专题01 Unit 1 Past and present-【寒假】2025年八年级英语寒假学习讲义（译林版）

Unit 1　Past and present past [pɑːst] n.过去 present ['preznt] n. 现在，目前 just [dʒʌst] adv.刚才 used to (用于过去持续或经常发生的事)曾经 since [sɪns] conj.自…以来 ever ['evə] adv.曾今 northern ['nɔːðən] adj. 北方的，北部的 married [ˈmærɪd] adj. 已婚的，结婚的 wife [waɪf] n.(pl. wives)妻子 block [blɒk] n. 街区 since [sɪns] prep.自…以来 over ['əʊvə] prep.在…期间 turn … into ... 把…变成… pollution [pəˈluːʃ(ə)n] n.污染；污染物 factory ['fæktəri] n.工厂 waste [weɪst] n.废料；废品 realize=realise vt.& vi.意识到；实现 improve [ɪm'pruːv] vt.& vi.改进，改善 situation [sɪtjʊˈeɪʃ(ə)n] n.形势，情况 in some ways 在某种程度上 however [haʊ'evə] adv.然而 impossible [ɪmˈpɒsəbl] adj. 不可能的 before [bɪ'fɔː] adv.以前，过去，已经 lonely ['ləʊnli] adj. 孤独的，寂寞的 from time to time [frɒm//taɪm//tuː//taɪm] 不时，有时，偶尔 anyway [ˈenɪweɪ] adv.尽管，即使这样 husband ['hʌzbənd] n.丈夫 interview [ˈɪntəvjuː] n.采访；会见 all one's life 一生 yet [jet] adv.还，仍 recently ['riːsntli] adv.近来，最近 past [pɑːst] adj. 过去的 environment [ɪn'vaɪrənmənt] n. 环境 transport [trænsˈpɔːt] n.交通车辆，运输工具 condition [kənˈdɪʃ(ə)n] n.环境，条件，状况 return [rɪ'tɜːn] vi.返回 last [lɑːst] adv.最近，上一次；最后 abroad [ə'brɔːd] adv.到（在）国外 primary [ˈpraɪməri] adj. 小学教育的；初级的 keep in touch 保持联系 communicate [kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt] vi. & vt.交流，交际 communication [kəmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n] n.交流，交际 exactly [ɪg'zæktli] adv.（答语）正是，没错 be/ get used to 习惯于，适应于 narrow [ˈnærəʊ] adj. 狭窄的 Reading 考点1.changed的用法 change此处用作不及物动词，意为“变化”。Change A into B意为“把A变成B”。 In England, the weather changes very often.在英格兰，天气时常变化。 The place changed into a beautiful park last year.这个地方去年变成了一个漂亮的公园。 考点2.used to 的用法 used to 意为“曾经，过去常常”，暗含“现在不再”之意,后接动词原形。 My elder sister used to be very shy.我姐姐过去很害羞。 I used to read English in the evening, but now I usually read it in the morning. 我过去常常在晚上读英语，但我现在通常在早上读。 考点3.辨析: too many, too much与much too too many 太多 中心词是many,太多的其后接可数名词复数 There are too many students in the play-ground.操场上有太多的学生。 too much 太多的 中心词是much其后接不可数名词 There is too much food in the fridge.冰箱里有太多的食物。 太多 常修饰动词，在句中作状语 She talked too much. 她话说得太多。 much too 太... 中心词是too,其后接形容词或副词 These watches are.Much too dear.这些手表太贵了。 助记 too much, much too与too many的用法too much, much too,用法区别看后头。much后接不可数，too后则接形或副。too many要记住，其后名词必复数。 考点4.took花费 It takes/took ( sb. ) some time to do sth.是固定句型，意为“做某事花费(某人)一些时间”,it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。 It takes about ten minutes to get to school by bus from the bus stop. 从公共汽车站乘车到学校大约需要10分钟。 It took me one hour to do my homework last night. 考点5.since用法 意为“....以来”，后接表示过去的时间点，引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时。 We have worked in the school since we moved to the city.我们自从搬到这个城市就在这所学校工作。 We've known about it since May.我们从5月份起就知道这件事了。 注意：如果说明某一动作或状态持续了多长时间，用“for+一段时间” We have stayed in Shanghai for 3 days.我们在上海已待了3天。 考点6.northern的用法 He lives in the northern part of China.他住在中国北方。 [拓展] 在方位名词后加-ern可构成表示方位的形容词,其用法和northern一致: east (n.东方)+-ern =eastern (adj. 东方的) west (n.西方)+ern =western (adj. 西方的) south (n. 南方) +-ern→southern (adi南方的) north (n.北方)+ern - + northern (adj. 北方的) 考点7.married 形容词，意为“已婚的，结婚的” 含有此单词的固定短语有get married 意为“结婚”。Get/be married to sb.意为“与某人结婚”。My parents got married in 1995.我父母1995年结的婚。 When did she get married to the man?她什么时候与那个男人结的婚? ---Are you married?你结婚了吗?--- Yes. I'm a married man.是的。我是一名已婚男子。 [拓展] get married表示动作，be married表示状态。当表示某人结婚多久时，不能用get married,而要用be married. 一When did you get married?你什么时候结的婚?- -Two years ago.两年前。 --- How long have you been married?你结婚多久了? --- For two years.两年了。 考点8. pollution不可数名词， 意为“污染” 常见的短语有: water pollution水污染，noise pollution 噪污染。背染，air pollution 空气污染，I think noise pollution can drive people mad.我认为噪音污染会让人发疯 考点9.put..into....意为 “把.........” The soup is too salty. You should put some water into it.这汤太咸了，你应当往里面放些水。 [拓展] put 构成的常用短语 ①put on穿上，戴上，上演(戏剧)。 My father put on his coat and left the room.我父亲穿上外套，离开了房间。 They are going to put on a drama.他们要上演一场戏剧。 ②put out扑灭。 The man put out the fire with a blanket.那个人用毯子把火扑灭了。 ③put up举起，搭建。 If you have questions in class，you can put up your hand.如果在课堂上有问题，你可以举手 ④put away收拾好。 You had better put your books and pens away after you finish your homework.你做完作业后最好把书和钢笔收起来。 考点10.much 此处用来修饰比较级，意为....得多” much cleaner意为“干净得多”。 I have much more time than you.我的时间比你的多得多。 [拓展] 能够修饰形容词副词比较级的词短语有： ①a little bit意为“一点儿，稍微” Can you com a little bit earlier下次你能稍早一点儿来吗? ②even意为“甚至，更”。 This time he did it even worse.这次他做得甚至更糟糕。 考点11.It is+形容词+to do sth.意为“做某事 是....的”。 此句式中it作形式主语，而将真正的主语动词不定式放在后面。 It is not easy to learn a foreign language well.学好一门外语不容易。 [拓展]在“It is+形容词+ to do sth."这句式中，如果要说明动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可在不定式前加一个for/of引起的短语，作不定式的逻辑主语。其中作表语的形容词是important,necessary, easy，difficult等描述事物特征的形容词时，用for引起的短语;作表语的形容词是kind,clever, foolish, polite等描述人的性格、品质的形容词时，则用of引起的短语。 It is important for you to study hard.努力学习对你很重要。 It is very kind of you to lend me so much money.你真好，借给我这么多钱。 考点12.as..as... 意为和...一样”中间用形容词或副词原级。 as..as.... 的否定形式是not as/so...as...,意为“不如....” My younger sister is as tall as me.我妹妹和我一样高。 Tom doesn't sing as/so well as Lucy.汤姆唱歌不如露西唱得好。 Daniel is______his twin brother. They are both 1.75 metres tall. A. taller than B. shorter than C.as tall as D. so tall as 解析:我们可用“前后呼应法”解答此题。taller than意为“比.... (个子)更高”; shorter than意为“比....个子)更矮";as tall as意为与...