内容正文:
动词的被动形式
在英语中,须通过动词的某种形式来表明句子的主语是动作的执行者还是动作的承受者,前一种句子是主动句,后一种是被动句。
英语的动词有两种语态形式,即主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作是执行者,谓语动词用主动语态。如果主语是动作的对象,谓语动词用被动语态。如:
They build this school.
They school is built by them.
1、被动语态的构成
“助动词 +(及物动词的)过去分词”构成动词被动语态的形式。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为系动词的变化完全一样。如:
This kind of TV set is made in Guangzhou.(一般现在时)
The thief was arrested.(一般过去时)
A new road is being built outside my house.(现在进行时)
The man was being questioned by the police.(过去进行时)
Your wallet has been found.(现在完成时)
By the time we got there. The work had been finished.(过去完成时)
My sister would be taken care of by grandma.(过去将来时)
Your watch will be repaired.(一般将来时)
教学难点:
在英语里,有一些动词是不及物动词,后面不能跟宾语,所以没有被动语态。以下动词只有主动语态,没有被动语态。
appear, die, happen, fall, arrive.
2、五种时态的被动语态举例
① 一般现在时
A lot of books are kept in our school library.
Radio is used in everyday life.
② 一般过去时
A thief was caught last night.
They were asked to speak at the meeting.
③ 现在进行时
A new library is being put up in their school now.
The watch is being repaired.
④ 一般将来时
The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.
The thieves will be arrested.
⑤ 现在完成时
My bag has been stolen.
Many stamps have been collected by me since last year.
3、主动语态变被动语态
① 主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语。
② 主动结构的谓语动词由主动语态变为被动语态。
③ 主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语,组成介词短语,放在被动结构中谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必强调时,by短语可以省略。
④ 主动语态、被动语态两种时态要保持一致。如:
We repaired the motor.
The motor was repaired by us.
二、几种不同形式的被动语态
(1)含有直接宾语和间接宾语的主动结构,变为被动结构时,可以将其中一个宾语变为主语,另一个不动,一般是主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语,这样句子显得自然一些。如:
He showed me his pictures.
I was shown his pictures by him.
I was sent a birthday present (by him).
A birthday present was sent to me (by him).
(2)含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句的方法。
① 将宾语变为主语,宾语补足语保留不动。如:
They call her little Li. She is called little Li.
He left the door open. The door was left open by him.
② make, let, hear, watch, see, feel, have, notice, help等动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式一般不带to,可是当变为被动语态时,后面的不定式必须带to。如:
My brother often made me do this and that when I was young.
I was often made to do this and that by my brother when I was young.
③ 含有情态动词的被动语态,是由“情态动词 + be +(及物动词的)过去分词”构成。如:
They can not find him.
He can not be found.
④ 短语动词的被动语态
一般说来,只有及物动词才有被动语态,因为只有及物动词才可能有动作的承受者。但有许多由不及物动词加介词及其他词类构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,可以有宾语,因而也可以有被动语态。但应注意,短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,在变为被动语态时,不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。如:
They had put out the fire before the fire brigade arrived.
The fire had been put out before the fire brigade arrived.
They will set up a new public school here.
A new public school will be set up here.
You must take good care of these trees.
These trees must be taken good care of.
被动语态的基本用法
① 不知道谁是动作的执行者或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。如:
Paper is made from wood.
The house is quite old, it was built in 1950.
He was wounded in the fight.
② 需要强调动作的承受者时。如:
Calculator can’t be used in the maths exam.
Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn’t be taken away.
He was awarded first prize in that contest.
③ 为使语气婉转,避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态,或由于修辞的需要使用被动语态使句子得以更好安排。如:
The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month.
Electricity is used to run machines.
专项练习
一、单项选择
1.The factory is polluting air. It must ________.
A.close down B.be closed down C.pull down D.be pulled down
2.I was in a western restaurant for the first time. I didn’t know what I do.
A.was suppose B.was supposed to
C.was supposing D.was supposing to
3.—When will the programme be sent out?
—As soon as it ________ tomorrow.
A.records B.will record C.is recorded D.will be recorded
4. What clean classroom! -Yes , It _________ every day .
A.cleans B.cleaning
C.is cleaned D.was cleaned
5.I am happy I ________ to be the monitor of our class by my classmates.
