内容正文:
第15讲 非谓语动词(二)
一、考情分析
(一)考情分析
1.分值与比重稳定
近三年来,非谓语动词动名词和分词在英语中考中是较为稳定的考点,分值通常在 2 至 4 分左右,占比适中。
2.注重语境理解
题目越来越注重在具体语境中考查考生对动名词和分词的运用能力,要求考生根据上下文逻辑和语义来判断其正确形式。
(二)常见题型
1.单项选择
(2024 年广西玉林中考)Safety comes first! Everyone should stop the kids from ________ in the lake or river.
A. swim B. swimming C. to swim D. swam
答案:B 。
分析:本题考查动名词作宾语的用法,stop sb. from doing sth. 表示 “阻止某人做某事”。
2.完形填空
(2024 年黑龙江中考)The old man kept ________ in the park every morning to keep healthy.
A. walking B. walked C. to walk D. walks
答案:A 。
分析:本题考查动名词作宾语的用法,keep doing sth. 表示 “一直做某事”。
3.词语运用
(2023 年江苏淮安统考二模)We should pay attention to _______(make)the society a better place to live.
答案:making 。
分析:本题考查动名词作宾语的用法,pay attention to 后接动名词作宾语,即 pay attention to doing sth.,表示 “注意做某事”。
二、考点分析
(一)分词
分词是英语非谓语动词的一种,有现在分词(形式为动词 -ing)和过去分词(规则动词是动词 -ed 形式,不规则动词有其特殊形式)。分词不能单独作谓语,但在句子中可以充当定语、状语、表语和补语等成分,它在意义上具有形容词和副词的特点。
1.语法功能及示例
(1)作定语
✦现在分词作定语
与被修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,即被修饰的名词是现在分词动作的执行者,并且通常表示正在进行的动作或状态。
The running boy is my brother.(“running” 修饰 “boy”,表示 “正在跑步的男孩”,“男孩” 是 “跑” 这个动作的执行者)
The exciting news made everyone happy.(“exciting” 修饰 “news”,“news” 能引起人们兴奋的情绪,是一种主动的关系,意思是 “令人兴奋的消息”)
✦过去分词作定语
与被修饰的名词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,即被修饰的名词是过去分词动作的承受者,并且往往表示被动或完成的动作。
The broken window needs to be repaired.(“broken” 修饰 “window”,“window” 是 “被打破” 的,动作已经完成,意思是 “被打破的窗户”)
The book written by Lu Xun is very educational.(“written by Lu Xun” 修饰 “book”,“book” 是 “被写” 的对象,动作已经完成,意思是 “鲁迅写的书”)
(2)作状语
现在分词作状语
✦表示时间
相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seeing the teacher come in, the students stood up.(“Seeing the teacher come in” 相当于 When the students saw the teacher come in,意思是 “学生们看到老师进来时,站了起来”)
✦表示原因
用来解释主句动作发生的原因。
Being ill, he didn't go to school.(“Being ill” 相当于 Because he was ill,意思是 “因为他生病了,所以没去上学”)
✦表示条件
相当于一个条件状语从句。
Working hard, you will succeed.(“Working hard” 相当于 If you work hard,意思是 “如果你努力工作,你就会成功”)
✦表示伴随或方式
描述主句动作发生的同时所伴随的动作或方式。
The girls came in, singing and dancing.(“singing and dancing” 表示 “女孩们进来时,一边唱歌一边跳舞” 这种伴随状态)
过去分词作状语
✦表示时间
Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.(“Seen from the hill” 相当于 When the town is seen from the hill,意思是 “从山上看,这个小镇看起来很美”,“小镇” 是被看的对象)
✦表示原因
Moved by his speech, we all clapped.(“Moved by his speech” 相当于 Because we were moved by his speech,意思是 “因为被他的演讲所感动,我们都鼓掌了”)
✦表示条件
