UNIT 3 Section Ⅲ Learning About Language—Review useful structures-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册同步课堂高效讲义配套课件（人教版2019）

UNIT 3 SEA EXPLORATION 主题语境：人与社会——海洋奥秘探索、人类发展与海洋的关系 Section Ⅲ Learning About Language —Review useful structures 复习动词不定式 内容索引 初识语法　品语篇 1 精研语法　巧点拨 2 课时测评 4 随堂应用　多维练 3 初识语法　品语篇 返回 语法串烧 The scientists decided (1)to explore the deep ocean (2)in order to find out what exists at the floor of the sea.Their first step (3)to carry out the plan is (4)to send a deep water machine designed specially for the research.The machine (5)to be controlled remotely by scientists at the surface of the sea is in a shape of an egg.They will watch the machine dive deep into the sea.(6)To conduct such a research is a long project that scientists have prepared for several months. 我的发现 返回 (1)to explore不定式作动词decided的 。 (2)in order to find out不定式短语作 。 (3)to carry out是不定式短语作定语，修饰 。 (4)to send不定式作 。 (5)to be controlled不定式的被动形式作 ，修饰The machine。 (6)To conduct不定式作 。 宾语 目的状语 step 表语 定语 主语 精研语法　巧点拨 返回 一、动词不定式的形式特点 动词不定式的形式是“to＋动词原形”。其否定是在 to前面加上 not，即“not to ＋动词原形”。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。 二、动词不定式的时态和语态 语态及意义 时态　　 主动语态 被动语态 意义 一般时 to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后 完成时 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前 进行时 to be doing   表示谓语动作发生时，动词不定式的动作正在进行 1.动词不定式的一般时的主动形式为(not) to do，其被动式为(not) to be done，常表示尚未发生或者谓语动词随后发生的动作或状态。 He pretended not to see me.他假装没有看到我。 With a large amount of work remaining to be done，the chief manager couldn't spare time for a long holiday.有大量的工作等着做，总经理腾不出时间去度长假。 2．动词不定式的完成时为(not) to have done，表示动词不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。其被动式为(not) to have been done。 He pretended to have seen it before. 他假装之前看到过它。 Some 25，000 people were reported to have been killed in the worst earthquake ever recorded in that place which occurred late last month. 据报道，大约25 000人死于上个月末该地发生的有史以来最严重的地震。 3．动词不定式的进行时为(not) to be doing，表示在谓语动作发生时，动词不定式的动作也正在进行。 He pretended to be sleeping. 他假装正在睡觉。 三、动词不定式的用法功能 动词不定式可以作主语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语、状语。动词不定式强调动作的一次性、具体性。 1．作主语 动词不定式作主语通常表示具体的、一次性的动作；经常可以转换成it形式主语的结构，动词不定式置于句后作真正的主语。 To be invited to the party is really exciting. 被邀请参加聚会真的令人兴奋。 It is really exciting for us to be invited to the party.对我们来说，被邀请参加聚会真的令人兴奋。 2．作宾语 其后通常跟动词不定式作宾语的动词有：agree、pretend、beg、decide、expect、fail、hope、intend、manage、afford、offer、plan、promise、refuse、wish、desire、choose、determine、demand、attempt、want、aim、prepare、hesitate、long、tend等。 He planned to learn English at the age of 40. 他计划四十岁的时候开始学英语。 注意： ①不定式作动词的宾语，其后跟补语时，常用it 作形式宾语，而把不定式后置。常见的此类动词有 make、think、feel、consider。 I make it a rule to read English articles every morning.我定下规矩每天早晨读英语文章。 ②动词intend、mean、plan、hope、want、would like/love等后跟不定式的完成时表示“本打算做某事而实际上却没有做”。 I intended to have gone to the party with you last night，but I was too busy then.昨晚我本打算和你一起去参加聚会，但那时我太忙了。 3．作表语 动词不定式作表语用来说明主语的内容，常用作主语的名词有： wish、plan、idea、suggestion、hope、advice、goal、aim等。 His wish is to be a doctor.他的愿望是当一名医生。 4．作宾语补足语 其后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask，tell，want，expect等。 We were expecting him to arrive yesterday. 我们一直期待着他昨天到达。 5．作定语 动词不定式作定语，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。 He has nothing to say on this event. 关于这件事情，他没有什么要说的。 注意： 动词不定式作定语必须后置，通常要注意以下几种情况： ①被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑宾语。如果动词不定式当中的动词是不及物动词且和被修饰的名词是逻辑上的被动关系时，动词不定式后应有必要的介词。 He has a large family to support. 他有一大家子人要养。 She has no friends to depend on. 她没有朋友可以依靠。 ②名词或代词前有序数词修饰，其后要用动词不定式作后置定语，且被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑主语。 He is the first student to come and the last to leave.他是第一个来的学生，也是最后一个离开的学生。 6．作状语 动词不定式及其短语具有副词的特性，可在句子中作目的、结果、原因状语。 ①作目的状语 动词不定式作目的状语，位于句首时可以用逗号与句子隔开，位于句末时其前则不能用逗号；还可以用in order(not) to do 或 so as(not) to do来表示目的，但so as (not) to do 不能置于句首。 For thousands of years，people have told fables(寓言) to teach a lesson or to pass on wisdom. 几千年来，人们通过讲寓言来传授知识或传递智慧。(2023·全国甲卷) In order to pass the exam，he worked hard. 为了通过考试，他努力学习。 ②作结果状语 动词不定式作结果状语常用于“so＋形容词/副词 as to...如此……至于……，形容词/副词＋enough to...足够……，too...to...太……而不能……”；也可以表达出乎意料的结果，多置于only，never，just等词后面。 Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你把收音机的声音调小一点好吗？ The hall is too small to hold all the guests. 这个大厅太小，以至于不能容纳所有的客人。 He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.他匆忙赶到车站，却发现火车已经开走了。 ③作原因状语 动词不定式作原因状语通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词，常见的这类形容词有：happy、glad、lucky、surprised、sorry、angry、anxious、ready、clever、shocked、eager、foolish 等。 They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他的死讯，他们很惊讶。 四、动词不定式前面不带to的情况 1．在固定的词组 had better之后直接跟动词原形。 You'd better not make remarks about things that you don't know at all. 对于你不了解的事情，你最好不要发表评论。 2．在使役动词 let，make，have或感官动词 see，feel watch，notice，hear等后面作宾语补足语时，不带to。 I noticed him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我注意到他在花园里干活了。 3．在引导疑问句的why not之后。“Why not＋不带to的动词不定式？”与“Why don't you do...？”同义，用来表示提出建议或劝告。 Why not go to Hainan for our holidays? ＝Why don't we go to Hainan for our holidays? 我们为什么不去海南度假呢？ 4．动词不定式在help之后作宾语补足语时，可带to也可不带to(两者意思差别不大)。 Could you help me(to) carry those heavy books? 你可以帮我搬一下那些重的书吗？ 五、动词不定式的特殊用法 1．疑问词 what、which、who、when、where、how 及连接词whether 可与动词不定式连用而形成一个短语，这个短语可在句中作句子的主语、宾语或表语等。 When to start has not been decided. 尚未决定何时动身。 We are debating whether to go to the mountains or to the seaside for our summer holidays. 我们正在讨论是去山上还是去海边度过暑假。 2．只能用动词不定式作主语的句式有： it takes/took sb... to do sth 做某事花费某人多长时间 it is up to sb to do sth 由某人决定做某事 3．动词不定式用在 but、except、besides 等后面时，如果这些词前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么后面的不定式不带to，否则要带to。即“有 do无 to”。 She could do nothing but cry. 她什么也做不了，只能哭。 I have no choice but to go.我别无选择，只能离开。 What do you like to do besides sleep? 除了睡觉你还喜欢做什么？ 4．动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义的情况 ①动词不定式to blame 用作表语时，常用主动形式表被动意义。 Who is to blame? 该怪谁呢？ ②某些“主语＋be＋形容词＋to do”结构中，动词不定式与主语有逻辑上的被动关系时，动词不定式可用主动形式表示被动意义。 The question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很难回答。 Your writing is impossible to read.你的字迹没法认。 ③动词不定式用于修饰“there be＋名词”中的名词时，可用主动式，也可用被动式，有时含义相近。 There is too much work to do/to be done.要做的工作太多了。 ◎巧学活用——补全句子 (1)She was surprised (被要求领导这个项目). (2)They seemed (忘记了发请柬). (3)It's important (要成功就要有井然有序的计划). (4)The decision (提拔他)was made unanimously. (5)I need to buy some groceries (今晚做饭). to be asked to lead the project to have forgotten to send the invitation to have a well-organized plan to succeed to promote him to make dinner tonight 知识网络 返回 随堂应用　多维练 返回 维度一　单句语法填空 1．She was excited __________________ (select) for the role. 2．He hoped ______________________ (finish)the report before the deadline. 3．They prefer ______________ (inform) rather than to be kept in the dark. 4．It is important to keep the car regularly maintained __________ (ensure) its longevity. 5．The opportunity ________ (travel) abroad was too good to pass up. to have been selected to finish/to have finished to be informed to ensure to travel 维度二　语法与写作 1．她被指示在签署文件前仔细审阅它。(动词不定式作补语) She was instructed __________________________________________． 2．他们希望被允许参加下个月的会议。(动词不定式作宾语) They want________________________________ next month. 3．在当今快节奏的世界中，能够适应新情况是很重要的。(动词不定式作主语) It's important _____________________________ in today's fast-paced world. to carefully review the document before signing it to be allowed to attend the conference to be able to adapt to new situations 4．据说他明天将要去巴黎。(动词不定式作表语) It is said that ____________________________． 5．约翰完成作业后，决定和朋友们外出庆祝他的生日。(动词不定式作宾语和状语) After finishing his homework，John decided _________________________ ____________________． he is to leave for Paris tomorrow to go out with his friends to celebrate his birthday 维度三　语法与语篇 Not that long ago，my first thought at mealtimes was 1.______ (eat) at a restaurant.I was eager 2._______ (try) new restaurants.3.________ (eat) out was also a social activity，allowing me 4.__________ (enhance) the relationship with my friends.I often ate out until last month，when I came across a cooking app.There are a variety of recipes in the app 5.