A.choose B.chose C.was chosen
6.This Sunday is my birthday party. I can’t decide who ________.
A.will be invited B.is invited C.will invite D.invites
7.—What do you think of the graduation ceremony(典礼)?
— Oh, excellent, it’s worth ________ forever.
A.to remember B.be remembered C.remembering D.remembered
8.—Paul, do you know if Sam________ to Jenny’s birthday party this Sunday?
—I think he will come if he________.
A.comes; will invite B.will come; will be invited
C.comes; invites D.will come; is invited
9.—When shall we go and play basketball?
—Not until the work ________ tomorrow.
A.is finished B.have finished C.will be finished D.will finish
10.When Tim ________ why he was late for school, he just kept silent.
A.was asked B.asked
C.was asking D.is asked
二、单词拼写
根据语境及所给汉语提示,写出所缺单词。
11.The bus will run on (电) and solar power.
12.You can try this blouse on. It is the newest (款式).
13.—I'd like you to help me with the (项目) next week.
—No problem. I'll be free then.
14.This is a(n) (网站) for people to learn languages.
15.Bert felt very proud to work with the (先驱) of medical technology.
16.Sue said that all the names of our class were (列表) here.
17.He didn't show any (高兴) when I offered to go with him.
18.We thought Carl would say a lot about his experiences in South Africa, but he didn't (提到) them at all.
19.Daming was sad because he wasn’t c for the school basketball team.
20.Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge was c in February, 2018.
21.I think Tom is well e , because he behaves well at any time.
根据下列句子及所给的首字母,在答题纸上按题号写出各单词的正确、完全形式(每空限填一词)。
22.Of the three meals,s is the last meal of the day.
23.I’m taller than Jim,so I sit b him in the classroom.
24.My mom is busy washing dishes in the k
25.When Judy asked for Bob’s opinion,he n with a smile and said,"Yes,I agree."
26.The body was w by loud noise outside.
27.I was a to make a speech because of my poor pronunciation.
28.Tom is the t son in the family.He has two elder brothers.
29.Eric came up with a new m of solving the problem.
30.David felt bored and decided to do some reading to k the time.
31.Movie City has the w service,but it has the most comfortable seats.
Complete the sentences with the given Chinese(用括号中所给汉语完成下列句子)
32.Ben has (邀请)us to stay with his family in July.
33.We'd like to (旅游)to Beijing by plane.
34.How much does the camera (花费)?
35.Tourists can see soldiers (升起)the flag in the square.
36.We're going to (带去)them to some interesting places.
37.The children are (计划)to visit different places in Tokyo.
38.Kids should be e to accept breaking bad news from a young age. It’s as important as what they could learn from books.
根据句意及汉语提示完成单词
39.I'm such a (傻瓜)that I left my bag in the taxi.
40.The drug is not a new (发现)─it's been known for years.
41.The concert was (取消)because the earthquake happened.
42.He is not only a good (军官),but also a kind father at home.
43.He began his speech with“ (女士)and gentlemen”.
44.After the candles were b out, we could finally eat the birthday cake.
