17页 (2)The research paper is being written (write) by the students for their final project now. (3)The proposal has been approved by the board after being reviewed (review) carefully. (4)The plane is scheduled to be flown (fly) by an experienced pilot on its maiden voyage. (5)The children were playing outside，supervised/being supervised (supervise) by their babysitter. 维度一　单句语法填空 1．The fictional (fiction) character in the novel had a magical ability to recover. 2．The teacher was dismissing (dismiss) the student's excuses for not completing the homework. 3．The suspect was found guilty of the crime and sentencing was to be declared (declare). 4．She looked guiltily (guilty) at her friend after accidentally breaking the vase. 5．The engineers were double-checking their calculation (calculate) before finalizing the blueprint. 维度二　语法与写作 1．这个蛋糕将由我妈妈为我的生日烤制。 The cake will be baked by my mom for my birthday. 2．这份报告正在由团队为会议撰写。 The report is being written by the team for the meeting. 3．在派对上由摄影师拍摄的这些照片非常精美。 The photos taken by the photographer at the party are very exquisite. 4．这座房子已经被清洁服务清洁过了。 The house has already been cleaned by the cleaning service. 5．这辆正拖往修理厂的汽车明天将由技工修理。 The car being dragged to the garage will be repaired by the mechanic tomorrow. 维度三　语法与语篇 The new school building 1.was designed (design) by a renowned architect.Its construction is being overseen by a team of engineers.The classrooms are 2．to be equipped/being equipped with state-of-the-art technology.The curriculum will 3.be implemented (implement) by experienced teachers.The students' progress will be monitored by the school administration.Despite the challenges 4.faced (face) during the lockdown，the school is eagerly awaited by the community.The opening ceremony 5.planned/being planned (plan)with great care will ensure a successful start to the academic year. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$