Given more time, I could do it better.(“Given more time” 相当于 If I were given more time,意思是 “如果给我更多时间,我可以做得更好”)
✦表示让步
Though beaten by the opposite team, they didn't lose heart.(“Though beaten by the opposite team” 相当于 Though they were beaten by the opposite team,意思是 “尽管被对手打败了,他们并没有失去信心”)
(3)作表语
✦现在分词作表语
主要用来描述主语的特征,具有 “令人……” 的意思,主语通常是事物。
The movie is interesting.(“interesting” 作表语,说明电影的特征是 “令人感兴趣的”)
✦过去分词作表语
主要用来描述主语所处的状态,具有 “感到……” 的意思,主语通常是人。
He looked disappointed.(“disappointed” 作表语,说明他 “感到失望” 的状态)
(4)作宾语补足语
✦现在分词作宾语补足语
在一些感官动词(如 see、hear、watch、notice 等)和使役动词(如 have、get)后,现在分词作宾语补足语,表示动作正在进行。
I saw him running on the playground.(“running” 是宾语补足语,表示 “我看到他正在操场上跑步”)
✦过去分词作宾语补足语
在一些使役动词(如 have、get、make)和感官动词(如 see、hear、feel 等)后,过去分词作宾语补足语,表示被动的动作已经完成。
I had my bike repaired yesterday.(“repaired” 是宾语补足语,表示 “我的自行车(被)修好了”)
2.时态和语态
(1)时态
现在分词的时态
✦一般式(doing)
表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作或与谓语动词同时存在的状态。
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.(“hearing” 和 “jumped” 同时发生)
✦完成式(having done)
表示先于谓语动词发生的动作。
Having finished his homework, he went out to play.(“Having finished” 这个动作先于 “went out” 完成)
过去分词没有时态的变化,因为它本身就表示完成或被动的动作。
(2)语态
现在分词的语态
✦主动语态(doing)
当分词的逻辑主语是动作的执行者时,用主动语态。
The boy standing there is my friend.(“standing” 的逻辑主语 “the boy” 是 “站” 这个动作的执行者)
✦被动语态(being done)
当现在分词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时,用被动语态。
The house being built now is very big.(“being built” 表示 “正在被建造”,“house” 是 “建造” 这个动作的承受者)
过去分词只有被动语态的含义(done),因为它表示的是被动或完成的动作。
The book bought yesterday is very interesting.(“bought” 表示 “被买”,书是 “买” 这个动作的承受者)
3.在中考中的考查形式
(1)单项选择题
✦考查分词作不同成分的辨析
______ in the sun is bad for your eyes.
A. Read B. Reading C. To read
答案是 B,“Reading” 是动名词(属于非谓语动词范畴)作主语,表示 “在阳光下阅读” 这个行为,考查现在分词作主语的用法
✦考查分词的时态和语态
The little girl was seen ______ (cry) in the street.
A. crying B. to cry C. cried
答案是 A,“see sb. doing sth.” 表示 “看到某人正在做某事”,这里是被动语态,“sb. was seen doing sth.”,考查现在分词作宾语补足语在被动语态中的用法
(2)用所给词的适当形式填空
根据句子的语法功能和语境填写分词形式
The ______ (fall) leaves look beautiful.
答案是 “falling”,因为 “leaves” 和 “fall” 是主动关系,且表示 “正在落下的叶子”,所以用现在分词作定语。
(3)注意事项
要注意区分现在分词和过去分词在语法功能和语义上的差异。例如,作表语时,现在分词表示 “令人……”,主语是事物;过去分词表示 “感到……”,主语是人。作定语时,现在分词表示主动和正在进行,过去分词表示被动和完成。
对于分词的时态和语态,要理解在什么情况下使用一般式、完成式以及主动语态和被动语态。多做练习题,加强对分词用法的理解和应用,避免在考试中混淆不同的概念。
(二)动名词
动名词是一种非谓语动词形式,由动词原形加 -ing 构成。它在句中具有名词的特征,可以在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语等成分。例如:“Swimming is my favorite sport.”(游泳是我最喜欢的运动)中,“Swimming” 就是动名词,作主语。