45.1. Most of the earth’s surface is c by water.
根据每小题所提供的图画情景和提示词,写出一个与图画情景相符的句子。
46.there be,pour
47.invent, in 1885
48.bad;eyes
49.used to
50.should,obey
试卷第1页,共3页
试卷第1页,共3页
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参考答案:
题号
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
答案
B
B
C
C
C
A
C
D
A
A
1.B
【详解】句意:这家工厂正在污染空气,它必须被停业。短语close down意为“停业”,短语pull down毁坏,这里是说工厂必须“被关停、被停业”,要使用被动语态be done,排除AC,是“被关停”而不是“被毁掉”,故选B。
2.B
【详解】试题分析:句意:我第一次在一个西方的餐馆里。我不知道应该做什么。be supposed to do sth被期望,应该做某事。故选B。
考点: 考查被动语态的用法。
3.C
【详解】句意:——节目什么时候发出去?——明天一录好就发。
考查动词语态。分析句子可知,it是指上文的the programme,是动词record的受动者,需用“be done”被动结构;本句是as soon as引导的时间状语从句,省略了主句The programme will be sent out,时态遵循主将从现,可知本句是一般现在时的被动语态;it是单数第三人称,系词需用is,故选C。
4.C
【详解】试题分析:句意:--多么干净的教室啊!是的,它每天都被打扫。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。结合句意,故选C
考点:考查被动语态的用法。
5.C
【详解】句意:我很高兴我被同学们选为班长。
考查被动语态。主语I和动词choose之间是被动关系,应用被动语态:be done,故选C。
6.A
【详解】句意:这个周日是我的生日聚会。我决定不了要邀请谁。
考查一般将来时的被动语态。根据“This Sunday is my birthday party.”可知,这个周日是将来的时间,句子应用一般将来时,decide后接who引导的宾语从句,从句主语who与动词invite存在逻辑上的被动关系,句子应用一般将来时态的被动语态,其谓语结构为:will be+过去分词。故选A。
7.C
【详解】句意:——你觉得毕业典礼怎么样?——哦,非常棒,它值得永远记住。
考查主动表被动。be worth doing sth.“值得做某事”,此处用主动形式表被动含义。故选C。
8.D
【详解】句意:——保罗,你知道山姆这个星期天是否会来珍妮的生日聚会吗?——我想如果他受到邀请,他会来的。
考查动词时态和被动语态。根据“do you know if Sam ... to Jenny’s birthday party this Sunday”可知,此句是if引导的宾语从句,由时间状语“this Sunday”可知,时态用一般将来时will do;根据“he will come if he...”可知,此处是if引导的条件状语从句,根据“主将从现”原则,从句用一般现在时,主语he是第三人称单数,与invite是被动关系,故用一般现在时的被动语态is done。故选D。
9.A
【详解】句意:——我们将什么时候去打篮球?——直到明天工作被完成。
考查主将从现。分析答语可知句子为含有until引导时间状语从句的复合句,遵循“主将从现”的原则,此处从句时态为一般现在时,而主语work和谓语动词finish之间是被动关系,应用被动语态,其谓语结构为“be+done”,故选A。
10.A
【详解】试题分析:考查一般过去时的被动语态用法。句意:当Tim被问到为什么上学迟到的时候,他只是保持沉默。主语和ask之间是被动关系,所以用被动语态;分析句子,可由主句知道,本句的事情发生在过去,故从句要用一般过去时。根据句意,故选A。
11.electricity 12.style 13.project 14.website 15.pioneers 16.listed 17.pleasure 18.mention
【解析】11.句意:公共汽车将在电力和太阳能的作用下行驶。electricity“电”,是不可数名词,无复数形式,故答案为electricity。
12.句意:你可以试穿这件衬衣,这是最新款式。这件衬衣的款式只能是一种款式,因此style要用名词单数形式,故答案为style。
13.句意:——我希望你下周帮我做这个项目。——没问题。到时我有空。结合句意可知,名词要用单数形式,答案为project 。
14.句意:这是一个供人们学习语言的网站。不定冠词a/an后跟可数名词单数,根据汉语提示可知,答案为website。
15.句意:与医学技术的先驱们一起工作,Bert感到非常自豪。根据汉语提示可知,答案为pioneers。
16.句意:苏说我们班的所有名字都列在这里。all the names of our class与list之间是被动的关系,宾语从句是一般过去时态的被动语态,此处缺少过去分词,其构成为were/was+过去分词,故答案为listed。