样高”;so tall as一般用于否定句。根据后句句意“他们两个都是1.75 米高”可知，此句意为:丹尼尔与他的双胞胎兄弟一样高。故选C。 答案:C 考点13.辨析: lonely与alone lonely 形容词 “寂寞的，孤单的” 强调人内心的感受， 可以作表语或定语 “偏僻的，荒凉的，人迹罕至的” 只能在名词前作定语 alone 形容词 或副词 “单独，独自 作形容词时，通常用形容词 作表语或宾语补足语，不能作前置定语 作副词时，常修饰动词作状语 I never feel lonely when I am alone.我一个人时从不感到寂寞。 The old man lives alone on the hill.那个老人独自一人在山上居住。 考点14.辨析: because of与because 两者都意为“因为” ①Because of 介词短语 后跟名词、代词或动名词(短语)等 ②because连词 后跟从句 He has poor eyesight because of working too much in front of the computer.由于长期在电脑前工作,他视力很差。 He didn't go to school because he was ill. 他因生病而没去，上学。 考点15.take place的用法 take place 意为“发生”，与happen意思相近,但用法有区别。 take place常指经过安排而发生，而happen常指偶然发生，它们都不能用于被动语态。 Great changes have taken place in my hometown.我的家乡发生了巨大变化。 Do you know what will happen in one hundred years?你知道100 年后会发生什么吗? 考点16.What was the town like in the past?过去这个城镇是什么样子? What's sb./sth. like?意为“某人 是个什么样的人?/某物怎么样?”，一般用来询问某人的性格或某物的特征。也可询问人的外貌或物品的外部特征。 一What's Tom like?汤姆是个什么样的人?---- He is very shy.他很害羞。 现在完成时(一) 1.定义:表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态,或已完成但对现在有一定影响的动作。常和already,ever,just,never,recently,yet等副词及since,for引导的时间状语从句连用。 2.结构:have/has+动词的过去分词。 (1)肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他。 (2)否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他。 (3)一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他? (4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)? 3.动词的过去分词的变化规则。 (1)规则动词。 规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。主要有以下四种变化规则: ①一般动词,在词尾直接加ed。例如:work—worked—worked,visit—visited—visited ②以e结尾的动词,只在词尾加d。例如:live—lived—lived,care—cared—cared ③以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,将y变为i,再加ed。例如:study—studied—studied,cry—cried—cried ④重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加ed。例如:stop—stopped—stopped,drop—dropped—dropped (2)不规则动词。 ①AAA型。例如:cost—cost—cost,cut—cut—cut,hit—hit—hit ②AAB型。例如:beat—beat—beaten ③ABA型。例如:become—became—become,run—ran—run ④ABB型。例如:bring—brought—brought,buy—bought—bought ⑤ABC型。例如:begin—began—begun,give—gave—given 4.用法。 (1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。这是现在完成时的基本用法。例如: Have you ever travelled on a plane?你曾经坐飞机旅游过吗? I’ve just finished reading the book.我刚读完那本书。 (2)表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。这是现在完成时的另一种用法,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的一段时间的状语连用。例如: What have you done since you joined Greener China?自从加入“绿色中国”组织后,你做了什么? How long have you been at this school?你在这所学校待多久了? 一.根据句意用所给词的适当形式填空 1.They　 　(finish) their homework by now.  2.How long has Mr Smith　 　(teach) English so far?  3.John　 　(play) this computer games a few times.  4.I　 　(repair) over ten bicycles since last Monday.  二.根据汉语意思完成句子,每空一词 1.你曾经去过香港吗? 　 　you ever　 　to Hong Kong?  2.我们已经几年没有见到雪了。 We　 　 　 　snow for a few years.  3.他从昨天晚上开始就感觉不舒服。 He hasn’t felt well　 　 　 　 　 　.  4.你最近收到家人的来信了吗? Have you　 　 　 　your family　 　?  二、用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. She’s________(live)here ever since she was ten. 2. Both of them ___________ (be) in Hong Kong for ten days.  3. Miss Wang__________(teach) us English last year. 4. Half an hour __________ (pass) since the train __________ (leave).  5. Mary________(lose) her pen. ________ you _______(see) it here and there?  6. _________ you _____ (find) your watch yet?  7. ---Are you thirsty? ---No. I _________just _________ (have) some orange.  8. We ______ already _________ (return) the book.  9. ________ they _______ (build) a new school in the village?  10. I _____________(not finish) my homework . Can you help me?  写作要求 本单元的话题是“家乡的变化”。在具体的写作中,学生应做到以下几点: 1.能熟练掌握现在完成时的用法; 2.能简单介绍家乡过去的样子和现在的变化,可以从环境、住房、交通等方面描写; 3.能熟练使用本单元的重点单词和短语。 词汇积累 15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 since 自……以来 ever 曾经 realize 意识到 however 然而 before 以前,过去 recently 近来,最近 used to 曾经 turn...into... 把……变成…… in some ways 在某种程度上 from time to time 有时,偶尔 in the past 在过去 over the years 多年来 used to do sth 过去常常做某事 take place 发生 move away 搬走 a modern town 一个现代化的城镇 tall buildings 高楼 fresh air 新鲜的空气 green trees on both sides 两边都是绿色的树木 open space 开阔的空地 live a comfortable life 过着舒适的生活 narrow and dirty road 狭窄而脏乱的道路 wide and clean streets 宽阔干净的街道 have one’s own car 有自己的汽车 make communication easier 使交流变得更容易 句型积累 1.The city has changed a lot since I lived here.自从我住在这里起,这座城市已经改变了很多。 2.Great changes have taken place in my hometown.我的家乡发生了很大的变化。 3.He used to be a teacher,but now he isn’t.他过去曾经是一名老师,但现在不是。 4.But they have their own production factory.但是他们拥有自己的生产工厂。 5.In the past,there were only single-decker buses.在过去,只有单层公共汽车。 6.The old lady enjoys a quiet life with her family.那个老太太和她的家人过着宁静的生活。 例题解析 近几年,在党和国家的惠民政策帮助下,全国都在落实精准扶贫。你的家乡发生了翻天覆地的变化。请以“Great changes in my hometown”为题写一篇文章,内容包括以下要点,可适当发挥。 1.人们的生活条件有了很大改善。高楼随处可见。农村的孩子也有了更好的教育。 2.生活环境也得到了改善。天更蓝了,水更清了,路更宽了,树更绿了。 3.交通变得更方便。家乡有了飞机场、高速公路、高铁站、火车站等。 4.每年都有许多国内外游客来家乡参观。 要求: 1.字迹工整,书写规范; 2.词数80左右(开头已给出,不计入总词数); 3.文中不得出现真实姓名和学校名称。 Great changes in my hometown 写作迁移 　　请你根据要点提示,以“Changes”为题写一篇50词左右的作文。 要点提示:1.我对阳光城很了解,四岁时随父母一起搬到了这里,从那以后就住在这里;2.我们先住在城北;几年后,我们搬到城中心的另一座公寓;3.现在阳光城已经发生了很大变化,看起来就像一个美丽的大公园。 Changes 一 一根据句意和首字母提示完成单词 1.At p　　　, many people are crazy about ChatGPT.   2.—Helen, have you ever t　　　 eating hot pot in Chengdu?  —Yes, it’s so delicious. 3.People love different styles of clothes at different t　　　 .  