1.语法功能及示例
(1)作主语
动名词作主语时,通常表示抽象的或一般性的动作、行为或事件,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
Running helps you keep fit.(“跑步” 这个行为作主语,“helps” 是谓语动词,用单数形式,表明跑步有助于保持健康)
Reading books is a good way to gain knowledge.(“Reading books” 表示 “读书” 这个行为,是句子的主语,强调读书是获取知识的好方法)
(2)作宾语
在一些及物动词后,需要使用动名词作宾语。这些动词包括 enjoy(享受)、finish(完成)、mind(介意)、avoid(避免)、practice(练习)、consider(考虑)等。
She enjoys dancing.(“enjoys” 后接动名词 “dancing” 作宾语,表示她享受跳舞这个活动)
I finished reading the book last night.(“finished” 后接 “reading”,表示完成阅读这本书的动作)
介词后的用法:动名词也常跟在介词后面作宾语。
He is good at playing basketball.(“at” 是介词,“playing basketball” 作 “at” 的宾语,表明他擅长打篮球)
Thank you for helping me.(“for” 是介词,“helping me” 作 “for” 的宾语,用于表示感谢帮忙)
(3)作表语
动名词作表语时,主要是对主语的内容进行解释,说明主语是 “做什么的” 或者 “具有什么性质的”。
My hobby is collecting stamps.(“collecting stamps” 作表语,说明 “我的爱好” 的具体内容是集邮)
Her job is teaching English.(“teaching English” 作表语,解释她的工作是教英语)
(4)作定语
动名词作定语时,主要用来表示被修饰词的用途、目的或功能,和被修饰词之间没有主谓关系。这一点与现在分词作定语有所不同,现在分词作定语表示被修饰词正在进行的动作或者和被修饰词有主谓关系。
a swimming pool(“swimming” 修饰 “pool”,说明游泳池的用途是用于游泳的)
a reading room(“reading” 修饰 “room”,表示房间是用于阅读的)
2.动名词的复合结构
(1)基本形式和用法
动名词的复合结构是由 “物主代词 / 名词所有格 + 动名词” 构成,在句中可以作主语、宾语等。这种结构主要用于说明动名词动作的执行者。
My mother's coming back home made me happy.(“My mother's coming back home” 是动名词复合结构作主语,其中 “my mother's” 表明动作 “coming back home” 的执行者是 “我的妈妈”)
I don't mind Tom's/his smoking here.(“Tom's/his smoking here” 是动名词复合结构作宾语,“Tom's/his” 表明吸烟这个动作是 “汤姆 / 他” 发出的)
3.动名词与不定式的区别(重点部分)
(1)作主语时的区别
动名词作主语表示抽象的、一般性的动作,通常不涉及具体的时间概念;而不定式作主语往往带有具体的、一次性的动作的含义,或者表示目的。
Reading books is important.(“Reading books” 表示 “读书” 这个一般性的行为很重要)
To read this book tonight is my plan.(“To read this book tonight” 带有具体的时间 “今晚”,表示一次性的读书动作,并且有目的的含义,即这是我的计划)
(2)作宾语时的区别
有些动词后面只能接动名词作宾语,有些动词后面只能接不定式作宾语,还有些动词后面既可以接动名词也可以接不定式,但意思有所不同。
✦只能接动名词作宾语的动词(如上述提到的 enjoy、finish 等)
She can't help laughing.(“can't help” 后接动名词 “laughing”,意思是 “忍不住笑”)
✦只能接不定式作宾语的动词(如 want、decide 等)
He wants to go home.(“wants” 后接不定式 “to go home”,表示他想回家)
✦接动名词和不定式意思不同的动词(如 remember、forget 等)
Remember to turn off the lights before you leave.(“Remember to do sth.” 意思是 “记得去做某事”,这里是记得离开前关灯)
I remember turning off the lights.(“Remember doing sth.” 意思是 “记得做过某事”,这里是记得已经关了灯)
4.在中考中的考查形式
(1)单项选择题
✦考查动名词作不同成分的辨析
We should avoid ______ mistakes in the exam.
A. make B. to make C. making
答案是 C,“avoid” 后接动名词作宾语,考查对动名词作宾语这一用法的掌握
✦考查动名词与不定式的区别
I like ______, but I don't like ______ this afternoon.