17.句意:当我提出和他一起去时,他一点也不高兴。pleasure不可数名词,无复数形式,故答案为pleasure。
18.句意:我们原以为卡尔会讲很多他在南非的经历,但他根本没有提到。助动词didn’t后跟动词原形,根据汉语提示可知,答案为mention。
19.(c)hosen
【详解】句意:大明很伤心,因为他没有入选学校篮球队。根据“Daming was sad”可知因没被校篮球队选中而难过,choose选择,wasn’t后接其过去分词形式chosen构成一般过去时的被动语态。故填(c)hosen。
20.completed
【详解】句意:香港珠海澳门大桥在2018年2月竣工。
根据句子结构可知,此句是一般过去时态的被动语态,此空应填过去分词,结合句意和首字母提示可知,此空应填completed。
21.(e)ducated
【详解】句意:我认为汤姆受过良好的教育,因为他在任何时候都表现得很好。根据“because he behaves well at any time”及首字母,可知,因为受过表现良好,所以推断这个人受过良好的教育,educate表示“教育”,此空应填过去分词与is构成一般现在时被动语态,故填(e)ducated。
22.supper 23.behind 24.kitchen 25.nodded 26.woken 27.afraid 28.third 29.method 30.kill 31.worst
【解析】22.句意:在三餐中,晚餐是一天中的最后一餐。
空格是句子的主语,判断填名词;根据常识,晚餐是一天中的最后一餐,由首字母提示,supper 意为“晚餐”,故填supper。
23.句意:我比吉姆高,因此在教室里我坐在他后面。
空格在人称代词宾格前,判断填介词;根据上文“I’m taller than Jim,我比吉姆高”,由此推断我是坐在他后面;由首字母提示,behind 意为“在……后面”,故填behind。
24.句意:我妈妈在厨房忙着洗碗。
空格在in the后面,判断填名词构成介词短语;根据“My mom is busy washing dishes
我妈妈忙着洗碗”,推断是在“厨房”;由首字母提示,kitchen 意为“厨房”,故填kitchen。
25.句意:当朱迪问鲍勃的意见,他微笑点点头说:“是的,我同意。”
空格是句子的谓语,判断填动词;根据下文“Yes,I agree.是的,我同意。”,推断空格是“点头”表示同意;由首字母提示,nod 意为“点头”,句子是一般过去时,nod一般过去式是规则变化,重读闭音节,故填nodded。
26.句意:那个宝宝被外面大声的吵闹声吵醒了。
根据“by loud noise outside.被大声的吵闹声……”,推断宝宝是被外面大声的吵闹声吵醒了;句子的主语the baby是动作的承受者(被吵醒),根据句中was的提示,判断空格动词要用过去分词,由首字母提示,wake 意为“醒来”,wake的过去分词是不规则变woken,故填waoken。
27.句意:由于我发音不好我害怕做演讲。
空格在be动词后面,判断填形容词;根据“because of my poor pronunciation.由于我发音不好”,推断上文的表达是“我害怕做演讲”;由首字母提示,afraid 意为“害怕的”,be afraid to do sth意为“害怕做某事”,故填afraid。
28.句意:汤姆是这个家里的第三个儿子,他前面有2个哥哥。
空格在定冠词和单数名词之间,判断填序数词;根据.“He has two elder brothers.他前面有2个哥哥”,推断“汤姆是这个家里的第三个儿子”;由首字母提示,third 意为“第三”,故填third。
29.句意:埃里克想出了解决这个问题的新办法。
空格在不定冠词和形容词后面,判断填单数名词;根据“…of solving the problem. 解决这个问题的……”,推断空格表达的是“解决这个问题的新办法”;由首字母提示,method 意为“方法、办法”,故填method。
30.句意:大卫感到无聊,决定看书来打发时间。
判断空格填动词原形构成动词不定式当句子的目的状语;由首字母提示, kill 意为“杀死”,kill the time意为“打发时间”;故填kill。
31.句意:电影城有最差的服务,但有最舒服的座位。
根据句式的比较,判断空格填形容词的最高级;根据句中的but,判断前句和后句的句意存在转折,由“the most comfortable seats.最舒服的座位”推断空格是指“最差的服务”;由首字母提示,worst 意为“最差的”,故填worst。
32.invited 33.travel 34.cost 35.raising 36.take 37.planning
【解析】32.句意:Ben已经邀请我们七月去和他家人待在一起。
根据has可知此句时态为现在完成时,invite表示“邀请”,过去分词为invited。故填invited。
33.句意:我们想要乘飞机去北京旅游。
would like to do sth.表示想要做某事,travel表示“旅行”,此处用动词原形。故填travel。
34.句意:你的相机花多少钱?
