内容正文:
板块一 核心素养之阅读提能篇
专题一 阅读理解
第二讲 体裁突破•阅读过关
第四节 议论文——抓住论点,关注首尾
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总复习 第2轮 英语
专题一 阅读理解
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总复习 第2轮 英语
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总复习 第2轮 英语
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特点 内容解读
选材 主要选自国外期刊或网站,如Newsweek、Times、Business Week、The Economist;主要是中外广泛关注的社会话题和热点问题
内容 议论文内容包罗万象,社会生活类占据了绝大部分。作者通过摆事实、列数字等方法论证论点,目的是说服他人、宣扬观点,或者说服读者接受某种意见或采取某种行动。文章中会出现生僻词和长难句
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总复习 第2轮 英语
专题一 阅读理解
特点 内容解读
结构 大部分以“总—分—总”的结构行文,即“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”
语言 议论文一般观点明确,论据充分,语言精练,论证合理,有严密的逻辑性
命题 议论文难度相对比较大,命题角度呈多样化,如细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等
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总复习 第2轮 英语
专题一 阅读理解
策略指导 技法解读
研读文章首段 议论文的主旨,即论点往往在首段,尤其是首段中有however、but等转折词时,其后的句子通常是论点
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总复习 第2轮 英语
专题一 阅读理解
策略指导 技法解读
细读文章中段 中间段落是文章的主体部分,即论证部分,作者会用两个或两个以上的段落引用事实和理论依据进行论证。常用的论证方法有举例子、引用、对比、列数字等。这一部分往往与细节理解题的考查点相对应
关注文章尾段 尾段是结论部分,要弄清楚作者最后得出了什么结论
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强化练(八)
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强化练(九)
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强化练(十)
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谢谢观看!
高考议论文阅读绝大多数是说理性的文章,一般由论点、论据、论证和结论等组成。相对于其他文体,议论文阅读要难一些。阅读议论文时,抓住了论点,就把握住了中心,再结合作为论据的诸多事例以及这些事例和论点或结论之间的内在联系,我们就能理解文章的结构。因此,阅读议论文的关键是抓论点。
(2023·全国乙卷·阅读D)If you want to tell the history of the whole world,a history that does not privilege one part of humanity,you cannot do it through texts alone,because only some of the world has ever had texts,while most of the world,for most of the time,has not.Writing is one of humanity's later achievements,and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects,and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,but in many cases we simply can't.The clearest example of this between literate and nonliterate history is perhaps the first conflict,at Botany Bay,between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side,we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day.From the Australian side,we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience
of gunshot.If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day,the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides,there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted,especially when only the victors know how to write.Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.The Caribbean Taino,the Australian Aboriginals,the African people of Benin and the Incas,all of whom appear in this book,can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made:a history told through things gives them back
a voice.When we consider contact(联系) between literate and nonliterate societies such as these,all our firsthand accounts are necessarily twisted,only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation,we have to read not just the texts,but the objects.
32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A.How past events should be presented.
B.What humanity is concerned about.
C.Whether facts speak louder than words.
D.Why written language is reliable.
33.What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in Paragraph 2?
A.His report was scientific. B.He represented the local people.
C.He ruled over Botany Bay. D.His record was onesided.
34.What does the underlined word “conversation” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Problem. B.History. C.Voice. D.Society.
35.Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?