A. swimming; to swim B. to swim; swimming C. swimming; swimming
答案是 A,第一个空 “like” 后接动名词表示一般性的爱好,第二个空 “like” 后接不定式表示具体某一次的动作,即今天下午不想游泳
(2)用所给词的适当形式填空
根据句子的语法功能和语境填写动名词形式
______ (play) football is his favorite activity.
答案是 “Playing”,因为在句首作主语,需要用动名词形式。
(3)注意事项
要牢记动名词在作不同成分时的语法规则,尤其是作宾语时,要记住哪些动词后只能接动名词,哪些动词后只能接不定式,以及那些有两种不同用法的动词。
注意动名词和现在分词在形式上相同,但语法功能有区别,特别是作定语时要能区分开。在学习过程中,要多做练习题,通过实际的例子来加深对动名词用法的理解,避免在考试中混淆概念。
三、课后练习
(一)单项选择
1.用所给单词适当形式填空
1.(2023 四川达州统考二模)I have many hobbies, such as ________ stamps and swimming. (collect)
答案:collecting
解析:as 是介词,后面接动名词作宾语,故填 collecting 。
2.(2023 内蒙古包头二模)They built a wall to avoid soil ________ washed away. (be)
答案:being washed
解析:avoid 后面接动名词作宾语,且 soil 与 wash away 是被动关系,故用动名词的被动形式 being washed 。
3.(2023 江苏淮安统考二模)We should pay attention to ________ the society a better place to live. (make)
答案:making
解析:pay attention to 中的 to 是介词,后接动名词作宾语,故填 making 。
4.(2023 江苏南京统考二模)I really enjoy________ to music because it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day. (listen)
解析:listening
enjoy 后接动名词作宾语,故填 listening 。
5.(2023 江苏无锡统考二模)The advice that we can use ChatGPT to practise making up dialogues is well worth ________ . (take)
答案:taking
解析:be worth doing sth. 意为 “值得做某事”,故填 taking 。
6.(2023 江苏扬州统考二模)The foreigner has been used to________ with chopsticks. (eat)
答案:eating
解析:be used to doing sth. 表示 “习惯于做某事”,故填 eating 。
7.(2023 江苏南京统考一模)Now many young people are used to ________ their travel experiences through short videos. (record)
答案:recording
解析:be used to doing sth. 表示 “习惯于做某事”,故填 recording 。
8.(2023 江苏淮安校联考二模)The documentary China in the Classics is well worth________ . (watch)
答案:watching
解析:be worth doing sth. 意为 “值得做某事”,故填 watching 。
9.(2022 江苏无锡无锡市蠡园中学校考一模)Everyone cheered for his success, but few people cared about how much difficulty he had ________ it. (achieve)
答案:achieving
解析:have difficulty (in) doing sth. 表示 “做某事有困难”,故填 achieving 。
10.(2023 湖南永州统考一模)We can’t avoid ________ mistakes, but at least we can learn something useful from them. (make)
答案:making
解析:avoid doing sth. 表示 “避免做某事”,故填 making 。
11.(2023 江苏南京校联考一模)Tom was looking forward to ________ with the new manager. (work)
答案:working
解析:look forward to doing sth. 表示 “盼望做某事”,故填 working 。
12.(12023 贵州铜仁校考一模)________ is good for health and it costs nothing. (walk)
答案:Walking
解析:动名词作主语,表示 “散步” 这件事,故填 Walking 。
13.(2023 江苏淮安统考一模)The little child keeps________ his mother many questions all day long. (ask)
答案:asking
解析:keep doing sth. 表示 “一直做某事”,故填 asking 。
14.(2023 江苏镇江校考一模)This moment is so valuable that it is worth________ . (recording)
答案: recording
解析:be worth doing sth. 意为 “值得做某事”,故填 recording 。
15.(2023 江苏无锡统考一模)Please stop________ , boys and girls. I can’t hear what the teacher is saying. (talk)
答案:talking
解析:stop doing sth. 表示 “停止正在做的事情”,故填 talking 。
16.(2023 江苏无锡统考一模)________ housework education helps students take care of themselves in daily life. (receive)
答案:Receiving
解析:动名词作主语,表示 “接受家务教育” 这件事,故填 Receiving 。
17.(2023 江苏扬州统考一模)You’d better think twice to avoid ________ your decision later. (regret)
答案:regretting
解析:avoid doing sth. 表示 “避免做某事”,故填 regretting 。