________ (choose) from.They are uploaded by users，and offer detailed instructions so that others can follow them step by step.Most of the recipes include photos or videos，which are very to eat to try To eat to enhance to choose 返回 useful for beginners.When I picked a popular recipe and gave it a try，I discovered that it was not that difficult 6.________ (make) a simple and tasty dish. In the past few weeks，I've thrown myself into home cooking，from boiling noodles in the pot to frying steak in the pan.I hardly eat out any more. Not only is cooking at home cheaper，but I can cook exactly what I want.It's healthier too. No wonder people say nothing beats home cooking! Now I am good at cooking a couple of dishes.My plan is 7.________ (invite) my friends over at the weekend 8.________ (show)them my new-found skills. I hope that they will like my cooking! to make to invite to show 课时测评 返回 语境基础练 进阶训练一　单句语法填空(每小题1分，共8分) 1．The purpose of education is __________(develop) a fine personality in children. 2．Eating a balanced diet can help ___________ (increase) energy levels and overall health. 3．They worked hard ______(get) good marks in the final exams. 4．Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology _________(change)lives. to develop (to) increase to get to change 5．She asked me _________(answer) the phone in her absence. 6．It's rude _______ (turn) your back to your teacher and refuse to answer. 7．Chinese researchers hope to use these instruments ________ (find) and study areas of the South Pole. 8．Activities there range from whale watching to hiking and accommodations aim ________ (have) a low impact on the natural environment. to answer to turn to find　 to have 进阶训练二　补全句子 (每小题3分，共15分) 1．My teacher said it was very important ___________________(保持充足的睡眠). 2．To achieve this goal，I decided ____________________________(熬夜学习到半夜) like my deskmate. 3．I tried to be the first to arrive and the last to leave，___________________ ____________________(结果发现我上课总是发困). 4．When I was a junior three student，my aim was ______________________ __________(成为全班最好的学生). 5．He ________________________ (建议我制订一个计划)that/which is suitable for myself. to have enough sleep　 to stay up to study until midnight only to find myself always sleepy in class to be the best student in my class advised me to make a plan 素能提升练 Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2．5分，共20分) A (2023·沧州一中高二期末) Magnetic fields are promising to be a useful tool in the hunt for human settlements that have been lost to the sea off the coast of the UK.An upcoming project is set to use magnetometry(磁力测定) data to seek Doggerland，the flooded land that connected Britain to mainland Europe until the end of the last Ice Age，but there's hope that this technique could be used to find long-lost civilisations all over the world. The study comes from the University of Bradford in the UK.Their plan is to closely look at magnetometry data gathered from a portion of the North Sea and attempt to identify any strange anomalies (反常现象) that could suggest the presence of archaeological structures. The team is especially keen to use this technique to look for traces of human activities beneath the North Sea since it's thought to have been home to some of the largest prehistoric settlements in Europe.Before it was flooded over 8，000 years ago，Doggerland was a rich and diverse habitat that likely attracted prehistoric humans and others.Despite its potential for sinking beneath the North Sea，we know relatively little about the culture that was once developed here. “As the area we are studying used to be above sea level，there's a small chance that this analysis could even reveal evidence for hunter-gatherer activity.That would be the most important part，”Ben Urmston，PhD student at the University of Bradford，said in a statement.