此句为一般疑问句,助动词提前,因此此空为动词原形。cost表示“花费”。故填cost。
35.句意:游客能看到战士们在广场升国旗。
see sb. doing sth.表示“看到某人正在做某事”,raise表示“升起”,动名词为raising。故填raising。
36.句意:我们将要带他们去一些有意思的地方。
be going to do sth.表示“将要做某事”,to后接动词原形。take 表示“带去”。故填take。
37.句意:孩子们正在计划去东京的不同地方参观。
plan表示“计划”,根据are可知此句为一般将来时,be going to ,因此plan用现在分词形式planning。故填planning。
38.(e)ncouraged
【详解】句意:应该鼓励孩子从小就接受突发的坏消息。这和他们能从书中学到的东西一样重要。根据“to accept breaking bad news from a young age”可知是应该鼓励孩子们接受突发的坏消息,be encouraged to do sth.“被鼓励做某事”。故填(e)ncouraged。
39.fool 40.discovery 41.canceled 42.officer 43.Ladies
【解析】39.句意:我太傻了,把包忘在出租车上了。
“傻瓜”的英文拼写是fool,可数名词,空格前的不定冠词a决定用其单数形式,故答案填fool。
40.句意:这种药物不是什么新发现,多年前人们就知道了。
由前面的形容词new新的,可知此处应填入一个名词,discovery意为“发现”,可数名词;前面有不定冠词a修饰,可知此处应用其单数形式;故答案填discovery。
41.句意:由于地震的发生,音乐会被取消了。
“取消”英文表达是cancel,动词;主语the concert与cancel是被动关系,故用被动语态,空前已有was,故答案填canceled。
42.句意:他不仅是一位好军官,在家也是一位和蔼的父亲。
“军官”英文表达是officer,可数名词,由前面的不定冠词a,可知此处应用其单数形式;故答案填officer。
43.句意:他以“女士们先生们”开始他的演讲。
lady意为“女士;女子”,由and后面的复数名词gentlemen可知,此处填其复数形式,由语境可知首字母要大写,故填Ladies。
44.blown
【详解】句意:蜡烛吹灭后,我们终于可以吃生日蛋糕了。blow out为固定搭配,意为“吹灭”,且位于“were +过去分词”一般过去时被动语态结构中,故动词blow应用过去分词形式。故填blown。
45.covered
【详解】句意:地球表面大部分被水覆盖。
根据is是be动词,以及后面的by water,可知,此处需要使用被动语态;被动语态结构be+动词过去分词。cover是动词,意为“覆盖”,be covered by…表示“被……覆盖”。故填covered。
【点睛】被动语态的基本结构:be+动词过去分词,be动词根据人称、时态的变化进行相应的变化。例如:一般现在时的被动语态为am/is/are+动词过去分词;一般将来时的被动语态为will+be+动词过去分词;一般过去时的被动语态为was/were+动词过去分词。本题中考查的就是一般现在时的被动语态,按照固定结构解答即可。
46.There are some factories pouring waste water into the river. 47.The car was invented in 1885. 48.Reading in the sun is bad for our eyes. 49.They used to walk to school./They used to go to school on foot. 50.We should obey the traffic rules.
【解析】46.there be有;pour…into向……倾倒。图片是工厂正向河里倾倒废水,一般现在时。There be sb./sth. doing sth.有某人或某物正在做某事;几家工厂some factories为复数,be用are。pour waste water into the river向河里倾倒废水。故答案为There are some factories pouring waste water into the river.
47.根据所给单词invent发明和短语in 1885在1885年,结合图片内容可知car小汽车;因此可以判断句意为"这辆小汽车发明于1885年."小汽车是被发明,且in 1885年是表过去的时间状语,因此要用一般过去时的被动语态。结构为was/were+动词的过去分词,the car 为单数,谓语动词用单数第三人称形式was;invent的过去分词为invented。故答案为The car was invented in 1885.
48.bad坏的,糟糕的,为形容词,常用结构be bad for对…有害;eyes眼睛。观察图片可知在阳光下看书read in the sun;因此可判断句意为"在阳光下看书对对我们的眼睛有害."read in the sun为动词短语,做主语时要用其动名词形式reading in the sun。动名词短语做主语时,谓语动词用单数第三人称形式。故答案为Reading in the sun is bad for our eyes.
49.used to do sth. 过去常常做某事;结合图片可知walk/on foot步行,且图片中有两人。由此可判断句意为"他们过去常常步行去上学." 步行去上学可表达为walk to school/go to school on foot.故答案为They used to walk to school. /They used to go to school on foot.
50.should应该,为情态动词,后跟动词原形;obey遵守;图片内容为遵守交通规则obey the traffic rules;因此可推断句意为"我们应该遵守交通规则."故答案为We should obey the traffic rules.
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