4.I have j　　　 finished my homework. What about you?  5.Simon u　　　 to like playing Chinese chess. But now he likes playing chess. 二．单项选择 6.—Sally, I 　　　 the picture already.  —Wow, truly beautiful! A.finish　　 B.have finished C.was finishing 7.—Becky, we’re leaving in several minutes. Are you ready? —No, I 　　　 my clothes yet. A.have packed　　 B.haven’t packed　 C.didn’t pack 8.—Have you 　　　　 finished your homework?  —Yes. I finished it 　　　　.   A.just;just now　　 B.just now;just C.just;just　　 D.just now;just now 9.—　　　 you　　　 about Naxi Ancient Music yet?   —Yes, I have. It is a part of Naxi culture. A.Has;heard　　 B.Have;heard C.Did;hear　　 D.Do;hear 10.This book must be great. My sister 　　　 it five times. A.reads　　 B.has read C.is reading　　 D.was reading 11.Mr Wang didn’t come to school 　　　 bus today, but 　　　 a car.  A.by;by　　 B.on;in C.by;in　　 D.on;by 三．根据汉语意思完成句子 12.你过去对我很好。You 　　　　　　　　　　　 me.   13.我想去中国的其他城市。 I want to 　　　　　　 in China.  14.周日超市里面总有太多的人。 There are always 　　　　　　 in the supermarket on Sundays.  15.你等待李医生来花了很长时间吗? Did it 　　　　　　　　　　　　 Doctor Li to come?  16.我现在乘坐公共汽车去上班。I 　　　　　　　　　　　　 now.  17.你看见过我的电脑吗? 　　　　　　　　　　 my computer?  18.你通常每天如何上班? 　　　　　　　　　 every day?  19.我刚刚吃完一个苹果。 I 　　　　　　　　　 an apple.  20.这个节目帮助你了解我们城市的过去。 This programme helps you 　　　　　　 of our city.(E8201001)  二 一．词汇运用 A.根据句意及汉语提示写出单词。 1.Have you ever heard of that name of the new-energy vehicles(汽车) 　　　　(以前)? 2.Some workers won’t 　　　　(意识到) the importance of working hard until they lose their jobs.  3.The work is very difficult. 　　　　(即使这样), we can have a try.   4.I’m not good at English. Could you tell me how to 　　　　(改善) it?  5.Linda! I want to see the new film by the famous director. Is there a　　　　(电影院) near your home?  B.用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 6.There were once two 　　　　(factory) near the Sunshine River.  7.When the doctors arrived at the station, their 　　　　(wife) were waiting for them there.  8.—Government has taken action to stop water and air 　　　　(pollute).  —Yes. Clear waters and green hills are as good as mountains of gold and silver. 9.Beijing is a modern city in the 　　　　(north) part of China.  10.John and Mary have been　　　　(marry) for 8 years. They are living a happy life.  三．根据汉语意思完成句子 11.他的父母是1995年结婚的。 His parents 　　　　　　 in 1995.  12.这里曾经有很多树,但是现在它们都不见了。 There 　　　　　　　　 many trees here, but now they are all gone.  13.他们像以前一样经常互相见面变得不可能了。 It has 　　　　　　　　　　　　 to see each other　　　　　　　　　　　.   14.这些年来,我已经去过中国的很多城市了。 I have been to many cities of China 　　　　　　　.  15.在某些方面,生活比以前更幸福了。 Life is happier than before 　　　　　　　　.  16.他的大多数老朋友已经搬走了。　　　　　 his old friends have 　　　　　.  17.期末考试临近了。我时不时感到有点儿紧张。 The final exam is coming. I feel 　　　 nervous 　　　　　　　　　.  能力提升 一 Long time ago, there lived a king. He was irresponsible (不负责任的). He 1 cared about his country and people. All his people were unhappy about this. One day, the king went hunting in the forest. After some time, he felt 2 . He came to a lake. When he drank water from the lake, he saw a swan (天鹅) 3 on a big stone nearby. “I want to catch the swan!” he thought. As soon as he held up his bow (弓), the swan was gone. To his surprise, he heard a sweet voice, “You must come to the wonderland.” The king said, “Please 4 me the way to the wonderland!” “Do good things for your people, and I will come and 5 you there,” the voice replied. With this in mind, the king dressed up and went out into the streets. He gave some 6 to a poor old man. After the old man accepted it happily, he began to chat with the king. When they talked about people’s life in the country, the old man became 7 and said, “Do you know why I’m so poor? It’s because of our king! He has done 8 for us.” 9 , the king heard the swan’s voice again. “Listen! It seems that you are doing something good only because you want to go to the wonderland. That’s not enough. You should always take care of all your people and be kind to them,” the swan said. The king realized this was 10 . He became responsible and worked very hard. Finally, he understood that making his country a great place was like making a wonderland of his own. 1．A．always B．usually C．often D．seldom 2．A．full B．thirsty C．hungry D．tired 3．A．standing B．running C．swimming D．riding 4．A．as B．invite C．show D．join 5．A．improve B．lead C．find D．pull 6．A．water B．time C．money D．knowledge 7．A．angry B．cheerful C．shy D．clever 8．A．everything B．nothing C．anything D．something 9．A．Luckily B．Certainly C．Suddenly D．Happily 10．A．impossible B．funny C．true D．popular 二 One plus one equals two. There are 60 seconds in one minute. Sixty minutes equals one hour. There are 24 hours in one day. One year includes 365 days. These are all basic facts that we know by heart. But have you ever stopped to think how numbers came into being and how they developed? It’s safe to say that our society would have never developed without numbers. However, the development of numbers is still a puzzle to us. That’s because when ancient people developed simple ways of counting, they didn’t leave any records behind. It’s not difficult to guess that numbers and counting began with the number “1”, though ancient people probably didn’t call it “one.” They likely counted by ones and recorded by carving lines on a bone. The earliest evidence of this is the Ishango Bone (伊尚戈骨), which was found in 1960 in Africa. The bone is believed to be more than 20,000 years old. It has many lines on it. The lines look like what we would call “tally marks” today. Scientists think those lines show how ancient people used numbers. 