18.(2023 江苏无锡校考一模)Taking notes in class is a good way to avoid ________ important knowledge, boys. (forget)
答案:forgetting
解析:avoid doing sth. 表示 “避免做某事”,故填 forgetting 。
19.(2023 贵州黔南统考一模)Five minutes of ________ is as good for us as fifteen minutes in the gym. (laugh)
答案:laughing
解析:of 是介词,后接动名词作宾语,故填 laughing 。
20.(2023 江苏无锡统考一模)The students won the competition by ________ the speaking ways well. (control)
答案:controlling
解析:by 是介词,后接动名词作宾语,故填 controlling 。
单项选择
1.(2023 海南海口统考一模)—I feel really tired after working for a long time. —Why not consider having a break? ( )
A. have B. to have C. having
答案:C
解析:consider doing sth. 表示 “考虑做某事”,故答案是 C 。
2.(2023 吉林长春统考一模)If you come to Changchun, Jingyue Park is well worth visiting. ( )
A. to visit B. visited C. visit D. visiting
答案:D
解析:be worth doing sth. 意为 “值得做某事”,故答案是 D 。
3.(2023 黑龙江统考二模)Maddy used to drive to work, but now she is used to walking because the road is crowded and she wants to exercise. ( )
A. drive; walk B. drive; walking C. driving; walk
答案:B
解析:used to do sth. 表示 “过去常常做某事”;be used to doing sth. 表示 “习惯于做某事”,故答案是 B 。
4.(2023 黑龙江哈尔滨统考一模)My sister used to drive on the right in China, but she soon got used to driving on the left in Singapore. ( )
A. to drive;to drive B. driving;driving C. to drive;to driving
答案:C
解析:used to do sth. 表示 “过去常常做某事”;get used to doing sth. 表示 “习惯于做某事”,故答案是 C 。
5.(2023 江苏常州校考一模)No doubt that Qinggu Lane is worth visiting if you visit Changzhou. ( )
A. whether; to visit B. if; a visit C. that; visiting D. that; to visit
答案:C
解析:There is no doubt that... 表示 “毫无疑问……”;be worth doing sth. 意为 “值得做某事”,故答案是 C 。
6.(2023 湖南益阳统考二模)—What should we do to fight the flu? —We should wash hands often, and avoid going to crowded places and so on. ( )
A. go B. going C. to go
答案:B
解析:avoid doing sth. 表示 “避免做某事”,故答案是 B 。
7.(2023 江苏连云港统考二模)Many students have difficulty communicating with their parents, which causes trouble in their life. ( )
A. communicate B. to communicate C. communicating D. communicate
答案:C
解析:have difficulty (in) doing sth. 表示 “做某事有困难”,故答案是 C 。
原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权,侵权必究!1
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$$
第15讲 非谓语动词(二)
一、考情分析
(一)考情分析
1.分值与比重稳定
近三年来,非谓语动词动名词和分词在英语中考中是较为稳定的考点,分值通常在 2 至 4 分左右,占比适中。
2.注重语境理解
题目越来越注重在具体语境中考查考生对动名词和分词的运用能力,要求考生根据上下文逻辑和语义来判断其正确形式。
(二)常见题型
1.单项选择
(2024 年广西玉林中考)Safety comes first! Everyone should stop the kids from ________ in the lake or river.
A. swim B. swimming C. to swim D. swam
2.完形填空
(2024 年黑龙江中考)The old man kept ________ in the park every morning to keep healthy.
A. walking B. walked C. to walk D. walks
3.词语运用
(2023 年江苏淮安统考二模)We should pay attention to _______(make)the society a better place to live.
二、考点分析
(一)分词
分词是英语非谓语动词的一种,有现在分词(形式为动词 -ing)和过去分词(规则动词是动词 -ed 形式,不规则动词有其特殊形式)。分词不能单独作谓语,但在句子中可以充当定语、状语、表语和补语等成分,它在意义上具有形容词和副词的特点。
1.语法功能及示例
(1)作定语
✦现在分词作定语
与被修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,即被修饰的名词是现在分词动作的执行者,并且通常表示正在进行的动作或状态。
The running boy is my brother.(“running” 修饰 “boy”,表示 “正在跑步的男孩”,“男孩” 是 “跑” 这个动作的执行者)