A.How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B.A Short History of Australia
C.A History of the World in 100 Objects
D.How Art Works Tell Stories
[题目试做] 32. A 33. D 34. B 35. C
[语篇解读]本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文字来讲述世界历史的局限性,并强调了将实物纳入历史叙事以更好地重现真实的历史。
32.A [解析]主旨大意题。根据文章第一段可知,该段主要讲述的是过去的事件应该如何呈现。故选A。
33.D [解析]推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together ...but in many cases we simply can't.”可推断,作者认为历史应该是文字和实物相结合的产物,但是在很多情况下,我们做不到。再根据下文“From the English side ...after his first experience of gunshot.”可知,作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的,只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
34.B [解析]词义猜测题。根据画线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino,the Australian Aboriginals ...only one half of a dialogue.”并结合画线词所在句可知,我们对过去历史的了解,只是历史书写者想让我们了解的历史,如果我们想要了解历史的另一半,我们不仅要读文字,还要读实物。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
35.C [解析]推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“If you want to tell the history ...for most of the time,has not.”并结合最后一段中的“ If we are to find ...not just the texts,but the objects.”可知,本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文字来讲述世界历史有局限性,想要更好地了解历史就要将文字和实物结合在一起。由此推断文章很有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
文体解读
名师支招
三段定位,各就各位
我的感悟:
语篇类型:议论文
主题语境:人与社会——损失厌恶与行为决策
(2024·辽宁沈阳模拟)Loss aversion(厌恶),the idea that losses are more psychologically influential than gains,is widely considered the most important idea of behavioral decisionmaking and its sister field of behavioral economics.To illustrate the significance attached to loss aversion,Kahneman,winner of the Nobel Prize in economics,wrote in his book,Thinking Fast and Slow,that “the concept of loss aversion is certainly the greatest contribution of psychology to behavioral economics.”
Why has such profound importance been attached to loss aversion?Largely because it is thought to reflect a fundamental truth about humans—that we are more motivated by our fears than by our desires.This conclusion has indications for almost every aspect of how we live our lives.
However,as documented in a recent critical review of loss aversion by Rucker of Northwestern University,there is no general cognitive(认知的) prejudice that leads people to avoid losses more strongly than to pursue gains.Contrary to claims based on loss aversion,price increases do not affect consumer behavior more than price decreases.
If losing $10,000 means giving up the roof over your head whereas gaining $10,000 means going on an extra vacation,it is perfectly reasonable to be more concerned with the loss than the gain.
Why has belief in loss aversion been held so strong for so long?An idealized view of science is that theories are accepted or rejected based only on evidence from experiments.In fact,science is not simply an impersonal search for truth,but also a social process,in which supporters of a theory must convince other scientists,through logic and argumentation,of how evidence should be interpreted.
In sum,our critical view of loss aversion highlights that,even in contemporary times,wrong ideas can continue to exist for a long time despite contrary evidence,and therefore,that there is a need to critically assess accepted beliefs.While loss aversion has frequently been used to explain why people are prejudiced toward the current situation,perhaps fittingly,the case of loss aversion illustrates the importance of challenging the present state of science.
1.Why did Kahneman write Thinking Fast and Slow?
A.To record the process of our thinking.
B.To test the contribution of loss aversion.
C.To show loss aversion is viewed important.
D.To figure out how loss aversion comes about.
2.Which situation worried people most according to Kahneman?
A.Decreasing price. B.An extra holiday.
C.Rising price. D.Pursuing gains.
3.What does the author think of science?
A.It is only based on experiments.
B.It bears little relation to evidence.
C.It interprets logic and argumentation.
D.Its research process is objective and social.
4.What can be a suitable title for this passage?
A.Why Is an Important Idea False?
B.How Can Loss Aversion Be Defined?
C.Is an Accepted Idea Really Objective?
D.Are We Prejudiced to Loss Aversion?
[语篇解读]文章主要讲述了对“损失厌恶”理论的质疑,作者从科学的角度解释了著名理论也可能是错误的这一现象。
1.C [解析]细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知,Kahneman写《思考,快与慢》一书是为了说明损失厌恶的重要性。故选C。
2.C [解析]推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知,Kahneman是赞同损失厌恶理论的,他认为物价上涨最让人们担心。故选C。
3.D [解析]推理判断题。根据第五段内容可知,作者认为科学研究过程是客观的、社会的。故选D。
4.A [解析]标题概括题。文章首先介绍了著名的损失厌恶理论,随后通过举例说明损失厌恶理论并不能解释所有的行为,最后从科学角度阐释一个著名的理论也可能是错误的。A项适合作本文标题。故选A。
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