1．According to the article, we still don’t know ________. A．the basic facts of numbers B．where numbers come from C．how to count with numbers D．the importance of numbers 2．Why is the development of numbers a puzzle? A．Because people today are not smart enough to find it out. B．Because people today can’t find any records of ancient ways of counting. C．Because ancient people forgot to leave any records of their ways of counting. D．Because ancient people didn’t record their ways of counting at all. 3．Where was the Ishango Bone found? A．In China. B．In Africa. C．In Egypt. D．In India. 4．Which picture best stands for the phrase “tally marks” mentioned in the last paragraph? A． B．     C． D． 5．Which of the following statements is true according to the article? A．The Inshango Bone was found 20,000 years ago. B．There are many numbers on the Inshango Bone. C．Numbers are important to a society’s development. D．Ancient people carved lines on the stones as a way of counting. 三 阅读短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或用括号内所给词的正确形式填空，使短文通顺、连贯。 What’s a camel’s favorite breakfast? Plants maybe? Not for Joe the camel. He likes cereal (燕麦) and 1 (banana). And he likes to eat with his owners at the kitchen table. Joe is 4 years old. He lives with four other camels on a farm in 2 (English). But he is the only one to have breakfast with his owners. Why? 3 Joe is very brave and cute. Nathan Anderson-Dixon is 4 owner of the farm. One morning, he was eating his breakfast in the kitchen with his family. When Joe smelled food cooking, he came to the kitchen window. He wasn’t shy. He just poked his head into (把……伸进) the window and started to eat “The first time Joe really appeared unexpectedly (出乎意料地),” said Nathan. Now he is a regular 5 (visit) it at breakfast. The family like him very much. “He is like a big soft teddy bear and 6 (become) part of the family,” Nathan added. Camels are gentle animals. They 7 (usual) live for 30-50 years. There are two kinds of camels: camels with one hump (驼峰) and camels with two humps. The hairs of the first kind are shorter than those of the 8 (two) kind. A camel’s hump doesn’t store (贮存) water. It stores fat. Camels have long ear hairs and eyelashes (睫毛). 9 (them) can close their nostrils (鼻孔). This protects them 10 wind and sand. The milk of camels is saltier than the milk of cows. $$ Unit 1　Past and present past [pɑːst] n.过去 present ['preznt] n. 现在，目前 just [dʒʌst] adv.刚才 used to (用于过去持续或经常发生的事)曾经 since [sɪns] conj.自…以来 ever ['evə] adv.曾今 northern ['nɔːðən] adj. 北方的，北部的 married [ˈmærɪd] adj. 已婚的，结婚的 wife [waɪf] n.(pl. wives)妻子 block [blɒk] n. 街区 since [sɪns] prep.自…以来 over ['əʊvə] prep.在…期间 turn … into ... 把…变成… pollution [pəˈluːʃ(ə)n] n.污染；污染物 factory ['fæktəri] n.工厂 waste [weɪst] n.废料；废品 realize=realise vt.& vi.意识到；实现 improve [ɪm'pruːv] vt.& vi.改进，改善 situation [sɪtjʊˈeɪʃ(ə)n] n.形势，情况 in some ways 在某种程度上 however [haʊ'evə] adv.然而 impossible [ɪmˈpɒsəbl] adj. 不可能的 before [bɪ'fɔː] adv.以前，过去，已经 lonely ['ləʊnli] adj. 孤独的，寂寞的 from time to time [frɒm//taɪm//tuː//taɪm] 不时，有时，偶尔 anyway [ˈenɪweɪ] adv.尽管，即使这样 husband ['hʌzbənd] n.丈夫 interview [ˈɪntəvjuː] n.采访；会见 all one's life 一生 yet [jet] adv.还，仍 recently ['riːsntli] adv.近来，最近 past [pɑːst] adj. 过去的 environment [ɪn'vaɪrənmənt] n. 环境 transport [trænsˈpɔːt] n.交通车辆，运输工具 condition [kənˈdɪʃ(ə)n] n.环境，条件，状况 return [rɪ'tɜːn] vi.返回 last [lɑːst] adv.最近，上一次；最后 abroad [ə'brɔːd] adv.到（在）国外 primary [ˈpraɪməri] adj. 小学教育的；初级的 keep in touch 保持联系 communicate [kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt] vi. & vt.交流，交际 communication [kəmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n] n.交流，交际 exactly [ɪg'zæktli] adv.（答语）正是，没错 be/ get used to 习惯于，适应于 narrow [ˈnærəʊ] adj. 狭窄的 Reading 考点1.changed的用法 change此处用作不及物动词，意为“变化”。Change A into B意为“把A变成B”。 In England, the weather changes very often.在英格兰，天气时常变化。 The place changed into a beautiful park last year.这个地方去年变成了一个漂亮的公园。 考点2.used to 的用法 used to 意为“曾经，过去常常”，暗含“现在不再”之意,后接动词原形。 My elder sister used to be very shy.我姐姐过去很害羞。 I used to read English in the evening, but now I usually read it in the morning. 我过去常常在晚上读英语，但我现在通常在早上读。 考点3.辨析: too many, too much与much too too many 太多 中心词是many,太多的其后接可数名词复数 There are too many students in the play-ground.操场上有太多的学生。 too much 太多的 中心词是much其后接不可数名词 There is too much food in the fridge.冰箱里有太多的食物。 太多 常修饰动词，在句中作状语 She talked too much. 她话说得太多。 much too 太... 中心词是too,其后接形容词或副词 These watches are.Much too dear.这些手表太贵了。 助记 too much, much too与too many的用法too much, much too,用法区别看后头。much后接不可数，too后则接形或副。too many要记住，其后名词必复数。 考点4.took花费 It takes/took ( sb. ) some time to do sth.是固定句型，意为“做某事花费(某人)一些时间”,it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。 It takes about ten minutes to get to school by bus from the bus stop. 从公共汽车站乘车到学校大约需要10分钟。 It took me one hour to do my homework last night. 考点5.since用法 意为“....以来”，后接表示过去的时间点，引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时。 We have worked in the school since we moved to the city.我们自从搬到这个城市就在这所学校工作。 We've known about it since May.我们从5月份起就知道这件事了。 注意：如果说明某一动作或状态持续了多长时间，用“for+一段时间” We have stayed in Shanghai for 3 days.我们在上海已待了3天。 