The exciting news made everyone happy.(“exciting” 修饰 “news”,“news” 能引起人们兴奋的情绪,是一种主动的关系,意思是 “令人兴奋的消息”)
✦过去分词作定语
与被修饰的名词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,即被修饰的名词是过去分词动作的承受者,并且往往表示被动或完成的动作。
The broken window needs to be repaired.(“broken” 修饰 “window”,“window” 是 “被打破” 的,动作已经完成,意思是 “被打破的窗户”)
The book written by Lu Xun is very educational.(“written by Lu Xun” 修饰 “book”,“book” 是 “被写” 的对象,动作已经完成,意思是 “鲁迅写的书”)
(2)作状语
现在分词作状语
✦表示时间
相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seeing the teacher come in, the students stood up.(“Seeing the teacher come in” 相当于 When the students saw the teacher come in,意思是 “学生们看到老师进来时,站了起来”)
✦表示原因
用来解释主句动作发生的原因。
Being ill, he didn't go to school.(“Being ill” 相当于 Because he was ill,意思是 “因为他生病了,所以没去上学”)
✦表示条件
相当于一个条件状语从句。
Working hard, you will succeed.(“Working hard” 相当于 If you work hard,意思是 “如果你努力工作,你就会成功”)
✦表示伴随或方式
描述主句动作发生的同时所伴随的动作或方式。
The girls came in, singing and dancing.(“singing and dancing” 表示 “女孩们进来时,一边唱歌一边跳舞” 这种伴随状态)
过去分词作状语
✦表示时间
Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.(“Seen from the hill” 相当于 When the town is seen from the hill,意思是 “从山上看,这个小镇看起来很美”,“小镇” 是被看的对象)
✦表示原因
Moved by his speech, we all clapped.(“Moved by his speech” 相当于 Because we were moved by his speech,意思是 “因为被他的演讲所感动,我们都鼓掌了”)
✦表示条件
Given more time, I could do it better.(“Given more time” 相当于 If I were given more time,意思是 “如果给我更多时间,我可以做得更好”)
✦表示让步
Though beaten by the opposite team, they didn't lose heart.(“Though beaten by the opposite team” 相当于 Though they were beaten by the opposite team,意思是 “尽管被对手打败了,他们并没有失去信心”)
(3)作表语
✦现在分词作表语
主要用来描述主语的特征,具有 “令人……” 的意思,主语通常是事物。
The movie is interesting.(“interesting” 作表语,说明电影的特征是 “令人感兴趣的”)
✦过去分词作表语
主要用来描述主语所处的状态,具有 “感到……” 的意思,主语通常是人。
He looked disappointed.(“disappointed” 作表语,说明他 “感到失望” 的状态)
(4)作宾语补足语
✦现在分词作宾语补足语
在一些感官动词(如 see、hear、watch、notice 等)和使役动词(如 have、get)后,现在分词作宾语补足语,表示动作正在进行。
I saw him running on the playground.(“running” 是宾语补足语,表示 “我看到他正在操场上跑步”)
✦过去分词作宾语补足语
在一些使役动词(如 have、get、make)和感官动词(如 see、hear、feel 等)后,过去分词作宾语补足语,表示被动的动作已经完成。
I had my bike repaired yesterday.(“repaired” 是宾语补足语,表示 “我的自行车(被)修好了”)
2.时态和语态
(1)时态
现在分词的时态
✦一般式(doing)
表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作或与谓语动词同时存在的状态。
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.(“hearing” 和 “jumped” 同时发生)
✦完成式(having done)
表示先于谓语动词发生的动作。
Having finished his homework, he went out to play.(“Having finished” 这个动作先于 “went out” 完成)
过去分词没有时态的变化,因为它本身就表示完成或被动的动作。
(2)语态
现在分词的语态
✦主动语态(doing)
当分词的逻辑主语是动作的执行者时,用主动语态。
The boy standing there is my friend.(“standing” 的逻辑主语 “the boy” 是 “站” 这个动作的执行者)
✦被动语态(being done)
当现在分词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时,用被动语态。
The house being built now is very big.(“being built” 表示 “正在被建造”,“house” 是 “建造” 这个动作的承受者)
过去分词只有被动语态的含义(done),因为它表示的是被动或完成的动作。
The book bought yesterday is very interesting.(“bought” 表示 “被买”,书是 “买” 这个动作的承受者)
3.在中考中的考查形式
(1)单项选择题
✦考查分词作不同成分的辨析
______ in the sun is bad for your eyes.
A. Read B. Reading C. To read
✦考查分词的时态和语态
The little girl was seen ______ (cry) in the street.
A. crying B. to cry C. cried
(2)用所给词的适当形式填空
根据句子的语法功能和语境填写分词形式
The ______ (fall) leaves look beautiful.