“We might also discover the presence of middens，which are rubbish dumps that consist of animal bones，shells and other biological material that can tell us a lot about how people lived.” Remarkably little of the ocean has been explored，let alone for the purposes of archaeology.Nevertheless，advances in technology are continuing to show that the coastlines are hiding countless traces of ancient human activities，even evidence of long-lost civilisations. Thanks to projects like the one at the University of Bradford，as well as many others，the future of marine archaeology is looking promising. Nevertheless，we have to be patient.Just don't expect to stumble across the sunken city of Atlantis anytime soon. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了磁场有望成为寻找英国沿海消失的人类定居点的有用工具。 细节理解题。根据第一段中“An upcoming project is set to use magnetometry (磁力测定) data to seek Doggerland...all over the world.”可知，该项目将使用磁力测定数据来寻找Doggerland，这是一片被海水淹没的土地，直到最后一次冰河时代结束都一直连接着英国和欧洲大陆。由此可知，该项目使用磁力测定数据是为了寻找一块被海水淹没的古老陆地。 1．Why will magnetometry data be used in this project? A．To measure Doggerland. B．To find the lost ancient land. C．To trace the ice movement. D．To explore the history of Britain. √ 2．What do we know about Doggerland over 8，000 years ago? A．It often suffered from floods. B．Its civilisation is little known to us. C．Its formation was after the last Ice Age. D．It was a deserted island with few people. √ 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Before it was flooded over 8，000 years ago...we know relatively little about the culture that was once developed here.”可知，在8 000多年前被海水淹没之前，Doggerland 是一个丰富多样的栖息地，可能吸引了史前人类和其他物种。除此之外，人们对这里曾经形成的文明知之甚少。由此可推知，我们对Doggerland的8 000 多年前的文明知之甚少。 观点态度题。根据第四段中Ben Urmston所说的话“As the area we are studying used to be above sea level...That would be the most important part”可知，他认为这种分析有可能揭示狩猎采集者活动的证据。这将是最重要的部分。由此可推知， Ben Urmston对此分析持赞成的态度。 3．What is Ben Urmston's attitude toward the analysis? A．Uncaring.　　　　 B．Subjective. C．Favourable. D．Shocked. √ 4．What does the underlined phrase “stumble across”in the last paragraph mean? A．Assess sth carefully. B．Display sth intentionally. C．Restore sth completely. D．Discover sth unexpectedly. √ 词义猜测题。最后一段中的“Thanks to projects like... the future of marine archaeology is looking promising.”强调“多亏了像布拉德福德大学这样的项目，海洋考古学的未来看起来很有希望。” 但紧接着进行了转折，“然而，我们必须要有耐心”。由此可推知，作者想告诉我们，即使有了这项技术，我们也别指望很快就能意外发现沉没的亚特兰蒂斯。故stumble across 意为“偶然或意外发现”，与D项意思相同。 B (2024·衡水中学期末) In a major step forward for monitoring the biodiversity of marine systems，a new study published in the journal Environmental DNA details how Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute(MBARI) researchers are using autonomous underwater robots to sample environmental DNA(eDNA)，which allows scientists to detect the presence of aquatic species from the tiny bits of genetic (遗传学的) material they leave behind.This “DNA soup” offers clues about biodiversity changes in sensitive areas and the presence of rare or endangered species—all critical to understanding and preserving a healthy ocean. Researchers combined two novel autonomous platforms developed by MBARI for this study—the LongRange Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (LRAUV) and the Environmental Sample Processor(ESP).The LRAUV can travel for weeks at a time and for hundreds of kilometers. It can enable more frequent sampling in remote sites than traditional research ships. The ESP is a robotic “laboratory-in-a-can” that filters (过滤) sea water and preserves eDNA for future study. By equipping an LRAUV with ESP technology，researchers can monitor the ocean better. “We know that eDNA is an incredibly powerful tool for studying ocean communities，but we've been limited by what we can accomplish using expensive crewed research ships.Now，autonomous technology is helping us make better use of our time and resources to study previously unsurveyed regions of the ocean，” said Kobun Truelove，a biological oceanographer at MBARI and the lead author of the paper. Marine biodiversity is a measure of the abundance of individuals and species in the ocean.This interconnected mixture of organisms supports food webs，produces the air we breathe，and regulates our climate.Autonomous tools like the LRAUV and ESP enable MBARI researchers to monitor changes in sensitive ecosystems in ways that were not possible previously. “Shipbased research will continue to play an important role in oceanographic studies，but adding new autonomous technology to the toolkit will expand capacity for research，monitoring，and resource management，” said Truelove. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了对环境DNA进行采样以监测海洋健康的最新技术。 词义猜测题。根据上文中的“In a major step forward for monitoring the biodiversity of marine systems”可知，科学家监测的是海洋生物，所以画线词也应该指的是“海洋中的生物”。 5．What do the underlined words “aquatic species” in Paragraph 1 refer to? A．Those living in water. B．Those growing near water. C．Those becoming endangered. D．Those consuming eDNA. √ 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The LRAUV can travel ...than traditional research ships.”可知，远程自主水下航行器(LRAUV) 可以经常到达海洋的偏远地区。 6．What can the LRAUV do? A．Filter sea water effectively. B．Preserve eDNA for future study. C．Travel for months at a time in the ocean. D．Reach remote areas of the ocean frequently. √ 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Now，autonomous technology is helping ...the lead author of the paper.”可推知，自主技术更加经济、高效。 7．What can we infer from Truelove's words? A．Autonomous technology is more economical and efficient. B．Shipbased research is more time-saving and energy-saving. C．Autonomous robots have entirely replaced traditional research ships. D．Crewed research ships help researchers study new parts of the ocean. √ 标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段可知，本文主要介绍了对环境DNA进行采样以监测海洋健康的最新技术。故C项最适合作本文标题。 8．What can be the best title for the text? A．Researchers Discover a “DNA Soup” B．Autonomous Technology Needs Improving C．Robots Sample eDNA to Monitor Ocean Health D．The Biodiversity of the Ocean Needs Protection √ Ⅱ.语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分) (2023·吉林一中高二期末) Coral reefs are being planted in the deep seabed around Hainan Province，a famous tourist destination in China，as part of efforts 1 (protect) the maritime environment and promote green development. Coral reefs cover about 2 percent of the area of the sea floor and provide habitats for about 25 percent of 2 (creature).There is no doubt that they make 3 big difference to stabilizing the ecology of the ocean，according to experts. They work as 4 (extreme)natural barriers to weaken the impact of waves crashing on the shore. However，survival of coral reefs has been challenged due 5 changes in the maritime environment.In 2019，the Hainan South China Sea Institute of Tropical Ocean 6 (initiate) a program to plant millions of coral reefs through professional breeding technology. “It's like 7 (grow) trees under the sea，” said Chen Hong，director of the institute. “Though they grow slowly，the seedlings no 8 (big) than fingernails may become coral reefs 9 size can outgo several soccer fields.” In recent years，the team 10 (plant) over 200，000 coral reefs.That quantity has broken the national record of coral reefs transplantation for amount and the survival rate. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。中国在海南省周围的深海海底种植珊瑚礁，以此保护海洋环境和促进绿色发展。 考查名词的单复数。creature为可数名词，再根据空前的about 25 percent of 可知，此处应用名词复数形式。故填creatures。 1．答案：to protect 2．答案：creatures 考查非谓语动词。名词efforts后跟动词不定式作后置定语。故填to protect。 考查词性转换。空处作状语修饰形容词natural，表示“非常”，应用副词形式。故填extremely。 3．答案：a 4．答案：extremely 考查冠词。make a big difference to意为“对……有着重大影响”，为固定搭配。故填a。 考查动词的时态。根据时间状语In 2019可知，此处表示过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故填initiated。 5．答案：to 6．答案：initiated 考查介词。due to 意为“由于”，为固定短语。故填to。 考查形容词的比较级。此处表示“虽然它们生长缓慢，但这些指甲大小的幼苗可能会变成珊瑚礁，其大小可以超过几个足球场”。根据句意和than可知，空处应用形容词的比较级，故填bigger。 7．答案：growing 8．答案：bigger 考查非谓语动词。like在此处作介词，表示“像”。空处作介词的宾语，应用动词-ing形式。故填growing。 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据In recent years可知，此处应用现在完成时；主语为 the team，谓语动词用单复数都可以。故填has/have planted。 9．答案：whose 10．答案：has/have planted 考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，先行词是coral reefs，且空处在从句中作定语修饰size，故填whose。 返回 谢 谢 观 看 ！ 返回 $$