考点6.northern的用法 He lives in the northern part of China.他住在中国北方。 [拓展] 在方位名词后加-ern可构成表示方位的形容词,其用法和northern一致: east (n.东方)+-ern =eastern (adj. 东方的) west (n.西方)+ern =western (adj. 西方的) south (n. 南方) +-ern→southern (adi南方的) north (n.北方)+ern - + northern (adj. 北方的) 考点7.married 形容词，意为“已婚的，结婚的” 含有此单词的固定短语有get married 意为“结婚”。Get/be married to sb.意为“与某人结婚”。My parents got married in 1995.我父母1995年结的婚。 When did she get married to the man?她什么时候与那个男人结的婚? ---Are you married?你结婚了吗?--- Yes. I'm a married man.是的。我是一名已婚男子。 [拓展] get married表示动作，be married表示状态。当表示某人结婚多久时，不能用get married,而要用be married. 一When did you get married?你什么时候结的婚?- -Two years ago.两年前。 --- How long have you been married?你结婚多久了? --- For two years.两年了。 考点8. pollution不可数名词， 意为“污染” 常见的短语有: water pollution水污染，noise pollution 噪污染。背染，air pollution 空气污染，I think noise pollution can drive people mad.我认为噪音污染会让人发疯 考点9.put..into....意为 “把.........” The soup is too salty. You should put some water into it.这汤太咸了，你应当往里面放些水。 [拓展] put 构成的常用短语 ①put on穿上，戴上，上演(戏剧)。 My father put on his coat and left the room.我父亲穿上外套，离开了房间。 They are going to put on a drama.他们要上演一场戏剧。 ②put out扑灭。 The man put out the fire with a blanket.那个人用毯子把火扑灭了。 ③put up举起，搭建。 If you have questions in class，you can put up your hand.如果在课堂上有问题，你可以举手 ④put away收拾好。 You had better put your books and pens away after you finish your homework.你做完作业后最好把书和钢笔收起来。 考点10.much 此处用来修饰比较级，意为....得多” much cleaner意为“干净得多”。 I have much more time than you.我的时间比你的多得多。 [拓展] 能够修饰形容词副词比较级的词短语有： ①a little bit意为“一点儿，稍微” Can you com a little bit earlier下次你能稍早一点儿来吗? ②even意为“甚至，更”。 This time he did it even worse.这次他做得甚至更糟糕。 考点11.It is+形容词+to do sth.意为“做某事 是....的”。 此句式中it作形式主语，而将真正的主语动词不定式放在后面。 It is not easy to learn a foreign language well.学好一门外语不容易。 [拓展]在“It is+形容词+ to do sth."这句式中，如果要说明动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可在不定式前加一个for/of引起的短语，作不定式的逻辑主语。其中作表语的形容词是important,necessary, easy，difficult等描述事物特征的形容词时，用for引起的短语;作表语的形容词是kind,clever, foolish, polite等描述人的性格、品质的形容词时，则用of引起的短语。 It is important for you to study hard.努力学习对你很重要。 It is very kind of you to lend me so much money.你真好，借给我这么多钱。 考点12.as..as... 意为和...一样”中间用形容词或副词原级。 as..as.... 的否定形式是not as/so...as...,意为“不如....” My younger sister is as tall as me.我妹妹和我一样高。 Tom doesn't sing as/so well as Lucy.汤姆唱歌不如露西唱得好。 Daniel is______his twin brother. They are both 1.75 metres tall. A. taller than B. shorter than C.as tall as D. so tall as 解析:我们可用“前后呼应法”解答此题。taller than意为“比.... (个子)更高”; shorter than意为“比....个子)更矮";as tall as意为与...样高”;so tall as一般用于否定句。根据后句句意“他们两个都是1.75 米高”可知，此句意为:丹尼尔与他的双胞胎兄弟一样高。故选C。 答案:C 考点13.辨析: lonely与alone lonely 形容词 “寂寞的，孤单的” 强调人内心的感受， 可以作表语或定语 “偏僻的，荒凉的，人迹罕至的” 只能在名词前作定语 alone 形容词 或副词 “单独，独自 作形容词时，通常用形容词 作表语或宾语补足语，不能作前置定语 作副词时，常修饰动词作状语 I never feel lonely when I am alone.我一个人时从不感到寂寞。 The old man lives alone on the hill.那个老人独自一人在山上居住。 考点14.辨析: because of与because 两者都意为“因为” ①Because of 介词短语 后跟名词、代词或动名词(短语)等 ②because连词 后跟从句 He has poor eyesight because of working too much in front of the computer.由于长期在电脑前工作,他视力很差。 He didn't go to school because he was ill. 他因生病而没去，上学。 考点15.take place的用法 take place 意为“发生”，与happen意思相近,但用法有区别。 take place常指经过安排而发生，而happen常指偶然发生，它们都不能用于被动语态。 Great changes have taken place in my hometown.我的家乡发生了巨大变化。 Do you know what will happen in one hundred years?你知道100 年后会发生什么吗? 考点16.What was the town like in the past?过去这个城镇是什么样子? What's sb./sth. like?意为“某人 是个什么样的人?/某物怎么样?”，一般用来询问某人的性格或某物的特征。也可询问人的外貌或物品的外部特征。 一What's Tom like?汤姆是个什么样的人?---- He is very shy.他很害羞。 现在完成时(一) 1.定义:表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态,或已完成但对现在有一定影响的动作。常和already,ever,just,never,recently,yet等副词及since,for引导的时间状语从句连用。 2.结构:have/has+动词的过去分词。 (1)肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他。 (2)否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他。 (3)一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他? (4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)? 3.动词的过去分词的变化规则。 (1)规则动词。 规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。主要有以下四种变化规则: ①一般动词,在词尾直接加ed。例如:work—worked—worked,visit—visited—visited ②以e结尾的动词,只在词尾加d。例如:live—lived—lived,care—cared—cared ③以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,将y变为i,再加ed。例如:study—studied—studied,cry—cried—cried ④重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加ed。例如:stop—stopped—stopped,drop—dropped—dropped (2)不规则动词。 ①AAA型。例如:cost—cost—cost,cut—cut—cut,hit—hit—hit ②AAB型。例如:beat—beat—beaten ③ABA型。例如:become—became—become,run—ran—run ④ABB型。例如:bring—brought—brought,buy—bought—bought ⑤ABC型。例如:begin—began—begun,give—gave—given 4.用法。 (1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。这是现在完成时的基本用法。例如: Have you ever travelled on a plane?你曾经坐飞机旅游过吗? I’ve just finished reading the book.我刚读完那本书。 (2)表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。这是现在完成时的另一种用法,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的一段时间的状语连用。例如: What have you done since you joined Greener China?自从加入“绿色中国”组织后,你做了什么? How long have you been at this school?你在这所学校待多久了? 一.根据句意用所给词的适当形式填空 1.They　have finished　(finish) their homework by now.  2.How long has Mr Smith　taught　(teach) English so far?  3.John　has played　(play) this computer games a few times.  4.I　have repaired　(repair) over ten bicycles since last Monday.  二.根据汉语意思完成句子,每空一词 1.你曾经去过香港吗? 　Have　you ever　been　to Hong Kong?  2.我们已经几年没有见到雪了。 We　haven’t　 　seen　snow for a few years.  