(3)注意事项
要注意区分现在分词和过去分词在语法功能和语义上的差异。例如,作表语时,现在分词表示 “令人……”,主语是事物;过去分词表示 “感到……”,主语是人。作定语时,现在分词表示主动和正在进行,过去分词表示被动和完成。
对于分词的时态和语态,要理解在什么情况下使用一般式、完成式以及主动语态和被动语态。多做练习题,加强对分词用法的理解和应用,避免在考试中混淆不同的概念。
(二)动名词
动名词是一种非谓语动词形式,由动词原形加 -ing 构成。它在句中具有名词的特征,可以在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语等成分。例如:“Swimming is my favorite sport.”(游泳是我最喜欢的运动)中,“Swimming” 就是动名词,作主语。
1.语法功能及示例
(1)作主语
动名词作主语时,通常表示抽象的或一般性的动作、行为或事件,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
Running helps you keep fit.(“跑步” 这个行为作主语,“helps” 是谓语动词,用单数形式,表明跑步有助于保持健康)
Reading books is a good way to gain knowledge.(“Reading books” 表示 “读书” 这个行为,是句子的主语,强调读书是获取知识的好方法)
(2)作宾语
在一些及物动词后,需要使用动名词作宾语。这些动词包括 enjoy(享受)、finish(完成)、mind(介意)、avoid(避免)、practice(练习)、consider(考虑)等。
She enjoys dancing.(“enjoys” 后接动名词 “dancing” 作宾语,表示她享受跳舞这个活动)
I finished reading the book last night.(“finished” 后接 “reading”,表示完成阅读这本书的动作)
介词后的用法:动名词也常跟在介词后面作宾语。
He is good at playing basketball.(“at” 是介词,“playing basketball” 作 “at” 的宾语,表明他擅长打篮球)
Thank you for helping me.(“for” 是介词,“helping me” 作 “for” 的宾语,用于表示感谢帮忙)
(3)作表语
动名词作表语时,主要是对主语的内容进行解释,说明主语是 “做什么的” 或者 “具有什么性质的”。
My hobby is collecting stamps.(“collecting stamps” 作表语,说明 “我的爱好” 的具体内容是集邮)
Her job is teaching English.(“teaching English” 作表语,解释她的工作是教英语)
(4)作定语
动名词作定语时,主要用来表示被修饰词的用途、目的或功能,和被修饰词之间没有主谓关系。这一点与现在分词作定语有所不同,现在分词作定语表示被修饰词正在进行的动作或者和被修饰词有主谓关系。
a swimming pool(“swimming” 修饰 “pool”,说明游泳池的用途是用于游泳的)
a reading room(“reading” 修饰 “room”,表示房间是用于阅读的)
2.动名词的复合结构
(1)基本形式和用法
动名词的复合结构是由 “物主代词 / 名词所有格 + 动名词” 构成,在句中可以作主语、宾语等。这种结构主要用于说明动名词动作的执行者。
My mother's coming back home made me happy.(“My mother's coming back home” 是动名词复合结构作主语,其中 “my mother's” 表明动作 “coming back home” 的执行者是 “我的妈妈”)
I don't mind Tom's/his smoking here.(“Tom's/his smoking here” 是动名词复合结构作宾语,“Tom's/his” 表明吸烟这个动作是 “汤姆 / 他” 发出的)
3.动名词与不定式的区别(重点部分)
(1)作主语时的区别
动名词作主语表示抽象的、一般性的动作,通常不涉及具体的时间概念;而不定式作主语往往带有具体的、一次性的动作的含义,或者表示目的。
Reading books is important.(“Reading books” 表示 “读书” 这个一般性的行为很重要)
To read this book tonight is my plan.(“To read this book tonight” 带有具体的时间 “今晚”,表示一次性的读书动作,并且有目的的含义,即这是我的计划)
(2)作宾语时的区别
有些动词后面只能接动名词作宾语,有些动词后面只能接不定式作宾语,还有些动词后面既可以接动名词也可以接不定式,但意思有所不同。
✦只能接动名词作宾语的动词(如上述提到的 enjoy、finish 等)
She can't help laughing.(“can't help” 后接动名词 “laughing”,意思是 “忍不住笑”)
✦只能接不定式作宾语的动词(如 want、decide 等)
He wants to go home.(“wants” 后接不定式 “to go home”,表示他想回家)
✦接动名词和不定式意思不同的动词(如 remember、forget 等)
Remember to turn off the lights before you leave.(“Remember to do sth.” 意思是 “记得去做某事”,这里是记得离开前关灯)
I remember turning off the lights.(“Remember doing sth.” 意思是 “记得做过某事”,这里是记得已经关了灯)
4.在中考中的考查形式
(1)单项选择题
✦考查动名词作不同成分的辨析
We should avoid ______ mistakes in the exam.
A. make B. to make C. making
✦考查动名词与不定式的区别
I like ______, but I don't like ______ this afternoon.
A. swimming; to swim B. to swim; swimming C. swimming; swimming
(2)用所给词的适当形式填空
根据句子的语法功能和语境填写动名词形式
______ (play) football is his favorite activity.
(3)注意事项
要牢记动名词在作不同成分时的语法规则,尤其是作宾语时,要记住哪些动词后只能接动名词,哪些动词后只能接不定式,以及那些有两种不同用法的动词。
注意动名词和现在分词在形式上相同,但语法功能有区别,特别是作定语时要能区分开。在学习过程中,要多做练习题,通过实际的例子来加深对动名词用法的理解,避免在考试中混淆概念。
三、课后练习
(一)单项选择
1.用所给单词适当形式填空
1.(2023 四川达州统考二模)I have many hobbies, such as ________ stamps and swimming. (collect)
2.(2023 内蒙古包头二模)They built a wall to avoid soil ________ washed away. (be)
3.(2023 江苏淮安统考二模)We should pay attention to ________ the society a better place to live. (make)
4.(2023 江苏南京统考二模)I really enjoy________ to music because it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day. (listen)
5.(2023 江苏无锡统考二模)The advice that we can use ChatGPT to practise making up dialogues is well worth ________ . (take)
6.(2023 江苏扬州统考二模)The foreigner has been used to________ with chopsticks. (eat)
7.(2023 江苏南京统考一模)Now many young people are used to ________ their travel experiences through short videos. (record)
8.(2023 江苏淮安校联考二模)The documentary China in the Classics is well worth________ . (watch)
9.(2022 江苏无锡无锡市蠡园中学校考一模)Everyone cheered for his success, but few people cared about how much difficulty he had ________ it. (achieve)
10.(2023 湖南永州统考一模)We can’t avoid ________ mistakes, but at least we can learn something useful from them. (make)
11.(2023 江苏南京校联考一模)Tom was looking forward to ________ with the new manager. (work)
12.(12023 贵州铜仁校考一模)________ is good for health and it costs nothing. (walk)
13.(2023 江苏淮安统考一模)The little child keeps________ his mother many questions all day long. (ask)
14.(2023 江苏镇江校考一模)This moment is so valuable that it is worth________ . (recording)
15.(2023 江苏无锡统考一模)Please stop________ , boys and girls. I can’t hear what the teacher is saying. (talk)
16.(2023 江苏无锡统考一模)________ housework education helps students take care of themselves in daily life. (receive)
17.(2023 江苏扬州统考一模)You’d better think twice to avoid ________ your decision later. (regret)
18.(2023 江苏无锡校考一模)Taking notes in class is a good way to avoid ________ important knowledge, boys. (forget)
19.(2023 贵州黔南统考一模)Five minutes of ________ is as good for us as fifteen minutes in the gym. (laugh)
20.(2023 江苏无锡统考一模)The students won the competition by ________ the speaking ways well. (control)
单项选择
1.(2023 海南海口统考一模)—I feel really tired after working for a long time. —Why not consider having a break? ( )
A. have B. to have C. having
2.(2023 吉林长春统考一模)If you come to Changchun, Jingyue Park is well worth visiting. ( )
A. to visit B. visited C. visit D. visiting
3.(2023 黑龙江统考二模)Maddy used to drive to work, but now she is used to walking because the road is crowded and she wants to exercise. ( )
A. drive; walk B. drive; walking C. driving; walk
4.(2023 黑龙江哈尔滨统考一模)My sister used to drive on the right in China, but she soon got used to driving on the left in Singapore. ( )
A. to drive;to drive B. driving;driving C. to drive;to driving
5.(2023 江苏常州校考一模)No doubt that Qinggu Lane is worth visiting if you visit Changzhou. ( )
A. whether; to visit B. if; a visit C. that; visiting D. that; to visit
6.(2023 湖南益阳统考二模)—What should we do to fight the flu? —We should wash hands often, and avoid going to crowded places and so on. ( )
A. go B. going C. to go
7.(2023 江苏连云港统考二模)Many students have difficulty communicating with their parents, which causes trouble in their life. ( )
A. communicate B. to communicate C. communicating D. communicate
原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权,侵权必究!1
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$$