3.他从昨天晚上开始就感觉不舒服。 He hasn’t felt well　since　 　last　 　night　.  4.你最近收到家人的来信了吗? Have you　heard　 　from　your family　lately/recently　?  二、用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. She’s________(live)here ever since she was ten. 2. Both of them ___________ (be) in Hong Kong for ten days.  3. Miss Wang__________(teach) us English last year. 4. Half an hour __________ (pass) since the train __________ (leave).  5. Mary________(lose) her pen. ________ you _______(see) it here and there?  6. _________ you _____ (find) your watch yet?  7. ---Are you thirsty? ---No. I _________just _________ (have) some orange.  8. We ______ already _________ (return) the book.  9. ________ they _______ (build) a new school in the village?  10. I _____________(not finish) my homework . Can you help me?  1. lived  2. have been  3. taught 4. has passed ;  left  5. has lost ; have seen  6. Have , found  7. have , had  8. have , returned  9. Have , built 10. haven’t finished  写作要求 本单元的话题是“家乡的变化”。在具体的写作中,学生应做到以下几点: 1.能熟练掌握现在完成时的用法; 2.能简单介绍家乡过去的样子和现在的变化,可以从环境、住房、交通等方面描写; 3.能熟练使用本单元的重点单词和短语。 词汇积累 15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 since 自……以来 ever 曾经 realize 意识到 however 然而 before 以前,过去 recently 近来,最近 used to 曾经 turn...into... 把……变成…… in some ways 在某种程度上 from time to time 有时,偶尔 in the past 在过去 over the years 多年来 used to do sth 过去常常做某事 take place 发生 move away 搬走 a modern town 一个现代化的城镇 tall buildings 高楼 fresh air 新鲜的空气 green trees on both sides 两边都是绿色的树木 open space 开阔的空地 live a comfortable life 过着舒适的生活 narrow and dirty road 狭窄而脏乱的道路 wide and clean streets 宽阔干净的街道 have one’s own car 有自己的汽车 make communication easier 使交流变得更容易 句型积累 1.The city has changed a lot since I lived here.自从我住在这里起,这座城市已经改变了很多。 2.Great changes have taken place in my hometown.我的家乡发生了很大的变化。 3.He used to be a teacher,but now he isn’t.他过去曾经是一名老师,但现在不是。 4.But they have their own production factory.但是他们拥有自己的生产工厂。 5.In the past,there were only single-decker buses.在过去,只有单层公共汽车。 6.The old lady enjoys a quiet life with her family.那个老太太和她的家人过着宁静的生活。 例题解析 近几年,在党和国家的惠民政策帮助下,全国都在落实精准扶贫。你的家乡发生了翻天覆地的变化。请以“Great changes in my hometown”为题写一篇文章,内容包括以下要点,可适当发挥。 1.人们的生活条件有了很大改善。高楼随处可见。农村的孩子也有了更好的教育。 2.生活环境也得到了改善。天更蓝了,水更清了,路更宽了,树更绿了。 3.交通变得更方便。家乡有了飞机场、高速公路、高铁站、火车站等。 4.每年都有许多国内外游客来家乡参观。 要求: 1.字迹工整,书写规范; 2.词数80左右(开头已给出,不计入总词数); 3.文中不得出现真实姓名和学校名称。 Great changes in my hometown In recent years,with the help of favourable policies of our country,great changes have taken place in my hometown. The people’s living conditions have improved a lot.We can see tall buildings here and there.The children in the countryside can also receive good education.The living environment has also improved.The sky is bluer and the water is clearer.The roads are wider and the trees turn greener.What’s more,the traffic becomes more convenient because there is an airport,a high-speed rail station,super highways,railway stations and so on.It attracts many tourists from home and abroad every year.  I believe that my hometown will become more and more beautiful in the future.  写作迁移 　　请你根据要点提示,以“Changes”为题写一篇50词左右的作文。 要点提示:1.我对阳光城很了解,四岁时随父母一起搬到了这里,从那以后就住在这里;2.我们先住在城北;几年后,我们搬到城中心的另一座公寓;3.现在阳光城已经发生了很大变化,看起来就像一个美丽的大公园。 Changes Changes 　　I know Sunshine Town very well. I moved here with my parents when I was four years old. I have lived here since then. We first lived in the northern part of town. A few years later, we moved to another flat in the centre of town. Now Sunshine Town has changed a lot. It looks like a beautiful big park. 一 一根据句意和首字母提示完成单词 1.At p　　　, many people are crazy about ChatGPT.   2.—Helen, have you ever t　　　 eating hot pot in Chengdu?  —Yes, it’s so delicious. 3.People love different styles of clothes at different t　　　 .  4.I have j　　　 finished my homework. What about you?  5.Simon u　　　 to like playing Chinese chess. But now he likes playing chess. 1.present　2.tried　3.times　4.just　5.used 二．单项选择 6.—Sally, I 　　　 the picture already.  —Wow, truly beautiful! A.finish　　 B.have finished C.was finishing 7.—Becky, we’re leaving in several minutes. Are you ready? —No, I 　　　 my clothes yet. A.have packed　　 B.haven’t packed　 C.didn’t pack 8.—Have you 　　　　 finished your homework?  —Yes. I finished it 　　　　.   A.just;just now　　 B.just now;just C.just;just　　 D.just now;just now 9.—　　　 you　　　 about Naxi Ancient Music yet?   —Yes, I have. It is a part of Naxi culture. A.Has;heard　　 B.Have;heard C.Did;hear　　 D.Do;hear 10.This book must be great. My sister 　　　 it five times. A.reads　　 B.has read C.is reading　　 D.was reading 11.Mr Wang didn’t come to school 　　　 bus today, but 　　　 a car.  A.by;by　　 B.on;in C.by;in　　 D.on;by 6.B　句意:——萨莉,我已经完成了这幅画。——哇,真漂亮!由句中的already可知,此处应用现在完成时。故选B。 7.B　句意:——贝姬,几分钟后我们就要离开了。你准备好了吗?——没有,我还没有收拾好我的衣服。由No和yet可知设空处应用现在完成时的否定表达。故选B。 8.A　副词just常用于现在完成时,意为“刚刚”;短语just now用于一般过去时,意为“刚才”。故选A。 9.B　由副词yet及答语中的“Yes, I have.”可知此处应用现在完成时;本句主语是you,助动词应用have。故选B。 10.B　句意:这本书肯定非常好。我妹妹读了五遍了。根据five times可知此处应该用现在完成时。故选B。 11.C　by bus意为“乘坐公共汽车”,by后不加冠词;in a car相当于by car,意为“乘坐小汽车”。故选C。 三．根据汉语意思完成句子 12.你过去对我很好。You 　　　　　　　　　　　 me.   13.我想去中国的其他城市。 I want to 　　　　　　 in China.  14.周日超市里面总有太多的人。 There are always 　　　　　　 in the supermarket on Sundays.  15.你等待李医生来花了很长时间吗? Did it 　　　　　　　　　　　　 Doctor Li to come?  16.我现在乘坐公共汽车去上班。I 　　　　　　　　　　　　 now.  17.你看见过我的电脑吗? 　　　　　　　　　　 my computer?  18.你通常每天如何上班? 　　　　　　　　　 every day?  19.我刚刚吃完一个苹果。 I 　　　　　　　　　 an apple.  20.这个节目帮助你了解我们城市的过去。 This programme helps you 　　　　　　 of our city.(E8201001)  12.used to be so kind to　13.go to other cities　14.too many people　15.take you a long time to wait for16.take a bus to work/go to work by bus 　17.Have you seen　18.How do you usually go to work 　19.have just eaten 　20.(to) know/learn about the past 二 一．词汇运用 A.根据句意及汉语提示写出单词。 1.Have you ever heard of that name of the new-energy vehicles(汽车) 　　　　(以前)? 2.Some workers won’t 　　　　(意识到) the importance of working hard until they lose their jobs.  3.The work is very difficult. 　　　　(即使这样), we can have a try.   4.I’m not good at English. Could you tell me how to 　　　　(改善) it?  5.Linda! I want to see the new film by the famous director. Is there a　　　　(电影院) near your home?  1.before　2.realize　3.Anyway　4.improve　5.cinema　 B.用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 6.There were once two 　　　　(factory) near the Sunshine River.  7.When the doctors arrived at the station, their 　　　　(wife) were waiting for them there.  8.—Government has taken action to stop water and air 　　　　(pollute).  —Yes. Clear waters and green hills are as good as mountains of gold and silver. 9.Beijing is a modern city in the 　　　　(north) part of China.  10.John and Mary have been　　　　(marry) for 8 years. They are living a happy life.  6.factories　7.wives　8.pollution　9.northern　10.married　 三．根据汉语意思完成句子 11.他的父母是1995年结婚的。 His parents 　　　　　　 in 1995.  12.这里曾经有很多树,但是现在它们都不见了。 There 　　　　　　　　 many trees here, but now they are all gone.  13.他们像以前一样经常互相见面变得不可能了。 It has 　　　　　　　　　　　　 to see each other　　　　　　　　　　　.   14.这些年来,我已经去过中国的很多城市了。 I have been to many cities of China 　　　　　　　.  15.在某些方面,生活比以前更幸福了。 Life is happier than before 　　　　　　　　.  16.他的大多数老朋友已经搬走了。　　　　　 his old friends have 　　　　　.  17.期末考试临近了。我时不时感到有点儿紧张。 The final exam is coming. I feel 　　　 nervous 　　　　　　　　　.  11.got married　12.used to be　13.become impossible for them;as often as before　14.over the years 15.in some ways　16.Most of;moved away17.a bit;from time to time 能力提升 一 Long time ago, there lived a king. He was irresponsible (不负责任的). He 1 cared about his country and people. All his people were unhappy about this. One day, the king went hunting in the forest. After some time, he felt 2 . He came to a lake. When he drank water from the lake, he saw a swan (天鹅) 3 on a big stone nearby. “I want to catch the swan!” he thought. As soon as he held up his bow (弓), the swan was gone. To his surprise, he heard a sweet voice, “You must come to the wonderland.” The king said, “Please 4 me the way to the wonderland!” “Do good things for your people, and I will come and 5 you there,” the voice replied. With this in mind, the king dressed up and went out into the streets. He gave some 6 to a poor old man. After the old man accepted it happily, he began to chat with the king. When they talked about people’s life in the country, the old man became 7 and said, “Do you know why I’m so poor? It’s because of our king! He has done 8 for us.” 9 , the king heard the swan’s voice again. “Listen! It seems that you are doing something good only because you want to go to the wonderland. That’s not enough. You should always take care of all your people and be kind to them,” the swan said. The king realized this was 10 . He became responsible and worked very hard. Finally, he understood that making his country a great place was like making a wonderland of his own. 1．A．always B．usually C．often D．seldom 2．A．full B．thirsty C．hungry D．tired 3．A．standing B．running C．swimming D．riding 4．A．as B．invite C．show D．join 5．A．improve B．lead C．find D．pull 6．A．water B．time C．money D．knowledge 7．A．angry B．cheerful C．shy D．clever 8．A．everything B．nothing C．anything D．something 9．A．Luckily B．Certainly C．Suddenly D．Happily 10．A．impossible B．funny C．true D．popular 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 5．B 6．C 7．A 8．B 9．C 10．C 【导语】本文讲述了一个不负责任的国王，被天鹅和贫穷老人劝导批评以后，开始变得负责任，最后把自己的王国打造成了一个仙境之地的故事。 1．句意：他很少关心自己的国家和人民。 always总是；usually通常；often经常；seldom很少。根据上文“He was irresponsible (不负责任的).”可知，他很少关心国家和人民，故选D。 2．句意：过了一会儿，他觉得渴了。 full饱的；thirsty口渴的；hungry饥饿的；tired累的。根据下文“He came to a lake. When he drank water from the lake”可知，国王口渴了，故选B。 3．句意：当他喝湖里的水时，他看到一只天鹅站在附近的一块大石头上。 standing站立；running跑；swimming游泳；riding骑。根据“on a big stone nearby”可知，天鹅是站在石头上，故选A。 4．句意：请告诉我去仙境的路！ as作为；invite邀请；show展示；join参加。根据“Please ... me the way to the wonderland!”可知，是让天鹅给他指路，show sb. the way to sp.“给某人指去某地的路”，故选C。 5．句意：为你的人民做好事，我会来带领你到那里。 improve改善；lead引导，带领；find找到；pull拉。根据“Do good things for your people, and I will come and ... you there”及语境可知，天鹅表示如果国王为人民做好事它就会带国王去仙境，lead sb. to sp.“带某人去某地”，故选B。 6．句意：他给了一个贫穷的老人一些钱。 water水；time时间；money钱；knowledge知识。根据“He gave some ... to a poor old man.”可知，是给穷人一些钱，故选C。 7．句意：当他们谈到这个国家人们的生活时，老人生气地说。 angry生气的；cheerful高兴的；shy害羞的；clever聪明的。根据下文“Do you know why I’m so poor? It’s because of our king!”可知，老人很生气，故选A。 8．句意：他没有为我们做任何事。 everything每件事；nothing没有事；anything任何事；something某事。根据上文“He was irresponsible (不负责任的).”可知，国王不负责，所以是什么事都没有为人民做，故选B。 9．句意：突然，国王又听到了天鹅的声音。 Luckily幸运地；Certainly当然地；Suddenly突然地；Happily开心地。根据“... the king heard the swan’s voice again”及语境可知，此处指天鹅的声音又突然响起，故选C。 10．句意：国王意识到这是正确的。 impossible不可能的；funny有趣的；true正确的；popular流行的。根据下文“He became responsible and worked very hard. Finally, he understood that making his country a great place was like making a wonderland of his own.”可知，国王开始改变，所以他意识到天鹅说的是正确的，故选C。 二 One plus one equals two. There are 60 seconds in one minute. Sixty minutes equals one hour. There are 24 hours in one day. One year includes 365 days. These are all basic facts that we know by heart. But have you ever stopped to think how numbers came into being and how they developed? It’s safe to say that our society would have never developed without numbers. However, the development of numbers is still a puzzle to us. That’s because when ancient people developed simple ways of counting, they didn’t leave any records behind. It’s not difficult to guess that numbers and counting began with the number “1”, though ancient people probably didn’t call it “one.” They likely counted by ones and recorded by carving lines on a bone. The earliest evidence of this is the Ishango Bone (伊尚戈骨), which was found in 1960 in Africa. The bone is believed to be more than 20,000 years old. It has many lines on it. The lines look like what we would call “tally marks” today. Scientists think those lines show how ancient people used numbers. 1．According to the article, we still don’t know ________. A．the basic facts of numbers B．where numbers come from C．how to count with numbers D．the importance of numbers 2．Why is the development of numbers a puzzle? A．Because people today are not smart enough to find it out. B．Because people today can’t find any records of ancient ways of counting. C．Because ancient people forgot to leave any records of their ways of counting. D．Because ancient people didn’t record their ways of counting at all. 3．Where was the Ishango Bone found? A．In China. B．In Africa. C．In Egypt. D．In India. 4．Which picture best stands for the phrase “tally marks” mentioned in the last paragraph? A． B．     C． D． 5．Which of the following statements is true according to the article? A．The Inshango Bone was found 20,000 years ago. B．There are many numbers on the Inshango Bone. C．Numbers are important to a society’s development. D．Ancient people carved lines on the stones as a way of counting. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了数字的历史和发展。 1．细节理解题。根据“However, the development of numbers is still a puzzle to us.”可知数字的发展对我们来说仍然是一个谜，所以我们不知道数字来自哪里。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“That’s because when ancient people developed simple ways of counting, they didn’t leave any records behind.”可知数字的发展对我们来说仍然是一个谜，这是因为当古代人发展出简单的计数方法时，他们没有留下任何记录。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据“The earliest evidence of this is the Ishango Bone (伊尚戈骨), which was found in 1960 in Africa”可知伊尚戈骨是在非洲被发现的。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据“It has many lines on it. The lines look like what we would call ‘tally marks’ today”可知上面有很多行，选项C符合。故选C。 5．细节理解题。根据“It’s safe to say that our society would have never developed without numbers”可知如果没有数字，我们的社会就永远不会发展。故选C。 三 阅读短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或用括号内所给词的正确形式填空，使短文通顺、连贯。 What’s a camel’s favorite breakfast? Plants maybe? Not for Joe the camel. He likes cereal (燕麦) and 1 (banana). And he likes to eat with his owners at the kitchen table. Joe is 4 years old. He lives with four other camels on a farm in 2 (English). But he is the only one to have breakfast with his owners. Why? 3 Joe is very brave and cute. Nathan Anderson-Dixon is 4 owner of the farm. One morning, he was eating his breakfast in the kitchen with his family. When Joe smelled food cooking, he came to the kitchen window. He wasn’t shy. He just poked his head into (把……伸进) the window and started to eat “The first time Joe really appeared unexpectedly (出乎意料地),” said Nathan. Now he is a regular 5 (visit) it at breakfast. The family like him very much. “He is like a big soft teddy bear and 6 (become) part of the family,” Nathan added. Camels are gentle animals. They 7 (usual) live for 30-50 years. There are two kinds of camels: camels with one hump (驼峰) and camels with two humps. The hairs of the first kind are shorter than those of the 8 (two) kind. A camel’s hump doesn’t store (贮存) water. It stores fat. Camels have long ear hairs and eyelashes (睫毛). 9 (them) can close their nostrils (鼻孔). This protects them 10 wind and sand. The milk of camels is saltier than the milk of cows. 【答案】1．bananas 2．England 3．Because 4．the 5．visitor 6．has become 7．usually 8．second 9．They 10．from 【导语】本文讲述了一只名为Joe的骆驼和农场主人之间的趣事，以及对骆驼的科普。 1．句意：它喜欢燕麦和香蕉。banana意为“香蕉”，是可数名词，前面没有表示单数的词时，要变为复数。故填bananas。 2．句意：它和其他四只骆驼住在英国的一个农场里。in England构成方位介词短语，意为“在英国”。故填England。 3．句意：因为Joe非常勇敢可爱。根据上文的“Why?”可知，该句进行回答，用Because开头，表示原因。故填Because。 4．句意：Nathan Anderson-Dixon是这个农场的主人。上文已经提及the farm，表特指用定冠词the。故填the。 5．句意：现在它是早餐的常客了。regular意为“规律的”，是形容词，后跟名词，visit的名词形式是visitor，意为“访客”，符合语境。故填visitor。 6．句意：它就像一只又大又软的泰迪熊，已经成为了这个家庭的一部分。根据句意，“成为这个家的一部分”是过去的事情延续到现在，对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时，结构为have/has done，主语He是第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has become。 7．句意：它们通常能活30至50年。该句的主谓结构齐全，考虑副词。usual的副词形式是usually，意为“通常”，符合语境。故填usually。 8．句意：第一种骆驼的毛发比第二种短。根据“There are two kinds of camels ...”和“The hairs of the first kind are shorter ...”可知，有两种骆驼，第一种比第二种的毛发短。故填second。 9．句意：它们可以关闭鼻孔。该空位于句首，作主语用人称代词的主格，them的主格是they，句首字母要大写。故填They。 10．句意：这可以保护它们免受风和沙的侵害。protect ... from ...意为“保护……免受……”。故填from。 $$